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Romano E, Fell J, Li K, Simons-Morton BG, Vaca FE. Alcohol-related deaths among young passengers: An analysis of national alcohol-related fatal crashes. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2021; 79:376-382. [PMID: 34848017 PMCID: PMC8640369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is consensus that riding with an impaired driver (RWI) constitutes a major threat to public health. The aim of this study was to characterize the factors contributing to the motor-vehicle deaths of 15-20 year-old (y/o) passengers that RWI with a peer. METHOD Secondary analyses of the 2010-2018 Fatality Analysis Reporting System. 5,673 passengers aged 15-20 y/o killed while riding in passenger cars with a driver aged 21 or older, 3,542 of these drivers also aged 15-20 y/o. Analyses were conducted between October 2019 and December 2020. RESULTS Sixty-three percent of the young passengers were killed while riding with a driver 15-20 y/o. Of these drivers, 26.8% had a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) >0.00 g/dL and 77.1% had a BAC ≥0.08 g/dL. Compared with those occurring during the day on weekdays, fatalities of young passengers who RWI with a peer driver with a BAC ≥ 0.08 g/dL often occurred on weekend nights (OR = 8.2) and weekday nights (OR = 5.2), and when the passenger and driver were both male (OR = 1.8). Race/ethnicity was not a significant contributor to RWI fatalities. CONCLUSIONS Most 15-20 y/o RWI fatalities occurred on weekends, at night, when the driver was a young peer with a high BAC, and the passenger and driver were male. The high prevalence of fatalities in these high-risk situations suggests that young driver-passenger dynamics may contribute to alcohol-related fatalities. Practical Applications: To curb RWI fatalities among underage passengers, countermeasures should focus not only on underage drinking drivers and riders, but also on drinking drivers of all ages. Prevention should increase focus on situations in which both the young passenger and young driver are males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Romano
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States.
| | - James Fell
- NORC at the University of Chicago, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kaigang Li
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States; Yale Neurocognitive Driving Simulation Research Center (DrivSim Lab), Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | | | - Federico E Vaca
- Yale Neurocognitive Driving Simulation Research Center (DrivSim Lab), Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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Vaca FE, Camenga DR, Li K, Iannotti RJ, Banz B, Grayton C, Zuniga V, Curry L, Mayes L, Haynie D, Simons-Morton B. A qualitative assessment of individual and social-environmental factors informing decisions to ride with an impaired driver and drive while impaired. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2021; 22:S186-S187. [PMID: 34714695 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2021.1983370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Federico E Vaca
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Developmental Neurocognitive Driving Simulation Research Center (DrivSim Lab), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Deepa R Camenga
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Developmental Neurocognitive Driving Simulation Research Center (DrivSim Lab), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Kaigang Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Developmental Neurocognitive Driving Simulation Research Center (DrivSim Lab), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Health & Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
- Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | | | - Barbara Banz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Developmental Neurocognitive Driving Simulation Research Center (DrivSim Lab), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Vanessa Zuniga
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Developmental Neurocognitive Driving Simulation Research Center (DrivSim Lab), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Leslie Curry
- Department of Health Policy & Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Linda Mayes
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Denise Haynie
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Bruce Simons-Morton
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
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Hultgren BA, Waldron KA, Mallett KA, Turrisi R. Alcohol, marijuana, and nicotine use as predictors of impaired driving and riding with an impaired driver among college students who engage in polysubstance use. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2021; 160:106341. [PMID: 34392006 PMCID: PMC8459647 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2021.106341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While alcohol, marijuana, and nicotine are the most commonly used substances, there is limited research on the between- and within-person associations of their use and driving under the influence (DUI) and riding with an impaired driver (RWID). The current study utilized a burst design to assess how use and co-use of these substances is associated with DUI and RWID. METHODS College student drinkers with past-year marijuana and/or nicotine use (N = 367) were assessed on two consecutive weekends for three semesters. Logistic regression compared students who only reported drinking to student drinkers who used marijuana, nicotine, or all three substances on likelihood to DUI and RWID. Multilevel logistic models assessed the associations of varied combinations of substances with the daily likelihood of DUI and RWID. RESULTS Compared to students who only used alcohol, students who also reported marijuana use were more likely to DUI (OR = 5.44), and students who reported use of alcohol, nicotine and marijuana more likely to DUI (OR = 10.33) and RWID (OR = 10.22). Compared to occasions when only alcohol was used, DUI was more likely on marijuana only occasions (OR = 9.08), and RWID was more likely on alcohol and marijuana occasions (OR = 3.86). However, confidence intervals were wide for effects. DISCUSSION Students reporting use of all 3 substances had higher overall risk of DUI and RWID indicating prevention efforts for DUI and RWID should include all substances. Implications for prevention and intervention strategies at the individual and environmental level are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney A Hultgren
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, 1100 NE 45(th) Suite 300, Seattle, WA 98105, United States.
