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Gohari MR, Patte KA, Elton-Marshall T, Cole A, Turcotte-Tremblay AM, Bélanger R, Leatherdale ST. The association between single and dual use of cannabis and alcohol and driving under the influence and riding with an impaired driver in a large sample of Canadian adolescents. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2024; 25:765-773. [PMID: 38656911 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2024.2342571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dual use of cannabis and alcohol has increased in adolescents, but limited research has examined how it relates to impaired driving or riding with an impaired driver (IDR) compared to single substance use. This study aimed to examine the odds of alcohol- and/or cannabis-IDR among adolescents based on their use of alcohol and/or cannabis, and whether associations differed by gender and age. METHODS Cross-sectional survey data were used from a sample of 69,621 students attending 182 Canadian secondary schools in the 2021/22 school year. Multilevel logistic regression estimated the odds of exclusive alcohol-IDR, exclusive cannabis-IDR, and both alcohol and cannabis IDR (alcohol-cannabis-IDR). Substance use interactions with gender and age were tested. RESULTS Overall, 14.7% of participants reported IDR; 7.5% reported exclusive alcohol-IDR, 3.2% reported exclusive cannabis-IDR, 4.0% reported alcohol-cannabis-IDR, and 7.4% were unsure if they had experienced IDR. The prevalence of IDR varied across substance use groups, 8.0% among nonuse, 21.9% among alcohol-only use, 35.9% among cannabis-only use, and 49.6% among dual use groups. Gender diverse, older, and students with lower socioeconomic status exhibited a higher likelihood of reporting alcohol-cannabis-IDR. Dual use was significantly associated with 9.5 times higher odds of alcohol-cannabis-IDR compared to alcohol-only use, and 3.0 times higher odds compared to cannabis-only use. Dual use was also associated with an increased likelihood of either alcohol- or cannabis-IDR. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights that all students, regardless of substance use, are at risk of IDR, but students engaged in dual use of alcohol and cannabis face an elevated risk compared to both peers who do not use substances and those who use only a single substance. These findings emphasize the importance of targeted interventions that address the risks associated with IDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood R Gohari
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Karen A Patte
- Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
| | - Tara Elton-Marshall
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Adam Cole
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Turcotte-Tremblay
- VITAM, Centre de recherche en santé durable - Université Laval, CIUSSS de la Capitale-Nationale, Québec, Canada
- Département de pédiatrie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Richard Bélanger
- Département de pédiatrie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Faculté des sciences infirmières, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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González-Roz A, Belisario K, Secades-Villa R, Muñiz J, MacKillop J. Behavioral economic analysis of legal and illegal cannabis demand in Spanish young adults with hazardous and non-hazardous cannabis use. Addict Behav 2024; 149:107878. [PMID: 37924581 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In October 2021, a legal framework that regulates cannabis for recreational purposes in Spain was proposed, but research on its potential impacts on cannabis use is currently limited. This study examined the reliability and discriminant validity of two Marijuana Purchase Tasks (MPTs) for measuring hypothetical legal and illegal cannabis demand, and to examine differences in demand of both commodities in young adults at hazardous vs. non-hazardous cannabis use risk levels. METHODS A total of 171 Spanish young adults [Mage = 19.82 (SD = 1.81)] with past-month cannabis use participated in a cross-sectional study from September to November 2021. Two 27-item MPTs were used to estimate hypothetical demand for legal and illegal cannabis independently. The Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test (CUDIT-R) was used to assess hazardous cannabis use and test for discriminant validity of the MPTs. Reliability analyses were conducted using Classical Test Theory (Cronbach's alpha) and Item Response Theory (Item Information Functions). RESULTS The MPT was reliable for measuring legal (α = 0.94) and illegal (α = 0.90) cannabis demand. Breakpoint (price at which demand ceases), and Pmax (price associated with maximum expenditure) were the most sensitive indicators to discriminate participants with different levels of the cannabis reinforcing trait. No significant differences between legal and illegal cannabis demand in the whole sample were observed, but hazardous vs. non-hazardous users showed higher legal and illegal demand, and decreased Breakpoint and Pmax if cannabis were legal vs illegal. CONCLUSION The MPT exhibits robust psychometric validity and may be useful to inform on cannabis regulatory science in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba González-Roz
- Addictive Behaviors Research Group (GCA), Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo 33003, Spain.
