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Zhao J, Wang Q, Tan AF, Loh CJL, Toh HC. Sex differences in cancer and immunotherapy outcomes: the role of androgen receptor. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1416941. [PMID: 38863718 PMCID: PMC11165033 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1416941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Across the wide range of clinical conditions, there exists a sex imbalance where biological females are more prone to autoimmune diseases and males to some cancers. These discrepancies are the combinatory consequence of lifestyle and environmental factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, and oncogenic viruses, as well as other intrinsic biological traits including sex chromosomes and sex hormones. While the emergence of immuno-oncology (I/O) has revolutionised cancer care, the efficacy across multiple cancers may be limited because of a complex, dynamic interplay between the tumour and its microenvironment (TME). Indeed, sex and gender can also influence the varying effectiveness of I/O. Androgen receptor (AR) plays an important role in tumorigenesis and in shaping the TME. Here, we lay out the epidemiological context of sex disparity in cancer and then review the current literature on how AR signalling contributes to such observation via altered tumour development and immunology. We offer insights into AR-mediated immunosuppressive mechanisms, with the hope of translating preclinical and clinical evidence in gender oncology into improved outcomes in personalised, I/O-based cancer care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhe Zhao
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qian Wang
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medical Oncology Cancer Hospital of China Medical University/Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | | | - Celestine Jia Ling Loh
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Sengkang General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Han Chong Toh
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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2
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Sundi D, Collier KA, Yang Y, Diaz DA, Pohar KS, Singer EA, Gupta S, Carson WE, Clinton SK, Li Z, Messing EM. Roles of Androgen Receptor Signaling in Urothelial Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:746. [PMID: 38398136 PMCID: PMC10886823 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16040746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical data suggest that androgen receptor signaling strongly contributes to bladder cancer development. The roles of the androgen receptor in bladder carcinogenesis have obvious implications for understanding the strong male sex bias in this disease and for potential therapeutic strategies as well. In this review, we summarize what is known about androgen receptor signaling in urothelial carcinoma as well as in tumor-infiltrating immune cells, reviewing preclinical and clinical data. We also highlight clinical trial efforts in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Sundi
- Department of Urology, Division of Urologic Oncology, Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Katharine A. Collier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yuanquan Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Dayssy Alexandra Diaz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kamal S. Pohar
- Department of Urology, Division of Urologic Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA (E.A.S.)
| | - Eric A. Singer
- Department of Urology, Division of Urologic Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA (E.A.S.)
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - William E. Carson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Steven K. Clinton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Zihai Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Edward M. Messing
- Departments of Urology, Oncology, and Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Yasui M, Cui L, Miyamoto H. Recent advances in the understanding of urothelial tumorigenesis. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2023; 23:485-493. [PMID: 37052619 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2023.2203388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder tumor suffer from disease recurrence following transurethral surgery even with intravesical pharmacotherapy, while muscle-invasive disease is often deadly. It is therefore critical to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for not only bladder tumor progression but also its tumorigenesis. Indeed, various molecules and/or signaling pathways have been suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis of bladder cancer. AREAS COVERED We summarize the progress during the last few years on the initiation or development, but not progression, of urothelial cancer. The clinical implications of these available data, including prognostic significance and possible application for the prevention of the recurrence of non-muscle-invasive bladder tumors, are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Bladder cancer is a heterogeneous group of neoplasms. The establishment of personalized therapeutic options based on the molecular profile in each case should thus be considered. On that account, further accumulation of data on urothelial tumorigenesis is warranted to identify promising targets for the prevention of postoperative tumor recurrence or tumor development in otherwise high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Yasui
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA
- James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Liam Cui
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA
- James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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4
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Sun A, Luo Y, Xiao W, Zhu Z, Yan H, Miao C, Zhang W, Bai P, Liu C, Yang D, Shao Z, Song J, Wu Z, Chen B, Xing J, Wang T. Androgen receptor transcriptionally inhibits programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression and influences immune escape in bladder cancer. J Transl Med 2023; 103:100148. [PMID: 37059268 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2023.100148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In multiple clinical trials, immune checkpoint blockade-based immunotherapy has shown significant therapeutic efficacy in bladder cancer (BCa). Sex is closely related to the incidence rate and prognosis of BCa. As one of the sex hormone receptors, the androgen receptor (AR) is a well-known key regulator that promotes the progression of BCa. However, the regulatory mechanism of AR in the immune response of BCa is still unclear. In this study, the expression of AR and programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) was negatively correlated in BCa cells, clinical tissues, and tumor data extracted from The Cancer Genome Atlas Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma (TCGA-BLCA) cohort. A human BCa cell line was transfected to alter expression of AR. The results show that AR negatively regulated PD-L1 expression by directly binding to AR response elements (AREs) on the PD-L1 promoter region. In addition, AR overexpression in BCa cells significantly enhanced the antitumor activity of co-cultured CD8+ T cells. Injection of anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies into C3H/HeN mice significantly suppressed tumor growth, and stable expression of AR dramatically enhanced the antitumor activity in vivo. In conclusion, this study describes a novel role of AR in regulating the immune response to BCa by targeting PD-L1, thus providing potential therapeutic strategies for immunotherapy in BCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anran Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Urinary Tract Tumors and Calculi, Department of Urology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Oncology Research Center, Foresea Life Insurance Guangzhou General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Luo
