1
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Sapeta H, Yokono M, Takabayashi A, Ueno Y, Cordeiro AM, Hara T, Tanaka A, Akimoto S, Oliveira MM, Tanaka R. Reversible down-regulation of photosystems I and II leads to fast photosynthesis recovery after long-term drought in Jatropha curcas. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:336-351. [PMID: 36269314 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Jatropha curcas is a drought-tolerant plant that maintains its photosynthetic pigments under prolonged drought, and quickly regains its photosynthetic capacity when water is available. It has been reported that drought stress leads to increased thermal dissipation in PSII, but that of PSI has been barely investigated, perhaps due to technical limitations in measuring the PSI absolute quantum yield. In this study, we combined biochemical analysis and spectroscopic measurements using an integrating sphere, and verified that the quantum yields of both photosystems are temporarily down-regulated under drought. We found that the decrease in the quantum yield of PSII was accompanied by a decrease in the core complexes of PSII while light-harvesting complexes are maintained under drought. In addition, in drought-treated plants, we observed a decrease in the absolute quantum yield of PSI as compared with the well-watered control, while the amount of PSI did not change, indicating that non-photochemical quenching occurs in PSI. The down-regulation of both photosystems was quickly lifted in a few days upon re-watering. Our results indicate, that in J. curcas under drought, the down-regulation of both PSII and PSI quantum yield protects the photosynthetic machinery from uncontrolled photodamage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Sapeta
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Genomics of Plant Stress, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Makio Yokono
- Division of Environmental Photobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, the Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Sokendai, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takabayashi
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Ueno
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - André M Cordeiro
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Genomics of Plant Stress, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Toshihiko Hara
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Ayumi Tanaka
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Seiji Akimoto
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - M Margarida Oliveira
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Genomics of Plant Stress, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ryouichi Tanaka
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
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2
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Russo M, Casazza AP, Cerullo G, Santabarbara S, Maiuri M. Direct Evidence for Excitation Energy Transfer Limitations Imposed by Low-Energy Chlorophylls in Photosystem I-Light Harvesting Complex I of Land Plants. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:3566-3573. [PMID: 33788560 PMCID: PMC8154617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c01498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The overall efficiency
of photosynthetic energy conversion depends
both on photochemical and excitation energy transfer processes from
extended light-harvesting antenna networks. Understanding the trade-offs
between increase in the antenna cross section and bandwidth and photochemical
conversion efficiency is of central importance both from a biological
perspective and for the design of biomimetic artificial photosynthetic
complexes. Here, we employ two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy
to spectrally resolve the excitation energy transfer dynamics and
directly correlate them with the initial site of excitation in photosystem
I–light harvesting complex I (PSI-LHCI) supercomplex of land
plants, which has both a large antenna dimension and a wide optical
bandwidth extending to energies lower than the peak of the reaction
center chlorophylls. Upon preferential excitation of the low-energy
chlorophylls (red forms), the average relaxation time in the bulk
supercomplex increases by a factor of 2–3 with respect to unselective
excitation at higher photon energies. This slowdown is interpreted
in terms of an excitation energy transfer limitation from low-energy
chlorophyll forms in the PSI-LHCI. These results aid in defining the
optimum balance between the extension of the antenna bandwidth to
the near-infrared region, which increases light-harvesting capacity,
and high photoconversion quantum efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Russo
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Paola Casazza
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Bassini 15a, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Santabarbara
- Photosynthesis Research Unit, Centro Studi sulla Biologia Cellulare e Molecolare delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Margherita Maiuri
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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3
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Kuthanová Trsková E, Bína D, Santabarbara S, Sobotka R, Kaňa R, Belgio E. Isolation and characterization of CAC antenna proteins and photosystem I supercomplex from the cryptophytic alga Rhodomonas salina. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 166:309-319. [PMID: 30677144 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present paper, we report an improved method combining sucrose density gradient with ion-exchange chromatography for the isolation of pure chlorophyll a/c antenna proteins from the model cryptophytic alga Rhodomonas salina. Antennas were used for in vitro quenching experiments in the absence of xanthophylls, showing that protein aggregation is a plausible mechanism behind non-photochemical quenching in R. salina. From sucrose gradient, it was also possible to purify a functional photosystem I supercomplex, which was in turn characterized by steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. R. salina photosystem I showed a remarkably fast photochemical trapping rate, similar to what recently reported for other red clade algae such as Chromera velia and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. The method reported therefore may also be suitable for other still partially unexplored algae, such as cryptophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliška Kuthanová Trsková
