1
|
Singh RK, Chaurasiya AK, Kumar A. Ab initio modeling of human IRS1 protein to find novel target to dock with drug MH to mitigate T2DM diabetes by insulin signaling. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:108. [PMID: 38476643 PMCID: PMC10925585 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-03955-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
IRS1 is a cytoplasmic adaptor protein that helps in cellular growth, glucose metabolism, proliferation, and differentiation. Highly disordered (insulin receptor substrate 1) IRS1 protein sequence (mol.wt- 131,590.97 da) has been used to develop model using ab initio modeling technique by I-Tassar tool and Discovery Studio/ DogSite Server to decipher a novel active site. The constructed protein model has been submitted with PMDB Id- PM0082210. GRAVY index of IRS1 model ( - 0.675) indicated surface protein-water interaction. Protparam tool instability index (75.22) demonstrated disorderedness combined with loops owing to prolines/glycines. After refinement, the Ramachandran plot showed that 88 percent of AAs were present in the allowed region and only 0.5% in the disallowed region. Novel IRS1 model protein has 10 α-helices, 22 β-sheets, 20 β-hairpins, 5 β-bulges, 47 strands, 105 β-turns, and 8 γ-turns. Docking of IRS1 with drug MH demonstrated interaction of Ser-70, Thr-18, and Pro-69 with C-H bonds; Gln-71, and Glu-113 with hydrogen bonds; while both Glu-114 and Glu-113 with salt-bridge connection. Permissible 1.0-1.5 Å range of RMSD fluctuation between 20 and 45 ns was obtained in simulation of IRS1 and IRS1-met complex confirmed that both complexes were stable during whole simulation process. RMSF result showed that except positions 57AA and 114AA, the binding of drug had no severe effects on the flexibility of the IRS1 and IRS1-met complex. The RoG value of compactness and rigidity showed little change in IRS1 protein. SASA value of IRS1 indicated non-significant fluctuation between IRS1 and drug MH means ligand (drug) and IRS1 receptor form stable structure. Hydrogen bond strength of IRS1 and IRS1-met was 81.2 and 76.4, respectively, which suggested stable interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Kumari Singh
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005 India
| | | | - Arvind Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005 India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abdelfattah AS, Zheng J, Singh A, Huang YC, Reep D, Tsegaye G, Tsang A, Arthur BJ, Rehorova M, Olson CVL, Shuai Y, Zhang L, Fu TM, Milkie DE, Moya MV, Weber TD, Lemire AL, Baker CA, Falco N, Zheng Q, Grimm JB, Yip MC, Walpita D, Chase M, Campagnola L, Murphy GJ, Wong AM, Forest CR, Mertz J, Economo MN, Turner GC, Koyama M, Lin BJ, Betzig E, Novak O, Lavis LD, Svoboda K, Korff W, Chen TW, Schreiter ER, Hasseman JP, Kolb I. Sensitivity optimization of a rhodopsin-based fluorescent voltage indicator. Neuron 2023; 111:1547-1563.e9. [PMID: 37015225 PMCID: PMC10280807 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
The ability to optically image cellular transmembrane voltages at millisecond-timescale resolutions can offer unprecedented insight into the function of living brains in behaving animals. Here, we present a point mutation that increases the sensitivity of Ace2 opsin-based voltage indicators. We use the mutation to develop Voltron2, an improved chemigeneic voltage indicator that has a 65% higher sensitivity to single APs and 3-fold higher sensitivity to subthreshold potentials than Voltron. Voltron2 retained the sub-millisecond kinetics and photostability of its predecessor, although with lower baseline fluorescence. In multiple in vitro and in vivo comparisons with its predecessor across multiple species, we found Voltron2 to be more sensitive to APs and subthreshold fluctuations. Finally, we used Voltron2 to study and evaluate the possible mechanisms of interneuron synchronization in the mouse hippocampus. Overall, we have discovered a generalizable mutation that significantly increases the sensitivity of Ace2 rhodopsin-based sensors, improving their voltage reporting capability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jihong Zheng
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA; GENIE Project Team, Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Amrita Singh
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Yi-Chieh Huang
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Daniel Reep
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA; GENIE Project Team, Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Getahun Tsegaye
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA; GENIE Project Team, Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Arthur Tsang
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA; GENIE Project Team, Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Benjamin J Arthur
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Monika Rehorova
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Carl V L Olson
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Yichun Shuai
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Lixia Zhang
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Tian-Ming Fu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Daniel E Milkie
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Maria V Moya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy D Weber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew L Lemire
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | | | - Natalie Falco
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Qinsi Zheng
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Jonathan B Grimm
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Mighten C Yip
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Deepika Walpita
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Allan M Wong
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA; GENIE Project Team, Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Craig R Forest
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jerome Mertz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael N Economo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Glenn C Turner
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA; GENIE Project Team, Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Minoru Koyama
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Bei-Jung Lin
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Eric Betzig
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA; Departments of Molecular and Cell Biology and Physics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ondrej Novak
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Luke D Lavis
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Karel Svoboda
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Wyatt Korff
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA; GENIE Project Team, Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Tsai-Wen Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Eric R Schreiter
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA; GENIE Project Team, Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA.