| | - Kyla Belisario
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L9C 0E3, Canada
| | - Roberto Secades-Villa
- Addictive Behaviors Research Group (GCA), Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo 33003, Spain
| | - José Muñiz
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Nebrija, Madrid 28015, Spain
| | - James MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L9C 0E3, Canada
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Jun D, Fazzino TL. Associations between Alcohol-Free Sources of Reinforcement and the Frequency of Alcohol and Cannabis Co-Use among College Freshmen. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2884. [PMID: 36833579 PMCID: PMC9957030 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20042884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Co-use of alcohol and cannabis is common among young adults in the United States. A behavioral economics framework indicates that greater engagement in substance-free sources of reinforcement may be protective against co-use frequency. The current study tested the association between proportionate alcohol-free reinforcement and the frequency of co-use among college freshmen. Participants (N = 86) were freshmen who enrolled in a freshman orientation course and completed surveys at the beginning of the semester. Past month alcohol use, cannabis use, and reinforcement from alcohol-free and alcohol-involved activities were assessed. A zero-inflated Poisson regression was used to test the association between proportionate alcohol-free reinforcement and days of co-use. The results indicated that proportionate alcohol-free reinforcement was negatively associated with co-use days in the count model when controlling for alcohol use days and gender as covariates (β: -3.28, p = 0.016). Proportionate alcohol-free reinforcement did not significantly differentiate individuals who did not engage in co-use in the zero-inflated model (β: -1.68, p = 0.497). The study suggested that greater proportionate alcohol-free reinforcement may be associated with lower engagement in the co-use of alcohol and cannabis among young adults. Increasing engagement in alcohol-free sources of reinforcement may be considered a target for co-use prevention or harm reduction efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiil Jun
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Tera L. Fazzino
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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O’Connor SL, Aston-Jones G, James MH. Novelty preference does not predict trait cocaine behaviors in male rats. ADDICTION NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2:100013. [PMID: 35425947 PMCID: PMC9004685 DOI: 10.1016/j.addicn.2022.100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Heightened novelty seeking is a risk factor for the initiation of drug use and development of substance use disorders. In rats, novelty seeking can be examined by assessing preference for a novel environment. Some evidence indicates that high novelty preferring (HNP) rats have higher drug intake compared to low novelty preferring (LNP) rats, although these data are mixed. Moreover, the extent to which the HNP phenotype can predict other initial drug behaviors, including economic demand for cocaine, has not been tested. Here, we screened a cohort (n=60) of male rats for novelty preference and several subsequent cocaine behaviors, including locomotor reactivity to a cocaine priming injection, acquisition of cocaine self-administration, as well as cocaine demand using a within-session behavioral economics procedure. Novelty preference did not correlate with cocaine behaviors, nor were there any differences between HNP and LNP rats identified using a median split strategy. Moreover, regression analyses indicated that novelty preference did not have predictive utility for any of the cocaine behaviors tested. Thus, the extent to which the novelty preference trait can predict initial cocaine-related behaviors in male rats may be limited. This is in contrast to the novel locomotor reactivity phenotype, which is strongly linked with initial cocaine intake, indicating that these traits are distinct and differentially predict cocaine behaviors in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayna L. O’Connor
- Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University and Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University and Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Gary Aston-Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University and Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University and Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Morgan H. James
- Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University and Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University and Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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Olson ML, Rossheim ME, Sanders SB, Yurasek AM. Alcohol demand and supersized alcopop consumption among undergraduate college students. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2022; 30:120-125. [PMID: 32881555 PMCID: PMC9260722 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Supersized alcopops are sugar-sweetened beverages with extraordinarily high alcohol content; consumption is highly prevalent among college students and is associated with a variety of negative alcohol-related consequences. However, few studies have examined risk factors for consumption of these products. The objective of this study was to examine, among a college student sample, whether the behavioral economic principle of alcohol demand was associated with self-reported lifetime consumption of Four Loko-the most popular brand of supersized alcopop among underage drinkers. Participants were 170 undergraduate students who were at least 18 years of age and reported at least 1 day of alcohol consumption within the past month. Study participants completed a self-administered questionnaire assessing demographics, Four Loko consumption and associated problems, and alcohol demand (using the Brief Assessment of Alcohol Demand). Hierarchical logistic regression analyses revealed that intensity (drinks they would consume if free) significantly predicted Four Loko consumption but not breakpoint (maximum expenditure per drink) or Omax (maximum expenditure for all drinks). Findings support that students who prefer consuming large quantities of alcohol when it is free are more likely to have consumed Four Loko. Interventions increasing price or reducing the availability of Four Loko may be especially protective for this at-risk population. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie L. Olson
- Department of Health Education & Behavior, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32607, United States
| | - Matthew E. Rossheim
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, United States
| | - Sadie B. Sanders
- Department of Health Education & Behavior, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32607, United States
| | - Ali M. Yurasek
- Department of Health Education & Behavior, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32607, United States
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Brown RM, Dayas C, James M, Smith RJ. New directions in modelling dysregulated reward seeking for food and drugs. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 132:1037-1048. [PMID: 34736883 PMCID: PMC8816817 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral models are central to behavioral neuroscience. To study the neural mechanisms of maladaptive behaviors (including binge eating and drug addiction), it is essential to develop and utilize appropriate animal models that specifically focus on dysregulated reward seeking. Both food and cocaine are typically consumed in a regulated manner by rodents, motivated by reward and homeostatic mechanisms. However, both food and cocaine seeking can become dysregulated, resulting in binge-like consumption and compulsive patterns of intake. The speakers in this symposium for the 2021 International Behavioral Neuroscience Meeting utilize behavioral models of dysregulated reward-seeking to investigate the neural mechanisms of binge-like consumption, enhanced cue-driven reward seeking, excessive motivation, and continued use despite negative consequences. In this review, we outline examples of maladaptive patterns of intake and explore recent animal models that drive behavior to become dysregulated, including stress exposure and intermittent access to rewards. Lastly, we explore select behavioral and neural mechanisms underlying dysregulated reward-seeking for both food and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn M Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, 3052, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, 3052, Australia.,Correspondence: Morgan James, Department of Psychiatry, 683 Hoes Ln West, Office 164, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854 USA, Ph: +1 732 235 4767, , Robyn M Brown, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Medical Building (B181), Level 8, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010 Australia, Ph: +61401007008,
| | - Christopher Dayas
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Morgan James
- Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA,Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA,Correspondence: Morgan James, Department of Psychiatry, 683 Hoes Ln West, Office 164, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854 USA, Ph: +1 732 235 4767, , Robyn M Brown, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Medical Building (B181), Level 8, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010 Australia, Ph: +61401007008,
| | - Rachel J Smith
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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Vedelago L, Wardell J, Kempe T, Patel H, Amlung M, MacKillop J, Keough M. Getting high to cope with COVID-19: Modelling the associations between cannabis demand, coping motives, and cannabis use and problems. Addict Behav 2022; 124:107092. [PMID: 34469783 PMCID: PMC8555961 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, people may use substances like cannabis for enhancement or coping purposes. Behavioral economic demand for a substance is a key determinant of its use and misuse and can be measured via hypothetical purchase tasks. Previous research suggests that motivations to use a substance play a mediational role between elevated substance demand and problems, but comparable mechanistic research has yet to be done in the COVID-19 context and on the effects of cannabis demand on cannabis use patterns. Participants (n = 137) were recruited via the online crowdsourcing platform Prolific. Participants completed measures of cannabis use and problems, motivations for cannabis use, and the Marijuana Purchase Task. Two indices of demand, Persistence (i.e., sensitivity to increasing cost of cannabis) and Amplitude (i.e., consumption of cannabis at unrestricted cost), were related to increased cannabis problems via the use motive of coping during the COVID-19 pandemic. This model did not support the mediational role of enhancement motives. Those with increased cannabis demand who tend to use cannabis to cope are at increased risk of experiencing negative cannabis-related consequences during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Naudé GP, Reed DD, Jarmolowicz DP, Martin LE, Fox AT, Strickland JC, Johnson MW. Single- and cross-commodity discounting among adults who use alcohol and cannabis: Associations with tobacco use and clinical indicators. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 229:109082. [PMID: 34634563 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delay discounting assessments typically involve choices between an immediate outcome and a larger amount of the same outcome after a delay. Real-world choices, however, more often involve qualitatively different alternatives. The primary aim of this study was to examine single- and cross-commodity discounting of money, alcohol, and cannabis, along with clinical measures of alcohol and cannabis use among people who use both alcohol and cannabis, yet differ in tobacco cigarette smoking status (i.e., dual- versus tri-use). METHODS An online crowdsourced sample (N = 318) of people who reported using alcohol and cannabis in the past week completed single- and cross-commodity discounting assessments across each combination of money, alcohol, and cannabis. We recruited a balanced number of people who did and did not also use tobacco cigarettes and examined associations between discounting, tobacco use, and clinical indicators. RESULTS People who reported using tobacco cigarettes in addition to alcohol and cannabis tended to engage in significantly higher rates of harmful alcohol and cannabis use than those who reported using only alcohol and cannabis. Cross-commodity discounting was significantly associated with patterns of harmful alcohol and cannabis use while no associations emerged for single-commodity discounting. CONCLUSIONS Cross-commodity discounting provides a nuanced account of intertemporal choice by incorporating relative commodity valuation and appears to characterize harmful alcohol and cannabis use more clearly than single-commodity arrangements. Further cross-commodity research is needed to better understand the interplay between temporal location and relative commodity value among people who use multiple substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon P Naudé
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA; Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
| | - Derek D Reed
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA; Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - David P Jarmolowicz
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA; Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Laura E Martin
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA; Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Andrew T Fox
- Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Division of Health Services and Outcomes Research, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Justin C Strickland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthew W Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Martínez-Loredo V, González-Roz A, Secades-Villa R, Fernández-Hermida JR, MacKillop J. Concurrent validity of the Alcohol Purchase Task for measuring the reinforcing efficacy of alcohol: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction 2021; 116:2635-2650. [PMID: 33338263 PMCID: PMC9186155 DOI: 10.1111/add.15379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS An early meta-analysis testing the concurrent validity of the Alcohol Purchase Task (APT), a measure of alcohol's relative reinforcing value, reported mixed associations, but predated a large number of studies. This systematic review and meta-analysis sought to: (1) estimate the relationships between trait-based alcohol demand indices from the APT and multiple alcohol indicators, (2) test several moderators and (3) analyze small study effects. METHODS A meta-analysis of 50 cross-sectional studies in four databases (n = 18 466, females = 43.32%). Sex, year of publication, number of APT prices and index transformations (logarithmic, square root or none) were considered as moderators. Small study effects were examined by using the Begg-Mazumdar, Egger's and Duval & Tweedie's trim-and-fill tests. Alcohol indicators were quantity of alcohol use, number of heavy drinking episodes, alcohol-related problems and hazardous drinking. APT indices were intensity (i.e. consumption at zero cost), elasticity (i.e. sensitivity to increases in costs), Omax (i.e. maximum expenditure), Pmax (i.e. price associated to Omax ) and breakpoint (i.e. price at which consumption ceases). RESULTS All alcohol demand indices were significantly associated with all alcohol-related outcomes (r = 0.132-0.494), except Pmax , which was significantly associated with alcohol-related problems only (r = 0.064). The greatest associations were evinced between intensity in relation to alcohol use, hazardous drinking and heavy drinking and between Omax and alcohol use. All the tested moderators emerged as significant moderators. Evidence of small-study effects was limited. CONCLUSIONS The Alcohol Purchase Task appears to have concurrent validity in alcohol research. Intensity and Omax are the most relevant indices to account for alcohol involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Martínez-Loredo
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain,Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Alba González-Roz