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 379 81, Třeboň, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - David Bína
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Biology Centre CAS, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Stefano Santabarbara
- Photosynthesis Research Unit, Centro Studi sulla Biologia Cellulare e Molecolare delle Piante, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Roman Sobotka
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 379 81, Třeboň, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Kaňa
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 379 81, Třeboň, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Erica Belgio
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 379 81, Třeboň, Czech Republic
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4
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Nürnberg DJ, Morton J, Santabarbara S, Telfer A, Joliot P, Antonaru LA, Ruban AV, Cardona T, Krausz E, Boussac A, Fantuzzi A, Rutherford AW. Photochemistry beyond the red limit in chlorophyll f-containing photosystems. Science 2018; 360:1210-1213. [PMID: 29903971 DOI: 10.1126/science.aar8313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Photosystems I and II convert solar energy into the chemical energy that powers life. Chlorophyll a photochemistry, using red light (680 to 700 nm), is near universal and is considered to define the energy "red limit" of oxygenic photosynthesis. We present biophysical studies on the photosystems from a cyanobacterium grown in far-red light (750 nm). The few long-wavelength chlorophylls present are well resolved from each other and from the majority pigment, chlorophyll a. Charge separation in photosystem I and II uses chlorophyll f at 745 nm and chlorophyll f (or d) at 727 nm, respectively. Each photosystem has a few even longer-wavelength chlorophylls f that collect light and pass excitation energy uphill to the photochemically active pigments. These photosystems function beyond the red limit using far-red pigments in only a few key positions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stefano Santabarbara
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alison Telfer
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Pierre Joliot
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7141 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 13 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Laura A Antonaru
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Alexander V Ruban
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Tanai Cardona
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Elmars Krausz
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alain Boussac
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule, UMR 9198, Bât 532, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Andrea Fantuzzi
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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5
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Santabarbara S, Tibiletti T, Remelli W, Caffarri S. Kinetics and heterogeneity of energy transfer from light harvesting complex II to photosystem I in the supercomplex isolated from Arabidopsis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:9210-9222. [PMID: 28319223 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp00554g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
State transitions are a phenomenon that maintains the excitation balance between photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI-LHCI) by controlling their relative absorption cross-sections. Under light conditions exciting PSII preferentially, a trimeric LHCII antenna moves from PSII to PSI-LHCI to form the PSI-LHCI-LHCII supercomplex. In this work, the excited state dynamics in the PSI-LHCI and PSI-LHCI-LHCII supercomplexes isolated from Arabidopsis have been investigated by picosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. The excited state decays were analysed using two approaches based on either (i) a sum of discrete exponentials or (ii) a continuous distribution of lifetimes. The results indicate that the energy transfer from LHCII to the bulk of the PSI antenna occurs with an average macroscopic transfer rate in the 35-65 ns-1 interval. Yet, the most satisfactory description of the data is obtained when considering a heterogeneous population containing two PSI-LHCI-LHCII supercomplexes characterised by a transfer time of ∼15 and ∼60 ns-1, likely due to the differences in the strength and orientation of LHCII harboured to PSI. Both these values are of the same order of magnitude of those estimated for the average energy transfer rates from the low energy spectral forms of LHCI to the bulk of the PSI antenna (15-40 ns-1), but they are slower than the transfer from the bulk antenna of PSI to the reaction centre (>150 ns-1), implying a relatively small kinetics bottleneck for the energy transfer from LHCII. Nevertheless, the kinetic limitation imposed by excited state diffusion has a negligible impact on the photochemical quantum efficiency of the supercomplex, which remains about 98% in the case of PSI-LHCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Santabarbara
- Photosynthesis Research Unit, Centro di Studio per la Biologia Cellulare e Molecolare delle Piante, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Tania Tibiletti
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS UMR7265 BVME, Laboratoire de Génétique et Biophysique des Plantes, Marseille 13009, France
| | - William Remelli
- Photosynthesis Research Unit, Centro di Studio per la Biologia Cellulare e Molecolare delle Piante, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Stefano Caffarri
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS UMR7265 BVME, Laboratoire de Génétique et Biophysique des Plantes, Marseille 13009, France
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6