| | - Jeremy P Hasseman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA; GENIE Project Team, Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA.
| | - Ilya Kolb
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA; GENIE Project Team, Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Meng D, Liu M, Su H, Song H, Chen L, Li Q, Liu YN, Zhu Z, Liu W, Sheng X, You C, Zhang YHPJ. Coenzyme Engineering of Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase on a Nicotinamide-Based Biomimic and Its Application as a Glucose Biosensor. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Meng
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meixia Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Su
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, People’s Republic of China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Song
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lijie Chen
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300453, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiangzi Li
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya-nan Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiguang Zhu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weidong Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang Sheng
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun You
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Heng P. Job Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, People’s Republic of China
- in vitro Synthetic Biology Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Engineering and linker-mediated co-immobilization of carotenoid cleavage oxygenase with phenolic acid decarboxylase for efficiently converting ferulic acid into vanillin. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
5
|
Ansari A, Ibrahim F, Haider MS, Aman A. In vitro application of bacteriocin produced by
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum
for the biopreservation of meat at refrigeration temperature. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asma Ansari
- The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering (KIBGE) University of Karachi Karachi Pakistan
| | - Fariha Ibrahim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Ziauddin University Karachi Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Samee Haider
- Food and Marine Resources Research Centre (FMRRC), Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) Karachi Pakistan
| | - Afsheen Aman
- The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering (KIBGE) University of Karachi Karachi Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kidwai FK, Mui BWH, Almpani K, Jani P, Keyvanfar C, Iqbal K, Paravastu SS, Arora D, Orzechowski P, Merling RK, Mallon B, Myneni VD, Ahmad M, Kruszka P, Muenke M, Woodcock J, Gilman JW, Robey PG, Lee JS. Quantitative Craniofacial Analysis and Generation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Muenke Syndrome: A Case Report. J Dev Biol 2021; 9:39. [PMID: 34698187 PMCID: PMC8544470 DOI: 10.3390/jdb9040039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this case report, we focus on Muenke syndrome (MS), a disease caused by the p.Pro250Arg variant in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) and characterized by uni- or bilateral coronal suture synostosis, macrocephaly without craniosynostosis, dysmorphic craniofacial features, and dental malocclusion. The clinical findings of MS are further complicated by variable expression of phenotypic traits and incomplete penetrance. As such, unraveling the mechanisms behind MS will require a comprehensive and systematic way of phenotyping patients to precisely identify the impact of the mutation variant on craniofacial development. To establish this framework, we quantitatively delineated the craniofacial phenotype of an individual with MS and compared this to his unaffected parents using three-dimensional cephalometric analysis of cone beam computed tomography scans and geometric morphometric analysis, in addition to an extensive clinical evaluation. Secondly, given the utility of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) as a patient-specific investigative tool, we also generated the first hiPSCs derived from a family trio, the proband and his unaffected parents as controls, with detailed characterization of all cell lines. This report provides a starting point for evaluating the mechanistic underpinning of the craniofacial development in MS with the goal of linking specific clinical manifestations to molecular insights gained from hiPSC-based disease modeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fahad K. Kidwai
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD 20892, USA; (B.W.H.M.); (K.A.); (P.J.); (C.K.); (S.S.P.); (D.A.); (P.O.); (R.K.M.); (V.D.M.); (M.A.); (P.G.R.)
