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Zubcevic J, Watkins J, Lin C, Bautista B, Hatch HM, Tevosian SG, Hayward LF. Nicotine Exposure during Rodent Pregnancy Alters the Composition of Maternal Gut Microbiota and Abundance of Maternal and Amniotic Short Chain Fatty Acids. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12080735. [PMID: 36005607 PMCID: PMC9414314 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12080735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is the leading cause of preventable death. Numerous reports link smoking in pregnancy with serious adverse outcomes, such as miscarriage, stillbirth, prematurity, low birth weight, perinatal morbidity, and infant mortality. Corollaries of consuming nicotine in pregnancy, separate from smoking, are less explored, and the mechanisms of nicotine action on maternal–fetal communication are poorly understood. This study examined alterations in the maternal gut microbiome in response to nicotine exposure during pregnancy. We report that changes in the maternal gut microbiota milieu are an important intermediary that may mediate the prenatal nicotine exposure effects, affect gene expression, and alter fetal exposure to circulating short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and leptin during in utero development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasenka Zubcevic
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (S.G.T.)
| | - Jacqueline Watkins
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Cindy Lin
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Byrell Bautista
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Heather M. Hatch
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Sergei G. Tevosian
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (S.G.T.)
| | - Linda F. Hayward
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Tan K, Tint MT, Michael N, Yap F, Chong YS, Tan KH, Godfrey KM, Larbi A, Lee YS, Chan SY, Fortier MV, Eriksson JG, Karnani N. Determinants of cord blood adipokines and association with neonatal abdominal adipose tissue distribution. Int J Obes (Lond) 2022; 46:637-645. [PMID: 34864815 PMCID: PMC8873009 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00975-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cord blood leptin and adiponectin are adipokines known to be associated with birth weight and overall infant adiposity. However, few studies have investigated their associations with abdominal adiposity in neonates. We examined maternal factors associated with cord blood leptin and adiponectin, and the association of these adipokines with neonatal adiposity and abdominal fat distribution measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in an Asian mother-offspring cohort. METHODS Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO), is a prospective mother-offspring birth cohort study in Singapore. Cord blood plasma leptin and adiponectin concentrations were measured using Luminex and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay respectively in 816 infants. A total of 271 neonates underwent MRI within the first 2-weeks after delivery. Abdominal superficial (sSAT), deep subcutaneous (dSAT), and intra-abdominal (IAT) adipose tissue compartment volumes were quantified from MRI images. Multivariable regression analyses were performed. RESULTS Indian or Malay ethnicity, female sex, and gestational age were positively associated with cord blood leptin and adiponectin concentrations. Maternal gestational diabetes (GDM) positively associated with cord blood leptin concentrations but inversely associated with cord blood adiponectin concentrations. Maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) showed a positive relationship with cord blood leptin but not with adiponectin concentrations. Each SD increase in cord blood leptin was associated with higher neonatal sSAT, dSAT and IAT; differences in SD (95% CI): 0.258 (0.142, 0.374), 0.386 (0.254, 0.517) and 0.250 (0.118, 0.383), respectively. Similarly, each SD increase in cord blood adiponectin was associated with higher neonatal sSAT and dSAT; differences in SD (95% CI): 0.185 (0.096, 0.274) and 0.173 (0.067, 0.278), respectively. The association between cord blood adiponectin and neonatal adiposity was observed in neonates of obese mothers only. CONCLUSIONS Cord blood leptin and adiponectin concentrations were associated with ethnicity, maternal BMI and GDM, sex and gestational age. Both adipokines showed positive association with neonatal abdominal adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Tan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mya Thway Tint
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Navin Michael
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fabian Yap
- Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- National Technological University (NTU)-Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yap Seng Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kok Hian Tan
- Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- National Technological University (NTU)-Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Keith M Godfrey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton & University Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Anis Larbi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yung Seng Lee
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat - National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shiao-Yng Chan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marielle V Fortier
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Neerja Karnani
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.