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Molotokaite E, Remelli W, Casazza AP, Zucchelli G, Polli D, Cerullo G, Santabarbara S. Trapping Dynamics in Photosystem I-Light Harvesting Complex I of Higher Plants Is Governed by the Competition Between Excited State Diffusion from Low Energy States and Photochemical Charge Separation. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:9816-9830. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b07064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Egle Molotokaite
- Centro
Studi sulla Biologia Cellulare e Molecolare delle Piante, CNR, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - William Remelli
- Centro
Studi sulla Biologia Cellulare e Molecolare delle Piante, CNR, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Paola Casazza
- Istituto
di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Bassini 15a, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Zucchelli
- Centro
Studi sulla Biologia Cellulare e Molecolare delle Piante, CNR, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Polli
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie del CNR, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo
da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology at Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Giovanni Pascoli, 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie del CNR, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo
da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Santabarbara
- Centro
Studi sulla Biologia Cellulare e Molecolare delle Piante, CNR, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
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7
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Nematov S, Casazza AP, Remelli W, Khuvondikov V, Santabarbara S. Spectral dependence of irreversible light-induced fluorescence quenching: Chlorophyll forms with maximal emission at 700-702 and 705-710nm as spectroscopic markers of conformational changes in the core complex. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2017; 1858:529-543. [PMID: 28499881 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The spectral dependence of the irreversible non-photochemical fluorescence quenching associated with photoinhibition in vitro has been comparatively investigated in thylakoid membranes, PSII enriched particles and PSII core complexes isolated from spinach. The analysis of the fluorescence emission spectra of dark-adapted and quenched samples as a function of the detection temperature in the 280-80K interval, indicates that Chlorophyll spectral forms having maximal emission in the 700-702nm and 705-710nm ranges gain relative intensity in concomitance with the establishment of irreversible light-induced quenching, acting thereby as spectroscopic markers. The relative enhancement of the 700-702nm and 705-710nm forms emission could be due either to an increase of their stoichiometric abundance or to their intrinsically low fluorescence quantum yields. These two factors, that can also coexist, need to be promoted by light-induced alterations in chromophore-protein as well as chromophore-chromophore interactions. The bands centred at about 701 and 706nm are also observed in the PSII core complex, suggesting their, at least partial, localisation in proximity to the reaction centre, and the occurrence of light-induced conformational changes in the core subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherzod Nematov
- Tashkent State Technical University, University str. 2, 100095 Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Anna Paola Casazza
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Bassini 15a, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - William Remelli
- Centro Studi sulla Biologia Cellulare e Molecolare delle Piante, CNR, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Santabarbara
- Centro Studi sulla Biologia Cellulare e Molecolare delle Piante, CNR, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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8
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High photochemical trapping efficiency in Photosystem I from the red clade algae Chromera velia and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2017; 1858:56-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Le Quiniou C, Tian L, Drop B, Wientjes E, van Stokkum IHM, van Oort B, Croce R. PSI-LHCI of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Increasing the absorption cross section without losing efficiency. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2015; 1847:458-467. [PMID: 25681242 PMCID: PMC4547092 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photosystem I (PSI) is an essential component of photosynthetic membranes. Despite the high sequence and structural homologies, its absorption properties differ substantially in algae, plants and cyanobacteria. In particular it is characterized by the presence of low-energy chlorophylls (red forms), the number and the energy of which vary in different organisms. The PSI-LHCI (PSI-light harvesting complex I) complex of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (C.r.) is significantly larger than that of plants, containing five additional light-harvesting complexes (together binding≈65 chlorophylls), and contains red forms with higher energy than plants. To understand how these differences influence excitation energy transfer and trapping in the system, we studied two PSI-LHCI C.r. particles, differing in antenna size and red-form content, using time-resolved fluorescence and compared them to plant PSI-LHCI. The excited state kinetics in C.r. shows the same average lifetime (50 ps) as in plants suggesting that the effect of antenna enlargement is compensated by higher energy red forms. The system equilibrates very fast, indicating that all Lhcas are well-connected, despite their long distance to the core. The differences between C.r. PSI-LHCI with and without Lhca2 and Lhca9 show that these Lhcas bind red forms, although not the red-most. The red-most forms are in (or functionally close to) other Lhcas and slow down the trapping, but hardly affect the quantum efficiency, which remains as high as 97% even in a complex that contains 235 chlorophylls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clotilde Le Quiniou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Institute for Lasers, Life and Biophotonics Amsterdam, LaserLaB Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lijin Tian
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Institute for Lasers, Life and Biophotonics Amsterdam, LaserLaB Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bartlomiej Drop
