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Fineberg A, Takagi Y, Thirumurugan K, Andrecka J, Billington N, Young G, Cole D, Burgess SA, Curd AP, Hammer JA, Sellers JR, Kukura P, Knight PJ. Myosin-5 varies its step length to carry cargo straight along the irregular F-actin track. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2401625121. [PMID: 38507449 PMCID: PMC10990141 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2401625121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular motors employ chemical energy to generate unidirectional mechanical output against a track while navigating a chaotic cellular environment, potential disorder on the track, and against Brownian motion. Nevertheless, decades of nanometer-precise optical studies suggest that myosin-5a, one of the prototypical molecular motors, takes uniform steps spanning 13 subunits (36 nm) along its F-actin track. Here, we use high-resolution interferometric scattering microscopy to reveal that myosin takes strides spanning 22 to 34 actin subunits, despite walking straight along the helical actin filament. We show that cumulative angular disorder in F-actin accounts for the observed proportion of each stride length, akin to crossing a river on variably spaced stepping stones. Electron microscopy revealed the structure of the stepping molecule. Our results indicate that both motor and track are soft materials that can adapt to function in complex cellular conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Fineberg
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
- Laboratory of Single Molecule Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Yasuharu Takagi
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Kavitha Thirumurugan
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, LeedsLS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Andrecka
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Billington
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Gavin Young
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Cole
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Stan A. Burgess
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, LeedsLS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair P. Curd
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, LeedsLS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - John A. Hammer
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - James R. Sellers
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Philipp Kukura
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
- The Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Knight
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, LeedsLS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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2
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Fineberg A, Takagi Y, Thirumurugan K, Andrecka J, Billington N, Young G, Cole D, Burgess SA, Curd AP, Hammer JA, Sellers JR, Kukura P, Knight PJ. Myosin-5 varies its steps along the irregular F-actin track. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.16.549178. [PMID: 37503193 PMCID: PMC10370000 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.16.549178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Molecular motors employ chemical energy to generate unidirectional mechanical output against a track. By contrast to the majority of macroscopic machines, they need to navigate a chaotic cellular environment, potential disorder in the track and Brownian motion. Nevertheless, decades of nanometer-precise optical studies suggest that myosin-5a, one of the prototypical molecular motors, takes uniform steps spanning 13 subunits (36 nm) along its F-actin track. Here, we use high-resolution interferometric scattering (iSCAT) microscopy to reveal that myosin takes strides spanning 22 to 34 actin subunits, despite walking straight along the helical actin filament. We show that cumulative angular disorder in F-actin accounts for the observed proportion of each stride length, akin to crossing a river on variably-spaced stepping stones. Electron microscopy revealed the structure of the stepping molecule. Our results indicate that both motor and track are soft materials that can adapt to function in complex cellular conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Fineberg
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
- Laboratory of Single Molecule Biophysics, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, U.S.A
| | - Yasuharu Takagi
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, U.S.A
| | - Kavitha Thirumurugan
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, and Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K
- Present address: Structural Biology Lab, Pearl Research Park, SBST, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632 014, India
| | - Joanna Andrecka
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
- Present address: Human Technopole, Viale Rita Levi-Montalcini 1, 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - Neil Billington
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, U.S.A
- Present address: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, U.S.A
| | - Gavin Young
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
- Present address: Refeyn Ltd., Unit 9, Trade City, Sandy Ln W, Littlemore, Oxford OX4 6FF, U.K
| | - Daniel Cole
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
- Present address: Refeyn Ltd., Unit 9, Trade City, Sandy Ln W, Littlemore, Oxford OX4 6FF, U.K
| | - Stan A. Burgess
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, and Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Alistair P. Curd
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, and Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - John A. Hammer
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, U.S.A
| | - James R. Sellers
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, U.S.A
| | - Philipp Kukura
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
- The Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Peter J. Knight
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, and Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K
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3
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Pochitaloff M, Miranda M, Richard M, Chaiyasitdhi A, Takagi Y, Cao W, De La Cruz EM, Sellers JR, Joanny JF, Jülicher F, Blanchoin L, Martin P. Flagella-like beating of actin bundles driven by self-organized myosin waves. NATURE PHYSICS 2022; 18:1240-1247. [PMID: 37396880 PMCID: PMC10312380 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-022-01688-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Wave-like beating of eukaryotic cilia and flagella-threadlike protrusions found in many cells and microorganisms-is a classic example of spontaneous mechanical oscillations in biology. This type of self-organized active matter raises the question of the coordination mechanism between molecular motor activity and cytoskeletal filament bending. Here we show that in the presence of myosin motors, polymerizing actin filaments self-assemble into polar bundles that exhibit wave-like beating. Importantly, filament beating is associated with myosin density waves initiated at twice the frequency of the actin-bending waves. A theoretical description based on curvature control of motor binding to the filaments and of motor activity explains our observations in a regime of high internal friction. Overall, our results indicate that the binding of myosin to actin depends on the actin bundle shape, providing a feedback mechanism between the myosin activity and filament deformations for the self-organization of large motor filament assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pochitaloff
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Paris, France
- Present address: Department of Mechanical Engineering, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Martin Miranda
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mathieu Richard
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Paris, France
| | - Atitheb Chaiyasitdhi
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Paris, France
| | - Yasuharu Takagi
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wenxiang Cao
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Enrique M. De La Cruz
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - James R. Sellers
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jean-François Joanny
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Paris, France
- Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Laurent Blanchoin
- CytomorphoLab, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Université Grenoble-Alpes/CEA/CNRS/INRA, Grenoble, France
- CytomorphoLab, Hôpital Saint Louis, Institut Universitaire d’Hématologie, UMRS1160, INSERM/AP-HP/Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Martin
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Paris, France
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4