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Kebede A, Kebede A, Belina S, Biratu Y. Trends and Determinants of Small Birth Weight in Ethiopia: Further Analysis of Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys. Ethiop J Health Sci 2021; 31:299-310. [PMID: 34158782 PMCID: PMC8188088 DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v31i2.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Globally, Low Birth Weight (LBW) prevalence is estimated to be 14.6%. It is a major cause of neonatal mortality in developing countries including Ethiopia. Despite extensive institution-based studies in Ethiopia, there is no comprehensive study using countrywide data. Thus, this study aimed to investigate trends and determinants of Small Birth Weight (SBW) among under-five children in Ethiopia. Methods Under-five children data from 2000, 2005, 2011, and 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys (EDHS) were used. However, only 2787 children were weighed at birth and used for analysis in this study. Descriptive statistics and the logistic regression model were used to determine trends and determinants of SBW respectively. Results The prevalence of SBW increased from 7.0% (95% CI; 3.1–10.0) to 13.2% (95% CI; 11.4–15.0) between 2000 and 2016. The odds of SBW increased by being a female child (AOR 1.50; 95% CI [1.07–2.09]), mother's with partner occupation of agriculture (AOR 1.54; 95% CI [1.05–2.26]) and mothers who did not know their partner's occupation (AOR 7.35; 95% CI [1.96–27.48]). However, infants born to mothers with primary (AOR 0.43; 95% CI [0.29–0.65]), secondary (AOR 0.30; 95% CI [0.16–0.55]) and higher (AOR 0.55; 95% CI [0.31–0.97]) educational status versus no education and grandmultiparous mothers (OR 0.39; 95% CI [0.19–0.78]) versus primiparous had lower odds of SBW. Conclusion In Ethiopia, during the survey period, there was an increment in prevalence of SBW, and maternal related factors were significant determinants. Therefore, empowering mothers through education and improving the socioeconomic status of the household can be one strategy to reduce SBW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayantu Kebede
- Jimma University, Institute of Health, Faculty of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology
| | - Alemi Kebede
- Jimma University, Institute of Health, Faculty of Public Health, Population and Family Health Department
| | - Sena Belina
- Jimma University, Institute of Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nursing and Midwifery
| | - Yonas Biratu
- Jimma University, Institute of Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nursing and Midwifery
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Maternal Occupational Tobacco Exposure and Newborn Umbilical Cord Serum Leptin Concentration. Indian Pediatr 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13312-020-1995-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Wallace JM, Milne JS, Aitken BW, Aitken RP, Adam CL. Ovine prenatal growth-restriction and sex influence fetal adipose tissue phenotype and impact postnatal lipid metabolism and adiposity in vivo from birth until adulthood. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228732. [PMID: 32059008 PMCID: PMC7021317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue development begins in utero and is a key target of developmental programming. Here the influence of nutritionally-mediated prenatal growth-restriction on perirenal adipose tissue (PAT) gene expression and adipocyte phenotype in late fetal life was investigated in both sexes in an ovine model. Likewise circulating leptin concentrations and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and glycerol responses to glucose challenge were determined in relation to offspring adiposity at key stages from birth to mid-adult life. In both studies' singleton-bearing adolescent sheep were fed control or high nutrient intakes to induce normal or growth-restricted pregnancies, respectively. Fetal growth-restriction at day 130 of gestation (32% lighter) was characterised by greater body-weight-specific PAT mass and higher PAT expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARɤ), glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, hormone sensitive lipase (HSL), insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor, and uncoupling protein 1. Independent of prenatal growth, females had a greater body-weight-specific PAT mass, more multilocular adipocytes, higher leptin and lower insulin-like growth factor 1 mRNA than males. Growth-restricted offspring of both sexes (42% lighter at birth) were characterised by higher plasma NEFA concentrations across the life-course (post-fasting and after glucose challenge at 7, 32, 60, 85 and 106 weeks of age) consistent with reduced adipose tissue insulin sensitivity. Circulating plasma leptin correlated with body fat percentage (females>males) and restricted compared with normal females had more body fat and increased abundance of PPARɤ, HSL, leptin and adiponectin mRNA in PAT at necropsy (109 weeks). Therefore, prenatal nutrient supply and sex both influence adipose tissue development with consequences for lipid metabolism and body composition persisting throughout the life-course.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John S Milne
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Beth W Aitken
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond P Aitken
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Clare L Adam