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Institute for Lasers, Life and Biophotonics Amsterdam, LaserLaB Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emilie Wientjes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Institute for Lasers, Life and Biophotonics Amsterdam, LaserLaB Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo H M van Stokkum
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Institute for Lasers, Life and Biophotonics Amsterdam, LaserLaB Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart van Oort
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Institute for Lasers, Life and Biophotonics Amsterdam, LaserLaB Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roberta Croce
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Institute for Lasers, Life and Biophotonics Amsterdam, LaserLaB Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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10
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Caffarri S, Tibiletti T, Jennings RC, Santabarbara S. A comparison between plant photosystem I and photosystem II architecture and functioning. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2015; 15:296-331. [PMID: 24678674 PMCID: PMC4030627 DOI: 10.2174/1389203715666140327102218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenic photosynthesis is indispensable both for the development and maintenance of life on earth by converting
light energy into chemical energy and by producing molecular oxygen and consuming carbon dioxide. This latter
process has been responsible for reducing the CO2 from its very high levels in the primitive atmosphere to the present low
levels and thus reducing global temperatures to levels conducive to the development of life. Photosystem I and photosystem
II are the two multi-protein complexes that contain the pigments necessary to harvest photons and use light energy to
catalyse the primary photosynthetic endergonic reactions producing high energy compounds. Both photosystems are
highly organised membrane supercomplexes composed of a core complex, containing the reaction centre where electron
transport is initiated, and of a peripheral antenna system, which is important for light harvesting and photosynthetic activity
regulation. If on the one hand both the chemical reactions catalysed by the two photosystems and their detailed structure
are different, on the other hand they share many similarities. In this review we discuss and compare various aspects of
the organisation, functioning and regulation of plant photosystems by comparing them for similarities and differences as
obtained by structural, biochemical and spectroscopic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stefano Santabarbara
- Laboratoire de Génétique et de Biophysique des Plantes (LGBP), Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté des Sciences de Luminy, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13009, Marseille, France.
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11
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Maksimov EG, Schmitt FJ, Tsoraev GV, Ryabova AV, Friedrich T, Paschenko VZ. Fluorescence quenching in the lichen Peltigera aphthosa due to desiccation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2014; 81:67-73. [PMID: 24485218 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Photoprotective mechanisms were studied on the tripartite lichen Peltigera aphthosa that exhibits external cephalodia. Using the methods of steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence microscopy, we studied the dynamics of the rehydration process in different parts of the lichen thalli. It was found that apical, medial and basal parts of the thallus are not only morphologically different, but also show completely different chlorophyll induction curves and other spectral characteristics. In dry state, significant contribution to the fluorescence spectrum of lichen gives a green fluorescence of hyphae forming the upper crust, which is rapidly and almost completely quenched during the rehydration process. Probably this is one of the protective mechanisms that reduce the amount of light reaching the PS II reaction centers in the dry state. In the process of rehydration, we observed an increase in the intensity of the chlorophyll fluorescence of the photobiont at 680 nm, with significant changes of the fluorescence lifetimes and the amplitude ratios of fast and slow components of fluorescence decay kinetics. While in dry state, chlorophyll fluorescence is strongly quenched (opposite to the fluorescence of the hyphae), and the fluorescence time constants recover to the typical decay times of active photosynthetic organisms during rehydration. The quantitative behavior of these changes differs largely between the apical, medial and basal parts of the thallus, probably due to the complex interactions of the fungus, algae and cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Maksimov
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia.
| | - F-J Schmitt
- Institute of Chemistry, Biophysical Chemistry, Berlin Institute of Technology, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - G V Tsoraev
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Ryabova
- A.M.Prokhorov General Physics Institute RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - T Friedrich
- Institute of Chemistry, Biophysical Chemistry, Berlin Institute of Technology, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - V Z Paschenko
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
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12
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Rizzo F, Zucchelli G, Jennings R, Santabarbara S. Wavelength dependence of the fluorescence emission under conditions of open and closed Photosystem II reaction centres in the green alga Chlorella sorokiniana. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2014; 1837:726-33. [PMID: 24561096 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The fluorescence emission characteristics of the photosynthetic apparatus under conditions of open (F0) and closed (FM) Photosystem II reaction centres have been investigated under steady state conditions and by monitoring the decay lifetimes of the excited state, in vivo, in the green alga Chlorella sorokiniana. The results indicate a marked wavelength dependence of the ratio of the variable fluorescence, FV=FM-F0, over FM, a parameter that is often employed to estimate the maximal quantum efficiency of Photosystem II. The maximal value of the FV/FM ratio is observed between 660 and 680nm and the minimal in the 690-730nm region. It is possible to attribute the spectral variation of FV/FM principally to the contribution of Photosystem I fluorescence emission at room temperature. Moreover, the analysis of the excited state lifetime at F0 and FM indicates only a small wavelength dependence of Photosystem II trapping efficiency in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Rizzo
