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Kobayashi H, Shigetomi H, Matsubara S, Yoshimoto C, Imanaka S. Role of the mitophagy-apoptosis axis in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovarian syndrome. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2024; 50:775-792. [PMID: 38417972 DOI: 10.1111/jog.15916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
AIM Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder characterized by menstrual irregularities, androgen excess, and polycystic ovarian morphology, but its pathogenesis remains largely unknown. This review focuses on how androgen excess influences the molecular basis of energy metabolism, mitochondrial function, and mitophagy in granulosa cells and oocytes, summarizes our current understanding of the pathogenesis of PCOS, and discuss perspectives on future research directions. METHODS A search of PubMed and Google Scholar databases were used to identify relevant studies for this narrative literature review. RESULTS Female offspring born of pregnant animals exposed to androgens recapitulates the PCOS phenotype. Abnormal mitochondrial morphology, altered expression of genes related to glycolysis, mitochondrial biogenesis, fission/fusion dynamics, and mitophagy have been identified in PCOS patients and androgenic animal models. Androgen excess causes uncoupling of the electron transport chain and depletion of the cellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate pool, indicating further impairment of mitochondrial function. A shift toward mitochondrial fission restores mitochondrial quality control mechanisms. However, prolonged mitochondrial fission disrupts autophagy/mitophagy induction due to loss of compensatory reserve for mitochondrial biogenesis. Disruption of compensatory mechanisms that mediate the quality control switch from mitophagy to apoptosis may cause a disease phenotype. Furthermore, genetic predisposition, altered expression of genes related to glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, or a combination of these factors may also contribute to the development of PCOS. CONCLUSION In conclusion, fetuses exposed to a hyperandrogenemic intrauterine environment may cause the PCOS phenotype possibly through disruption of the compensatory regulation of the mitophagy-apoptosis axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kobayashi
- Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Ms.Clinic MayOne, Kashihara, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shigetomi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
- Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Aska Ladies Clinic, Nara, Japan
| | - Sho Matsubara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
- Department of Medicine, Kei Oushin Clinic, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Chiharu Yoshimoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Prefecture General Medical Center, Nara, Japan
| | - Shogo Imanaka
- Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Ms.Clinic MayOne, Kashihara, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
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Liu X, Zhang C, Huang J, Liu H, Li B, Zhang F, Xu C. Biomarkers identification in follicular fluid in relation to live birth in in vitro fertilization of women with polycystic ovary syndrome in different subtypes by using UPLC-MS method. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 557:117860. [PMID: 38508572 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.117860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common infertility disorder which affects reproductive-aged women. However, metabolic change profiles of follicular fluid (FF) in lean and obese women diagnosed with and without PCOS remains unclear. METHODS 95 infertile women were divided into four subgroups: LC (lean control), OC (overweight control), LP (lean PCOS), and OP (overweight PCOS). The FF samples were collected during oocyte retrieval and assayed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) metabolomics. RESULTS A total of 236 metabolites were identified by metabolic analysis. The pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the glycerophospholipid metabolism (impact = 0.11182), ether lipid metabolism (impact = 0.14458), and primary bile acid biosynthesis (impact = 0.03267) were related to metabolic pathway between PCOS and control. Correlation analyses showed that epitestosterone sulfate was found positively correlated with fertilization rate in PCOS, while falcarindione, lucidone C. and notoginsenoside I was found to be negatively correlated. The combined four biomarkers including lucidone C, epitestosterone sulfate, falcarindione, and notoginsenoside I was better in predicting live birth rate, with AUC of 0.779. CONCLUSION The follicular fluid of women with PCOS showed unique metabolic characteristics. Our study provides better identification of PCOS follicular fluid metabolic dynamics, which may serve as potential biomarkers of live birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xitong Liu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Tangdu Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianlei Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Haiou Liu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China.