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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Heidari Z, Mahmoudzadeh-Sagheb H, Sheibak N. Placenta structural changes in heavy smoking mothers: a stereological aspect. Curr Med Res Opin 2018; 34:1893-1897. [PMID: 29469634 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2018.1444590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Smoking during pregnancy is able to alter the structure and function of the placenta. In the present study, quantitative changes of the placenta in smoking mothers were investigated compared to healthy controls by Cavalieri's point counting method. METHODS Twenty placentas from heavy smoking mothers and non-smoker controls (n = 10 in each group) were selected. Systematic uniform random sampling (SURS) was used for sample selection and tissue sectioning. Quantitative parameters of the placenta in the selected sections were estimated after Masson's trichrome staining. Differences between the two groups were determined by the Mann Whitney U test and the significance level was set at p < .05. RESULTS Results showed that there was a significant difference in the placental weight, total volume of placenta, intervillous space, fibrin and syncytiotrophoblast between the heavy smoker group and the control group (p < .05). The differences in the volume density of fibrin and blood vessels between the smoker and control groups were statistically significant (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that quantitative parameters of the placenta significantly changed in placentas from the smoker group compared to controls. These changes can probably be associated with pregnancy complications in smoking mothers and may affect the development and survival of the fetus and even its future life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Heidari
- a Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center , Zahedan University of Medical Sciences , Zahedan , Iran
- b Department of Histology, School of Medicine , Zahedan University of Medical Sciences Zahedan , Iran
| | - Hamidreza Mahmoudzadeh-Sagheb
- a Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center , Zahedan University of Medical Sciences , Zahedan , Iran
- b Department of Histology, School of Medicine , Zahedan University of Medical Sciences Zahedan , Iran
| | - Nadia Sheibak
- b Department of Histology, School of Medicine , Zahedan University of Medical Sciences Zahedan , Iran
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Heidari Z, Mahmoudzadeh-Sagheb H, Sheibak N. Quantitative changes of extravillous trophoblast cells in heavy smoker mothers compared with healthy controls. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 30:409-414. [PMID: 28723341 DOI: 10.1071/rd17041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal smoking during pregnancy can induce structural and functional changes in the placenta. Placentas from heavy smoker (>20 cigarettes per day) mothers and non-smoker healthy controls (n=10 in each group) were enrolled in the present case-control study. Sample selection and sectioning were performed by systematic uniform random sampling (SURS). Selected sections were stained using Masson's trichrome to estimate quantitative parameters of placental extravillous trophoblast cells (EVTs) and the number of EVTs. Differences between groups were evaluated using the Mann-Whitney U-test, with significance set at P<0.05. There was a significant difference in placental weight and the total volume of the placenta between the heavy smoker and control groups (P<0.05). The total volume of EVTs, nucleus diameter, cytoplasm diameter, the volume of the nucleus and cytoplasm and the nucleus to cytoplasm ratio of EVTs were significantly greater in the heavy smoker compared with control group (P<0.05 for all). In placentas from heavy smokers, the total number of EVTs per unit volume of placental bed were significantly greater than in the control group (P<0.05 for both). In conclusion, the findings suggest that maternal smoking could affect fetal health by changing the quantitative parameters of the placenta, and likely the invasive properties of EVTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Heidari
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, 9816743175, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Mahmoudzadeh-Sagheb
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, 9816743175, Iran
| | - Nadia Sheibak
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, 9816743175, Iran
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Diagnostic value of ultrasound features and sex of fetuses in female patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7510. [PMID: 29760433 PMCID: PMC5951819 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Little work has been done on the prediction of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma in female patients who have given birth to children, which may be different from other people. We performed a retrospective review of female patients who underwent thyroidectomy, aiming at identifying special predictors of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma in female patients who have given birth to children. Univariate analysis was used to identify potential covariates for the prediction of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors and construct a regression model based on a training cohort (246 patients) and then the regression model was validated using an independent cohort (80 patients). We found that having not more than one boy, taller-than-wide shape, poorly defined margin, marked hypoechogenicity, and microcalcification were independent risk factors for the papillary thyroid microcarcinoma in multivariate analyses. The combined predictive formula had a high predictive effect for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (AUC = 0.938 for training cohort and 0.929 for validation cohort, respectively). The combined predictive formula has clinical value in the prognosis of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma and it may be simple and effective to ask fertility condition of patients to increase the US diagnosis accuracy of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma.