| | - Katja A Waldron
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, 219 Biobehavioral Health Building University Park, PA 16801, United States; Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, Pennsylvania State University, 314 Biobehavioral Health Building University Park, PA, United States
| | - Kimberly A Mallett
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, Pennsylvania State University, 314 Biobehavioral Health Building University Park, PA, United States
| | - Rob Turrisi
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, 219 Biobehavioral Health Building University Park, PA 16801, United States; Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, Pennsylvania State University, 314 Biobehavioral Health Building University Park, PA, United States
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Patrick ME, Graupensperger S, Dworkin ER, Duckworth JC, Abdallah DA, Lee CM. Intoxicated driving and riding with impaired drivers: Comparing days with alcohol, marijuana, and simultaneous use. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 225:108753. [PMID: 34058538 PMCID: PMC8282726 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young adults who engage in simultaneous alcohol and marijuana (SAM) use may be more likely to engage in unsafe behaviors including riding with impaired drivers and driving after alcohol and/or marijuana use. METHODS Young adult SAM users (N = 408) self-reported their behavior for five 14-day bursts, yielding daily-level responses on a total of 14,675 substance use days. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) estimated the likelihood of riding with an impaired driver and of driving after use on SAM use days compared to alcohol- or marijuana-only use days. RESULTS More frequent SAM users were more likely to ride with an impaired driver and to drive after use than less frequent SAM users (between-persons). On SAM use days, there were greater odds of riding with an impaired driver, compared to alcohol-only days (AOR = 1.28) and marijuana-only days (AOR = 2.22), and of driving after use, compared to marijuana-only days (AOR = 1.25). Driving after use was more likely on days with non-simultaneous alcohol and marijuana use compared to SAM use (AOR = 1.59). CONCLUSIONS Riding with an impaired driver is common among young adult substance users, and more likely following simultaneous use of alcohol and marijuana compared to other types of alcohol and marijuana use. Driving after use is more likely after SAM use than marijuana-only use days, but most likely on days when both alcohol and marijuana were used but not simultaneously. Future research on situation-level predictors of riding and driving-related risks among young adults is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Patrick
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48106-1248, United States.
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Vaca FE, Li K, Luk JW, Hingson RW, Haynie DL, Simons-Morton BG. Longitudinal Associations of 12th-Grade Binge Drinking With Risky Driving and High-Risk Drinking. Pediatrics 2020; 145:peds.2018-4095. [PMID: 31907291 PMCID: PMC6993274 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2018-4095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the longitudinal associations of 12th-grade binge drinking with driving while impaired (DWI), riding with an impaired driver (RWI), blackouts, extreme binge drinking, and risky driving (self-reported Checkpoints Risky Driving Scale) among emerging adults up to 4 years after leaving high school. METHODS The data were all 7 waves (W 1 to W 7 of the NEXT Generation Health Study; a US nationally representative study (N = 2785) with a probability cohort of 10th-graders (mean age = 16.2 years; SE = 0.03) starting in the 2009-2010 year. Binary and ordinal logistic regressions were used for the analysis. RESULTS Binge drinking prevalence in W1 to W3 was 27.2%, 23.8%, and 26.8%, respectively. Twelfth-grade binge drinking was associated with a higher likelihood of DWI, RWI, blackouts, and risky driving in W4 to W7 and extreme binge drinking in W7. Adolescents who binged ≥3 times in high school were more likely to DWI, RWI, blackout (W4 to W7), be involved in extreme binge drinking (W7), and report riskier driving several years after high school. In some waves, parental practices appeared to have enduring effects in protecting against DWI, RWI, and blackouts. CONCLUSIONS Twelfth-grade binge drinking is a robust predictor of early adulthood DWI, RWI, blackout, extreme binge drinking, and risky driving. Our study suggests that ongoing parental practices could be protective against DWI, RWI, and blackouts once adolescents transition from high school into early adulthood. Prevention programs that incorporate binge drinking-focused screening and bolster parental practices may reduce the likelihood of later major alcohol-related health-risk behaviors and consequences in emerging adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico E. Vaca
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Developmental
Neurocognitive Driving Simulation Research Center, School of Medicine, Yale
University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Kaigang Li
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado
State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Jeremy W. Luk
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research,
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development,
Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Ralph W. Hingson
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention Research,
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Denise L. Haynie
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research,
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development,
Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Bruce G. Simons-Morton