- The Key Laboratory of Urinary Tract Tumors and Calculi, Department of Urology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wen Xiao
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhipeng Zhu
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiang'an, Xiamen, China
| | - Hongyu Yan
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiang'an, Xiamen, China
| | - Chaohao Miao
- The Key Laboratory of Urinary Tract Tumors and Calculi, Department of Urology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wenzhao Zhang
- The School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Peide Bai
- The Key Laboratory of Urinary Tract Tumors and Calculi, Department of Urology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chenfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an, Xiamen, China
| | - Dianqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhiqiang Shao
- Xiamen University Laboratory Animal Center, Xiamen University, Xiang'an, Xiamen, China
| | - Jing Song
- Xiamen University Laboratory Animal Center, Xiamen University, Xiang'an, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhun Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Urinary Tract Tumors and Calculi, Department of Urology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Bin Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Urinary Tract Tumors and Calculi, Department of Urology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; The School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Jinchun Xing
- The Key Laboratory of Urinary Tract Tumors and Calculi, Department of Urology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; The School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Tao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Urinary Tract Tumors and Calculi, Department of Urology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; The School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
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Cai S, Feng Y, Ye J, Deng Y, Cai Z, Zhu X, Liu R, Zhang Y, Zou Z, Tang Z, Han Z, Hon CT, Zhong W, He H. The prognostic roles of CYP19A1 expression in bladder cancer patients of different genders. Transl Androl Urol 2021; 10:3579-3590. [PMID: 34733654 PMCID: PMC8511542 DOI: 10.21037/tau-21-400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The incidence of bladder cancer (BCa) in male is approximately three to four times higher than in female, but the oncological outcomes in female patients with BCa are significantly worse than in male patients. Although many biomarkers have been identified in recent decades to predict the prognosis of BCa patients, few of them are able to distinguish the prognosis of BCa patients with gender difference. Aromatase encoded by the CYP19A1 gene catalyzes the conversion of androgens to estrogens. In this study, we investigate the prognosis significance of CYP19A1 expression considering the gender difference in BCa patients from four available public databases. Methods Four available public databases of BCa, including GSE13507, TCGA-BLCA, E-MTAB-4321, and E-MTAB-1803, were utilized in this analysis. The overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in different stages and genders were evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier analysis based on the optimal cut-off values of CYP19A1 expression. Then, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) were further performed to explore the potential biologic pathways by altering CYP19A1 expression in BCa patients. Results The results showed that patients with high CYP19A1 expression had a poorer outcome compared with those with low expression in both BCa cohorts in general. Higher CYP19A1 expression in male patients were significantly associated with shorter survival for either non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) or muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). However, female NMIBC patients with high CYP19A1 expression were identified to have a better prognosis, whereas high CYP19A1 expression in female MIBC patients were significantly associated with poorer survival. The result of the GSEA showed that different outcomes in female and male patients with NMIBC were related to the interaction of CYP19A1 and the cell-cycle-related pathways. Conclusions These findings demonstrated that CYP19A1 expression might have a potential role in distinguishing the prognosis of female BCa patients dependent on tumor stage. Our results provide new insights for aromatase-mediated BCa therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanghua Cai
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanfa Feng
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianheng Ye
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yulin Deng
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiduan Cai
- Department of Urology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuejin Zhu
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ren Liu
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yixun Zhang
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihao Zou
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenfeng Tang
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaodong Han
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chi Tin Hon
- Macau Institute of Systems Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Weide Zhong
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, China.,Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Huichan He
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Weidle UH, Birzele F. Bladder Cancer-related microRNAs With In Vivo Efficacy in Preclinical Models. CANCER DIAGNOSIS & PROGNOSIS 2021; 1:245-263. [PMID: 35403137 PMCID: PMC8988954 DOI: 10.21873/cdp.10033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Progressive and metastatic bladder cancer remain difficult to treat. In this review, we critique seven up-regulated and 25 down-regulated microRNAs in order to identify new therapeutic entities and corresponding targets. These microRNAs were selected with respect to their efficacy in bladder cancer-related preclinical in vivo models. MicroRNAs and related targets interfering with chemoresistance, cell-cycle, signaling, apoptosis, autophagy, transcription factor modulation, epigenetic modification and metabolism are described. In addition, we highlight microRNAs targeting transmembrane receptors and secreted factors. We discuss druggability issues for the identified targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich H Weidle
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Birzele
