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Davis CN, Gizer IR, Agrawal A, Statham DJ, Heath AC, Martin NG, Slutske WS. Genetic and shared environmental factors explain the association between adolescent polysubstance use and high school noncompletion. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2024; 38:114-123. [PMID: 36913302 PMCID: PMC10497723 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Examine the nature of the relationship between adolescent polysubstance use and high school noncompletion. METHOD Among a sample of 9,579 adult Australian twins (58.63% female, Mage = 30.59), we examined the association between the number of substances used in adolescence and high school noncompletion within a discordant twin design and bivariate twin analysis. RESULTS In individual-level models controlling for parental education, conduct disorder symptoms, childhood major depression, sex, zygosity, and cohort, each additional substance used in adolescence was associated with a 30% increase in the odds of high school noncompletion (OR = 1.30 [1.18, 1.42]). Discordant twin models found that the potentially causal effect of adolescent use on high school noncompletion was nonsignificant (OR = 1.19 [0.96, 1.47]). Follow-up bivariate twin models suggested genetic (35.4%, 95% CI [24.5%, 48.7%]) and shared environmental influences (27.8%, 95% CI [12.7%, 35.1%]) each contributed to the covariation in adolescent polysubstance use and early school dropout. CONCLUSIONS The association between polysubstance use and early school dropout was largely accounted for by genetic and shared environmental factors, with nonsignificant evidence for a potentially causal association. Future research should examine whether underlying shared risk factors reflect a general propensity for addiction, a broader externalizing liability, or a combination of the two. More evidence using finer measurement of substance use is needed to rule out a causal association between adolescent polysubstance use and high school noncompletion. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christal N. Davis
- University of Missouri, Department of Psychological Sciences, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Ian R. Gizer
- University of Missouri, Department of Psychological Sciences, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | | | - Andrew C. Heath
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Wendy S. Slutske
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention and Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
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Heradstveit O, Hysing M, Bøe T, Nilsen SA, Sivertsen B, Bretteville-Jensen AL, Askeland KG. Prospective associations between adolescent risky substance use and school dropout and the role of externalising and internalising problems. NORDIC STUDIES ON ALCOHOL AND DRUGS 2024; 41:24-38. [PMID: 38356785 PMCID: PMC10863553 DOI: 10.1177/14550725231188568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of the present study was to assess to what extent risky substance use (RSU) acts as an important risk factor for school dropout from upper secondary school in a prospective study of Norwegian adolescents, and how externalising and internalising mental health problems influenced this association. Methods: We used data from a large population-based survey (the youth@hordaland-survey), which included adolescents aged 16-19 years. The predictor variables were self-reported RSU. The survey was linked with prospective data from the Norwegian Education Database, following the adolescents to 21-23 years of age. The outcome variable was registry-based school dropout within five years after starting upper secondary school. The analyses were adjusted for sex, age, socioeconomic status, and externalising and internalising problems. Results: After adjustment for sociodemographic variables, all indicators of RSU were prospectively associated with school dropout (adjusted odds ratios 1.26-2.25; all p values <.01). While internalising problems only slightly changed these estimates, the associations were substantially attenuated by externalising problems. Still, all measures of RSU, except frequent alcohol intoxication, remained positively associated with school dropout in the fully adjusted models. For the youngest students, all associations between RSU and school dropout were significant. Conclusions: Adolescent RSU is a strong predictor for school dropout, and externalising problems explained a considerable proportion of this effect. Prevention efforts to reduce student substance could improve academic outcomes among upper secondary school students, and such efforts may benefit from also targeting co-occurring externalising problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ove Heradstveit
- Center for Alcohol & Drug Research, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mari Hysing
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway; Department of Psychosocial Science, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tormod Bøe
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway; Department of Psychosocial Science, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sondre Aasen Nilsen
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