| | - Feifei Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Congjian Xu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Liu S, Zhou X, Jie H, Zheng Z, Cai B, Mai Q, Zhou C. Higher Cumulative Live Birth Rate but Also Higher Late Miscarriage Risk in Non-Obese Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Undergoing the First IVF/ICSI Cycle. Int J Womens Health 2024; 16:289-298. [PMID: 38415060 PMCID: PMC10898478 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s445021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the impact of polycystic ovary syndrome on in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection and embryo transfer outcomes while analyzing the influencing factors. Patients and Methods A retrospective cohort study comprised 4839 patients who underwent their first cycle of IVF/ICSI treatment from January 2016 to December 2021. Cumulative pregnancy rates, cumulative live birth rates, and late miscarriage rates compared between the PCOS group and control group. Subgroup analysis and binary regression were used to analyze the influence of BMI on clinical outcomes among individuals diagnosed with PCOS. Results Non-obese PCOS patients exhibited higher cumulative pregnancy rates, cumulative live birth rates, and late miscarriage rates compared to the control group with the normal BMI population (84.7% vs71.2%, P < 0.001; 74.1% vs 61.6%, P < 0.001; 4.1% vs 2.0%, P = 0.002), but there was no significant difference in early miscarriage rates between the two groups. Conclusion Non-obese PCOS patients demonstrated a notably higher cumulative live birth rate but also a higher risk of late miscarriage compared to non-PCOS females with a normal BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Liu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu Zhou
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiying Jie
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zetong Zheng
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Cai
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyun Mai
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Canquan Zhou
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Siemers KM, Klein AK, Baack ML. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in PCOS: Insights into Reproductive Organ Pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13123. [PMID: 37685928 PMCID: PMC10488260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex, but relatively common endocrine disorder associated with chronic anovulation, hyperandrogenism, and micro-polycystic ovaries. In addition to reduced fertility, people with PCOS have a higher risk of obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic disease, all comorbidities that are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. This review summarizes human and animal data that report mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic dysregulation in PCOS to better understand how mitochondria impact reproductive organ pathophysiology. This in-depth review considers all the elements regulating mitochondrial quantity and quality, from mitochondrial biogenesis under the transcriptional regulation of both the nuclear and mitochondrial genome to the ultrastructural and functional complexes that regulate cellular metabolism and reactive oxygen species production, as well as the dynamics that regulate subcellular interactions that are key to mitochondrial quality control. When any of these mitochondrial functions are disrupted, the energetic equilibrium within the cell changes, cell processes can fail, and cell death can occur. If this process is ongoing, it affects tissue and organ function, causing disease. The objective of this review is to consolidate and classify a broad number of PCOS studies to understand how various mitochondrial processes impact reproductive organs, including the ovary (oocytes and granulosa cells), uterus, placenta, and circulation, causing reproductive pathophysiology. A secondary objective is to uncover the potential role of mitochondria in the transgenerational transmission of PCOS and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M. Siemers
- Physician Scientist (MD/Ph.D.) Program, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA;
| | - Abigail K. Klein
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Lee Medical Building, 414 E. Clark St., Sioux Falls, SD 57069, USA;
| | - Michelle L. Baack
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 1400 W. 22nd St., Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA
- Environmental Influences on Health and Disease Group, Sanford Research, 2301 E. 60th St., Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