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Sotolongo Bellón J, Birkholz O, Richter CP, Eull F, Kenneweg H, Wilmes S, Rothbauer U, You C, Walter MR, Kurre R, Piehler J. Four-color single-molecule imaging with engineered tags resolves the molecular architecture of signaling complexes in the plasma membrane. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2022; 2:100165. [PMID: 35474965 PMCID: PMC9017138 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Localization and tracking of individual receptors by single-molecule imaging opens unique possibilities to unravel the assembly and dynamics of signaling complexes in the plasma membrane. We present a comprehensive workflow for imaging and analyzing receptor diffusion and interaction in live cells at single molecule level with up to four colors. Two engineered, monomeric GFP variants, which are orthogonally recognized by anti-GFP nanobodies, are employed for efficient and selective labeling of target proteins in the plasma membrane with photostable fluorescence dyes. This labeling technique enables us to quantitatively resolve the stoichiometry and dynamics of the interferon-γ (IFNγ) receptor signaling complex in the plasma membrane of living cells by multicolor single-molecule imaging. Based on versatile spatial and spatiotemporal correlation analyses, we identify ligand-induced receptor homo- and heterodimerization. Multicolor single-molecule co-tracking and quantitative single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer moreover reveals transient assembly of IFNγ receptor heterotetramers and confirms its structural architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junel Sotolongo Bellón
- Department of Biology and Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics (CellNanOs), Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Oliver Birkholz
- Department of Biology and Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics (CellNanOs), Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Christian P. Richter
- Department of Biology and Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics (CellNanOs), Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Florian Eull
- Department of Biology and Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics (CellNanOs), Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Hella Kenneweg
- Department of Biology and Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics (CellNanOs), Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Stephan Wilmes
- Department of Biology and Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics (CellNanOs), Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, Dundee, UK
| | - Ulrich Rothbauer
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Changjiang You
- Department of Biology and Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics (CellNanOs), Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Mark R. Walter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rainer Kurre
- Department of Biology and Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics (CellNanOs), Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Jacob Piehler
- Department of Biology and Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics (CellNanOs), Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
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5
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Single-Molecule Biophysical Techniques to Study Actomyosin Force Transduction. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32451857 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38062-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Inside the cellular environment, molecular motors can work in concert to conduct a variety of important physiological functions and processes that are vital for the survival of a cell. However, in order to decipher the mechanism of how these molecular motors work, single-molecule microscopy techniques have been popular methods to understand the molecular basis of the emerging ensemble behavior of these motor proteins.In this chapter, we discuss various single-molecule biophysical imaging techniques that have been used to expose the mechanics and kinetics of myosins. The chapter should be taken as a general overview and introductory guide to the many existing techniques; however, since other chapters will discuss some of these techniques more thoroughly, the readership should refer to those chapters for further details and discussions. In particular, we will focus on scattering-based single-molecule microscopy methods, some of which have become more popular in the recent years and around which the work in our laboratories has been centered.
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6
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Kodera N, Ando T. High-Speed Atomic Force Microscopy to Study Myosin Motility. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1239:127-152. [PMID: 32451858 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38062-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
High-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) is a unique tool that enables imaging of protein molecules during their functional activity at sub-100 ms temporal and submolecular spatial resolution. HS-AFM is suited for the study of highly dynamic proteins, including myosin motors. HS-AFM images of myosin V walking on actin filaments provide irrefutable evidence for the swinging lever arm motion propelling the molecule forward. Moreover, molecular behaviors that have not been noticed before are also displayed on the AFM movies. This chapter describes the principle, underlying techniques and performance of HS-AFM, filmed images of myosin V, and mechanistic insights into myosin motility provided from the filmed images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Kodera
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Toshio Ando
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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7
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Sellers JR, Takagi Y. How Myosin 5 Walks Deduced from Single-Molecule Biophysical Approaches. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1239:153-181. [PMID: 32451859 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38062-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Myosin 5a is a two-headed myosin that functions as a cargo transporter in cells. To accomplish this task it has evolved several unique structural and kinetic features that allow it to move processively as a single molecule along actin filaments. A plethora of biophysical techniques have been used to elucidate the detailed mechanism of its movement along actin filaments in vitro. This chapter describes how this mechanism was deduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Sellers
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Yasuharu Takagi
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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8
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Alexander CJ, Wagner W, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Hammer JA. Creation of a myosin Va-TAP-tagged mouse and identification of potential myosin Va-interacting proteins in the cerebellum. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2019; 75:395-409. [PMID: 29979496 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The actin-based motor myosin Va transports numerous cargos, including the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) in cerebellar Purkinje neurons (PNs) and melanosomes in melanocytes. Identifying proteins that interact with this myosin is key to understanding its cellular functions. Toward that end, we used recombineering to insert via homologous recombination a tandem affinity purification (TAP) tag composed of the immunoglobulin G-binding domain of protein A, a tobacco etch virus cleavage site, and a FLAG tag into the mouse MYO5A locus immediately after the initiation codon. Importantly, we provide evidence that the TAP-tagged version of myosin Va (TAP-MyoVa) functions normally in terms of SER transport in PNs and melanosome positioning in melanocytes. Given this and other evidence that TAP-MyoVa is fully functional, we purified it together with associated proteins directly from juvenile mouse cerebella and subjected the samples to mass spectroscopic analyses. As expected, known myosin Va-binding partners like dynein light chain were identified. Importantly, numerous novel interacting proteins were also tentatively identified, including guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha (Gnao1), a biomarker for schizophrenia. Consistently, an antibody to Gnao1 immunoprecipitates myosin Va, and Gnao1's localization to PN dendritic spines depends on myosin Va. The mouse model created here should facilitate the identification of novel myosin Va-binding partners, which in turn should advance our understanding of the roles played by this important myosin in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Alexander
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Wolfgang Wagner
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), Department of Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Neal G Copeland
- The University of Texas MD Anderson, Department of Genetics, Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Nancy A Jenkins
- The University of Texas MD Anderson, Department of Genetics, Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - John A Hammer
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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9
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Shen Z, Cui S, Dogariu A. Polarization-encoded field measurement in subwavelength scattering. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:3446-3449. [PMID: 31305544 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.003446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that polarization encoding provides a convenient way to realize a robust common-path interferometer for measuring both the phase and the amplitude of scattered optical fields. Moreover, for a given detector array, the design allows maximizing the interferometric visibility and, therefore, permits reaching the sensitivity limit for the field measurement. The approach is of particular interest for inefficient scattering scenarios such as subwavelength scattering.