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research,
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development,
Bethesda, Maryland; and
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6
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Greene KM, Hedstrom AM, Murphy ST. Driving/riding after alcohol and marijuana use among young adults: Is residing with family protective? TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2019; 20:679-684. [PMID: 31408379 PMCID: PMC6827710 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2019.1641597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Driving while impaired by alcohol or drugs increases the risk of motor vehicle fatalities, the leading cause of death among young adults. The current study documented the prevalence of driving after alcohol and marijuana use in the past 2 weeks as well as the prevalence of riding with a driver who had used each substance during that time frame. We tested whether young adults who lived with family members (i.e., their parents or their children) were less likely to engage in these behaviors. Methods: Participants aged 18-25 who resided in nonmetropolitan areas in the United States (N = 1,131; 55% female, Mage = 22.6) completed an online survey. Multivariate logistic regressions examined alcohol- and marijuana-related driving and riding behaviors adjusting for demographic factors. Interactions tested whether associations varied by gender. Results: In the 2 weeks prior to the survey, 17% of participants drove after drinking alcohol and 21% had ridden with a driver who had been drinking. The prevalence of driving after marijuana use was 11%, and 16% of the sample had ridden with a driver who had been using marijuana. Participants who lived with their parents were less likely to ride with a driver who had been using alcohol or marijuana (adjusted odds ratios [AORs] = 0.71 and 0.55, respectively). Living with parents was also associated negatively with driving after both substances, but these associations were no longer significant when controlling for substance use frequency and driving frequency. Surprisingly, the odds of driving after marijuana use were over 2 times larger for young adults who lived with their children. For women, but not men, residing with children decreased the odds of driving and riding after alcohol use. Conclusions: Living with parents protects against riding after substance use among young adults. Prevention programs should target young adults who live independently or those transitioning away from the parental home. Furthermore, given the higher rates of driving after marijuana use among young adult parents, this group should be educated about the risks associated with this behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylin M. Greene
- Department of Sociology & Anthropology, Montana State University; Bozeman MT
| | - Amanda M. Hedstrom
- Department of Sociology & Anthropology, Montana State University; Bozeman MT
| | - Samuel T. Murphy
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University; Columbus, OH
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7
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Korn L, Haynie DL, Luk JW, Simons-Morton BG. Prospective associations between cannabis use and negative and positive health and social measures among emerging adults. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2018; 58:55-63. [PMID: 29807247 PMCID: PMC11349058 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In light of on-going policy changes related to cannabis use in the United States, it is important to examine possible associations between cannabis use and subsequent behaviors of public health interest. This study identified prospective associations between cannabis use during first-year post high-school and a wide range of positive and negative health and social measures one year later. METHODS Data were from Waves 4 (Time 1; 1st year after high-school) and 5 (Time 2; one year later) of the NEXT Generation Health Study, a national sample of emerging adults in the United States (n = 1915; mean age = 20.2; 61% female). Multinomial logistic regressions adjusting for pertinent covariates were conducted to examine odds of substance use, nutrition, physical activity, sedentary behaviors, school performance, family relations, mental health, driving behaviors and health perceptions at Time 2. RESULTS Compared with non-use, frequent use (20+ times in the past year) at Time 1 was associated with Time 2 negative health and social measures, including risky driving behaviors (AOR = 1.78, CI-1.45-2.19), depressive symptoms (AOR = 1.68, CI-1.43-1.98), unhealthy weight control behaviors (AOR = 1.55, CI-1.31-1.84), psycho-somatic symptoms (AOR = 1.55, CI-1.30-1.83), and low school achievement (AOR = 1.46, CI-1.23-1.75). Frequent users relative to non-users had a lower probability of being overweight and obese (AOR = 0.75, CI-0.60-0.92). Regarding positive measures frequent users relative to non-users had a higher probability of meeting recommendation of physical activity (AOR = 1.28, CI-1.09-1.51), but a lower probability of consuming fruits and vegetables (AOR = 0.82, CI-0.70-0.96) or attending college/university (AOR = 0.57, CI-0.44-0.75). FINDINGS on occasional cannabis use (1-19 times in the past year) were more similar to frequent cannabis use for negative than positive health and social measures. CONCLUSION Results demonstrate complex prospective patterns in which significant prospective associations with most adverse measures were found for both occasional and frequent users, and with few significant associations of positive health measures mostly among occasional cannabis users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liat Korn
- Ariel University, Department of Health Systems Management, School of Health Sciences, Ariel, Israel; Health Behavior Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA., USA.