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Santana MG, de Velasco PC, Oliveira ORCD, Santo RE, Spreafico F, Almeida LBD, Sardinha FLDC, Tavares-do-Carmo MDG. Adiponectin, insulin and leptin levels in the cord plasma of the neonates from adolescent and adult mothers and their relationship with anthropometric parameters and fetal sex-gender. J Perinatol 2018; 38:489-495. [PMID: 29416114 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-018-0053-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the association between leptin, insulin and adiponectin levels and anthropometric measurements of term newborns of adolescent and adult mothers. STUDY DESIGN Umbilical cord plasma samples were obtained from 80 healthy term neonates (40 from teenagers and 40 from adult mothers) and adiponectin, insulin and leptin concentrations were measured. RESULTS Cord plasma adiponectin levels were higher in the boys from adult mothers than in the boys of the adolescent (p < 0.05), while plasma leptin levels in the boys of the adults were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those of girls from both groups. Univariate correlation analysis showed that leptin umbilical cord plasma levels were positively associated with birth weight in neonates from adolescents and adults. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that leptin levels showed significant positive predictor for birth weight specifically in the adult mother. CONCLUSION Gestational age, but not adipokines, showed to be a significant positive predictor factor of birth weight in adolescent pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Gonçalves Santana
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Nutricional, Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patricia Coelho de Velasco
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Nutricional, Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Olívia Rebelo Coelho de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Nutricional, Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raquel Espírito Santo
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Nutricional, Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Flavia Spreafico
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Nutricional, Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lívia Belcastro de Almeida
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Nutricional, Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fatima Lucia de Carvalho Sardinha
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Nutricional, Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria das Graças Tavares-do-Carmo
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Nutricional, Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Fleisch AF, Rifas-Shiman SL, Rokoff LB, Hivert MF, Mantzoros CS, Oken E. Associations of maternal prenatal smoking with umbilical cord blood hormones: the Project Viva cohort. Metabolism 2017; 72. [PMID: 28641780 PMCID: PMC5497769 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with low fetal growth and adverse cardiometabolic health in offspring. However, hormonal pathways underlying these associations are unclear. Therefore, we examined maternal smoking habits and umbilical cord blood hormone profiles in a large, prospective cohort. METHODS We studied 978 mother/infant pairs in Project Viva, a Boston-area cohort recruited 1999-2002. We categorized mothers as early pregnancy smokers, former smokers, or never smokers. Outcomes were cord blood concentrations of IGF-1, IGF-2, IGFBP-3, leptin, adiponectin, insulin, and C-peptide. We used linear regression models adjusted for maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), race/ethnicity, parity, education, and infant sex. We conducted analyses in the full cohort and stratified by infant sex. RESULTS Thirteen percent of women were early pregnancy smokers, 20% former smokers, and 68% never smokers. Infants of early pregnancy smokers had lower IGF-1 adjusted for IGFBP-3 [-5.2ng/mL (95% CI: -8.6, -1.7)], with more pronounced associations in girls [-10.7ng/mL (95% CI: -18.5, -2.9) vs. -4.0ng/mL (95% CI: -8.4, 0.4) for boys]. Early pregnancy smoking was not associated with cord blood hormones other than IGF-1. Infants of former smokers had a cord blood hormone profile similar to infants of never smokers. CONCLUSIONS As compared to mothers who never smoked, early pregnancy smokers had infants with lower cord blood IGF-1 which could prime adverse metabolic outcomes. This provides further reason to support smoking cessation programs in women of reproductive age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby F Fleisch
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME, USA; Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Portland, ME, USA.