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Zucchelli
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Robert Jennings
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Santabarbara
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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13
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Snellenburg JJ, Dekker JP, van Grondelle R, van Stokkum IHM. Functional compartmental modeling of the photosystems in the thylakoid membrane at 77 K. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:11363-71. [PMID: 23848485 DOI: 10.1021/jp4031283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy measurements at 77 K on thylakoid membrane preparations and isolated photosynthetic complexes thereof were investigated using target analysis with the aim of building functional compartmental models for the photosystems in the thylakoid membrane. Combining kinetic schemes with different spectral constraints enabled us to resolve the energy transfer pathways and decay characteristics of the different emissive species. We determined the spectral and energetic properties of the red Chl pools in both photosystems and quantified the formation of LHCII-LHCI-PSI supercomplexes in the transition from native to unstacked thylakoid membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris J Snellenburg
- Institute for Lasers, Life and Biophotonics, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Photochemical trapping heterogeneity as a function of wavelength, in plant photosystem I (PSI–LHCI). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2013; 1827:779-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Brecht M, Hussels M, Schlodder E, Karapetyan NV. Red antenna states of Photosystem I trimers from Arthrospira platensis revealed by single-molecule spectroscopy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1817:445-52. [PMID: 22155210 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy at 1.4K was used to investigate the spectral properties of red (long-wavelength) chlorophylls in trimeric Photosystem I (PSI) complexes from the cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis. Three distinct red antenna states could be identified in the fluorescence spectra of single PSI trimers from A. platensis in the presence of oxidized P700. Two of them are responsible for broad emission bands centered at 726 and 760nm. These bands are similar to those found in bulk fluorescence spectra measured at cryogenic temperatures. The broad fluorescence bands at ≅726 and ≅760nm belong to individual emitters that are broadened by strong electron-phonon coupling giving rise to a large Stokes-shift of about 20nm and rapid spectral diffusion. An almost perpendicular orientation of the transition dipole moments of F726 and F760 has to be assumed because direct excitation energy transfer does not occur between F726 and F760. For the first time a third red state assigned to the pool absorbing around 708nm could be detected by its zero-phonon lines. The center of the zero-phonon line distribution is found at ≅714nm. The spectral properties of the three red antenna states show a high similarity to the red antenna states found in trimeric PSI of Thermosynechoccocus elongatus. Based on these findings a similar organization of the red antenna states in PSI of these two cyanobacteria is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Brecht
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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16
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Wientjes E, van Stokkum IHM, van Amerongen H, Croce R. Excitation-energy transfer dynamics of higher plant photosystem I light-harvesting complexes. Biophys J 2011; 100:1372-80. [PMID: 21354411 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosystem I (PSI) plays a major role in the light reactions of photosynthesis. In higher plants, PSI is composed of a core complex and four outer antennas that are assembled as two dimers, Lhca1/4 and Lhca2/3. Time-resolved fluorescence measurements on the isolated dimers show very similar kinetics. The intermonomer transfer processes are resolved using target analysis. They occur at rates similar to those observed in transfer to the PSI core, suggesting competition between the two transfer pathways. It appears that each dimer is adopting various conformations that correspond to different lifetimes and emission spectra. A special feature of the Lhca complexes is the presence of an absorption band at low energy, originating from an excitonic state of a chlorophyll dimer, mixed with a charge-transfer state. These low-energy bands have high oscillator strengths and they are superradiant in both Lhca1/4 and Lhca2/3. This challenges the view that the low-energy charge-transfer state always functions as a quencher in plant Lhc's and it also challenges previous interpretations of PSI kinetics. The very similar properties of the low-energy states of both dimers indicate that the organization of the involved chlorophylls should also be similar, in disagreement with the available structural data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Wientjes
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Hasegawa M, Yoshida T, Yabuta M, Terazima M, Kumazaki S. Anti-Stokes Fluorescence Spectra of Chloroplasts in Parachlorella kessleri and Maize at Room Temperature as Characterized by Near-Infrared Continuous-Wave Laser Fluorescence Microscopy and Absorption Microscopy. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:4184-94. [DOI: 10.1021/jp111306k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hasegawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takahiko Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Yabuta