| | - Børge Sivertsen
- Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway; Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Research and Innovation, Helse-Fonna HF, Haugesund, Norway
| | | | - Kristin Gärtner Askeland
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
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Wang FL, Hicks BM, Zhou H, Kranzler HR, Gelernter J, Zucker RA. Polygenic risk score for problematic alcohol use predicts heavy drinking and alcohol use disorder symptoms in young adulthood after accounting for adolescent alcohol use and parental alcohol use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 248:109909. [PMID: 37163864 PMCID: PMC11013565 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified hundreds of loci associated with alcohol-related traits. GWAS permit the calculation of polygenic risk scores (PRS), which aggregate genetic risk for a trait across the genome. To evaluate the usefulness of a PRS for problematic alcohol use (PAU)-which subsumes alcohol use disorder (AUD) and alcohol-related problems-we tested whether this PRS predicted heavy drinking and alcohol problems after accounting for family history of AUD and prior drinking history, robust and established predictors of PAU. METHODS Participants (N=665) were European-ancestry members of the Michigan Longitudinal Study, a prospective family study with high rates (65%) of parental AUD. Participants reported their frequency of alcohol use, maximum drinks consumed in a 24-hour period, and alcohol use problems at four assessments in adolescence and young adulthood (11-29 years old). We used polygenic prediction via Bayesian regression and continuous shrinkage priors to create a PAU PRS using summary statistics from a meta-GWAS of PAU. RESULTS After adjusting for demographic covariates, parental AUD, and drinking and alcohol use problems in early and mid/late adolescence, the PAU PRS was significantly associated with alcohol-related problems in young adulthood (β=.08, p=.047; R2=0.6%). The PAU PRS also had a significant indirect effect on alcohol use problems in young adulthood through earlier drinking and alcohol use problems (β=.02, p=.03). CONCLUSIONS The PAU PRS predicted alcohol problems in young adulthood after accounting for parental history of AUD and alcohol use in adolescence, providing evidence that genetic data uniquely inform the etiology of alcohol problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances L Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O'Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA15213, United States.
| | - Brian M Hicks
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI48109, United States
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, 300 George St, New Haven, CT06511, United States; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT06516, United States
| | - Henry R Kranzler
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Crescenz VAMC and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3535 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA19104, United States
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, 300 George St, New Haven, CT06511, United States; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT06516, United States
| | - Robert A Zucker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI48109, United States
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Quinn B, Evans-Whipp T, Prattley J, Rioseco P, Rowland B. Do Australian adolescents with permission to drink at home engage in different alcohol use behaviours and experience more harms than those without such permission? Drug Alcohol Rev 2023. [PMID: 36989139 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Around half of Australian students aged 16-17 are estimated to have drunk alcohol in the past month, with 11% drinking at 'risky' levels. This study investigated: (i) how many Australian adolescents aged 16-17 had parental permission to drink at home in 2016/17 and whether prevalence differed by adolescent sex; (ii) whether adolescents allowed to drink at home had drunk more recently and were drinking greater quantities; (iii) if adolescents allowed to drink at home experienced more alcohol-related harms; and (iv) if parental drinking patterns were associated with permitting adolescents to drink at home. METHODS Data from Wave 7 of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children were used. Descriptive and bivariate analyses addressed Aims i-iii. Nested multivariable logistic regression models addressed aim iv. RESULTS In 2016/17, 28% of Australian adolescents aged 16-17 were allowed to drink alcohol at home. More adolescents with permission had drunk alcohol in the past month (77% vs. 63% of those without permission). There was no difference in quantity of alcohol consumed in the past week between groups. More adolescents allowed to drink at home had experienced alcohol-related harm compared to those without permission (23% vs. 17%). In multivariable analyses, alcohol consumption by primary parents was associated with an increased likelihood of allowing adolescents to drink at home. DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS In order to reduce adolescent alcohol use and associated harms, parents should avoid permitting alcohol use among adolescents at home. Frequent (twice or more/week) primary parental alcohol consumption was especially associated with greater odds of allowing adolescents to drink at home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Quinn