| | - Denise L Haynie
- Health Behavior Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA., USA
| | - Jeremy W Luk
- Health Behavior Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA., USA
| | - Bruce G Simons-Morton
- Health Behavior Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA., USA
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Li K, Ochoa E, Vaca FE, Simons-Morton B. Emerging Adults Riding With Marijuana-, Alcohol-, or Illicit Drug-Impaired Peer and Older Drivers. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2018; 79:277-285. [PMID: 29553357 PMCID: PMC6019775 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2018.79.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence and covariates among emerging adults of riding with an impaired peer or older adult driver (RWI) because of marijuana (MJ), alcohol (ALC), or illicit drugs (ID). METHOD Data were from Waves 4 (W4, N = 2,085) and 5 (W5, N = 2,116) of the NEXT Generation Health Study, collected in 2013-2014, 1 and 2 years after high school. W5 RWI was specified for substance-specific impaired peer and older adult (peer/older adult) drivers. Multinomial logistic regressions estimated W5 association of substance-specific RWI with W4 RWI, and W5 heavy episodic drinking, MJ use, and school/residence/work status. RESULTS At W5, 33% of the participants reported RWI in the past year, including riding with ALC- (21%), MJ- (17%), and ID- (5%) impaired peer drivers and ALC- (2%), MJ- (4%), and ID- (0.7%) impaired older adult drivers. W4 RWI was associated with W5 RWI with impaired peer/older adult drivers for ALC- (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 4.28, 2.69) and MJ-RWI (AOR = 2.34, 3.56). W5 heavy episodic drinking was positively associated with W5 peer ALC-related RWI (AOR = 2.16) and peer/older adult MJ-related RWI (AOR = 2.38, 5.45). W5 MJ use was positively associated with W5 peer ALC-related RWI (AOR = 2.23), peer/older adult MJ-related (AOR = 10.89, 2.98), and peer/older adult ID-related (AOR = 9.34, 4.26) RWI. ID-related RWI was higher among those not attending 4-year college (AOR = 3.38), attending technology school (AOR = 16.23), living on their own (AOR = 6.85), or living on campus (AOR = 11.50). CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of RWI among emerging adults occurred mostly with ALC- or MJ-impaired peer drivers. The findings support the need for precisely tailored programs to prevent impaired driving according to substance use and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaigang Li
- Department of Health & Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado,Correspondence may be sent to Kaigang Li at the Department of Health & Exercise Science, Colorado State University, B 215E Moby Complex, Fort Collins, CO 80523, or via email at:
| | - Elizabeth Ochoa
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Federico E. Vaca
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Bruce Simons-Morton
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
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Whitehill JM, Rodriguez-Monguio R, Doucette M, Flom E. Driving and riding under the influence of recent marijuana use: Risk factors among a racially diverse sample of young adults. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2018; 18:594-612. [PMID: 29432083 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2018.1425951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Driving (DUIM) and riding (RUIM) with a driver under the influence of marijuana increases crash risk. This study assessed risk factors for DUIM and RUIM among ethnically diverse young adults. Randomly selected individuals were surveyed. Multivariable regression was used to assess risk factors associated with DUIM and RUIM. Participants (N = 335, response rate = 34.9%) were 33.7% White non-Hispanic. Reported DUIM and RUIM was not statistically significant by race/ethnicity. Frequency of marijuana use was significantly associated with greater risk of DUIM. Peer marijuana use was associated with greater risk of RUIM. Public health efforts to target social norms around marijuana-impaired driving are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosa Rodriguez-Monguio
- University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , Massachusetts.,University of California , San Francisco , California
| | | | - Emily Flom
- University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , Massachusetts
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10
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Simons-Morton B. Driving in search of analyses. Stat Med 2017; 36:3763-3771. [PMID: 28699210 PMCID: PMC5624822 DOI: 10.1002/sim.7404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Although transportation safety has greatly improved over the past 2 decades, motor vehicle crash injuries remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly among young drivers. Driver errors and behaviors such as speeding and distraction contribute disproportionately to crashes among inexperienced novices, who develop safe driving judgment only with substantial driving experience, commonly described as the "young driver problem." Research on young drivers has applied a range of research methods, including analyses of national archival data (mainly from police reports), crash analyses, observation of driver behavior, surveys of driver behavior and dispositions, and experimental research on driver behavior and vehicle crash worthiness. Prominent research questions regarding young driver safety include what and how do novices learn to drive safely, what are the predictors of young driver crashes, what is the variability and overtime trajectories of young driver performance and outcomes, and to what extent is the young driver problem due mainly to average population risk or high-risk groups? Current research on young drivers is complicated by small sample sizes, relatively rare events, high within and between group variability, missing data, the need to estimate exposure, and the lack of longitudinal and experimental designs, problems that require complex analytic methods. In this paper, we provide an overview of driving research methods, examples of research addressing the young driver problem, and examples of statistical collaboration on young driver research, focusing particularly on estimating prediction of crash risk and estimating variability in young driver performance and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Simons-Morton