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Vidyadharan VA, Blesson CS, Tanchico D, Betancourt A, Smith C, Yallampalli C. Low Protein Programming Causes Increased Mitochondrial Fusion and Decreased Oxygen Consumption in the Hepatocytes of Female Rats. Nutrients 2023; 15:1568. [PMID: 37049409 PMCID: PMC10097083 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is one of the major organs involved in the regulation of glucose and lipid homeostasis. The effectiveness of metabolic activity in hepatocytes is determined by the quality and quantity of its mitochondria. Mitochondrial function is complex, and they act via various dynamic networks, which rapidly adapt to changes in the cellular milieu. Our present study aims to investigate the effects of low protein programming on the structure and function of mitochondria in the hepatocytes of adult females. Pregnant rats were fed with a control or isocaloric low-protein diet from gestational day 4 until delivery. A normal laboratory chow was given to all dams after delivery and to pups after weaning. The rats were euthanized at 4 months of age and the livers were collected from female offspring for investigating the mitochondrial structure, mtDNA copy number, mRNA, and proteins expression of genes associated with mitochondrial function. Primary hepatocytes were isolated and used for the analysis of the mitochondrial bioenergetics profiles. The mitochondrial ultrastructure showed that the in utero low-protein diet exposure led to increased mitochondrial fusion. Accordingly, there was an increase in the mRNA and protein levels of the mitochondrial fusion gene Opa1 and mitochondrial biogenesis genes Pgc1a and Essra, but Fis1, a fission gene, was downregulated. Low protein programming also impaired the mitochondrial function of the hepatocytes with a decrease in basal respiration ATP-linked respiration and proton leak. In summary, the present study suggests that the hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction induced by an in utero low protein diet might be a potential mechanism linking glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in adult offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin A. Vidyadharan
- Basic Sciences Perinatology Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chellakkan S. Blesson
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Family Fertility Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Daren Tanchico
- Basic Sciences Perinatology Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ancizar Betancourt
- Basic Sciences Perinatology Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Craig Smith
- Agilent Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA
| | - Chandra Yallampalli
- Basic Sciences Perinatology Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Pruett JE, Romero DG, Yanes Cardozo LL. Obesity-associated cardiometabolic complications in polycystic ovary syndrome: The potential role of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:951099. [PMID: 36875461 PMCID: PMC9974663 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.951099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in reproductive-age women. PCOS is characterized by androgen excess, oligo/anovulation, and polycystic appearance of the ovaries. Women with PCOS have an increased prevalence of multiple cardiovascular risk factors such as insulin resistance, hypertension, renal injury, and obesity. Unfortunately, there is a lack of effective, evidence-based pharmacotherapeutics to target these cardiometabolic complications. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors provide cardiovascular protection in patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Although the exact mechanisms of how SGLT2 inhibitors confer cardiovascular protection remains unclear, numerous mechanistic hypotheses for this protection include modulation of the renin-angiotensin system and/or the sympathetic nervous system and improvement in mitochondrial function. Data from recent clinical trials and basic research show a potential role for SGLT2 inhibitors in treating obesity-associated cardiometabolic complications in PCOS. This narrative review discusses the mechanisms of the beneficial effect of SGLT2 inhibitors in cardiometabolic diseases in PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob E. Pruett
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Damian G. Romero
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
- Mississippi Center of Excellence in Perinatal Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
- Women’s Health Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
- Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Licy L. Yanes Cardozo
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
- Mississippi Center of Excellence in Perinatal Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
- Women’s Health Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
- Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
- *Correspondence: Licy L. Yanes Cardozo,
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Stener-Victorin E. Update on Animal Models of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Endocrinology 2022; 163:bqac164. [PMID: 36201611 PMCID: PMC9631972 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex disease affecting up to 15% of women of reproductive age. Women with PCOS suffer from reproductive dysfunctions with excessive androgen secretion and irregular ovulation, leading to reduced fertility and pregnancy complications. The syndrome is associated with a wide range of comorbidities including type 2 diabetes, obesity, and psychiatric disorders. Despite the high prevalence of PCOS, its etiology remains unclear. To understand the pathophysiology of PCOS, how it is inherited, and how to predict PCOS, and prevent and treat women with the syndrome, animal models provide an important approach to answering these fundamental questions. This minireview summarizes recent investigative efforts on PCOS-like rodent models aiming to define underlying mechanisms of the disease and provide guidance in model selection. The focus is on new genetic rodent models, on a naturally occurring rodent model, and provides an update on prenatal and peripubertal exposure models.