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences,Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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7
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Ide H, Miyamoto H. Sex Hormone Receptor Signaling in Bladder Cancer: A Potential Target for Enhancing the Efficacy of Conventional Non-Surgical Therapy. Cells 2021; 10:1169. [PMID: 34064926 PMCID: PMC8150801 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been critical problems in the non-surgical treatment for bladder cancer, especially residence to intravesical pharmacotherapy, including BCG immunotherapy, cisplatin-based chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Recent preclinical and clinical evidence has suggested a vital role of sex steroid hormone-mediated signaling in the progression of urothelial cancer. Moreover, activation of the androgen receptor and estrogen receptor pathways has been implicated in modulating sensitivity to conventional non-surgical therapy for bladder cancer. This may indicate the possibility of anti-androgenic and anti-estrogenic drugs, apart from their direct anti-tumor activity, to function as sensitizers of such conventional treatment. This article summarizes available data suggesting the involvement of sex hormone receptors, such as androgen receptor, estrogen receptor-α, and estrogen receptor-β, in the progression of urothelial cancer, focusing on their modulation for the efficacy of conventional therapy, and discusses their potential of overcoming therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ide
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Pellerin E, Caneparo C, Chabaud S, Bolduc S, Pelletier M. Endocrine-disrupting effects of bisphenols on urological cancers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110485. [PMID: 33212129 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenols are endocrine-disrupting chemicals found in a broad range of products that can modulate hormonal signalling pathways and various other biological functions. These compounds can bind steroid receptors, e.g. estrogen and androgen receptors, expressed by numerous cells and tissues, including the prostate and the bladder, with the potential to alter their homeostasis and normal physiological functions. In the past years, exposure to bisphenols was linked to cancer progression and metastasis. As such, recent pieces of evidence suggest that endocrine-disrupting chemicals can lead to the development of prostate cancer. Moreover, bisphenols are found in the urine of the wide majority of the population. They could potentially affect the bladder's normal physiology and cancer development, even if the bladder is not recognized as a hormone-sensitive tissue. This review will focus on prostate and bladder malignancies, two urological cancers that share standard carcinogenic processes. The description of the underlying mechanisms involved in cell toxicity, and the possible roles of bisphenols in the development of prostate and bladder cancer, could help establish the putative roles of bisphenols on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Pellerin
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale/LOEX, Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, Canada; Intersectorial Centre for Endocrine Disruptors Analysis, Institut National de La Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Québec, Canada; ARThrite Research Center, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Christophe Caneparo
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale/LOEX, Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, Canada
| | - Stéphane Chabaud
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale/LOEX, Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, Canada
| | - Stéphane Bolduc
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale/LOEX, Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, Canada; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada.
| | - Martin Pelletier
- Intersectorial Centre for Endocrine Disruptors Analysis, Institut National de La Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Québec, Canada; Infectious and Immune Disease Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, Canada; Department of Microbiology-Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada; ARThrite Research Center, Laval University, Québec, Canada.
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Identification of BXDC2 as a Key Downstream Effector of the Androgen Receptor in Modulating Cisplatin Sensitivity in Bladder Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13050975. [PMID: 33652650 PMCID: PMC7956795 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13050975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary It remains unclear why chemotherapy is often ineffective in patients with bladder cancer. Meanwhile, we previously reported that male sex hormones (i.e., androgens) could considerably reduce the efficacy of cisplatin, an anti-cancer drug used as the first-line treatment against advanced bladder cancer. The present study aimed to investigate how androgen receptor signaling, which is activated by binding of androgenic hormones, modulates sensitivity to cisplatin treatment in bladder cancer, using cell line models and surgical specimens. We found that the expression levels of the androgen receptor and a molecule (BXDC2) were inversely correlated and that loss of BXDC2 was associated with cisplatin resistance. We thus provide evidence to suggest an underlying molecular mechanism responsible for androgen receptor-induced chemoresistance in bladder cancer. Abstract Underlying mechanisms for resistance to cisplatin-based chemotherapy in bladder cancer patients are largely unknown, although androgen receptor (AR) activity, as well as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling, has been indicated to correlate with chemosensitivity. We also previously showed ERK activation by androgen treatment in AR-positive bladder cancer cells. Because our DNA microarray analysis in control vs. AR-knockdown bladder cancer lines identified BXDC2 as a potential downstream target of AR, we herein assessed its functional role in cisplatin sensitivity, using bladder cancer lines and surgical specimens. BXDC2 protein expression was considerably downregulated in AR-positive or cisplatin-resistant cells. BXDC2-knockdown sublines were significantly more resistant to cisplatin, compared with respective controls. Without cisplatin treatment, BXDC2-knockdown resulted in significant increases/decreases in cell proliferation/apoptosis, respectively. An ERK activator was also found to reduce BXDC2 expression. Immunohistochemistry showed downregulation of BXDC2 expression in tumor (vs. non-neoplastic urothelium), higher grade/stage tumor (vs. lower grade/stage), and AR-positive tumor (vs. AR-negative). Patients with BXDC2-positive/AR-negative muscle-invasive bladder cancer had a significantly lower risk of disease-specific mortality, compared to those with a BXDC2-negative/AR-positive tumor. Additionally, in those undergoing cisplatin-based chemotherapy, BXDC2 positivity alone (p = 0.083) or together with AR negativity (p = 0.047) was associated with favorable response. We identified BXDC2 as a key molecule in enhancing cisplatin sensitivity. AR-ERK activation may thus be associated with chemoresistance via downregulating BXDC2 expression in bladder cancer.