- Australian Institute of Family Studies, Melbourne, Australia
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tracy Evans-Whipp
- Australian Institute of Family Studies, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital and The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Pilar Rioseco
- Australian Institute of Family Studies, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Bosco Rowland
- Australian Institute of Family Studies, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
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Davis CN, Gizer IR, Lynskey MT, Statham DJ, Heath AC, Martin NG, Slutske WS. Adolescent substance use and high school noncompletion: exploring the nature of the relationship using a discordant twin design. Addiction 2023; 118:167-176. [PMID: 35815374 PMCID: PMC9722510 DOI: 10.1111/add.15996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Previous studies have demonstrated associations between substance use and reduced educational attainment; however, many were unable to account for potential confounding factors like genetics and the rearing environment. In the few studies that controlled for these factors, the substances assessed were limited to alcohol, cannabis, and tobacco. To address these limitations, we examined the relationship between adolescent use of seven kinds of substances, the number of additional substances used, and high school noncompletion within a large sample of Australian twins. DESIGN A series of two-level generalized mixed effects logistic regressions were conducted to examine associations between adolescent substance use and high school noncompletion. SETTING Australia. PARTICIPANTS A total of 9579 adult Australian twins from two cohorts of the Australian Twin Registry. MEASUREMENTS Assessments of high school completion, childhood major depression, conduct disorder symptoms, substance use initiation, demographics, and parental educational attainment using the Australian version of the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism. FINDINGS There were unique within-twin-pair effects of use of sedatives (odds ratio [OR] = 22.39 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.18-423.48]) and inhalants/solvents (OR = 10.46 [95% CI = 1.30-84.16]) on high school noncompletion. The number of substances used in adolescence was strongly associated with high school noncompletion across all discordant twin models (ORs from 1.50-2.32, Ps < 0.03). CONCLUSIONS In Australia, adolescent substance use appears to be associated with early school dropout, with the effects of any given substance largely because of the confounding factors of parental education, childhood conduct disorder symptoms, and use of other substances. Sedatives and inhalants/solvents have effects on high school noncompletion that cannot be explained by polysubstance use or familial factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christal N. Davis
- University of Missouri, Department of Psychological Sciences, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Ian R. Gizer
- University of Missouri, Department of Psychological Sciences, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Michael T. Lynskey
- King’s College London Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, & Neuroscience, London, SE5 8BB, UK
| | | | - Andrew C. Heath
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Wendy S. Slutske
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention and Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
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Educational Attainment Polygenic Scores: Examining Evidence for Gene-Environment Interplay with Adolescent Alcohol, Tobacco and Cannabis Use. Twin Res Hum Genet 2022; 25:187-195. [PMID: 36189823 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2022.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Genes associated with educational attainment may be related to or interact with adolescent alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use. Potential gene-environment interplay between educational attainment polygenic scores (EA-PGS) and adolescent alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use was evaluated with a series of regression models fitted to data from a sample of 1871 adult Australian twins. All models controlled for age, age2, cohort, sex and genetic ancestry as fixed effects, and a genetic relatedness matrix was included as a random effect. Although there was no evidence that adolescent alcohol, tobacco or cannabis use interacted with EA-PGS to influence educational attainment, there was a significant, positive gene-environment correlation with adolescent alcohol use at all PGS thresholds (ps <.02). Higher EA-PGS were associated with an increased likelihood of using alcohol as an adolescent (ΔR2 ranged from 0.5% to 1.1%). The positive gene-environment correlation suggests a complex relationship between educational attainment and alcohol use that is due to common genetic factors.