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Pruett JE, Everman SJ, Hoang NH, Salau F, Taylor LC, Edwards KS, Hosler JP, Huffman AM, Romero DG, Yanes Cardozo LL. Mitochondrial function and oxidative stress in white adipose tissue in a rat model of PCOS: effect of SGLT2 inhibition. Biol Sex Differ 2022; 13:45. [PMID: 35986388 PMCID: PMC9389812 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-022-00455-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), characterized by androgen excess and ovulatory dysfunction, is associated with a high prevalence of obesity and insulin resistance (IR) in women. We demonstrated that sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) administration decreases fat mass without affecting IR in the PCOS model. In male models of IR, administration of SGLT2i decreases oxidative stress and improves mitochondrial function in white adipose tissue (WAT). Therefore, we hypothesized that SGLT2i reduces adiposity via improvement in mitochondrial function and oxidative stress in WAT in PCOS model. Methods Four-week-old female rats were treated with dihydrotestosterone for 90 days (PCOS model), and SGLT2i (empagliflozin) was co-administered during the last 3 weeks. Body composition was measured before and after SGLT2i treatment by EchoMRI. Subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral (VAT) WAT were collected for histological and molecular studies at the end of the study. Results PCOS model had an increase in food intake, body weight, body mass index, and fat mass/lean mass ratio compared to the control group. SGLT2i lowered fat mass/lean ratio in PCOS. Glucosuria was observed in both groups, but had a larger magnitude in controls. The net glucose balance was similar in both SGLT2i-treated groups. The PCOS SAT had a higher frequency of small adipocytes and a lower frequency of large adipocytes. In SAT of controls, SGLT2i increased frequencies of small and medium adipocytes while decreasing the frequency of large adipocytes, and this effect was blunted in PCOS. In VAT, PCOS had a lower frequency of small adipocytes while SGLT2i increased the frequency of small adipocytes in PCOS. PCOS model had decreased mitochondrial content in SAT and VAT without impacting oxidative stress in WAT or the circulation. SGLT2i did not modify mitochondrial function or oxidative stress in WAT in both treated groups. Conclusions Hyperandrogenemia in PCOS causes expansion of WAT, which is associated with decreases in mitochondrial content and function in SAT and VAT. SGLT2i increases the frequency of small adipocytes in VAT only without affecting mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, or IR in the PCOS model. SGLT2i decreases adiposity independently of adipose mitochondrial and oxidative stress mechanisms in the PCOS model. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13293-022-00455-x. Androgen excess in PCOS model is associated with decreased markers of mitochondrial content in both subcutaneous and visceral white adipose tissue. Androgen excess in PCOS model is associated with increased frequency of small adipocytes in subcutaneous white adipose tissue while decreasing frequency of small adipocytes in visceral white adipose tissue. SGLT2 inhibition did not modify markers of mitochondrial content or oxidative stress in either subcutaneous or visceral white adipose tissue in PCOS model. SGLT2 inhibition increased frequency of small adipocytes in both subcutaneous and visceral white adipose tissue in control rats; however, SGLT2 inhibition only increased frequency of small adipocytes in visceral white adipose tissue in PCOS model.
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Chappell NR, Gibbons WE, Blesson CS. Pathology of hyperandrogenemia in the oocyte of polycystic ovary syndrome. Steroids 2022; 180:108989. [PMID: 35189133 PMCID: PMC8920773 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2022.108989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common ovulatory disorder in the world and is associated with multiple adverse outcomes. The phenotype is widely varied, with several pathologies contributing to the spectrum of the disease including insulin resistance, obesity and hyperandrogenemia. Of these, the role of hyperandrogenemia and the mechanism by which it causes dysfunction remains poorly understood. Early studies have shown that androgens may affect the metabolic pathways of a cell, and this may pose hazards at the level of the mitochondria. As mitochondria are strictly maternally inherited, this would provide an exciting explanation not only to the pathophysiology of PCOS as a disease, but also to the inheritance pattern. This review seeks to summarize what is known about PCOS and associated adverse outcomes with focus on the role of hyperandrogenemia and specific emphasis on the oocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil R Chappell
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine. One Baylor Plaza, Houston 77030, TX, USA; Family Fertility Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston 77030, TX, USA
| | - William E Gibbons
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine. One Baylor Plaza, Houston 77030, TX, USA; Family Fertility Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston 77030, TX, USA
| | - Chellakkan S Blesson
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine. One Baylor Plaza, Houston 77030, TX, USA; Family Fertility Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston 77030, TX, USA.