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10
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Alsina A, Lai WM, Wong WK, Qin X, Zhang M, Park H. Real-time subpixel-accuracy tracking of single mitochondria in neurons reveals heterogeneous mitochondrial motion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 493:776-782. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.08.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Hatakeyama H, Nakahata Y, Yarimizu H, Kanzaki M. Live-cell single-molecule labeling and analysis of myosin motors with quantum dots. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 28:173-181. [PMID: 28035048 PMCID: PMC5221621 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-06-0413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are a powerful tool for quantitative biology, but two challenges are associated with using them to track intracellular molecules in live cells. A simple and convenient method is presented for labeling intracellular molecules by using HaloTag technology and electroporation and is used to successfully track myosins within live cells. Quantum dots (QDs) are a powerful tool for quantitatively analyzing dynamic cellular processes by single-particle tracking. However, tracking of intracellular molecules with QDs is limited by their inability to penetrate the plasma membrane and bind to specific molecules of interest. Although several techniques for overcoming these problems have been proposed, they are either complicated or inconvenient. To address this issue, in this study, we developed a simple, convenient, and nontoxic method for labeling intracellular molecules in cells using HaloTag technology and electroporation. We labeled intracellular myosin motors with this approach and tracked their movement within cells. By simultaneously imaging myosin movement and F-actin architecture, we observed that F-actin serves not only as a rail but also as a barrier for myosin movement. We analyzed the effect of insulin on the movement of several myosin motors, which have been suggested to regulate intracellular trafficking of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter GLUT4, but found no significant enhancement in myosin motor motility as a result of insulin treatment. Our approach expands the repertoire of proteins for which intracellular dynamics can be analyzed at the single-molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Hatakeyama
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan .,Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Nakahata
- Department of Information and Intelligent Systems, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Yarimizu
- Department of Information and Intelligent Systems, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Makoto Kanzaki
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.,Department of Information and Intelligent Systems, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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12
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Andrecka J, Takagi Y, Mickolajczyk KJ, Lippert LG, Sellers JR, Hancock WO, Goldman YE, Kukura P. Interferometric Scattering Microscopy for the Study of Molecular Motors. Methods Enzymol 2016; 581:517-539. [PMID: 27793291 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of molecular motor function has been greatly improved by the development of imaging modalities, which enable real-time observation of their motion at the single-molecule level. Here, we describe the use of a new method, interferometric scattering microscopy, for the investigation of motor protein dynamics by attaching and tracking the motion of metallic nanoparticle labels as small as 20nm diameter. Using myosin-5, kinesin-1, and dynein as examples, we describe the basic assays, labeling strategies, and principles of data analysis. Our approach is relevant not only for motor protein dynamics but also provides a general tool for single-particle tracking with high spatiotemporal precision, which overcomes the limitations of single-molecule fluorescence methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Andrecka
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Y Takagi
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - K J Mickolajczyk
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States; Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Bioengineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - L G Lippert
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - J R Sellers
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - W O Hancock
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States; Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Bioengineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Y E Goldman
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - P Kukura
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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13
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Regulation of the Postsynaptic Compartment of Excitatory Synapses by the Actin Cytoskeleton in Health and Its Disruption in Disease. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:2371970. [PMID: 27127658 PMCID: PMC4835652 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2371970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of synaptic function at excitatory synapses is one of the earliest pathological changes seen in wide range of neurological diseases. The proper control of the segregation of neurotransmitter receptors at these synapses is directly correlated with the intact regulation of the postsynaptic cytoskeleton. In this review, we are discussing key factors that regulate the structure and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton, the major cytoskeletal building block that supports the postsynaptic compartment. Special attention is given to the complex interplay of actin-associated proteins that are found in the synaptic specialization. We then discuss our current understanding of how disruption of these cytoskeletal elements may contribute to the pathological events observed in the nervous system under disease conditions with a particular focus on Alzheimer's disease pathology.
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14
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Heissler SM, Sellers JR. Kinetic Adaptations of Myosins for Their Diverse Cellular Functions. Traffic 2016; 17:839-59. [PMID: 26929436 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Members of the myosin superfamily are involved in all aspects of eukaryotic life. Their function ranges from the transport of organelles and cargos to the generation of membrane tension, and the contraction of muscle. The diversity of physiological functions is remarkable, given that all enzymatically active myosins follow a conserved mechanoenzymatic cycle in which the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate is coupled to either actin-based transport or tethering of actin to defined cellular compartments. Kinetic capacities and limitations of a myosin are determined by the extent to which actin can accelerate the hydrolysis of ATP and the release of the hydrolysis products and are indispensably linked to its physiological tasks. This review focuses on kinetic competencies that - together with structural adaptations - result in myosins with unique mechanoenzymatic properties targeted to their diverse cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Heissler
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, B50/3523, Bethesda, MD 20892-8015, USA
| | - James R Sellers
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, B50/3523, Bethesda, MD 20892-8015, USA
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15
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Andrecka J, Ortega Arroyo J, Takagi Y, de Wit G, Fineberg A, MacKinnon L, Young G, Sellers JR, Kukura P. Structural dynamics of myosin 5 during processive motion revealed by interferometric scattering microscopy. eLife 2015. [PMID: 25748137 DOI: 10.7554/elife.05413.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosin 5a is a dual-headed molecular motor that transports cargo along actin filaments. By following the motion of individual heads with interferometric scattering microscopy at nm spatial and ms temporal precision we found that the detached head occupies a loosely fixed position to one side of actin from which it rebinds in a controlled manner while executing a step. Improving the spatial precision to the sub-nm regime provided evidence for an ångstrom-level structural transition in the motor domain associated with the power stroke. Simultaneous tracking of both heads revealed that consecutive steps follow identical paths to the same side of actin in a compass-like spinning motion demonstrating a symmetrical walking pattern. These results visualize many of the critical unknown aspects of the stepping mechanism of myosin 5 including head-head coordination, the origin of lever-arm motion and the spatiotemporal dynamics of the translocating head during individual steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Andrecka
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jaime Ortega Arroyo
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yasuharu Takagi
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Gabrielle de Wit
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Fineberg
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lachlan MacKinnon
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Young
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James R Sellers
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Philipp Kukura
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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16