- Department of Psychology, University of the Balearic Islands, Research Institute on Health Sciences, Palma de Mallorca, Spain,Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | | | - James MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, St Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton/McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Green R, MacKillop J, Hartwell EE, Lim AC, Baskerville WA, Karno M, Ray LA. Behavioral Economic Demand for Alcohol and Cigarettes in Heavy Drinking Smokers: Evidence of Asymmetric Cross-commodity Reinforcing Value. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:748-755. [PMID: 33247757 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies have highlighted a strong bidirectional relationship between cigarette and alcohol consumption. To advance our understanding of this relationship the present study uses a behavioral economic approach in a community sample (N = 383) of nontreatment seeking heavy drinking smokers. AIMS AND METHODS The aims were to examine same-substance and cross-substance relationships between alcohol and cigarette use, and latent factors of demand. A community sample of nontreatment seeking heavy drinking smokers completed an in-person assessment battery including measures of alcohol and tobacco use as well as the Cigarette Purchase Task and the Alcohol Purchase Task. Latent factors of demand were derived from these hypothetical purchase tasks. RESULTS Results revealed a positive correlation between paired alcohol and cigarette demand indices (eg, correlation between alcohol intensity and cigarette intensity) (rs = 0.18-0.46, p ≤ .003). Over and above alcohol factors, cigarette use variables (eg, Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence and cigarettes per smoking day) significantly predicted an additional 4.5% (p < .01) of the variance in Persistence values but not Amplitude values for alcohol. Over and above cigarette factors, alcohol use variables predicted cigarette Persistence values (ΔR2 = .013, p = .05), however, did not predict Amplitude values. CONCLUSIONS These results advance our understanding of the overlap between cigarette and alcohol by demonstrating that involvement with one substance was associated with demand for the other substance. This asymmetric profile-from smoking to alcohol demand, but not vice versa-suggests that it is not simply tapping into a generally higher reward sensitivity and warrants further investigation. IMPLICATIONS To our knowledge, no study to date has examined alcohol and cigarette demand, via hypothetical purchase tasks, in a clinical sample of heavy drinking smokers. This study demonstrates that behavioral economic indices may be sensitive to cross-substance relationships and specifically that such relationships are asymmetrically stronger for smoking variables affecting alcohol demand, not the other way around.
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Affiliation(s)
- ReJoyce Green
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - James MacKillop
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Emily E Hartwell
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Corporal Michael J Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Aaron C Lim
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Mitchell Karno
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Lara A Ray
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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O'Connor SL, Aston-Jones G, James MH. The sensation seeking trait confers a dormant susceptibility to addiction that is revealed by intermittent cocaine self-administration in rats. Neuropharmacology 2021; 195:108566. [PMID: 33862028 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Heightened sensation seeking is associated with an increased risk of substance use disorder in clinical populations. In rats, sensation seeking is often examined by measuring locomotor reactivity to a novel environment. So-called high responders (HR) acquire self-administration of psychostimulants more quickly and consume higher amounts of drug compared to low responder (LR) rats, indicating that the HR trait might confer a stronger addiction propensity. However, studies of addiction-like behaviors in HR vs LR rats have typically utilized self-administration paradigms that do not dissociate individual differences in the hedonic/reinforcing and motivational properties of a drug. Moreover, little attention has been given to whether HR rats are more susceptible to drug-access conditions that promote a state-dependent addiction phenotype. We report that on a behavioral economics task, HR rats have higher preferred brain-cocaine levels compared to LR rats but do not differ with respect to their demand elasticity for cocaine. In contrast, when tested on an intermittent access schedule of cocaine self-administration, which has been shown to promote several addiction-related endophenotypes, HR rats exhibit greater escalation of intake and more drastic reductions in cocaine demand elasticity. Together, these data indicate that the HR trait does not confer higher extant addiction behavior, but rather that this phenotype is associated with a propensity for addiction that remains dormant until it is actuated by intermittent drug intake. These findings reveal a 'trait' (HR) by 'state' (intermittent drug intake) interaction that produces a strong addiction-like phenotype. This article is part of the special issue on 'Vulnerabilities to Substance Abuse'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayna L O'Connor
- Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University and Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ, USA; Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University and Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Gary Aston-Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University and Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ, USA; Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University and Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Morgan H James
- Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University and Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ, USA; Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University and Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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Crummy EA, O'Neal TJ, Baskin BM, Ferguson SM. One Is Not Enough: Understanding and Modeling Polysubstance Use. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:569. [PMID: 32612502 PMCID: PMC7309369 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Substance use disorder (SUD) is a chronic, relapsing disease with a highly multifaceted pathology that includes (but is not limited to) sensitivity to drug-associated cues, negative affect, and motivation to maintain drug consumption. SUDs are highly prevalent, with 35 million people meeting criteria for SUD. While drug use and addiction are highly studied, most investigations of SUDs examine drug use in isolation, rather than in the more prevalent context of comorbid substance histories. Indeed, 11.3% of individuals diagnosed with a SUD have concurrent alcohol and illicit drug use disorders. Furthermore, having a SUD with one substance increases susceptibility to developing dependence on additional substances. For example, the increased risk of developing heroin dependence is twofold for alcohol misusers, threefold for cannabis users, 15-fold for cocaine users, and 40-fold for prescription misusers. Given the prevalence and risk associated with polysubstance use and current public health crises, examining these disorders through the lens of co-use is essential for translatability and improved treatment efficacy. The escalating economic and social costs and continued rise in drug use has spurred interest in developing preclinical models that effectively model this phenomenon. Here, we review the current state of the field in understanding the behavioral and neural circuitry in the context of co-use with common pairings of alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, and other addictive substances. Moreover, we outline key considerations when developing polysubstance models, including challenges to developing preclinical models to provide insights and improve treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Crummy
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Timothy J O'Neal
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Britahny M Baskin
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Susan M Ferguson
- Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Alcohol and Drug Abuse Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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Ramirez JJ, Cadigan JM, Lee CM. Behavioral economic demand for alcohol among young adults who engage in simultaneous alcohol and marijuana use. Subst Abus 2019; 41:203-207. [PMID: 31638884 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2019.1671939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Young adults (YAs) who engage in simultaneous alcohol and marijuana use (SAM) may combine substances due to enhanced subjective effects, and as a result, may place greater value (e.g., spend more resources) on alcohol relative to YAs who consume alcohol but do not engage in SAM. The aim of the current study was to evaluate behavioral economic demand for alcohol among YAs who reported SAM (n = 101) relative to alcohol use only (n = 316), and concurrent alcohol and marijuana use (CAM; n = 63). Methods: YAs (18-25 years old) recruited from the community completed an online assessment that included the Alcohol Purchase Task as well as past month alcohol, marijuana, and SAM use. Results: Analyses of covariance demonstrated that YAs who reported SAM had significantly higher Omax values (maximum overall expenditures on alcohol) than those who reported CAM, and both YAs who reported SAM and alcohol-only had significantly higher Pmax values (maximum inelastic price per drink) than YAs who reported CAM. Conclusions: YAs that engage in SAM show an increased willingness to spend resources on alcohol. Elevated demand is not associated with concurrent use of multiple substances, but rather the combined (i.e., overlapping) use of substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Ramirez
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Center for the Study of Health & Risk Behaviors (CSHRB), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jennifer M Cadigan
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Center for the Study of Health & Risk Behaviors (CSHRB), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christine M Lee