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Prenatal Low-Protein Diet Affects Mitochondrial Structure and Function in the Skeletal Muscle of Adult Female Offspring. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14061158. [PMID: 35334815 PMCID: PMC8954615 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gestational low-protein (LP) diet leads to glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in adult offspring. We had earlier demonstrated that LP programming affects glucose disposal in females. Mitochondrial health is crucial for normal glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle. In this study, we sought to analyze mitochondrial structure, function, and associated genes in skeletal muscles to explore the molecular mechanism of insulin resistance LP-programmed female offspring. On day four of pregnancy, rats were assigned to a control diet containing 20% protein or an isocaloric 6% protein-containing diet. Standard laboratory diet was given to the dams after delivery until the end of weaning and to pups after weaning. Gestational LP diet led to changes in mitochondrial ultrastructure in the gastrocnemius muscles, including a nine-fold increase in the presence of giant mitochondria along with unevenly formed cristae. Further, functional analysis showed that LP programming caused impaired mitochondrial functions. Although the mitochondrial copy number did not show significant changes, key genes involved in mitochondrial structure and function such as Fis1, Opa1, Mfn2, Nrf1, Nrf2, Pgc1b, Cox4b, Esrra, and Vdac were dysregulated. Our study shows that prenatal LP programming induced disruption in mitochondrial ultrastructure and function in the skeletal muscle of female offspring.
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Azumah R, Hummitzsch K, Hartanti MD, St. John JC, Anderson RA, Rodgers RJ. Analysis of Upstream Regulators, Networks, and Pathways Associated With the Expression Patterns of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Candidate Genes During Fetal Ovary Development. Front Genet 2022; 12:762177. [PMID: 35197999 PMCID: PMC8860493 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.762177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a multifactorial syndrome with reproductive, endocrine, and metabolic symptoms, affecting about 10% women of reproductive age. Pathogenesis of the syndrome is poorly understood with genetic and fetal origins being the focus of the conundrum. Genetic predisposition of PCOS has been confirmed by candidate gene studies and Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS). Recently, the expression of PCOS candidate genes across gestation has been studied in human and bovine fetal ovaries. The current study sought to identify potential upstream regulators and mechanisms associated with PCOS candidate genes. Using RNA sequencing data of bovine fetal ovaries (62-276 days, n = 19), expression of PCOS candidate genes across gestation was analysed using Partek Flow. A supervised heatmap of the expression data of all 24,889 genes across gestation was generated. Most of the PCOS genes fell into one of four clusters according to their expression patterns. Some genes correlated negatively (early genes; C8H9orf3, TOX3, FBN3, GATA4, HMGA2, and DENND1A) and others positively (late genes; FDFT1, LHCGR, AMH, FSHR, ZBTB16, and PLGRKT) with gestational age. Pathways associated with PCOS candidate genes and genes co-expressed with them were determined using Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) software as well as DAVID Bioinformatics Resources for KEGG pathway analysis and Gene Ontology databases. Genes expressed in the early cluster were mainly involved in mitochondrial function and oxidative phosphorylation and their upstream regulators included PTEN, ESRRG/A and MYC. Genes in the late cluster were involved in stromal expansion, cholesterol biosynthesis and steroidogenesis and their upstream regulators included TGFB1/2/3, TNF, ERBB2/3, VEGF, INSIG1, POR, and IL25. These findings provide insight into ovarian development of relevance to the origins of PCOS, and suggest that multiple aetiological pathways might exist for the development of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafiatu Azumah
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Katja Hummitzsch
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Monica D. Hartanti
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Justin C. St. John
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Richard A. Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond J. Rodgers
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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12
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Adhikari D, Lee IW, Yuen WS, Carroll J. Oocyte mitochondria – Key regulators of oocyte function and potential therapeutic targets for improving fertility. Biol Reprod 2022; 106:366-377. [DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The development of oocytes and early embryos is dependent on mitochondrial ATP production. This reliance on mitochondrial activity, together with the exclusively maternal inheritance of mitochondria in development, places mitochondria as central regulators of both fertility and transgenerational inheritance mechanisms. Mitochondrial mass and mtDNA content massively increase during oocyte growth. They are highly dynamic organelles and oocyte maturation is accompanied by mitochondrial trafficking around subcellular compartments. Due to their key roles in generation of ATP and reactive oxygen species, oocyte mitochondrial defects have largely been linked with energy deficiency and oxidative stress. Pharmacological treatments and mitochondrial supplementation have been proposed to improve oocyte quality and fertility by enhancing ATP generation and reducing reactive oxygen species levels. More recently, the role of mitochondria-derived metabolites in controlling epigenetic modifiers has provided a mechanistic basis for mitochondria-nuclear crosstalk, allowing adaptation of gene expression to specific metabolic states. Here, we discuss the multi-faceted mechanisms by which mitochondrial function influence oocyte quality, as well as longer-term developmental events within and across generations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - In-won Lee