- Health Behavior Branch, DIPHR, NICHD, NIH, 6710B Rockledge Room 3166, Bethesda, MD, 20892-7000, USA
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11
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Harris SK, Johnson JK, Sherritt L, Copelas S, Rappo MA, Wilson CR. Putting Adolescents at Risk: Riding With Drinking Drivers Who Are Adults in the Home. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2017; 78:146-151. [PMID: 27936375 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2017.78.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alcohol-related car crashes are a leading cause of adolescent death, and one in five U.S. adolescents reports recent riding in a car with a drinking driver. How often the driver is an adult in the home (e.g., parent) is unknown. Pediatric visits offer an opportunity to counsel families to reduce this risk. Our study aim was to determine the prevalence of recent riding with a drinking driver (RWDD) who was an adult in the home among adolescent primary care patients and to identify the demographic and environmental (substance use among family members) profiles of those at increased risk. METHOD We recruited 12- to 18-year-olds arriving for routine medical care between 11/2005 and 10/2008 from nine practices in New England. Computer self-administered questionnaires assessed demographics, past-3-month RWDD, driver characteristics, and parent/sibling substance use. We computed adjusted relative risk ratios using multiple logistic regression modeling. RESULTS Among 2,096 adolescents (86% participation rate; mean age = 15.8 years, SD = 2.0; 58% girls; 65% White non-Hispanic), 8.2% reported past-3-month RWDD who was an adult in the home (36.6% of those reporting any past-3-month RWDD). Risk was higher for girls, younger adolescents (<17 year olds), White non-Hispanic and Hispanic versus Black youth, those with non-college-graduate parents, and those with substance-involved parents. CONCLUSIONS For a substantial proportion of adolescent primary care patients RWDD, the driver is a parent or other household adult, suggesting an important target for screening and counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sion K Harris
- Center for Adolescent Substance Abuse Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Julie K Johnson
- Center for Adolescent Substance Abuse Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Institute for Behavioral Health, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Lon Sherritt
- Center for Adolescent Substance Abuse Research, Boston Children 's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah Copelas
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine
| | - Melissa A Rappo
- Professional Psychology Program, George Washington University, Washington, D.C
| | - Celeste R Wilson
- Center for Adolescent Substance Abuse Research, Boston Children 's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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12
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Buckley L, Bonar EE, Walton MA, Carter PM, Voloshyna D, Ehrlich PF, Cunningham RM. Marijuana and other substance use among male and female underage drinkers who drive after drinking and ride with those who drive after drinking. Addict Behav 2017; 71:7-11. [PMID: 28231494 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The study sought to describe the occurrence of adolescent driving after drinking (DD) and riding with a driver who had been drinking (RWDD) and associations with substance use for both males and females. As part of screening for a randomized controlled trial, we surveyed 16-20year olds (N=3418) recruited from an emergency department (ED) and analyzed data from those reporting past-year alcohol consumption (n=2150, 58% females). DD was reported by 22% of females and 28% of males and RWDD was reported by 39% of females and 38% of males, also in the past year. In regression models, risky alcohol use and past-year marijuana use were associated with increased odds of DD and RWDD for females and males. Marijuana use was a strong predictor, with odds increased by 2.3 and 1.7 times for DD among females and males respectively and 1.4 times for RWDD for females and males. Prescription drug misuse was also associated with RWDD for females and for both males' and females' reported DD. The findings highlight the alarming rate of DD and RWDD among both males and females and suggest ED-based injury prevention efforts consider such risky road behavior as well as consider their substance use. Future research might also further examine the effects of driving under influence of substances, particularly marijuana, and the negative synergistic effects of co-ingestion prior to driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Buckley
- University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; University of Michigan Injury Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Erin E Bonar
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry, Addiction Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Maureen A Walton
- University of Michigan Injury Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry, Addiction Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Patrick M Carter
- University of Michigan Injury Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; University of Michigan, Department of Emergency Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Diana Voloshyna
- V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Department of Psychiatry, Narcology, Neurology and Medical Psychology, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Peter F Ehrlich
- University of Michigan Injury Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; University of Michigan Health System, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Rebecca M Cunningham
- University of Michigan Injury Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; University of Michigan, Department of Emergency Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Health Behavior Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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