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Masahide Terazima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shigeichi Kumazaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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18
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Borisov AY. On the efficiency of the long wavelength minor bacteriochlorophyll groups in the vicinity of reaction centers. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2010; 101:191-195. [PMID: 20833061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The role of minor chlorophyll and bacteriochlorophyll groups in excitation delivery to reaction centers and subsequent trapping in them was analyzed by means of PC-modeling. The analysis of general type of photosynthetic units and, in particular, those resembling typical photosystems of purple bacteria, has revealed some types of structures in which the presence of minor BChl fractions in the vicinity of reaction centers did increase the efficiency of the useful energy trapping. In some cases the spectral range of optimal energy conversion is broadened.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Borisov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology in M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
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19
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Passarini F, Wientjes E, van Amerongen H, Croce R. Photosystem I light-harvesting complex Lhca4 adopts multiple conformations: Red forms and excited-state quenching are mutually exclusive. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2010; 1797:501-8. [PMID: 20097154 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In this work we have investigated the origin of the multi-exponential fluorescence decay and of the short excited-state lifetime of Lhca4. Lhca4 is the antenna complex of Photosystem I which accommodates the red-most chlorophyll forms and it has been proposed that these chlorophylls can play a role in fluorescence quenching. Here we have compared the fluorescence decay of Lhca4 with that of several Lhca4 mutants that are affected in their red form content. The results show that neither the multi-exponentiality of the decay nor the fluorescence quenching is due to the red forms. The data indicate that Lhca4 exists in multiple conformations. The presence of the red forms, which are very sensitive to changes in the environment, allows to spectrally resolve the different conformations: a "blue" conformation with a short lifetime and a "red" one with a long lifetime. This finding strongly supports the idea that the members of the Lhc family are able to adopt different conformations associated with their light-harvesting and photoprotective roles. The ratio between the conformations is modified by the substitution of lutein by violaxanthin. Finally, it is demonstrated that the red forms cannot be present in the quenched conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Passarini
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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20
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Mozzo M, Mantelli M, Passarini F, Caffarri S, Croce R, Bassi R. Functional analysis of Photosystem I light-harvesting complexes (Lhca) gene products of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2009; 1797:212-21. [PMID: 19853576 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The outer antenna system of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Photosystem I is composed of nine gene products, but due to difficulty in purification their individual properties are not known. In this work, the functional properties of the nine Lhca antennas of Chlamydomonas, have been investigated upon expression of the apoproteins in bacteria and refolding in vitro of the pigment-protein complexes. It is shown that all Lhca complexes have a red-shifted fluorescence emission as compared to the antenna complexes of Photosystem II, similar to Lhca from higher plants, but less red-shifted. Three complexes, namely Lhca2, Lhca4 and Lhca9, exhibit emission maxima above 707 nm and all carry an asparagine as ligand for Chl 603. The comparison of the protein sequences and the biochemical/spectroscopic properties of the refolded Chlamydomonas complexes with those of the well-characterized Arabidopsis thaliana Lhcas shows that all the Chlamydomonas complexes have a chromophore organization similar to that of A. thaliana antennas, particularly to Lhca2, despite low sequence identity. All the major biochemical and spectroscopic properties of the Lhca complexes have been conserved through the evolution, including those involved in "red forms" absorption. It has been proposed that in Chlamydomonas PSI antenna size and polypeptide composition can be modulated in vivo depending on growth conditions, at variance as compared to higher plants. Thus, the different properties of the individual Lhca complexes can be functional to adapt the architecture of the PSI-LHCI supercomplex to different environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Mozzo
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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21
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Abstract
Time-resolved fluorescence measurements were performed on isolated core and intact Photosystem I (PS I) particles and stroma membranes from Arabidopsis thaliana to characterize the type of energy-trapping kinetics in higher plant PS I. Target analysis confirms the previously proposed "charge recombination" model. No bottleneck in the energy flow from the bulk antenna compartments to the reaction center has been found. For both particles a trap-limited kinetics is realized, with an apparent charge separation lifetime of approximately 6 ps. No red chlorophylls (Chls) are found in the PS I-core complex from A. thaliana. Rather, the observed red-shifted fluorescence (700-710 nm range) originates from the reaction center. In contrast, two red Chl compartments, located in the peripheral light-harvesting complexes, are resolved in the intact PS I particles (decay lifetimes 33 and 95 ps, respectively). These two red states have been attributed to the two red states found in Lhca 3 and Lhca 4, respectively. The influence of the red Chls on the slowing of the overall trapping kinetics in the intact PS I complex is estimated to be approximately four times larger than the effect of the bulk antenna enlargement.