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Pascale A, Stephenson M, Barr P, Latvala A, Aaltonen S, Piirtola M, Viken R, Rose RJ, Kaprio J, Maes H, Dick DM, Salvatore JE. Exploring the relationships between adolescent alcohol misuse and later life health outcomes. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:1753-1765. [PMID: 36115067 PMCID: PMC9509441 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We sought to clarify the impact of adolescent alcohol misuse on adult physical health and subjective well-being. To do so, we investigated both the direct associations between adolescent alcohol misuse and early midlife physical health and life satisfaction and the indirect effects on these outcomes attributable to subsequent alcohol problems. METHOD The sample included 2733 twin pairs (32% monozygotic; 52% female) from the FinnTwin16 study. Adolescent alcohol misuse was a composite of frequency of drunkenness, frequency of alcohol use, and alcohol problems at ages 16, 17, and 18.5. The early midlife outcomes included somatic symptoms, self-rated health, and life satisfaction at age 34. The mediators examined as part of the indirect effect analyses included alcohol problems from the Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index at ages 24 and 34. Serial mediation and co-twin comparison models were applied and included covariates from adolescence and early midlife. RESULTS There were weak direct associations between adolescent alcohol misuse and early midlife physical health and life satisfaction. However, there was stronger evidence for indirect effects, whereby young adult and early midlife alcohol problems serially mediated the relationship between adolescent alcohol misuse and early midlife somatic symptoms (β = 0.03, 95% CI [0.03, 0.04]), self-rated health (β = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.03, -0.01]), and life satisfaction (β = -0.03, CI [-0.04, -0.02]). These serial mediation effects were robust in co-twin comparison analyses. CONCLUSIONS These results provide evidence that alcohol problems are a primary driver linking adolescent alcohol misuse and poor health outcomes across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Pascale
- Department of PsychologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Mallory Stephenson
- Department of PsychologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral GeneticsRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Peter Barr
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesSUNY Downstate Health Sciences UniversityBrooklynNew YorkUSA
| | - Antti Latvala
- Institute of Criminology and Legal PolicyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Sari Aaltonen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM)University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Maarit Piirtola
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM)University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- UKK Institute for Health Promotion ResearchTampereFinland
| | - Richard Viken
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIndianaUSA
| | - Richard J. Rose
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIndianaUSA
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM)University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Hermine Maes
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral GeneticsRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Danielle M. Dick
- Department of PsychologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
- Department of Human and Molecular GeneticsVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Jessica E. Salvatore
- Department of PsychiatryRutgers Robert Wood Johnson School of MedicinePiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
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Patrick ME, Berglund PA, Joshi S, Bray BC. A latent class analysis of heavy substance use in Young adulthood and impacts on physical, cognitive, and mental health outcomes in middle age. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 212:108018. [PMID: 32438281 PMCID: PMC7293917 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examines whether longitudinal patterns of persistent or experimental heavy substance use across young adulthood were associated with physical and mental health in midlife. METHODS Data (N = 21,347) from Monitoring the Future from adolescence (age 18) to midlife (age 40) were used. Repeated measures latent class analysis modeled patterns of patterns of cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit drugs across young adulthood (ages 18-30). Latent classes were then used as predictors of physical health problems, cognitive problems, self-rated health, and psychological problems in midlife (age 40), while controlling for sociodemographic variables (i.e., gender, race/ethnicity, parental education). RESULTS Identified classes were "Extreme Heavy Users" (3.9%), "Early Young Adult Users" (8.9%), "Cigarette Smokers" (9.2%), "All But Cigarette Smokers" (5.0%), "Frequent Alcohol Bingers" (10.4%), and "Not-Heavy Users" (62.6%). Extreme Heavy Users, Early Young Adult Users, and Cigarette Smokers had significantly poorer overall health based on a number of physical conditions and self-rated health. Extreme Heavy Users, Early Young Adult Users, Cigarette Smokers, and All But Cigarette Smokers had more cognitive problems than other classes. Extreme Heavy Users, Early Young Adult Users, Cigarette Smokers, and All But Cigarette Smokers were more likely to see a health professional for a psychological problem. CONCLUSIONS Patterns of heavy substance use were associated with health across decades. Regular cigarette smokers and heavy users across substances and ages had the worst health in midlife, although even those with time-limited use during young adulthood were at risk for later physical and cognitive health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Patrick
- University of Minnesota, Institute for Translational Research in Children's Mental Health and Institute of Child Development, 1100 Washington Avenue South, Suite 101, Minneapolis, MN 55415, USA.
| | - Patricia A Berglund
- The University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, P.O. Box 1248, 426 Thompson Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA
| | - Spruha Joshi
- University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, 300 West Bank Office Building, 1300 South 2nd Street, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Bethany C Bray
- The University of Illinois at Chicago, Center for Dissemination and Implementation Science, Room 302 SRH, M/C 579, 818 South Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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