| | - Sheryl L Rifas-Shiman
- Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lisa B Rokoff
- Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | - Emily Oken
- Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Chen LY, Ho C. Incense Burning during Pregnancy and Birth Weight and Head Circumference among Term Births: The Taiwan Birth Cohort Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:1487-92. [PMID: 26967367 PMCID: PMC5010412 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1509922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incense burning for rituals or religious purposes is an important tradition in many countries. However, incense smoke contains particulate matter and gas products such as carbon monoxide, sulfur, and nitrogen dioxide, which are potentially harmful to health. OBJECTIVES We analyzed the relationship between prenatal incense burning and birth weight and head circumference at birth using the Taiwan Birth Cohort Study. We also analyzed whether the associations varied by sex and along the distribution of birth outcomes. METHODS We performed ordinary least squares (OLS) and quantile regressions analysis on a sample of 15,773 term births (> 37 gestational weeks; 8,216 boys and 7,557 girls) in Taiwan in 2005. The associations were estimated separately for boys and girls as well as for the population as a whole. We controlled extensively for factors that may be correlated with incense burning and birth weight and head circumference, such as parental religion, demographics, and health characteristics, as well as pregnancy-related variables. RESULTS Findings from fully adjusted OLS regressions indicated that exposure to incense was associated with lower birth weight in boys (-18 g; 95% CI: -36, -0.94) but not girls (1 g; 95% CI: -17, 19; interaction p-value = 0.31). Associations with head circumference were negative for boys (-0.95 mm; 95% CI: -1.8, -0.16) and girls (-0.71 mm; 95% CI: -1.5, 0.11; interaction p-values = 0.73). Quantile regression results suggested that the negative associations were larger among the lower quantiles of birth outcomes. CONCLUSIONS OLS regressions showed that prenatal incense burning was associated with lower birth weight for boys and smaller head circumference for boys and girls. The associations were more pronounced among the lower quantiles of birth outcomes. Further research is necessary to confirm whether incense burning has differential effects by sex. CITATION Chen LY, Ho C. 2016. Incense burning during pregnancy and birth weight and head circumference among term births: The Taiwan Birth Cohort Study. Environ Health Perspect 124:1487-1492; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1509922.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Yu Chen
- Institute of Economics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Christine Ho
- School of Economics, Singapore Management University, Singapore
- Address correspondence to C. Ho, School of Economics, Singapore Management University, 90 Stamford Rd., Singapore 178903. Telephone: 65-68087153. E-mail:
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Wallace JM, Milne JS, Aitken RP, Redmer DA, Reynolds LP, Luther JS, Horgan GW, Adam CL. Undernutrition and stage of gestation influence fetal adipose tissue gene expression. J Mol Endocrinol 2015; 54:263-75. [PMID: 25917833 PMCID: PMC4449808 DOI: 10.1530/jme-15-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Low birthweight is a risk factor for neonatal mortality and adverse metabolic health, both of which are associated with inadequate prenatal adipose tissue development. In the present study, we investigated the impact of maternal undernutrition on the expression of genes that regulate fetal perirenal adipose tissue (PAT) development and function at gestation days 89 and 130 (term=145 days). Singleton fetuses were taken from adolescent ewes that were either fed control (C) intake to maintain adiposity throughout pregnancy or were undernourished (UN) to maintain conception weight but deplete maternal reserves (n=7/group). Fetal weight was independent of maternal intake at day 89, but by day 130, fetuses from UN dams were 17% lighter and had lower PAT mass that contained fewer unilocular adipocytes. Relative PAT expression of IGF1, IGF2, IGF2R and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) mRNA was lower in UN than in controls, predominantly at day 89. Independent of maternal nutrition, PAT gene expression of PPARG, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, hormone sensitive lipase, leptin, uncoupling protein 1 and prolactin receptor increased, whereas IGF1, IGF2, IGF1R and IGF2R decreased between days 89 and 130. Fatty acid synthase and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) mRNAs were not influenced by nutrition or stage of pregnancy. Females had greater LPL and leptin mRNA than males, and LPL, leptin and PPARG mRNAs were decreased in UN at day 89 in females only. PAT gene expression correlations with PAT mass were stronger at day 89 than they were at day 130. These data suggest that the key genes that regulate adipose tissue development and function are active beginning in mid-gestation, at which point they are sensitive to maternal undernutrition: this leads to reduced fetal adiposity by late pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Wallace
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health University of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK Department of Animal Sciences North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, USA Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
| | - John S Milne
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health University of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK Department of Animal Sciences North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, USA Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
| | - Raymond P Aitken
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health University of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK Department of Animal Sciences North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, USA Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
| | - Dale A Redmer
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health University of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK Department of Animal Sciences North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, USA Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
| | - Lawrence P Reynolds