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Wu G, Weng W, Xia P, Yan S, Zhong C, Xie L, Xie Y, Fan G. Wnt signalling pathway in bladder cancer. Cell Signal 2020; 79:109886. [PMID: 33340660 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most common tumours of the urinary system and is also known as a highly malignant tumour. In addition to conventional diagnosis and treatment methods, recent research has focused on studying the molecular mechanisms related to BC, in the hope that new, less toxic and effective targeted anticancer drugs and new diagnostic markers can be discovered. It is known that the Wingless (Wnt) signalling pathway and its related genes, proteins and other substances are involved in multiple biological processes of various tumours. Clarifying the contribution of the Wnt signalling pathway in bladder tumours will help establish early diagnosis indicators, develop new therapeutic drugs and evaluate the prognosis for BC. This review aims to summarise previous studies related to BC and the Wnt signalling pathway, with a focus on exploring the participating substances and their mechanisms in the regulation of the Wnt signalling pathway to better determine how to promote new chemotherapeutic drugs, potential therapeutic targets and diagnostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanlin Wu
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 13125, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin 13125, Germany.
| | - Weidong Weng
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute, BG Unfallklinik Tübingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, Tübingen D-72076, Germany.
| | - Pengfei Xia
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 13125, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin 13125, Germany.
| | - Shixian Yan
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 13125, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin 13125, Germany.
| | - Cheng Zhong
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 13125, Germany; Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany.
| | - Lei Xie
- Department of Urology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518052, China.
| | - Yu Xie
- Department of Urology, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine of Central South University, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China.
| | - Gang Fan
- Department of Urology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518052, China; Department of Urology, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine of Central South University, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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11
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Ide H, Miyamoto H. The Role of Steroid Hormone Receptors in Urothelial Tumorigenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082155. [PMID: 32759680 PMCID: PMC7465876 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical and/or clinical evidence has indicated a potential role of steroid hormone-mediated signaling pathways in the development of various neoplastic diseases, while precise mechanisms for the functions of specific receptors remain poorly understood. Specifically, in urothelial cancer where sex-related differences particularly in its incidence are noted, activation of sex hormone receptors, such as androgen receptor and estrogen receptor-β, has been associated with the induction of tumor development. More recently, glucocorticoid receptor has been implied to function as a suppressor of urothelial tumorigenesis. This article summarizes and discusses available data suggesting that steroid hormone receptors, including androgen receptor, estrogen receptor-α, estrogen receptor-β, glucocorticoid receptor, progesterone receptor and vitamin D receptor, as well as their related signals, contribute to modulating urothelial tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ide
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Correspondence:
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12
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Moorthy HK, Prabhu GGL, Venugopal P. Clinical and therapeutic implications of sex steroid hormone receptor status in urothelial bladder cancer. Indian J Urol 2020; 36:171-178. [PMID: 33082631 PMCID: PMC7531383 DOI: 10.4103/iju.iju_320_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on the clinical profile of urothelial bladder cancer (UBC) have shown significant gender differences, namely, higher occurrence in males (male-to-female ratio of 3.5:1) and an advanced stage of disease at the time of diagnosis with rapid progression of the disease after initial diagnosis seen more commonly in females. The relationship between gender and UBC is complex and probably influenced by biological and epidemiological factors. Potential contributory factors such as sex steroid hormone pathway, gender difference in environmental carcinogen exposure, metabolic enzyme activity, and disparities in the intensity of diagnostic evaluation could probably explain the demographic trends in UBC. This comprehensive review of Medline publications during the period 2009–2019 attempts to identify the possible role of sex hormone receptors in gender variation and sexual dimorphism in the occurrence and progression of UBC. The clinical implications of identifying sex steroid receptors on factors such as disease prognostication and the therapeutic role of anti-androgens in the prevention and progression of UBC are critically reviewed. There is now significant evidence in literature to suggest the possible role of sex steroid hormone receptor-mediated signals in the genesis and progression of UBC. These receptors include androgen receptors, estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, and various other orphan receptors. Excessive or reduced expression of these receptors, as well as alterations in their upstream or downstream pathways, correlate well with the clinical and therapeutic outcomes of UBC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G G Laxman Prabhu
- Department of Urology, Kasturba Medical College (A Unit of Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - P Venugopal
- Department of Urology, Kasturba Medical College (A Unit of Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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13