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Andrecka J, Ortega Arroyo J, Takagi Y, de Wit G, Fineberg A, MacKinnon L, Young G, Sellers JR, Kukura P. Structural dynamics of myosin 5 during processive motion revealed by interferometric scattering microscopy. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25748137 PMCID: PMC4391024 DOI: 10.7554/elife.05413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Myosin 5a is a dual-headed molecular motor that transports cargo along actin filaments. By following the motion of individual heads with interferometric scattering microscopy at nm spatial and ms temporal precision we found that the detached head occupies a loosely fixed position to one side of actin from which it rebinds in a controlled manner while executing a step. Improving the spatial precision to the sub-nm regime provided evidence for an ångstrom-level structural transition in the motor domain associated with the power stroke. Simultaneous tracking of both heads revealed that consecutive steps follow identical paths to the same side of actin in a compass-like spinning motion demonstrating a symmetrical walking pattern. These results visualize many of the critical unknown aspects of the stepping mechanism of myosin 5 including head-head coordination, the origin of lever-arm motion and the spatiotemporal dynamics of the translocating head during individual steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Andrecka
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jaime Ortega Arroyo
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yasuharu Takagi
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Gabrielle de Wit
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Fineberg
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lachlan MacKinnon
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Young
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James R Sellers
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Philipp Kukura
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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17
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Toepfer C, Sellers JR. Use of fluorescent techniques to study the in vitro movement of myosins. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2014; 105:193-210. [PMID: 25095996 PMCID: PMC4178934 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0856-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Myosins are a large superfamily of actin-dependent molecule motors that carry out many functions in cells. Some myosins are cargo carriers that move processively along actin which means that a single molecule of myosin can take many ATP-dependent steps on actin per initial encounter. Other myosins are designed to work in large ensembles such as myosin thick filaments. In vitro motility assays are a powerful method for studying the function of myosins. These assays in general use small amounts of protein, are simple to implement, and can be done on microscopes commonly found in many laboratories. There are two basic versions of the assay which involve different geometries. In the sliding actin in vitro motility assay, myosin molecules are bound to a coverslip surface in a simply constructed microscopic flow chamber. Fluorescently labeled actin filaments are added to the flow chamber in the presence of ATP, and the movement of these actin filaments powered by the surface-bound myosins is observed. This assay has been used widely for a variety of myosins including both processive and non-processive ones. From this assay, one can easily measure the rate at which myosin is translocating actin. The single-molecule motility assay uses an inverted geometry compared to the sliding actin in vitro motility assay. It is most useful for processive myosins. Here, actin filaments are affixed to the coverslip surface. Fluorescently labeled single molecules of myosins (usually ones with processive kinetics) are introduced, and the movement of single molecules along the actin filaments is observed. This assay typically uses total internal reflection fluorescent (TIRF) microscopy to reduce the background signal arising from myosins in solution. From this assay, one can measure the velocity of movement, the frequency of movement, and the run length. If sufficient photons can be collected, one can use Gaussian fitting of the point spread function to determine the position of the labeled myosin to within a few nanometers which allows for measurement of the step size and the stepping kinetics. Together, these two assays are powerful tools to elucidate myosin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Toepfer
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - James R. Sellers
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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18
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Fili N, Toseland CP. Fluorescence and labelling: how to choose and what to do. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 105:1-24. [PMID: 25095988 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0856-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of fluorescent labelling of different reactants related to the biochemistry of motor proteins. The fluorescent properties of different labels and the advantages and disadvantages of the labelling methods are discussed. This will allow for a careful selection of fluorescent proteins for different applications relating to motor proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Fili
- Department of Cellular Physiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schillerstrasse. 44, 80336, Munich, Germany,
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19
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Kodera N, Ando T. The path to visualization of walking myosin V by high-speed atomic force microscopy. Biophys Rev 2014; 6:237-260. [PMID: 25505494 PMCID: PMC4256461 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-014-0141-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The quest for understanding the mechanism of myosin-based motility started with studies on muscle contraction. From numerous studies, the basic frameworks for this mechanism were constructed and brilliant hypotheses were put forward. However, the argument about the most crucial issue of how the actin-myosin interaction generates contractile force and shortening has not been definitive. To increase the "directness of measurement", in vitro motility assays and single-molecule optical techniques were created and used. Consequently, detailed knowledge of the motility of muscle myosin evolved, which resulted in provoking more arguments to a higher level. In parallel with technical progress, advances in cell biology led to the discovery of many classes of myosins. Myosin V was discovered to be a processive motor, unlike myosin II. The processivity reduced experimental difficulties because it allowed continuous tracing of the motor action of single myosin V molecules. Extensive studies of myosin V were expected to resolve arguments and build a consensus but did not necessarily do so. The directness of measurement was further enhanced by the recent advent of high-speed atomic force microscopy capable of directly visualizing biological molecules in action at high spatiotemporal resolution. This microscopy clearly visualized myosin V molecules walking on actin filaments and at last provided irrefutable evidence for the swinging lever-arm motion propelling the molecules. However, a peculiar foot stomp behavior also appeared in the AFM movie, raising new questions of the chemo-mechanical coupling in this motor and myosin motors in general. This article reviews these changes in the research of myosin motility and proposes new ideas to resolve the newly raised questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Kodera
- Bio-AFM Frontier Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192 Japan
- PREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, 332-0012 Japan
| | - Toshio Ando
- Bio-AFM Frontier Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192 Japan
- Department of Physics, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192 Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, 332-0012 Japan
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20
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Ortega Arroyo J, Andrecka J, Spillane KM, Billington N, Takagi Y, Sellers JR, Kukura P. Label-free, all-optical detection, imaging, and tracking of a single protein. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:2065-70. [PMID: 24597479 PMCID: PMC4186656 DOI: 10.1021/nl500234t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Optical detection of individual proteins requires fluorescent labeling. Cavity and plasmonic methodologies enhance single molecule signatures in the absence of any labels but have struggled to demonstrate routine and quantitative single protein detection. Here, we used interferometric scattering microscopy not only to detect but also to image and nanometrically track the motion of single myosin 5a heavy meromyosin molecules without the use of labels or any nanoscopic amplification. Together with the simple experimental arrangement, an intrinsic independence from strong electronic transition dipoles and a detection limit of <60 kDa, our approach paves the way toward nonresonant, label-free sensing and imaging of nanoscopic objects down to the single protein level.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Ortega Arroyo
- Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - J. Andrecka
- Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - K. M. Spillane
- Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - N. Billington
- Laboratory
of Molecular Physiology, National Heart,
Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Y. Takagi
- Laboratory
of Molecular Physiology, National Heart,
Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - J. R. Sellers
- Laboratory
of Molecular Physiology, National Heart,
Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - P. Kukura
- Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
- E-mail:
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21
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Kolomeisky AB. Motor proteins and molecular motors: how to operate machines at the nanoscale. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2013; 25:463101. [PMID: 24100357 PMCID: PMC3858839 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/25/46/463101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Several classes of biological molecules that transform chemical energy into mechanical work are known as motor proteins or molecular motors. These nanometer-sized machines operate in noisy stochastic isothermal environments, strongly supporting fundamental cellular processes such as the transfer of genetic information, transport, organization and functioning. In the past two decades motor proteins have become a subject of intense research efforts, aimed at uncovering the fundamental principles and mechanisms of molecular motor dynamics. In this review, we critically discuss recent progress in experimental and theoretical studies on motor proteins. Our focus is on analyzing fundamental concepts and ideas that have been utilized to explain the non-equilibrium nature and mechanisms of molecular motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly B. Kolomeisky