| | - Byron W. H. Mui
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD 20892, USA; (B.W.H.M.); (K.A.); (P.J.); (C.K.); (S.S.P.); (D.A.); (P.O.); (R.K.M.); (V.D.M.); (M.A.); (P.G.R.)
| | - Konstantinia Almpani
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD 20892, USA; (B.W.H.M.); (K.A.); (P.J.); (C.K.); (S.S.P.); (D.A.); (P.O.); (R.K.M.); (V.D.M.); (M.A.); (P.G.R.)
| | - Priyam Jani
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD 20892, USA; (B.W.H.M.); (K.A.); (P.J.); (C.K.); (S.S.P.); (D.A.); (P.O.); (R.K.M.); (V.D.M.); (M.A.); (P.G.R.)
| | - Cyrus Keyvanfar
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD 20892, USA; (B.W.H.M.); (K.A.); (P.J.); (C.K.); (S.S.P.); (D.A.); (P.O.); (R.K.M.); (V.D.M.); (M.A.); (P.G.R.)
| | - Kulsum Iqbal
- School of Dental Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA;
| | - Sriram S. Paravastu
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD 20892, USA; (B.W.H.M.); (K.A.); (P.J.); (C.K.); (S.S.P.); (D.A.); (P.O.); (R.K.M.); (V.D.M.); (M.A.); (P.G.R.)
| | - Deepika Arora
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD 20892, USA; (B.W.H.M.); (K.A.); (P.J.); (C.K.); (S.S.P.); (D.A.); (P.O.); (R.K.M.); (V.D.M.); (M.A.); (P.G.R.)
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Pamela Orzechowski
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD 20892, USA; (B.W.H.M.); (K.A.); (P.J.); (C.K.); (S.S.P.); (D.A.); (P.O.); (R.K.M.); (V.D.M.); (M.A.); (P.G.R.)
| | - Randall K. Merling
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD 20892, USA; (B.W.H.M.); (K.A.); (P.J.); (C.K.); (S.S.P.); (D.A.); (P.O.); (R.K.M.); (V.D.M.); (M.A.); (P.G.R.)
| | - Barbara Mallon
- NIH Stem Cell Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Vamsee D. Myneni
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD 20892, USA; (B.W.H.M.); (K.A.); (P.J.); (C.K.); (S.S.P.); (D.A.); (P.O.); (R.K.M.); (V.D.M.); (M.A.); (P.G.R.)
| | - Moaz Ahmad
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD 20892, USA; (B.W.H.M.); (K.A.); (P.J.); (C.K.); (S.S.P.); (D.A.); (P.O.); (R.K.M.); (V.D.M.); (M.A.); (P.G.R.)
| | - Paul Kruszka
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD 20892, USA; (P.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Maximilian Muenke
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD 20892, USA; (P.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Jeremiah Woodcock
- Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA; (J.W.); (J.W.G.)
| | - Jeffrey W. Gilman
- Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA; (J.W.); (J.W.G.)
| | - Pamela G. Robey
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD 20892, USA; (B.W.H.M.); (K.A.); (P.J.); (C.K.); (S.S.P.); (D.A.); (P.O.); (R.K.M.); (V.D.M.); (M.A.); (P.G.R.)
| | - Janice S. Lee
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD 20892, USA; (B.W.H.M.); (K.A.); (P.J.); (C.K.); (S.S.P.); (D.A.); (P.O.); (R.K.M.); (V.D.M.); (M.A.); (P.G.R.)