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Abugomaa A, Elbadawy M, Yamawaki H, Usui T, Sasaki K. Emerging Roles of Cancer Stem Cells in Bladder Cancer Progression, Tumorigenesis, and Resistance to Chemotherapy: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Bladder Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:E235. [PMID: 31963556 PMCID: PMC7016964 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is a complex and highly heterogeneous stem cell disease associated with high morbidity and mortality rates if it is not treated properly. Early diagnosis with personalized therapy and regular follow-up are the keys to a successful outcome. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the leading power behind tumor growth, with the ability of self-renewal, metastasis, and resistance to conventional chemotherapy. The fast-developing CSC field with robust genome-wide screening methods has found a platform for establishing more reliable therapies to target tumor-initiating cell populations. However, the high heterogeneity of the CSCs in BC disease remains a large issue. Therefore, in the present review, we discuss the various types of bladder CSC heterogeneity, important regulatory pathways, roles in tumor progression and tumorigenesis, and the experimental culture models. Finally, we describe the current stem cell-based therapies for BC disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Abugomaa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; (A.A.); (M.E.); (K.S.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Dakahliya, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Elbadawy
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; (A.A.); (M.E.); (K.S.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh 13736, Elqaliobiya, Egypt
| | - Hideyuki Yamawaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan;
| | - Tatsuya Usui
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; (A.A.); (M.E.); (K.S.)
| | - Kazuaki Sasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; (A.A.); (M.E.); (K.S.)
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14
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Moussa RA, Khalil EZI, Ali AI. Prognostic Role of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Markers "E-Cadherin, β-Catenin, ZEB1, ZEB2 and p63" in Bladder Carcinoma. World J Oncol 2019; 10:199-217. [PMID: 31921376 PMCID: PMC6940035 DOI: 10.14740/wjon1234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to investigate the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal markers’ E-cadherin, β-catenin, zinc-finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1), zinc-finger E-box-binding homeobox 2 (ZEB2) and p63 in transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) variants of bladder carcinoma (BC) and their correlation with clinicopathological parameters of prognostic importance. Methods In this retrospective study, 91 patients were enrolled (66 with TCC and 25 with SCC). All patients had full clinical and follow-up data and available paraffin blocks. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed and correlated with clinicopathological factors. Results In TCC cases, reduced E-cadherin, β-catenin positivity and p63 expression rate were evident in the sitting of increased expression of ZEB1 and ZEB2. Patients with ZEB2 positive tumors were more likely to die compared to those with negative ZEB2 (P = 0.024). Moreover, in patients with muscle-invasive BCs, an intense p63 expression was associated with poor overall survival (OS) (P < 0.001). For patients with SCC, there was a reduction in E-cadherin and β-catenin positivity with elevated p63 expression and concomitant increased ZEB1 and ZEB2 expression. Poor prognosis was evident in association with reduced E-cadherin, positive nuclear β-catenin/reduced membranous β-catenin, ZEB1 and ZEB2 positive cases as well patients with elevated p63 expression (P < 0.001). TCC and SCC cases showed similar poor prognosis in association with elevated p63 expression (P < 0.001). Conclusions In both TCC and SCC variants, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process is evident; however, its molecular mechanism shows some variations, specifically this notably different p63 expression pattern among two carcinoma variants with the similar impact of elevated p63 expression pattern on prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabab Ahmed Moussa
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia 61111, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed Issam Ali
- Urology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia 61111, Egypt
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15
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Sanguedolce F, Cormio L, Carrieri G, Calò B, Russo D, Menin A, Pastore AL, Greco F, Bozzini G, Galfano A, Pini G, Porreca A, Mugavero F, Falsaperla M, Ceruti C, Cindolo L, Antonelli A, Minervini A. Role of androgen receptor expression in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Histol Histopathol 2019; 35:423-432. [PMID: 31803932 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the potential prognostic/predictive role of androgen receptor (AR) expression in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), and whether it may represent a therapeutic target, we conducted a systematic search of the literature using 'androgen receptor or AR', 'testosterone', 'bladder cancer' and 'non-muscle invasive bladder cancer or NMIBC' as keywords. Eleven studies met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. No significant association was found between AR status and patients' gender (p=0.232), tumor size (p=0.975), tumor stage (p=0.237), tumor grade (p=0.444), tumor multicentricity (p=0.397), concomitant CIS (p=0.316) and progression of disease (p=0.397). On the other hand, relative lack of AR expression was significantly correlated to recurrent disease (p=0.001). Evidence for a direct correlation between AR expression and recurrence-free survival of patients with NMIBC indicate ARs as potential markers of BC behavior; moreover, the finding of a role of androgen blockade therapy in improving survival highlights the potential clinical application of this pathway, which deserves to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Sanguedolce
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Foggia, Italy. .,AGILE Group (Italian Group for Advanced Laparoscopic and Robotic Urologic Surgery), Italy
| | - Luigi Cormio
- Department of Urology and Organ Transplantation, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Carrieri
- Department of Urology and Organ Transplantation, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Beppe Calò
- Department of Urology and Organ Transplantation, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Davide Russo
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Foggia, Italy
| | - Andrea Menin
- Department of Pathology, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Antonio Luigi Pastore
- AGILE Group (Italian Group for Advanced Laparoscopic and Robotic Urologic Surgery), Italy.,Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Urology Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Francesco Greco