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health University of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK Department of Animal Sciences North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, USA Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
| | - Justin S Luther
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health University of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK Department of Animal Sciences North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, USA Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health University of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK Department of Animal Sciences North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, USA Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
| | - Graham W Horgan
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health University of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK Department of Animal Sciences North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, USA Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
| | - Clare L Adam
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health University of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK Department of Animal Sciences North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, USA Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
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Wallace JM, Milne JS, Aitken RP, Adam CL. Impact of embryo donor adiposity, birthweight and gender on early postnatal growth, glucose metabolism and body composition in the young lamb. Reprod Fertil Dev 2014; 26:665-81. [DOI: 10.1071/rd13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a risk factor for metabolic syndrome, notably when associated with rapid postnatal catch-up growth. A sheep paradigm was used to assess relationships between prenatal and early postnatal growth trajectories, metabolism and body composition. Singletons (single-sire embryo transfer from obese and control donors) were gestated and suckled by overnourished adolescent dams and categorised by birthweight as IUGR or normal (N). Gestation length was equivalent in both categories and all lambs were delivered spontaneously preterm (PT; mean (± s.e.m.) 139.8 ± 1.7 days; term = 145–147 days). The IUGR lambs were smaller at birth, but fractional growth rates (FGR) for eight anthropometry parameters were higher and independent of gender (except thorax girth; males (M) < females (F)). At Day 48, fasting glucose (IUGR > N; M > F) and first-phase insulin response (to 20 min; IUGR < N; M < F) after glucose were influenced by prenatal growth and gender. Embryo donor adiposity influenced glucose tolerance only. Plasma insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (M > F) and leptin (M < F) were influenced by gender but not prenatal growth. At necropsy (Day 77), IUGR plus PT lambs had decreased carcass and visceral organ weights, but carcass composition was not different from N plus PT. In contrast, M were heavier, with lower internal fat mass, carcass fat percentage and perirenal fat leptin mRNA than F. Therefore, IUGR was associated with increased postnatal FGR and altered glucose handling, but, without absolute catch-up growth, gender had the predominant influence on postnatal leptinaemia and adiposity.
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Escartín L, Samper MP, Santabárbara J, Labayen I, Álvarez ML, Ayerza A, Oves B, Moreno LA, Rodríguez G. Determinants of birth size in Northeast Spain. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 27:677-82. [DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2013.829817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kayemba-Kay's S, Peters C, Geary MPP, Hill NR, Mathews DR, Hindmarsh PC. Maternal hyperinsulinism and glycaemic status in the first trimester of pregnancy are associated with the development of pregnancy-induced hypertension and gestational diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol 2013; 168:413-8. [PMID: 23243013 DOI: 10.1530/eje-12-0609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationships across a range of glucose and insulin measures at 12 weeks of gestation with the development of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and birth size. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prospective study of pregnant women booking before 15th week of gestation. At the first antenatal visit, standard measures of height, weight, blood pressure (BP) and social status were recorded, and blood sample was drawn for measurements of fasting glucose and plasma insulin. Oral glucose tolerance test with 75 g glucose load was performed after overnight fast. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CI were calculated to determine the risk of developing PIH or GDM depending on quartiles of blood glucose or tertiles of plasma insulin levels. RESULTS One thousand six hundred and fifty pregnant women were included in the study. Of them, 1484 delivered a live infant of whom 70 were preterm, 166 did not complete the study, 155 mothers developed PIH (10.4%), 18 were diagnosed with GDM (1.2%) and four had both PIH and GDM. At 12 weeks of gestation, women who became hypertensive were heavier (P<0.001), with higher BMI (P<0.001) than controls. Both systolic (P<0.001) and diastolic BPs (P<0.001) were already higher in women who developed PIH. Fasting insulin concentrations were higher in PIH group (P<0.002). Fasting glucose level >6.8 mmol/l was associated with the likelihood of delivering a macrosomic baby (OR 3.1 (95% CI: 1.21-8.0); P=0.02); the effect was heightened in multiparous mothers (OR 4.0 (95% CI: 1.4-11.1); P=0.01). Fasting plasma insulin had, however, no effect on size at birth in this study. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that women who develop PIH may be metabolically challenged at early stages of pregnancy with hyperinsulinism, insulin insensitivity and slightly higher BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kayemba-Kay's