- Rice University, Department of Chemistry, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005-1892, USA
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22
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van der Velde KJ, Dhekne HS, Swertz MA, Sirigu S, Ropars V, Vinke PC, Rengaw T, van den Akker PC, Rings EHHM, Houdusse A, van Ijzendoorn SCD. An overview and online registry of microvillus inclusion disease patients and their MYO5B mutations. Hum Mutat 2013; 34:1597-605. [PMID: 24014347 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Microvillus inclusion disease (MVID) is one of the most severe congenital intestinal disorders and is characterized by neonatal secretory diarrhea and the inability to absorb nutrients from the intestinal lumen. MVID is associated with patient-, family-, and ancestry-unique mutations in the MYO5B gene, encoding the actin-based motor protein myosin Vb. Here, we review the MYO5B gene and all currently known MYO5B mutations and for the first time methodologically categorize these with regard to functional protein domains and recurrence in MYO7A associated with Usher syndrome and other myosins. We also review animal models for MVID and the latest data on functional studies related to the myosin Vb protein. To congregate existing and future information on MVID geno-/phenotypes and facilitate its quick and easy sharing among clinicians and researchers, we have constructed an online MOLGENIS-based international patient registry (www.MVID-central.org). This easily accessible database currently contains detailed information of 137 MVID patients together with reported clinical/phenotypic details and 41 unique MYO5B mutations, of which several unpublished. The future expansion and prospective nature of this registry is expected to improve disease diagnosis, prognosis, and genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Joeri van der Velde
- Genomics Coordination Center, Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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23
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Bao J, Huck D, Gunther LK, Sellers JR, Sakamoto T. Actin structure-dependent stepping of myosin 5a and 10 during processive movement. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74936. [PMID: 24069366 PMCID: PMC3777900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
How myosin 10, an unconventional myosin, walks processively along actin is still controversial. Here, we used single molecule fluorescence techniques, TIRF and FIONA, to study the motility and the stepping mechanism of dimerized myosin 10 heavy-meromyosin-like fragment on both single actin filaments and two-dimensional F-actin rafts cross-linked by fascin or α-actinin. As a control, we also tracked and analyzed the stepping behavior of the well characterized processive motor myosin 5a. We have shown that myosin 10 moves processively along both single actin filaments and F-actin rafts with a step size of 31 nm. Moreover, myosin 10 moves more processively on fascin-F-actin rafts than on α-actinin-F-actin rafts, whereas myosin 5a shows no such selectivity. Finally, on fascin-F-actin rafts, myosin 10 has more frequent side steps to adjacent actin filaments than myosin 5a in the F-actin rafts. Together, these results reveal further single molecule features of myosin 10 on various actin structures, which may help to understand its cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Bao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Daniel Huck
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Laura K. Gunther
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - James R. Sellers
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Takeshi Sakamoto
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Sckolnick M, Krementsova EB, Warshaw DM, Trybus KM. More than just a cargo adapter, melanophilin prolongs and slows processive runs of myosin Va. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:29313-22. [PMID: 23979131 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.476929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosin Va (myoVa) is a molecular motor that processively transports cargo along actin tracks. One well studied cargo in vivo is the melanosome, a pigment organelle that is moved first by kinesin on microtubules and then handed off to myoVa for transport in the actin-rich dendritic periphery of melanocytes. Melanophilin (Mlph) is the adapter protein that links Rab27a-melanosomes to myoVa. Using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and quantum dot-labeled full-length myoVa, we show at the single-molecule level that Mlph increases the number of processively moving myoVa motors by 17-fold. Surprisingly, myoVa-Mlph moves ~4-fold slower than myoVa alone and with twice the run length. These two changes greatly increase the time spent on actin, a property likely to enhance the transfer of melanosomes to the adjacent keratinocyte. In contrast to the variable stepping pattern of full-length myoVa, the myoVa-Mlph complex shows a normal gating pattern between the heads typical of a fully active motor and consistent with a cargo-dependent activation mechanism. The Mlph-dependent changes in myoVa depend on a positively charged cluster of amino acids in the actin binding domain of Mlph, suggesting that Mlph acts as a "tether" that links the motor to the track. Our results provide a molecular explanation for the uncharacteristically slow speed of melanosome movement by myoVa in vivo. More generally, these data show that proteins that link motors to cargo can modify motor properties to enhance their biological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sckolnick
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405
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25
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Nagy NT, Chakraborty S, Harami GM, Sellers JR, Sakamoto T, Kovács M. A subdomain interaction at the base of the lever allosterically tunes the mechanochemical mechanism of myosin 5a. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62640. [PMID: 23650521 PMCID: PMC3641075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The motor domain of myosin is the core element performing mechanochemical energy transduction. This domain contains the actin and ATP binding sites and the base of the force-transducing lever. Coordinated subdomain movements within the motor are essential in linking the ATPase chemical cycle to translocation along actin filaments. A dynamic subdomain interface located at the base of the lever was previously shown to exert an allosteric influence on ATP hydrolysis in the non-processive myosin 2 motor. By solution kinetic, spectroscopic and ensemble and single-molecule motility experiments, we determined the role of a class-specific adaptation of this interface in the mechanochemical mechanism of myosin 5a, a processive intracellular transporter. We found that the introduction of a myosin 2-specific repulsive interaction into myosin 5a via the I67K mutation perturbs the strong-binding interaction of myosin 5a with actin, influences the mechanism of ATP binding and facilitates ATP hydrolysis. At the same time, the mutation abolishes the actin-induced activation of ADP release and, in turn, slows down processive motility, especially when myosin experiences mechanical drag exerted by the action of multiple motor molecules bound to the same actin filament. The results highlight that subtle structural adaptations of the common structural scaffold of the myosin motor enable specific allosteric tuning of motor activity shaped by widely differing physiological demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolett T. Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE-MTA (Eötvös Loránd University-Hungarian Academy of Sciences) “Momentum” Motor Enzymology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Saikat Chakraborty
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Gábor M. Harami
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE-MTA (Eötvös Loránd University-Hungarian Academy of Sciences) “Momentum” Motor Enzymology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - James R. Sellers
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Takeshi Sakamoto
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Mihály Kovács
- Department of Biochemistry, ELTE-MTA (Eötvös Loránd University-Hungarian Academy of Sciences) “Momentum” Motor Enzymology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail:
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26
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Tilting and wobble of myosin V by high-speed single-molecule polarized fluorescence microscopy. Biophys J 2013; 104:1263-73. [PMID: 23528086 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myosin V is biomolecular motor with two actin-binding domains (heads) that take multiple steps along actin by a hand-over-hand mechanism. We used high-speed polarized total internal reflection fluorescence (polTIRF) microscopy to study the structural dynamics of single myosin V molecules that had been labeled with bifunctional rhodamine linked to one of the calmodulins along the lever arm. With the use of time-correlated single-photon counting technology, the temporal resolution of the polTIRF microscope was improved ~50-fold relative to earlier studies, and a maximum-likelihood, multitrace change-point algorithm was used to objectively determine the times when structural changes occurred. Short-lived substeps that displayed an abrupt increase in rotational mobility were detected during stepping, likely corresponding to random thermal fluctuations of the stepping head while it searched for its next actin-binding site. Thus, myosin V harnesses its fluctuating environment to extend its reach. Additional, less frequent angle changes, probably not directly associated with steps, were detected in both leading and trailing heads. The high-speed polTIRF method and change-point analysis may be applicable to single-molecule studies of other biological systems.