- Development and Stem Cell Program and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Wai Shan Yuen
- Development and Stem Cell Program and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - John Carroll
- Development and Stem Cell Program and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Hernández-Jiménez JL, Barrera D, Espinoza-Simón E, González J, Ortíz-Hernández R, Escobar L, Echeverría O, Torres-Ramírez N. Polycystic ovarian syndrome: signs and feedback effects of hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance. Gynecol Endocrinol 2022; 38:2-9. [PMID: 34787028 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2021.2003326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a disease whose diagnosis is based on the detection of hyperandrogenism (HA) and ovulatory dysfunction. Women with PCOS frequently develop insulin resistance (IR), which generates a metabolic condition that involves a decrease in the action of insulin at the cellular level and is linked to compensatory hyperinsulinemia (HI). In PCOS, the ovary remains sensitive to the action of insulin. Additionally, it has been observed that the main effect of insulin in the ovary is the stimulation of androgen synthesis, resulting in HA, one of the fundamental characteristics of the PCOS. In this sense, the excess of androgens favors the development of IR, thus perpetuating the cycle of IR-HI-HA, and therefore PCOS. Moreover, mitochondrial dysfunction is present in PCOS patients and is a common feature in both IR and HA. This review places electron transfer as a key element in HA and IR development, with emphasis on the relationship between androgen biosynthesis and mitochondrial function. Indeed, metformin has been involved in repair mitochondrial dysfunction, decrease of oxidative stress, reduction of androgens levels and the enhancing of insulin sensitivity. Therefore, we propose that treatment with metformin could decrease HI and consequently HA, restoring, at least in part, the metabolic and hormonal disorders of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer Lizbet Hernández-Jiménez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad de México, México
| | - David Barrera
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción "Dr. Carlos Gual Castro", Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Emilio Espinoza-Simón
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Avenida Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - James González
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rosario Ortíz-Hernández
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Luisa Escobar
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Olga Echeverría
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Nayeli Torres-Ramírez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad de México, México
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14
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Li J, Chen H, Gou M, Tian C, Wang H, Song X, Keefe DL, Bai X, Liu L. Molecular Features of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Revealed by Transcriptome Analysis of Oocytes and Cumulus Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:735684. [PMID: 34552933 PMCID: PMC8450412 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.735684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is typically characterized by a polycystic ovarian morphology, hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and infertility. Furthermore, PCOS patients undergoing ovarian stimulation have more oocytes; however, the poor quality of oocytes leads to lower fertilization and implantation rates, decreased pregnancy rates, and increased miscarriage rates. The complex molecular mechanisms underlying PCOS and the poor quality of oocytes remain to be elucidated. We obtained matched oocytes and cumulus cells (CCs) from PCOS patients, compared them with age-matched controls, and performed RNA sequencing analysis to explore the transcriptional characteristics of their oocytes and CCs. Moreover, we validated our newly confirmed candidate genes for PCOS by immunofluorescence. Unsupervised clustering analysis showed that the overall global gene expression patterns and transposable element (TE) expression profiles of PCOS patients tightly clustered together, clearly distinct from those of controls. Abnormalities in functionally important pathways are found in PCOS oocytes. Notably, genes involved in microtubule processes, TUBB8 and TUBA1C, are overexpressed in PCOS oocytes. The metabolic and oxidative phosphorylation pathways are also dysregulated in both oocytes and CCs from PCOS patients. Moreover, in oocytes, differentially expressed TEs are not uniformly dispersed in human chromosomes. Endogenous retrovirus 1 (ERV1) elements located on chromosomes 2, 3, 4, and 5 are rather highly upregulated. Interestingly, these correlate with the most highly expressed protein-coding genes, including tubulin-associated genes TUBA1C, TUBB8P8, and TUBB8, linking the ERV1 elements to the occurrence of PCOS. Our comprehensive analysis of gene expression in oocytes and CCs, including TE expression, revealed the specific molecular features of PCOS. The aberrantly elevated expression of TUBB8 and TUBA1C and ERV1 provides additional markers for PCOS and may contribute to the compromised oocyte developmental competence in PCOS patients. Our findings may also have implications for treatment strategies to improve oocyte maturation and the pregnancy outcomes for women with PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Haixia Chen