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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Behl M, Rao D, Aagaard K, Davidson TL, Levin ED, Slotkin TA, Srinivasan S, Wallinga D, White MF, Walker VR, Thayer KA, Holloway AC. Evaluation of the association between maternal smoking, childhood obesity, and metabolic disorders: a national toxicology program workshop review. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2013; 121:170-80. [PMID: 23232494 PMCID: PMC3569686 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1205404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An emerging literature suggests that environmental chemicals may play a role in the development of childhood obesity and metabolic disorders, especially when exposure occurs early in life. OBJECTIVE Here we assess the association between these health outcomes and exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy as part of a broader effort to develop a research agenda to better understand the role of environmental chemicals as potential risk factors for obesity and metabolic disorders. METHODS PubMed was searched up to 8 March 2012 for epidemiological and experimental animal studies related to maternal smoking or nicotine exposure during pregnancy and childhood obesity or metabolic disorders at any age. A total of 101 studies-83 in humans and 18 in animals-were identified as the primary literature. DISCUSSION Current epidemiological data support a positive association between maternal smoking and increased risk of obesity or overweight in offspring. The data strongly suggest a causal relation, although the possibility that the association is attributable to unmeasured residual confounding cannot be completely ruled out. This conclusion is supported by findings from laboratory animals exposed to nicotine during development. The existing literature on human exposures does not support an association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and type 1 diabetes in offspring. Too few human studies have assessed outcomes related to type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome to reach conclusions based on patterns of findings. There may be a number of mechanistic pathways important for the development of aberrant metabolic outcomes following perinatal exposure to cigarette smoke, which remain largely unexplored. CONCLUSIONS From a toxicological perspective, the linkages between maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood overweight/obesity provide proof-of-concept of how early-life exposure to an environmental toxicant can be a risk factor for childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Behl
- Kelly Government Solutions, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Samper MP, Jiménez-Muro A, Nerín I, Marqueta A, Ventura P, Rodríguez G. Maternal active smoking and newborn body composition. Early Hum Dev 2012; 88:141-5. [PMID: 21821370 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2011.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Revised: 05/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with a reduction in birth size but very few studies have collated changes in neonatal anthropometry. Our aims were both to assess body composition differences by anthropometry between new-borns from smoking mothers and those from non-smoking mothers, and to show whether these differences affect proportional body mass distribution. METHODS Caucasian mothers and their full term singleton new-borns (N=1216) were selected during 2009. A structured questionnaire was completed regarding obstetric and demographic data, as well as tobacco consumption. Women were categorized, according to their smoking habits, into a non-smoking group (never smoked or stopped smoking prior to pregnancy) and a smoking group (smoked throughout pregnancy). RESULTS 22.1% of mothers smoked during pregnancy (median: 6 cigarettes/day, range: l-40). Smoking mothers were significantly younger than non-smoking mothers but there were no differences regarding other aspects which could affect infant weight. Infants from non-smoking mothers were heavier, longer, and body circumferences were all larger than those from smoking mothers (p<0.001), but the Ponderal Index showed no statistical differences. Skinfold thicknesses were significantly lower in new-borns from smoking mothers but these differences were less evident than those from body size. Subcutaneous fat distribution did not show statistical differences between the two groups. After gestational age, to smoke during gestation is the second main determinant of birth weight. CONCLUSIONS Smoking during pregnancy involves a generalized reduction of most axiological parameters as a result of proportionate fetal growth impairment. In those infants born from mothers who smoked during gestation, neonatal lean body mass appears to be more affected than body fat, and distribution of subcutaneous fat is not different.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Samper
- Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
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Stasenko S, Bradford EM, Piasek M, Henson MC, Varnai VM, Jurasović J, Kusec V. Metals in human placenta: focus on the effects of cadmium on steroid hormones and leptin. J Appl Toxicol 2010; 30:242-53. [PMID: 19847775 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium and other metallic ions can act as metalloestrogens and endocrine disruptors of reproductive tissues and fetal development in mammals, including humans. The detrimental effects occur with respect to the synthesis of both steroid and polypeptide hormones in the placenta. Leptin is produced by the trophoblast and may regulate fetal organogenesis and development. In human term placentas, concentrations of toxic metals and their effects on steroidogenesis were assessed in healthy parturients (109 non-smokers and 99 smokers) in relation to tobacco smoking. Trace elements (cadmium, lead, iron, zinc and copper) were analyzed in placentas using atomic absorption spectroscopy, and steroid hormones (progesterone and estradiol) were assayed in placental samples by an enzyme-immunometric method. Cadmium concentrations were doubled in placentas of smokers as compared with non-smokers, and placental lead and zinc concentrations increased significantly. Placental concentrations of iron, copper, progesterone and estradiol did not differ. In addition, human trophoblast cells were co-cultured with 0, 5, 10 or 20 microm CdCl(2) for 96 h and leptin mRNA assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Leptin mRNA declined dose-responsively as a result of CdCl(2) exposure. Collectively, the results confirm that human placental tissue offers a unique opportunity to biomonitor cadmium exposure in both the maternal and the internal fetal environments. In addition, the results strongly suggest that cadmium may cause a decline in placental leptin synthesis, as we have previously shown for placental progesterone production. This may constitute further evidence of the endocrine-disrupting effects of cadmium, as a constituent of tobacco smoke, on reproduction in women.