- AGILE Group (Italian Group for Advanced Laparoscopic and Robotic Urologic Surgery), Italy.,Department of Urology, Humanitas Gavazzeni, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giorgio Bozzini
- AGILE Group (Italian Group for Advanced Laparoscopic and Robotic Urologic Surgery), Italy.,Department of Urology, ASST Valle Olona, Busto A. (VA), Italy
| | - Antonio Galfano
- AGILE Group (Italian Group for Advanced Laparoscopic and Robotic Urologic Surgery), Italy.,Department of Urology, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovannalberto Pini
- AGILE Group (Italian Group for Advanced Laparoscopic and Robotic Urologic Surgery), Italy.,Department of Urology, San Raffaele Turro Hospital, San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Porreca
- AGILE Group (Italian Group for Advanced Laparoscopic and Robotic Urologic Surgery), Italy.,Urology Unit, Policlinico of Abano, Abano Terme, Italy
| | - Filippo Mugavero
- AGILE Group (Italian Group for Advanced Laparoscopic and Robotic Urologic Surgery), Italy.,Urology Unit, Ospedale Vittorio Emanuele, Catania, Italy
| | - Mario Falsaperla
- AGILE Group (Italian Group for Advanced Laparoscopic and Robotic Urologic Surgery), Italy.,Urology Unit, Ospedale Vittorio Emanuele, Catania, Italy
| | - Carlo Ceruti
- AGILE Group (Italian Group for Advanced Laparoscopic and Robotic Urologic Surgery), Italy.,Urology Clinic, Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Luca Cindolo
- AGILE Group (Italian Group for Advanced Laparoscopic and Robotic Urologic Surgery), Italy.,Department of Urology, ASL02 Abruzzo, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessandro Antonelli
- AGILE Group (Italian Group for Advanced Laparoscopic and Robotic Urologic Surgery), Italy.,Urology Unit, ASST-Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Minervini
- AGILE Group (Italian Group for Advanced Laparoscopic and Robotic Urologic Surgery), Italy.,Department of Oncologic, Minimally-Invasive Urology and Andrology, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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16
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Man X, Liu T, Jiang Y, Zhang Z, Zhu Y, Li Z, Kong C, He J. Silencing of CARMA3 inhibits bladder cancer cell migration and invasion via deactivating β-catenin signaling pathway. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:6309-6322. [PMID: 31496734 PMCID: PMC6693424 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s191502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bladder cancer (BC) is the ninth most common cancer and the fourteenth leading death worldwide. CARD-containing MAGUK 3 (CARMA3) protein is a novel scaffold protein known to activate NF-κB pathway and is overexpressed in BC tissues. Purpose The objective of this study was to identify how CARMA3 affects the metastasis of BC cells via the β-catenin signaling pathway. Materials and methods In the present study, 5637 and T24 BC cells with stable low expression of CARMA3 were established, and their migratory and invasive capabilities were further evaluated by wound-healing and transwell assay. The activity and expression of β-catenin were determined by Luciferase assay and immunofluoresence staining. The mRNA and protein expression levels of CARMA3, matrix metallopeptidase (MMP) 9 and MMP2 were detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot analysis. The nude mouse tumor xenograft model was established for in vivo study. Results By comparison to the control cells, CARMA3-silenced cells acquired a less aggressive phenotype: decreased migration and invasion. More importantly, we confirmed that CARM3 knockdown could inhibit β-catenin mRNA and protein expression and activity, and reduce the expression and/or activity of matrix metallopeptidase (MMP) 9, MMP2 and C-myc. Also, CARM3 silencing increased E-cadherin expression and attenuated the expression of β-catenin. Moreover, we demonstrated that β-catenin overexpression reversed the inhibiting effect of CARMA3 silencing on cell invasion and migration. Furthermore, our study illustrated that knockdown of CARMA3 suppressed BC cells xenograft tumor growth in nude mice. Conclusion We demonstrated that CARMA3 contributes to the malignant phenotype of BC cells at least by activating β-catenin signaling pathway, and it may serve as a therapeutic target for clinic treatment in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Man
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Urology, Department of Urology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Urology, Department of Urology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanjun Jiang
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Urology, Department of Urology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Urology, Department of Urology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyan Zhu
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Urology, Department of Urology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhua Li
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Urology, Department of Urology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuize Kong
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Urology, Department of Urology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiani He
- Breast Division, Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
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Interplay Between SOX9, Wnt/β-Catenin and Androgen Receptor Signaling in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092066. [PMID: 31027362 PMCID: PMC6540097 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling plays a key role not only in the initiation of prostate cancer (PCa) but also in its transition to aggressive and invasive castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). However, the crosstalk of AR with other signaling pathways contributes significantly to the emergence and growth of CRPC. Wnt/β-catenin signaling facilitates ductal morphogenesis in fetal prostate and its anomalous expression has been linked with PCa. β-catenin has also been reported to form complex with AR and thus augment AR signaling in PCa. The transcription factor SOX9 has been shown to be the driving force of aggressive and invasive PCa cells and regulate AR expression in PCa cells. Furthermore, SOX9 has also been shown to propel PCa by the reactivation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. In this review, we discuss the critical role of SOX9/AR/Wnt/β-catenin signaling axis in the development and progression of CRPC. The phytochemicals like sulforaphane and curcumin that can concurrently target SOX9, AR and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways in PCa may thus be beneficial in the chemoprevention of PCa.