- The Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Mo Gou
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenglei Tian
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huasong Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xueru Song
- The Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - David L Keefe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Xiaohong Bai
- The Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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15
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Chappell NR, Zhou B, Hosseinzadeh P, Schutt A, Gibbons WE, Blesson CS. Hyperandrogenemia alters mitochondrial structure and function in the oocytes of obese mouse with polycystic ovary syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 2:101-112. [PMID: 34458875 DOI: 10.1016/j.xfss.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Capsule Hyperandrogenemia in an obese PCOS mouse model results in altered glucose/insulin metabolism and mitochondrial structure and function in the oocytes, in part explaining adverse outcomes and inheritance patterns seen in PCOS. Objective To study the oocyte quality by means of mitochondrial structure and function in a well-established classic PCOS mouse model. Design Animal study using an obese PCOS mouse model compared with control. Setting Animal research facility in a tertiary care university hospital setting. Animals C57/B6J mice. Intervention Three week old mice had subdermal implants of DHT controlled release pellet or placebo for 90 days. Main Outcome Measures The mouse model was validated by performing glucose tolerance test, HbA1c levels, body weight and estrous cycle analyses. Oocytes were subsequently isolated and were used to investigate mitochondrial membrane potential, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, ATP production, mtDNA copy number, transcript abundance, histology and electron microscopy. Results Results showed glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia along with dysregulated estrus cycle. Analysis of the oocytes demonstrated impaired inner mitochondrial membrane function, increased ATP production and mtDNA copy number, altered RNA transcript abundance and aberrant ovarian histology. Electron microscopy of the oocytes showed severely impaired mitochondrial ultrastructure. Conclusion The obese PCOS mouse model shows a decreased oocyte quality related to impaired mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil R Chappell
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Family Fertility Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Beth Zhou
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Family Fertility Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Pardis Hosseinzadeh
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Family Fertility Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Amy Schutt
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Family Fertility Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - William E Gibbons
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Family Fertility Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Chellakkan S Blesson
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Family Fertility Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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16
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Mazloomi S, Sheikh N, Sanoee Farimani M, Pilehvari S. Association of Prx4, Total Oxidant Status, and Inflammatory Factors with Insulin Resistance in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Int J Endocrinol 2021; 2021:9949753. [PMID: 34239559 PMCID: PMC8241524 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9949753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress conditions have been reported in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Peroxiredoxin 4 (Prx4) is a related antioxidant in insulin synthesis. We hypothesized that insulin resistance in these women is associated with total oxidant status (TOS) and inflammatory factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two hundred three people including 104 PCOS patients and 99 healthy women, who were matched for age and body mass index (BMI), entered the study. Waist circumference of the participants was measured; serum glucose, lipid profile, insulin, Prx4, TOS, hs-CRP, and TNF-α were also evaluated. RESULTS The Prx4 level was significantly lower in PCOS than in the control group. In addition, marked increase was observed in the concentration of TOS, hs-CRP, and TNF-α in PCOS, compared to the healthy women. There was a positive correlation of TOS with hs-CRP, TNF-α, and HOMA-IR. The risk of PCOS for subjects with high hs-CRP was 60 times greater than those who had low serum hs-CRP concentration; after performing multiple logistic regression analyses with the backward method, TNF-α was considered as an effective biomarker to predict PCOS β = 49.087 (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSION This study identified increased oxidative stress and inflammation in PCOS; this may be due to decrease in the antioxidants, such as Prx4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Mazloomi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Students Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Nasrin Sheikh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Marzieh Sanoee Farimani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medicine School, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Shamim Pilehvari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medicine School, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Endometrium and Endometriosis Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Barsky M, Merkison J, Hosseinzadeh P, Yang L, Bruno-Gaston J, Dunn J, Gibbons W, Blesson CS. Fetal programming of polycystic ovary syndrome: Effects of androgen exposure on prenatal ovarian development. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 207:105830. [PMID: 33515680 PMCID: PMC8056856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common form of anovulatory infertility with a strong hereditary component but no candidate genes have been found. The inheritance pattern may be due to in utero androgen programming on gene expression and mitochondria. Mitochondria are maternally inherited and alterations to mitochondria after fetal androgen exposure may explain one of the mechanisms of fetal programming in PCOS. Our aim was to investigate the role of excessive prenatal androgens in ovarian development by identifying how hyperandrogenemia affects gene expression and mitochondria in neonatal ovary. Pregnant dams were injected with dihydrotestosterone on days 16-18 of pregnancy. Day 0 ovaries were collected for gene expression and mitochondrial studies. RNAseq showed differential gene expressions which were related to mitochondrial dysfunction, fetal gonadal development, oocyte maturation, metabolism, angiogenesis, and PCOS. Top 20 up and downregulated genes were validated with qPCR and Western Blot. Transcriptional pathways involved in folliculogenesis and genes involved in ovarian and mitochondrial function were dysregulated. Further, DHT exposure altered mitochondrial ultrastructure and function by increasing mitochondrial oxygen consumption and decreasing mitochondrial efficiency with increased proton leak within the first day of life. Our data indicates that one path that leads to PCOS begins at birth and is programmed in utero by androgens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Barsky
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030, TX, USA; Family Fertility Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, 77030, TX, USA
| | - Jamie Merkison
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030, TX, USA
| | - Pardis Hosseinzadeh
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030, TX, USA
| | - Liubin Yang
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030, TX, USA
| | - Janet Bruno-Gaston
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030, TX, USA; Family Fertility Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, 77030, TX, USA
| | | | - William Gibbons
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030, TX, USA; Family Fertility Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, 77030, TX, USA
| | - Chellakkan Selvanesan Blesson
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030, TX, USA; Family Fertility Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, 77030, TX, USA.
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18
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Ye W, Xie T, Song Y, Zhou L. The role of androgen and its related signals in PCOS. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 25:1825-1837. [PMID: 33369146 PMCID: PMC7882969 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women at reproductive age. However, the underlying pathogenic mechanisms have not been completely understood. Hyperandrogenism is an important clinic feature in patients with PCOS, suggesting its pathologic role in the development and progression of PCOS. However, the actual role of androgen and the related signals in PCOS and PCOS-related complications have not yet been clarified. In this review, we surveyed the origin and effects of androgen on PCOS and the related complications, highlighted the cellular signals affecting androgen synthesis and summarized the pathological processes caused by hyperandrogenism. Our review well reveals the important mechanisms referring the pathogenesis of PCOS and provides important clues to the clinic strategies in patients with PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Ye
- Division of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Xie
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yali Song
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Zhou
- Division of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
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Embryos from polycystic ovary syndrome patients with hyperandrogenemia reach morula stage faster than controls. F S Rep 2020; 1:125-132. [PMID: 34223228 PMCID: PMC8244380 DOI: 10.1016/j.xfre.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate if patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have altered embryo morphokinetics when compared with controls. Design Retrospective cohort analysis. Setting Single academic fertility clinic in a tertiary hospital setting. Patients Age- and body mass index-matched patients who underwent in vitro fertilization diagnosed with PCOS using the Rotterdam criteria. A subanalysis was performed on patients with PCOS with hyperandrogenemia. Sixty-four patients with PCOS were identified with 990 embryos that were matched with 64 control patients with 628 embryos. Interventions None. Main Outcome Measures Time to blastulation. Results Embryos from women with PCOS displayed faster growth rate at t7, t8, and t9; all other morphokinetic points were similar. Patients with PCOS also had a higher number of oocytes retrieved. No differences were seen in the fertilization rate or blastulation rate. Patients with PCOS had a higher miscarriage rate (38.1% in PCOS vs. 18.8% in controls). Patients with hyperandrogenic PCOS showed a faster growth rate at t5, t6, t7, t8, t9, and morula. Conclusions Embryos from women with PCOS grew faster until 9-cell stage and women with hyperandrogenic PCOS until morula. Patients with PCOS also showed a higher miscarriage rate. The alterations in early embryo development are consistent with altered fertility and obstetric outcomes in the population with PCOS and may be due to the hyperandrogenic microenvironment in the ovarian follicle.
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