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22
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Santabarbara S, Agostini G, Casazza AP, Syme CD, Heathcote P, Böhles F, Evans MC, Jennings RC, Carbonera D. Chlorophyll triplet states associated with Photosystem I and Photosystem II in thylakoids of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2007; 1767:88-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2006.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2006] [Revised: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 10/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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23
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Engelmann E, Zucchelli G, Casazza AP, Brogioli D, Garlaschi FM, Jennings RC. Influence of the photosystem I-light harvesting complex I antenna domains on fluorescence decay. Biochemistry 2006; 45:6947-55. [PMID: 16734430 DOI: 10.1021/bi060243p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The time-resolved fluorescence decay of plant PSI-LHCI has been analyzed and compared with its component parts, the PSI core and the peripheral antenna LHCI, in an attempt to (i) define the physical domains associated with the multicomponent decay-associated spectra (DAS) and determine the origin of the kinetically slow steps responsible for them, (ii) formulate a clear working hypothesis for the positive decay-associated spectral amplitudes of the two slowest decay components, and (iii) determine the impact of the peripheral antenna complexes (LHCI) on the effective trapping rate for the photosystem. The results for PSI-LHCI indicate that the three exponential component DAS description, previously reported in the literature, is not numerically unique. The fit minimum is rather broad, which necessitated the introduction of other fit criteria in addition to the purely numerical one. The analysis demonstrates that (i) the physical domains associated with the multicomponent decay are associated with the antenna and particularly with the low-energy spectral forms, (ii) the positive DAS amplitudes of the two slowest decay components are suggested to be due to energy transfer kinetic heterogeneity to different F735 low-energy forms, and (iii) the peripheral antenna slows down the effective photosystem photochemical rate by about 3 times, and this is approximately half due to antenna degeneracy and half due to the low-energy forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Engelmann
- Istituto di Biofisica del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Sezione di Milano, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
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24
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Forti G, Agostiano A, Barbato R, Bassi R, Brugnoli E, Finazzi G, Garlaschi FM, Jennings RC, Melandri BA, Trotta M, Venturoli G, Zanetti G, Zannoni D, Zucchelli G. Photosynthesis research in Italy: a review. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2006; 88:211-40. [PMID: 16755326 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-006-9054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2005] [Accepted: 02/24/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This historical review was compiled and edited by Giorgio Forti, whereas the other authors of the different sections are listed alphabetically after his name, below the title of the paper; they are also listed in the individual sections. This review deals with the research on photosynthesis performed in several Italian laboratories during the last 50 years; it includes research done, in collaboration, at several international laboratories, particularly USA, UK, Switzerland, Hungary, Germany, France, Finland, Denmark, and Austria. Wherever pertinent, references are provided, especially to other historical papers in Govindjee et al. [Govindjee, Beatty JT, Gest H, Allen JF (eds) (2005) Discoveries in Photosynthesis. Springer, Dordrecht]. This paper covers the physical and chemical events starting with the absorption of a quantum of light by a pigment molecule to the conversion of the radiation energy into the stable chemical forms of the reducing power and of ATP. It describes the work done on the structure, function and regulation of the photosynthetic apparatus in higher plants, unicellular algae and in photosynthetic bacteria. Phenomena such as photoinhibition and the protection from it are also included. Research in biophysics of photosynthesis in Padova (Italy) is discussed by G.M. Giacometti and G. Giacometti (2006).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Forti
- Istituto di Biofisica del CNR, Sezione di Milano e Dipartimento di Biologia dell'Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, Milan 20133, Italy.
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25
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Ihalainen JA, Croce R, Morosinotto T, van Stokkum IHM, Bassi R, Dekker JP, van Grondelle R. Excitation Decay Pathways of Lhca Proteins: A Time-Resolved Fluorescence Study. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:21150-8. [PMID: 16853740 DOI: 10.1021/jp0519316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Light-harvesting complex I (LHCI), which serves as a peripheral antenna for photosystem I (PSI) in green plants, consists mainly of four polypeptides, Lhca1-4. We report room temperature emission properties of individual reconstituted monomeric Lhca proteins (Lhca1, -2, -3, and -4) and dimeric Lhca1/4, performed by steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence techniques. The emission quantum yields of the samples are approximately 0.12, 0.085, 0.081, 0.041, and 0.063 for Lhca1, -2, -3, -4, and the -1/4 dimer, respectively, which is considerably lower than the value of 0.22 found for light-harvesting complex II (LHCII), the main peripheral antenna complex of photosystem II in green plants. The decay components of LHCI proteins can be divided in two categories: Lhca1 and Lhca3 have decay times of 1.1-1.6 ns and 3.3-3.6 ns, and Lhca2 and Lhca4 have decay times of 0.7-0.9 ns and 3.1-3.2 ns. These categories seem to correlate with the pigment composition of the samples. All decay times are faster than that observed previously for LHCII. When the absolute emission yields and the lifetimes of the Lhca samples are combined, the overall emission properties of the individual Lhca proteins are expressed in terms of their emitting dipole moment strength. In the samples without extreme red states, that is, Lhca1 and Lhca2, the emitting dipole moment has a value close to unity (relative to monomeric chlorophyll in acetone), which is similar to that for LHCII, whereas, in the samples with the red-most state (F-730), that is, Lhca3, -4, and the -1/4 dimer, the emitting dipole moment has a value less than unity (0.6-0.8), which can be explained by mixing the red-most (exciton) state with a dark charge-transfer state, as suggested in previous PSI red pigment studies. In addition, we find a lifetime component of approximately 50-150 ps in all red-pigment-containing samples, which cannot be due to "slow" energy transfer, but is instead assigned to an unrelaxed state of the pigment-protein, which, on this time-scale, is converted into the final emitting state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne A Ihalainen