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27
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Nagy A, Takagi Y, Billington N, Sun SA, Hong DKT, Homsher E, Wang A, Sellers JR. Kinetic characterization of nonmuscle myosin IIb at the single molecule level. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:709-22. [PMID: 23148220 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.424671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonmuscle myosin IIB (NMIIB) is a cytoplasmic myosin, which plays an important role in cell motility by maintaining cortical tension. It forms bipolar thick filaments with ~14 myosin molecule dimers on each side of the bare zone. Our previous studies showed that the NMIIB is a moderately high duty ratio (~20-25%) motor. The ADP release step (~0.35 s(-1)) of NMIIB is only ~3 times faster than the rate-limiting phosphate release (0.13 ± 0.01 s(-1)). The aim of this study was to relate the known in vitro kinetic parameters to the results of single molecule experiments and to compare the kinetic and mechanical properties of single- and double-headed myosin fragments and nonmuscle IIB thick filaments. Examination of the kinetics of NMIIB interaction with actin at the single molecule level was accomplished using total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) with fluorescence imaging with 1-nm accuracy (FIONA) and dual-beam optical trapping. At a physiological ATP concentration (1 mm), the rate of detachment of the single-headed and double-headed molecules was similar (~0.4 s(-1)). Using optical tweezers we found that the power stroke sizes of single- and double-headed heavy meromyosin (HMM) were each ~6 nm. No signs of processive stepping at the single molecule level were observed in the case of NMIIB-HMM in optical tweezers or TIRF/in vitro motility experiments. In contrast, robust motility of individual fluorescently labeled thick filaments of full-length NMIIB was observed on actin filaments. Our results are in good agreement with the previous steady-state and transient kinetic studies and show that the individual nonprocessive nonmuscle myosin IIB molecules form a highly processive unit when polymerized into filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Nagy
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, HLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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28
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29
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Lewis JH, Beausang JF, Sweeney HL, Goldman YE. The azimuthal path of myosin V and its dependence on lever-arm length. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 139:101-20. [PMID: 22291144 PMCID: PMC3269788 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201110715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Myosin V (myoV) is a two-headed myosin capable of taking many successive steps along actin per diffusional encounter, enabling it to transport vesicular and ribonucleoprotein cargos in the dense and complex environment within cells. To better understand how myoV navigates along actin, we used polarized total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy to examine angular changes of bifunctional rhodamine probes on the lever arms of single myoV molecules in vitro. With a newly developed analysis technique, the rotational motions of the lever arm and the local orientation of each probe relative to the lever arm were estimated from the probe’s measured orientation. This type of analysis could be applied to similar studies on other motor proteins, as well as other proteins with domains that undergo significant rotational motions. The experiments were performed on recombinant constructs of myoV that had either the native-length (six IQ motifs and calmodulins [CaMs]) or truncated (four IQ motifs and CaMs) lever arms. Native-length myoV-6IQ mainly took straight steps along actin, with occasional small azimuthal tilts around the actin filament. Truncated myoV-4IQ showed an increased frequency of azimuthal steps, but the magnitudes of these steps were nearly identical to those of myoV-6IQ. The results show that the azimuthal deflections of myoV on actin are more common for the truncated lever arm, but the range of these deflections is relatively independent of its lever-arm length.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Lewis
- The Pennsylvania Muscle Institute and Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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30
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Zhang Y. Phenomenological analysis of ATP dependence of motor proteins. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32717. [PMID: 22457719 PMCID: PMC3311630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, through phenomenological comparison of the velocity-force data of processive motor proteins, including conventional kinesin, cytoplasmic dynein and myosin V, I found that, the ratio between motor velocities of two different ATP concentrations is almost invariant for any substall, superstall or negative external loads. Therefore, the velocity of motors can be well approximated by a Michaelis-Menten like formula , with the step size, and the external load dependent rate of one mechanochemical cycle of motor motion in saturated ATP solution. The difference of Michaelis-Menten constant for substall, superstall and negative external load indicates, the configurations at which ATP molecule can bind to motor heads for these three cases might be different, though the expression of as a function of might be unchanged for any external load . Verifications of this Michaelis-Menten like formula has also been done by fitting to the recent experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxin Zhang
- Laboratory of Mathematics for Nonlinear Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Contemporary Applied Mathematics, Centre for Computational Systems Biology, School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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31
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Park H, Li Y, Tsien RW. Influence of synaptic vesicle position on release probability and exocytotic fusion mode. Science 2012; 335:1362-6. [PMID: 22345401 DOI: 10.1126/science.1216937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmission depends on movements of transmitter-laden synaptic vesicles, but accurate, nanometer-scale monitoring of vesicle dynamics in presynaptic terminals has remained elusive. Here, we report three-dimensional, real-time tracking of quantum dot-loaded single synaptic vesicles with an accuracy of 20 to 30 nanometers, less than a vesicle diameter. Determination of the time, position, and mode of fusion, aided by trypan blue quenching of Qdot fluorescence, revealed that vesicles starting close to their ultimate fusion sites tended to fuse earlier than those positioned farther away. The mode of fusion depended on the prior motion of vesicles, with long-dwelling vesicles preferring kiss-and-run rather than full-collapse fusion. Kiss-and-run fusion events were concentrated near the center of the synapse, whereas full-collapse fusion events were broadly spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyokeun Park
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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32
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Full-length myosin Va exhibits altered gating during processive movement on actin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:E218-24. [PMID: 22228305 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1109709109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosin Va (myoV) is a processive molecular motor that transports intracellular cargo along actin tracks with each head taking multiple 72-nm hand-over-hand steps. This stepping behavior was observed with a constitutively active, truncated myoV, in which the autoinhibitory interactions between the globular tail and motor domains (i.e., heads) that regulate the full-length molecule no longer exist. Without cargo at near physiologic ionic strength (100 mM KCl), full-length myoV adopts a folded (approximately 15 S), enzymatically-inhibited state that unfolds to an extended (approximately 11 S), active conformation at higher salt (250 mM). Under conditions favoring the folded, inhibited state, we show that Quantum-dot-labeled myoV exhibits two types of interaction with actin in the presence of MgATP. Most motors bind to actin and remain stationary, but surprisingly, approximately 20% are processive. The moving motors transition between a strictly gated and hand-over-hand stepping pattern typical of a constitutively active motor, and a new mode with a highly variable stepping pattern suggestive of altered gating. Each head of this partially inhibited motor takes longer-lived, short forward (35 nm) and backward (28 nm) steps, presumably due to globular tail-head interactions that modify the gating of the individual heads. This unique mechanical state may be an intermediate in the pathway between the inhibited and active states of the motor.