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Ray A, Cleary MP. Leptin as a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer prevention and treatment. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:443-51. [PMID: 20230196 DOI: 10.1517/14728221003716466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Obesity is considered to be an important risk factor for postmenopausal breast cancer. Elevated estrogen levels are thought to be a growth factor associated with this relationship. However, there is increasing evidence that factors produced directly in adipose tissue, adipokines, can also affect breast cancer development. Leptin is one of the adipokines that is measured in serum/plasma in increasing amounts as body weight/body fat increases. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW We highlight important aspects of leptin in relationship to mammary/breast tumor development. This includes findings from human, in vitro and animal studies. Information on leptin-related compounds which may have therapeutic use is presented. Additionally strategies to alter serum leptin levels by dietary and pharmacological interventions are discussed. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The reader will gain insights into the relationship of an adipose tissue protein and its potential role in breast cancer development as well as ways to intervene in leptin's actions. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Continued research will determine if interfering with the action of leptin has preventive or therapeutic applications in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitbha Ray
- University of Minnesota, The Hormel Institute, 801 16th Avenue NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA.
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Effect of maternal multiple micronutrient supplements on cord blood hormones: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91:1649-58. [PMID: 20375185 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetal growth improves in pregnant women who take daily maternal multiple micronutrients [United Nations International Multiple Micronutrient Preparation (UNIMMAP)] rather than iron and folic acid (IFA) alone. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to test whether such an effect was mediated by changes in concentrations of cord hormones. DESIGN In a double-blind, controlled trial carried out in Burkina Faso, we randomly assigned 1426 pregnant women to receive UNIMMAP or IFA supplements. We measured concentrations of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), leptin, insulin, free thyroxine, and cortisol in cord serum in a subsample of 294 live single newborns. We performed mediation analysis with an Aroian test. RESULTS UNIMMAP supplementation had no significant effect on cord hormone concentrations. However, UNIMMAP supplementation significantly affected concentrations of IGF-I (+30%; 95% CI: 8%, 52%; P = 0.009) and leptin in male newborns. In these infants, 51.1% (P = 0.08) of the effect of UNIMMAP supplementation on birth weight was mediated through IGF-I, whereas for female newborns, this proportion was negligible. UNIMMAP supplementation also increased cortisol concentrations by 36% (P = 0.009) in cord blood in primiparae (P for interaction = 0.02). Growth-retarded infants had 41.2% lower IGF-I (P < 0.0001) and 27.3% lower leptin (P = 0.04) than did infants with normal growth. Offspring of primiparae had reduced IGF-I and insulin concentrations, and their cortisol concentrations were 25% higher (P = 0.05). Male newborns had lower concentrations of IGF-I, leptin, and insulin than did female newborns. CONCLUSIONS UNIMMAP supplementation had sex-specific effects on cord IGF-I and leptin concentrations that were of unclear clinical significance. Other pathways may have been involved in the action of UNIMMAP on fetal growth. The specific hormonal pattern in primiparae could be related to constrained fetal growth. Confirmatory studies are warranted. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00642408.
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Multiple Correlations Between Cord Blood Leptin Concentration and Indices of Neonatal Growth. Arch Med Res 2010; 41:26-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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