- Craniofacial Anomalies & Regeneration Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Darmawan KK, Karagiannis TC, Hughes JG, Small DM, Hung A. High temperature induced structural changes of apo-lactoferrin and interactions with β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin for potential encapsulation strategies. Food Hydrocoll 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.105817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
8
|
Yao X, Lv Y, Yu H, Cao H, Wang L, Wen B, Gu T, Wang F, Sun L, Xin F. Site-directed mutagenesis of coenzyme-independent carotenoid oxygenase CSO2 to enhance the enzymatic synthesis of vanillin. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:3897-3907. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10433-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
9
|
Abarova S, Koynova R, Tancheva L, Tenchov B. A novel DSC approach for evaluating protectant drugs efficacy against dementia. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2934-2941. [PMID: 28778589 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Differential scanning calorimetry was applied to evaluate the efficacy of preventive treatments with biologically active compounds of plant origin against neurodegenerative disorder in mice. As we reported recently, large differences exist between the heat capacity profiles of water-soluble brain proteome fractions from healthy animals and from animals with scopolamine-induced dementia: the profiles for healthy animals displayed well expressed exothermic event peaking at 40-45°C, by few degrees above body temperature, but still preceding in temperature the proteome endothermic denaturational transitions; the low-temperature exotherm was completely abolished by the scopolamine treatment. Here we explored this signature difference in the heat capacity profiles to assess the efficacy of preventive treatments with protectant drugs anticipated to slow down or block progression of dementia (myrtenal, ellagic acid, lipoic acid and their combinations, including also ascorbic acid). We found that these neuroprotectants counteract the scopolamine effect and partially or completely preserve the 'healthy' thermogram, and specifically the low-temperature exotherm. These results well correlate with the changes in the cognitive functions of the animals assessed using the Step Through Test for learning and memory. The exothermic event is deemed to be associated with a reversible process of fibrillization and/or aggregation of specific water-soluble brain protein fractions preceding their denaturation. Most importantly, the results demonstrate that the effect of scopolamine and its prevention by protectant substances are clearly displayed in the heat capacity profiles of the brain proteome, thus identifying DSC as a powerful method in drug testing and discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silviya Abarova
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical University - Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Lyubka Tancheva
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Boris Tenchov
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical University - Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rodríguez-Banqueri A, Errasti-Murugarren E, Bartoccioni P, Kowalczyk L, Perálvarez-Marín A, Palacín M, Vázquez-Ibar JL. Stabilization of a prokaryotic LAT transporter by random mutagenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 147:353-68. [PMID: 26976827 PMCID: PMC4810068 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201511510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The knowledge of three-dimensional structures at atomic resolution of membrane transport proteins has improved considerably our understanding of their physiological roles and pathological implications. However, most structural biology techniques require an optimal candidate within a protein family for structural determination with (a) reasonable production in heterologous hosts and (b) good stability in detergent micelles. SteT, the Bacillus subtilis L-serine/L-threonine exchanger is the best-known prokaryotic paradigm of the mammalian L-amino acid transporter (LAT) family. Unfortunately, SteT's lousy stability after extracting from the membrane prevents its structural characterization. Here, we have used an approach based on random mutagenesis to engineer stability in SteT. Using a split GFP complementation assay as reporter of protein expression and membrane insertion, we created a library of 70 SteT mutants each containing random replacements of one or two residues situated in the transmembrane domains. Analysis of expression and monodispersity in detergent of this library permitted the identification of evolved versions of SteT with a significant increase in both expression yield and stability in detergent with respect to wild type. In addition, these experiments revealed a correlation between the yield of expression and the stability in detergent micelles. Finally, and based on protein delipidation and relipidation assays together with transport experiments, possible mechanisms of SteT stabilization are discussed. Besides optimizing a member of the LAT family for structural determination, our work proposes a new approach that can be used to optimize any membrane protein of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Rodríguez-Banqueri