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33
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Ortega-Arroyo J, Kukura P. Interferometric scattering microscopy (iSCAT): new frontiers in ultrafast and ultrasensitive optical microscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:15625-36. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp41013c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Abstract
Cells use molecular motors, such as myosins, to move, position and segregate their organelles. Class V myosins possess biochemical and structural properties that should make them ideal actin-based cargo transporters. Indeed, studies show that class V myosins function as cargo transporters in yeast, moving a range of organelles, such as the vacuole, peroxisomes and secretory vesicles. There is also increasing evidence in vertebrate cells that class V myosins not only tether organelles to actin but also can serve as short-range, point-to-point organelle transporters, usually following long-range, microtubule-dependent organelle transport.
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35
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Sun Y, Goldman YE. Lever-arm mechanics of processive myosins. Biophys J 2011; 101:1-11. [PMID: 21723809 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Sun
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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36
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Abstract
The atomic force microscope (AFM) is a high-resolution scanning-probe instrument which has become an important tool for cellular and molecular biophysics in recent years, but lacks the time resolution and functional specificities offered by fluorescence microscopic techniques. The advantages of both methods may be exploited by combining and synchronizing them. In this paper, the biological applications of AFM, fluorescence, and their combinations are briefly reviewed, and the assembly and utilization of a spatially and temporally synchronized AFM and total internal reflection fluorescence microscope are described. The application of the method is demonstrated on a fluorescently labeled cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós S Z Kellermayer
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Nagy NT, Sakamoto T, Takács B, Gyimesi M, Hazai E, Bikádi Z, Sellers JR, Kovács M. Functional adaptation of the switch-2 nucleotide sensor enables rapid processive translocation by myosin-5. FASEB J 2010; 24:4480-90. [PMID: 20631329 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-163998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Active site loops that are conserved across superfamilies of myosins, kinesins, and G proteins play key roles in allosteric coupling of NTP hydrolysis to interaction with track filaments or effector proteins. In this study, we investigated how the class-specific natural variation in the switch-2 active site loop contributes to the motor function of the intracellular transporter myosin-5. We used single-molecule, rapid kinetic and spectroscopic experiments and semiempirical quantum chemical simulations to show that the class-specific switch-2 structure including a tyrosine (Y439) in myosin-5 enables rapid processive translocation along actin filaments by facilitating Mg(2+)-dependent ADP release. Using wild-type control and Y439 point mutant myosin-5 proteins, we demonstrate that the translocation speed precisely correlates with the kinetics of nucleotide exchange. Switch-2 variants can thus be used to fine-tune translocation speed while maintaining high processivity. The class-specific variation of switch-2 in various NTPase superfamilies indicates its general role in the kinetic tuning of Mg(2+)-dependent nucleotide exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolett T Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary
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38
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Higashi-Fujime S, Nakamura A. Cell and molecular biology of the fastest myosins. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 276:301-47. [PMID: 19584016 DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(09)76007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Chara myosin is a class XI plant myosin in green algae Chara corallina and responsible for fast cytoplasmic streaming. The Chara myosin exhibits the fastest sliding movement of F-actin at 60 mum/s as observed so far, 10-fold of the shortening speed of muscle. It has some distinct properties differing from those of muscle myosin. Although knowledge about Chara myosin is very limited at present, we have tried to elucidate functional bases of its characteristics by comparing with those of other myosins. In particular, we have built the putative atomic model of Chara myosin by using the homology-based modeling system and databases. Based on the putative structure of Chara myosin obtained, we have analyzed the relationship between structure and function of Chara myosin to understand its distinct properties from various aspects by referring to the accumulated knowledge on mechanochemical and structural properties of other classes of myosin, particularly animal and fungal myosin V. We will also discuss the functional significance of Chara myosin in a living cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugie Higashi-Fujime
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
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Das RK, Kolomeisky AB. Dynamic properties of molecular motors in the divided-pathway model. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:4815-20. [DOI: 10.1039/b901214a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Abstract
Many processes in cell biology are connected to the movement of compact entities: intracellular vesicles and even single molecules. The tracking of individual objects is important for understanding cellular dynamics. Here we describe the tracking algorithms which have been developed in the non-biological fields and successfully applied to object detection and tracking in biological applications. The characteristics features of the different algorithms are compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannis Kalaidzidis
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
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41
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Das RK, Kolomeisky AB. Spatial Fluctuations Affect the Dynamics of Motor Proteins. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:11112-21. [DOI: 10.1021/jp800982b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar Das
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005-1892
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42
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Das RK, Kolomeisky AB. Interaction between motor domains can explain the complex dynamics of heterodimeric kinesins. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2008; 77:061912. [PMID: 18643305 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.77.061912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Revised: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Motor proteins are active enzyme molecules that play a crucial role in many biological processes. They transform chemical energy into mechanical work and move unidirectionally along rigid cytoskeleton filaments. Single-molecule experiments indicate that motor proteins, consisting of two motor domains, move in a hand-over-hand mechanism where each subunit changes between trailing and leading positions in alternating steps, and it is assumed that these subunits do not interact with each other. However, recent experiments on heterodimeric kinesins suggest that the motion of motor domains is not independent, but rather strongly coupled and coordinated, although the mechanism of these interactions is not known. We propose a simple discrete stochastic model to describe the dynamics of homodimeric and heterodimeric two-headed motor proteins. It is argued that interactions between motor domains modify original free energy landscapes for each motor subunit, while motor proteins still move via the hand-over-hand mechanism but with different transition rates specified by the new free energy profiles. Our calculations of biophysical properties agree with experimental observations. Several ways to test the theoretical model are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar Das
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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43
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Noda N, Kamimura S. A new microscope optics for laser dark-field illumination applied to high precision two dimensional measurement of specimen displacement. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2008; 79:023704. [PMID: 18315302 DOI: 10.1063/1.2839914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