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Center for the Study of Health & Risk Behaviors (CSHRB), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Strickland JC, Lile JA, Stoops WW. Evaluating non-medical prescription opioid demand using commodity purchase tasks: test-retest reliability and incremental validity. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:2641-2652. [PMID: 30927021 PMCID: PMC6990908 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05234-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Non-medical prescription opioid use and opioid use disorder (OUD) present a significant public health concern. Identifying behavioral mechanisms underlying OUD will assist in developing improved prevention and intervention approaches. Behavioral economic demand has been extensively evaluated as a measure of reinforcer valuation for alcohol and cigarettes, whereas prescription opioids have received comparatively little attention. OBJECTIVES Utilize a purchase task procedure to measure the incremental validity and test-retest reliability of opioid demand. METHODS Individuals reporting past year non-medical prescription opioid use were recruited using the crowdsourcing platform Amazon Mechanical Turk (mTurk). Participants completed an opioid purchase task as well as measures of cannabis demand, delay discounting, and self-reported pain. A 1-month follow-up was used to evaluate test-retest reliability. RESULTS More intense and inelastic opioid demand was associated with OUD and more intense cannabis demand was associated with cannabis use disorder. Multivariable models indicated that higher opioid intensity and steeper opioid delay discounting rates each significantly and uniquely predicted OUD. Increased opioid demand intensity, but not elasticity, was associated with higher self-reported pain, and no relationship was observed with perceived pain relief from opioids. Opioid demand showed acceptable-to-good test-retest reliability (e.g., intensity rxx = .75; elasticity rxx = .63). Temporal reliability was lower for cannabis demand (e.g., intensity rxx = .53; elasticity rxx = .58) and discounting rates (rxx = .42-.61). CONCLUSIONS Opioid demand was incrementally valid and test-retest reliable as measured by purchase tasks. These findings support behavioral economic demand as a clinically useful measure of drug valuation that is sensitive to individual difference variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Strickland
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, 171 Funkhouser Drive, Lexington, KY, 40506-0044, USA.
| | - Joshua A Lile
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, 171 Funkhouser Drive, Lexington, KY, 40506-0044, USA
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 1100 Veterans Drive, Medical Behavioral Science Building Room 140, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 3470 Blazer Parkway, Lexington, KY, 40509, USA
| | - William W Stoops
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, 171 Funkhouser Drive, Lexington, KY, 40506-0044, USA
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 1100 Veterans Drive, Medical Behavioral Science Building Room 140, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 3470 Blazer Parkway, Lexington, KY, 40509, USA
- Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 845 Angliana Ave, Lexington, KY, 40508, USA
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Strickland JC, Lile JA, Stoops WW. Contribution of cannabis-related cues to concurrent reinforcer choice in humans. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 199:85-91. [PMID: 31029879 PMCID: PMC6615729 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug-related cues play a critical role in the development and persistence of substance use disorder. Few human laboratory studies have evaluated how these cues contribute to decisions between concurrently presented reinforcers, and none have examined the specific role of cannabis cues. This study evaluated the contribution of cannabis-related cues to concurrent monetary reinforcer choice in humans. METHODS Participants with a cannabis use history (i.e., use in the past two weeks and 50 or more lifetime uses; n = 71) and controls without this history (i.e., 5 or less lifetime uses; n = 79) were recruited using Amazon Mechanical Turk. A cued concurrent choice task was used in which cannabis trials presented two cues (one cannabis and one neutral) side-by-side followed by concurrent monetary offers below each image. The primary dependent measure was choice for cannabis-cued monetary reinforcers on equal value trials. Secondary analyses evaluated individual difference variables related to choice bias. RESULTS Participants in the cannabis group showed a significant bias for cannabis-cued choices (mean 76.0%) whereas participants in the control group showed a significant bias against cannabis-cued choices (mean 30.3%). Reaction times on cannabis trials were faster than neutral filler trials and did not differ by group. Cannabis-cued choice was significantly associated with more frequent cannabis use (r = .44), higher cannabis demand intensity (r = .28), and lower cannabis elasticity (r = -.30). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that cannabis-related cues can influence reinforcer choice and potentially promote disadvantageous decision-making related to non-drug reinforcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Strickland
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, 171 Funkhouser Drive, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA.
| | - Joshua A Lile
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, 171 Funkhouser Drive, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA; Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 1100 Veterans Drive, Medical Behavioral Science Building Room 140, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 3470 Blazer Parkway, Lexington, KY, 40509, USA
| | - William W Stoops
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, 171 Funkhouser Drive, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA; Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 1100 Veterans Drive, Medical Behavioral Science Building Room 140, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 3470 Blazer Parkway, Lexington, KY, 40509, USA; Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 845 Angliana Ave, Lexington, KY, 40508, USA
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