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ekaitz Errasti-Murugarren
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paola Bartoccioni
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lukasz Kowalczyk
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Alex Perálvarez-Marín
- Biophysics Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - Manuel Palacín
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 08028 Barcelona, Spain Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Vázquez-Ibar
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) UMR 9198, University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rawat S, Gupta P, Kumar A, Garg P, Suri CR, Sahoo DK. Molecular Mechanism of Poly(vinyl alcohol) Mediated Prevention of Aggregation and Stabilization of Insulin in Nanoparticles. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:1018-30. [DOI: 10.1021/mp5003653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Rawat
- CSIR−Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39-A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Pawan Gupta
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, Mohali 160062, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- CSIR−Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39-A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Prabha Garg
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, Mohali 160062, India
| | - C. Raman Suri
- CSIR−Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39-A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Debendra K. Sahoo
- CSIR−Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39-A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lazarova T, Mlynarczyk K, Filipek S, Kolinski M, Wassenaar TA, Querol E, Renugopalakrishnan V, Viswanathan S, Padrós E. The effect of triple glutamic mutations E9Q/E194Q/E204Q on the structural stability of bacteriorhodopsin. FEBS J 2013; 281:1181-95. [PMID: 24341610 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we report on the structural features of the bacteriorhodopsin triple mutant E9Q/E194Q/E204Q (3Glu) of bacteriorhodopsin by combining experimental and molecular dynamics (MD) approaches. In 3Glu mutant, Glu9, Glu194 and Glu204 residues located at the extracellular side of the protein were mutated altogether to glutamines. UV-visible and differential scanning calorimetry experiments served as diagnostic tools for monitoring the resistance against thermal stress of the active site and the tertiary structures of the 3Glu. The analyses of the UV-visible thermal difference spectra demonstrate that the spectral forms at room temperature and the thermal unfolding path differ in the wild-type bacteriorhodopsin and the 3Glu. Even with these spectral differences, the thermal unfolding of the active site occurs at rather similar melting temperatures in both proteins. A noteworthy consequence of the mutations is the altered two-dimensional packing revealed by the lack of the pre-transition peak in differential scanning calorimetry traces of 3Glu mutant, as previously detected in wild-type and the corresponding single mutants. The infrared spectroscopy data agree with the loss of paracrystalinity, illustrating a substantial conversion of αII to αI helical conformation in the 3Glu mutant. Molecular dynamics simulations show higher dynamics flexibility of most of the extracellular regions of 3Glu, which may account for the somewhat lower tertiary structural stability of the mutated protein. Finally, hydrogen bond analysis reveals that the mutated Glu194 and Glu204 residues create ~ 50% less hydrogen bonds with water molecules compared to wild-type bacteriorhodopsin. These results exemplify the role of the water hydrogen-bonding network for structural integrity and conformational flexibility of bacteriorhodopsin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tzvetana Lazarova
- Unitat de Biofísica, Departament de Bioquímica i de Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centre d'Estudis en Biofísica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gregory MJ, Anderson M, Causgrove TP. Measurement of energy barriers to conformational change in poly-l-glutamic acid by temperature-derivative spectroscopy. Chem Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
14
|
Simón-Vázquez R, Domínguez M, Lórenz-Fonfría VA, Alvarez S, Bourdelande JL, de Lera AR, Padrós E, Perálvarez-Marín A. Probing a polar cluster in the retinal binding pocket of bacteriorhodopsin by a chemical design approach. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42447. [PMID: 22879987 PMCID: PMC3411786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriorhodopsin has a polar cluster of amino acids surrounding the retinal molecule, which is responsible for light harvesting to fuel proton pumping. From our previous studies, we have shown that threonine 90 is the pivotal amino acid in this polar cluster, both functionally and structurally. In an attempt to perform a phenotype rescue, we have chemically designed a retinal analogue molecule to compensate the drastic effects of the T90A mutation in bacteriorhodopsin. This analogue substitutes the methyl group at position C13 of the retinal hydrocarbon chain by and ethyl group (20-methyl retinal). We have analyzed the effect of reconstituting the wild-type and the T90A mutant apoproteins with all-trans-retinal and its 20-methyl derivative (hereafter, 13-ethyl retinal). Biophysical characterization indicates that recovering the steric interaction between the residue 90 and retinal, eases the accommodation of the chromophore, however it is not enough for a complete phenotype rescue. The characterization of these chemically engineered chromoproteins provides further insight into the role of the hydrogen bond network and the steric interactions involving the retinal binding pocket in bacteriorhodopsin and other microbial sensory rhodopsins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Simón-Vázquez
- Departament de Bioquímica i de Biologia Molecular and Centre d'Estudis en Biofísica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang Y, Zhao Y, Ming M, Wu J, Huang W, Ding J. Effect of Substitution of Proline-77 to Aspartate on the Light-Driven Proton Release of Bacteriorhodopsin. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 88:922-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01146.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
16
|
|
17
|
Thomas R, Vostrikov VV, Greathouse DV, Koeppe RE. Influence of proline upon the folding and geometry of the WALP19 transmembrane peptide. Biochemistry 2010; 48:11883-91. [PMID: 19891499 DOI: 10.1021/bi9016395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The orientations, geometries, and lipid interactions of designed transmembrane (TM) peptides have attracted significant experimental and theoretical interest. Because the amino acid proline will introduce a known discontinuity into an alpha helix, we have sought to measure the extent of helix kinking caused by a single proline within the isolated TM helical domain of WALP19. For this purpose, we synthesized acetyl-GWWLALALAP(10)ALALALWWA-ethanolamide and included pairs of deuterated alanines by using 60-100% Fmoc-l-Ala-d(4) at selected sequence positions. Solid-state deuterium ((2)H) magnetic resonance spectra from oriented, hydrated samples (1/40, peptide/lipid; using several lipids) reveal signals from many of the alanine backbone C(alpha) deuterons as well as the alanine side-chain C(beta) methyl groups, whereas signals from C(alpha) deuterons generally have not been observed for similar peptides without proline. It is conceivable that altered peptide dynamics may be responsible for the apparent "unmasking" of the backbone resonances in the presence of the proline. Data analysis using the geometric analysis of labeled alanines (GALA) method reveals that the peptide helix is distorted due to the presence of the proline. To provide additional data points for evaluating the segmental tilt angles of the two halves of the peptide, we substituted selected leucines with l-Ala-d(4). Using this approach, we were able to deduce that the apparent average tilt of the C-terminal increases from approximately 4 degrees to approximately 12 degrees when Pro(10) is introduced. The segment N-terminal to proline is more complex and possibly is more dynamically flexible; Leu to Ala mutations within the N-terminal segment alter the average orientations of alanines in both segments. Nevertheless, in DOPC, we could estimate an apparent kink angle of approximately 19 degrees . Together, the results suggest that the central proline influences not only the geometry but also the dynamics of the membrane-spanning peptide. The results make up an important basis for understanding the functional role of proline in several families of membrane proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Thomas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sabidó E, Tarragó T, Niessen S, Cravatt BF, Giralt E. Activity-based probes for monitoring postproline protease activity. Chembiochem 2010; 10:2361-6. [PMID: 19688784 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Postproline proteases constitute a subset of serine proteases involved in the regulation of many signaling events and are emerging as promising therapeutic targets for prevalent diseases, such as diabetes and cancer. Therefore, monitoring their activity in different tissues and diverse physiological states would certainly facilitate the elucidation of their physiological role and the establishment of new therapeutic targets. Here, we have synthesized a dipeptidyl phosphonate activity-based probe that has proved to be highly selective for a specific postproline protease, prolyl oligopeptidase (POP). Its high sensitivity allows the detection of the endogenous activity of POP both by in-gel analysis and mass spectrometry. The evidence provided by mass spectrometry for the high selectivity of the synthesized probe opens the possibility of using dipeptidyl phosphonates not only for activity-based profiling (ABP), but also for other ABP applications like substrate-based protease identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Sabidó