With conventional light microscopy, precision in the measurement of the displacement of a specimen depends on the signal-to-noise ratio when we measure the light intensity of magnified images. This implies that, for the improvement of precision, getting brighter images and reducing background light noise are both inevitably required. For this purpose, we developed a new optics for laser dark-field illumination. For the microscopy, we used a laser beam and a pair of axicons (conical lenses) to get an optimal condition for dark-field observations. The optics was applied to measuring two dimensional microbead displacements with subnanometer precision. The bandwidth of our detection system overall was 10 kHz. Over most of this bandwidth, the observed noise level was as small as 0.1 nm/radicalHz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Noda
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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44
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Takagi Y, Yang Y, Fujiwara I, Jacobs D, Cheney RE, Sellers JR, Kovács M. Human myosin Vc is a low duty ratio, nonprocessive molecular motor. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:8527-37. [PMID: 18201966 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709150200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosin Vc is the product of one of the three genes of the class V myosin found in vertebrates. It is widely found in secretory and glandular tissues, with a possible involvement in transferrin trafficking. Transient and steady-state kinetic studies of human myosin Vc were performed using a truncated, single-headed construct. Steady-state actin-activated ATPase measurements revealed a V(max) of 1.8 +/- 0.3 s(-1) and a K(ATPase) of 43 +/- 11 microm. Unlike previously studied vertebrate myosin Vs, the rate-limiting step in the actomyosin Vc ATPase pathway is the release of inorganic phosphate (~1.5 s(-1)), rather than the ADP release step (~12.0-16.0 s(-1)). Nevertheless, the ADP affinity of actomyosin Vc (K(d) = 0.25 +/- 0.02 microm) reflects a higher ADP affinity than seen in other myosin V isoforms. Using the measured kinetic rates, the calculated duty ratio of myosin Vc was approximately 10%, indicating that myosin Vc spends the majority of the actomyosin ATPase cycle in weak actin-binding states, unlike the other vertebrate myosin V isoforms. Consistent with this, a fluorescently labeled double-headed heavy meromyosin form showed no processive movements along actin filaments in a single molecule assay, but it did move actin filaments at a velocity of approximately 24 nm/s in ensemble assays. Kinetic simulations reveal that the high ADP affinity of actomyosin Vc may lead to elevations of the duty ratio of myosin Vc to as high as 64% under possible physiological ADP concentrations. This, in turn, may possibly imply a regulatory mechanism that may be sensitive to moderate changes in ADP concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuharu Takagi
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-8015, USA
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45
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Quantum Optics: Colloidal Fluorescent Semiconductor Nanocrystals (Quantum Dots) in Single-Molecule Detection and Imaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-73924-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
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46
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Dunn BD, Sakamoto T, Hong MSS, Sellers JR, Takizawa PA. Myo4p is a monomeric myosin with motility uniquely adapted to transport mRNA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 178:1193-206. [PMID: 17893244 PMCID: PMC2064653 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200707080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae uses two class V myosins to transport cellular material into the bud: Myo2p moves secretory vesicles and organelles, whereas Myo4p transports mRNA. To understand how Myo2p and Myo4p are adapted to transport physically distinct cargos, we characterize Myo2p and Myo4p in yeast extracts, purify active Myo2p and Myo4p from yeast lysates, and analyze their motility. We find several striking differences between Myo2p and Myo4p. First, Myo2p forms a dimer, whereas Myo4p is a monomer. Second, Myo4p generates higher actin filament velocity at lower motor density. Third, single molecules of Myo2p are weakly processive, whereas individual Myo4p motors are nonprocessive. Finally, Myo4p self-assembles into multi-motor complexes capable of processive motility. We show that the unique motility of Myo4p is not due to its motor domain and that the motor domain of Myo2p can transport ASH1 mRNA in vivo. Our results suggest that the oligomeric state of Myo4p is important for its motility and ability to transport mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Dunn
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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47
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Abstract
To gain insight into cellular mechanotransduction pathways, we have developed a fluorescence laser tracking microrheometer (FLTM) to measure material rheological features on micrometer length scales using fluorescent microspheres as tracer particles. The statistical analysis of the Brownian motion of a particle quantifies the viscoelastic properties of the probe's environment, parameterized by the frequency-dependent complex shear modulus G*(omega). This FLTM has nanometer spatial resolution over a frequency range extending from 1 Hz to 50 kHz. In this work, we first describe the consecutive stages of instrument design, development, and optimization. We subsequently demonstrate the accuracy of the FLTM by reproducing satisfactorily the known rheological characteristics of purely viscous glycerol solutions and cross-linked polyacrylamide polymer networks. An upcoming companion article will illustrate the use of FLTM in studying the solid-like versus liquid-like rheological properties of fibroblast cytoskeletons in living biological samples.
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48
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Toprak E, Selvin PR. New fluorescent tools for watching nanometer-scale conformational changes of single molecules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 36:349-69. [PMID: 17298239 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.biophys.36.040306.132700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Single-molecule biophysics has been serving biology for more than two decades. Fluorescence microscopy is one of the most commonly used tools to identify molecules of interest and to visualize biological events. Here we describe some of the most commonly used fluorescence imaging tools to measure nanoscale movements and the rotational dynamics of biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdal Toprak
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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49
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Abstract
Molecular motors, which use energy from ATP hydrolysis to take nanometer-scale steps with run-lengths on the order of micrometers, have important roles in areas such as transport and mitosis in living organisms. New techniques have recently been developed to measure these small movements at the single-molecule level. In particular, fluorescence imaging has contributed to the accurate measurement of this tiny movement. We introduce three single-molecule fluorescence imaging techniques which can find the position of a fluorophore with accuracy in the range of a few nanometers. These techniques are named after Hollywood animation characters: Fluorescence Imaging with One Nanometer Accuracy (FIONA), Single-molecule High-REsolution Colocalization (SHREC), and Defocused Orientation and Position Imaging (DOPI). We explain new understanding of molecular motors obtained from measurements using these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyokeun Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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50
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Kalaidzidis Y. Intracellular objects tracking. Eur J Cell Biol 2007; 86:569-78. [PMID: 17646017 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2007.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Revised: 05/22/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The tracking of intracellular organelles and vesicles is becoming increasingly important for understanding cellular dynamics. Originally, the development of tracking algorithms was mainly pursued in other fields, e.g. aerospace/military/street surveillance. However, most of this algorithm is not directly applicable to live cell microscopy data. Here we describe the algorithms that have been successfully applied to object detection and tracking specifically in vivo and in vitro motility assays. The characteristics advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches are compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannis Kalaidzidis
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
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