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18
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Wen L, Zhang X, Bian J, Han L, Huang H, He M, Wei M, Wang P. The long non-coding RNA LINC00460 predicts the prognosis and promotes the proliferation and migration of cells in bladder urothelial carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:3874-3880. [PMID: 30881506 PMCID: PMC6403511 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) may serve an important role in cancer development and may also be suitable for use as prognostic biomarkers. At present, the role of lncRNAs in bladder cancer remains unclear. The present study examined the potential involvement of lncRNA LINC00460 in bladder urothelial carcinoma using data from The Caner Genome Atlas (TCGA) and cell line experiments. The results indicated that LINC00460 expression levels were increased in bladder urothelial carcinoma tissues and bladder cancer 5637 and T24 cell lines compared with corresponding normal controls (P<0.05). TCGA data indicated that LINC00460 expression was negatively correlated with a positive prognosis in patients with bladder urothelial carcinoma (P<0.05). Consistently, the downregulation of LINC00460 with short hairpin RNA significantly suppressed 5637 and T24 cell proliferation and migration. Therefore, it was suggested that strategies that target LINC00460 may be developed as novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of bladder cancer. In addition, the expression level of androgen receptor (AR) was downregulated in bladder urothelial carcinoma tissues and exhibited a negative correlation with the expression level of LINC00460 (r=−0.43; P<0.0001), based on the data from TCGA. We hypothesized that LINC00460 may serve an oncogenic role by regulating the expression of AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Wen
- Department of Urology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Xiling Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Jing Bian
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Li Han
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Haibo Huang
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Miao He
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Minjie Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Urology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
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19
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Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma is a tumor type featuring pronounced intertumoral heterogeneity and a high mutational and epigenetic load. The two major histopathological urothelial carcinoma types - the non-muscle-invasive and muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma - markedly differ in terms of their respective typical mutational profiles and also by their probable cells of origin, that is, a urothelial basal cell for muscle-invasive carcinomas and a urothelial intermediate cell for at least a large part of non-muscle-invasive carcinomas. Both non-muscle-invasive and muscle-invasive urothelial carcinomas can be further classified into discrete intrinsic subtypes based on their typical transcriptomic profiles. Urothelial carcinogenesis shows a number of parallels to a urothelial regenerative response. Both of these processes seem to be dominated by specific stem cell populations. In the last years, the nature and location of urothelial stem cell(s) have been subject to many controversies, which now seem to be settled down, favoring the existence of a largely single urothelial stem cell type located among basal cells. Basal cell markers have also been amply used to identify urothelial carcinoma stem cells, especially in muscle-invasive disease, but they proved useful even in some non-muscle-invasive tumors. Analyses on molecular nature of urothelial carcinoma stem cells performed till now point to their great heterogeneity, both during the tumor development and upon intertumoral comparison, sexual dimorphism providing a special example of the latter. Moreover, urothelial cancer stem cells are endowed with intrinsic plasticity, whereby they can modulate their stemness in relation to other tumor-related traits, especially motility and invasiveness. Such transitional modulations suggest underlying epigenetic mechanisms and, even within this context, inter- and intratumoral heterogeneity becomes apparent. Multiple molecular aspects of urothelial cancer stem cell biology markedly influence therapeutic response, implying their knowledge as a prerequisite to improved therapies of this disease. At the same time, the notion of urothelial cancer stem cell heterogeneity implies that this therapeutic benefit would be most probably and most efficiently achieved within the context of individualized antitumor therapy.