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Simón-Vázquez R, Lazarova T, Perálvarez-Marín A, Bourdelande JL, Padrós E. Cross-Linking of Transmembrane Helices Reveals a Rigid-Body Mechanism in Bacteriorhodopsin Transport. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:8523-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200904031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
20
|
Simón-Vázquez R, Lazarova T, Perálvarez-Marín A, Bourdelande JL, Padrós E. Cross-Linking of Transmembrane Helices Reveals a Rigid-Body Mechanism in Bacteriorhodopsin Transport. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200904031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
21
|
Hucthagowder V, Morava E, Kornak U, Lefeber DJ, Fischer B, Dimopoulou A, Aldinger A, Choi J, Davis EC, Abuelo DN, Adamowicz M, Al-Aama J, Basel-Vanagaite L, Fernandez B, Greally MT, Gillessen-Kaesbach G, Kayserili H, Lemyre E, Tekin M, Türkmen S, Tuysuz B, Yüksel-Konuk B, Mundlos S, Van Maldergem L, Wevers RA, Urban Z. Loss-of-function mutations in ATP6V0A2 impair vesicular trafficking, tropoelastin secretion and cell survival. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 18:2149-65. [PMID: 19321599 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive cutis laxa type 2 (ARCL2), a syndrome of growth and developmental delay and redundant, inelastic skin, is caused by mutations in the a2 subunit of the vesicular ATPase H+-pump (ATP6V0A2). The goal of this study was to define the disease mechanisms that lead to connective tissue lesions in ARCL2. In a new cohort of 17 patients, DNA sequencing of ATP6V0A2 detected either homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations. Considerable allelic and phenotypic heterogeneity was observed, with a missense mutation of a moderately conserved residue p.P87L leading to unusually mild disease. Abnormal N- and/or mucin type O-glycosylation was observed in all patients tested. Premature stop codon mutations led to decreased ATP6V0A2 mRNA levels by destabilizing the mutant mRNA via the nonsense-mediated decay pathway. Loss of ATP6V0A2 either by siRNA knockdown or in ARCL2 cells resulted in distended Golgi cisternae, accumulation of abnormal lysosomes and multivesicular bodies. Immunostaining of ARCL2 cells showed the accumulation of tropoelastin (TE) in the Golgi and in large, abnormal intracellular and extracellular aggregates. Pulse-chase studies confirmed impaired secretion and increased intracellular retention of TE, and insoluble elastin assays showed significantly reduced extracellular deposition of mature elastin. Fibrillin-1 microfibril assembly and secreted lysyl oxidase activity were normal in ARCL2 cells. TUNEL staining demonstrated increased rates of apoptosis in ARCL2 cell cultures. We conclude that loss-of-function mutations in ATP6V0A2 lead to TE aggregation in the Golgi, impaired clearance of TE aggregates and increased apoptosis of elastogenic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vishwanathan Hucthagowder
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8208, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Selcen D, Muntoni F, Burton BK, Pegoraro E, Sewry C, Bite AV, Engel AG. Mutation in BAG3 causes severe dominant childhood muscular dystrophy. Ann Neurol 2009; 65:83-9. [PMID: 19085932 PMCID: PMC2639628 DOI: 10.1002/ana.21553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Myofibrillar myopathies (MFMs) are morphologically distinct but genetically heterogeneous muscular dystrophies in which disintegration of Z disks and then of myofibrils is followed by ectopic accumulation of multiple proteins. Cardiomyopathy, neuropathy, and dominant inheritance are frequent associated features. Mutations in alphaB-crystallin, desmin, myotilin, Zasp, or filamin-C can cause MFMs and were detected in 32 of 85 patients of the Mayo MFM cohort. Bag3, another Z-disk-associated protein, has antiapoptotic properties, and its targeted deletion in mice causes fulminant myopathy with early lethality. We therefore searched for mutations in BAG3 in 53 unrelated MFM patients. METHODS We searched for mutations in BAG3 by direct sequencing. We analyzed structural changes in muscle by histochemistry, immunocytochemistry, and electron microscopy, examined mobility of the mutant Bag3 by nondenaturing electrophoresis, and searched for abnormal aggregation of the mutant protein in COS-7 (SV-40 transformed monkey kidney fibroblast-7) cells. RESULTS We identified a heterozygous p.Pro209Leu mutation in three patients. All presented in childhood, had progressive limb and axial muscle weakness, and experienced development of cardiomyopathy and severe respiratory insufficiency in their teens; two had rigid spines, and one a peripheral neuropathy. Electron microscopy showed disintegration of Z disks, extensive accumulation of granular debris and larger inclusions, and apoptosis of 8% of the nuclei. On nondenaturing electrophoresis of muscle extracts, the Bag3 complex migrated faster in patient than control extracts, and expression of FLAG-labeled mutant and wild-type Bag3 in COS cells showed abnormal aggregation of the mutant protein. INTERPRETATION We conclude mutation in Bag3 defines a novel severe autosomal dominant childhood muscular dystrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Selcen
- Department of Neurology and Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|