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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26
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Jennings RC, Engelmann E, Garlaschi F, Casazza AP, Zucchelli G. Photosynthesis and negative entropy production. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2005; 1709:251-5. [PMID: 16139784 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2005.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2005] [Revised: 08/04/2005] [Accepted: 08/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The widely held view that the maximum efficiency of a photosynthetic pigment system is given by the Carnot cycle expression (1-T/Tr) for energy transfer from a hot bath (radiation at temperature Tr) to a cold bath (pigment system at temperature T) is critically examined and demonstrated to be inaccurate when the entropy changes associated with the microscopic process of photon absorption and photochemistry at the level of single photosystems are considered. This is because entropy losses due to excited state generation and relaxation are extremely small (DeltaS << T/Tr) and are essentially associated with the absorption-fluorescence Stokes shift. Total entropy changes associated with primary photochemistry for single photosystems are shown to depend critically on the thermodynamic efficiency of the process. This principle is applied to the case of primary photochemistry of the isolated core of higher plant photosystem I and photosystem II, which are demonstrated to have maximal thermodynamic efficiencies of xi > 0.98 and xi > 0.92 respectively, and which, in principle, function with negative entropy production. It is demonstrated that for the case of xi > (1-T/Tr) entropy production is always negative and only becomes positive when xi < (1-T/Tr).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Jennings
- Istituto di Biofisica del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Sezione di Milano, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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27
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Engelmann ECM, Zucchelli G, Garlaschi FM, Casazza AP, Jennings RC. The effect of outer antenna complexes on the photochemical trapping rate in barley thylakoid Photosystem II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2005; 1706:276-86. [PMID: 15694356 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2004.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2004] [Revised: 11/04/2004] [Accepted: 11/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the previous suggestions in the literature that the outer antenna of Photosystem II of barley does not influence the effective photosystem primary photochemical trapping rate. It is shown by steady state fluorescence measurements at the F(0) fluorescence level of wild type and the chlorina f2 mutant, using the chlorophyll b fluorescence as a marker, that the outer antenna is thermally equilibrated with the core pigments, at room temperature, under conditions of photochemical trapping. This is in contrast with the conclusions of the earlier studies in which it was suggested that energy was transferred rapidly and irreversibly from the outer antenna to the Photosystem II core. Furthermore, the effective trapping time, determined by single photon counting, time-resolved measurements, was shown to increase from 0.17+/-0.017 ns in the chlorina Photosystem II core to a value within the range 0.42+/-0.036-0.47+/-0.044 ns for the wild-type Photosystem II with the outer antenna system. This 2.5-2.8-fold increase in the effective trapping time is, however, significantly less than that expected for a thermalized system. The data can be explained in terms of the outer antenna increasing the primary charge separation rate by about 50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico C M Engelmann
- Istituto di Biofisica del C.N.R, Sez. di Milano, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
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28
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Zucchelli G, Morosinotto T, Garlaschi FM, Bassi R, Jennings RC. The low energy emitting states of the Lhca4 subunit of higher plant photosystem I. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:2071-6. [PMID: 15811320 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2004] [Revised: 02/08/2005] [Accepted: 02/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The selectively red excited emission spectrum, at room temperature, of the in vitro reconstituted Lhca4, has a pronounced non-equilibrium distribution, leading to enhanced emission from the directly excited low-energy pigments. Two different emitting forms (or states), with maximal emission at 713 and 735nm (F713 and F735) and unusual spectral properties, have been identified. Both high-energy states are populated when selective excitation is into the F735 state and the fluorescence anisotropy spectrum attains the value of 0.3 in the wavelength region where both emission states are present. This indicates that the two states are on the same Lhca4 complex and have transition dipoles with similar orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Zucchelli
- Istituto di Biofisica del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Sezione di Milano, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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