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20
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Inoue S, Mizushima T, Miyamoto H. Role of the androgen receptor in urothelial cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 465:73-81. [PMID: 28652170 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Men have had a substantially higher risk of developing bladder cancer than women. This has prompted research on androgen-mediated androgen receptor (AR) signaling in urothelial cancer. Indeed, increasing preclinical evidence indicates that AR activation correlates with the promotion of urothelial carcinogenesis and tumor outgrowth. In this article, we summarize and discuss available data suggesting the involvement of androgens and the AR pathway in the development and progression of urothelial cancer. Although precise mechanisms for the functions of AR and related signals in urothelial cells remain far from being fully understood, current observations may offer effective chemopreventive and therapeutic approaches for urothelial cancer. Clinical application of various anti-AR therapies available for AR-dependent prostate cancer to urothelial cancer patients is thus anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Inoue
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA; James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Taichi Mizushima
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA; James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA; James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA; Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
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21
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Androgen receptor activity modulates responses to cisplatin treatment in bladder cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:49169-49179. [PMID: 27322140 PMCID: PMC5226499 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (CDDP)-based combination chemotherapy remains the mainstream treatment for advanced bladder cancer. However, its efficacy is often limited due to the development of resistance for which underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Meanwhile, emerging evidence has indicated the involvement of androgen-mediated androgen receptor (AR) signals in bladder cancer progression. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether AR signals have an impact on sensitivity to CDDP in bladder cancer cells. UMUC3-control-short hairpin RNA (shRNA) cells with endogenous AR and AR-negative 647V/5637 cells stably expressing AR were significantly more resistant to CDDP treatment at its pharmacological concentrations, compared with UMUC3-AR-shRNA and 647V-vector/5637-vector control cells, respectively. A synthetic androgen R1881 significantly reduced CDDP sensitivity in UMUC3, 647V-AR, or 5637-AR cells, and the addition of an anti-androgen hydroxyflutamide inhibited the effect of R1881. In these AR-positive cells, R1881 treatment also induced the expression levels of NF-κB, which is known to involve CDDP resistance, and its phosphorylated form, as well as nuclear translocation of NF-κB. In CDDP-resistant bladder cancer sublines established following long-term culture with CDDP, the expression levels of AR as well as NF-κB and phospho-NF-κB were considerably elevated, compared with respective control sublines. In bladder cancer specimens, there was a strong trend to correlate between AR positivity and chemoresistance. These results suggest that AR activation correlates with CDDP resistance presumably via modulating NF-κB activity in bladder cancer cells. Targeting AR during chemotherapy may thus be a useful strategy to overcome CDDP resistance in patients with AR-positive bladder cancer.
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Yoshida T, Sopko NA, Kates M, Liu X, Joice G, McConkey DJ, Bivalacqua TJ. Three-dimensional organoid culture reveals involvement of Wnt/β-catenin pathway in proliferation of bladder cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:11060-11070. [PMID: 29541396 PMCID: PMC5834271 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been increasing awareness of the importance of three-dimensional culture of cancer cells. Tumor cells growing as multicellular spheroids in three-dimensional culture, alternatively called organoids, are widely believed to more closely mimic solid tumors in situ. Previous studies concluded that the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is required for regeneration of the normal urothelium after injury and that β-catenin is upregulated in human bladder cancers, but no clear evidence has been advanced to support the idea that the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is directly involved in deregulated proliferation and the other malignant characteristics of bladder cancer cells. Here we report that the Wnt/β-catenin pathway activator, CHIR99021, promoted proliferation of established human bladder cancer cell lines when they were grown in organoid culture but not when they were grown in conventional adherent cultures. CHIR99021 activated Wnt/β-catenin pathway in bladder cancer cell lines in organoid culture. CHIR99021 also stimulated proliferation and the Wnt/b-catenin pathway in primary human bladder cancer organoids. RNAi-mediated knockdown of β-catenin blocked growth of organoids. The effects of CHIR99021 were associated with decreased expression of the urothelial terminal differentiation marker, cytokeratin 20. Our data suggest that the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is required for the proliferation of bladder cancer cells in three-dimensional organoid culture and provide a concrete example of why organoid culture is important for cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yoshida
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nikolai A. Sopko
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Max Kates
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaopu Liu
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gregory Joice
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David J. McConkey
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- The Johns Hopkins Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Trinity J. Bivalacqua
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- The Johns Hopkins Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Effects of microRNA-135a on the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration and invasion of bladder cancer cells by targeting GSK3β through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:e429. [PMID: 29350680 PMCID: PMC5799799 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of microRNA-135a (miR-135a) targeting of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) on the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration and invasion of bladder cancer (BC) cells by mediating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. BC and adjacent normal tissues were collected from 165 BC patients. Western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR were used to detect the expression of GSK3β, β-catenin, cyclinD1, E-cadherin, vimentin and miR-135a in BC tissues and cells. Cells were assigned to blank, negative control (NC), miR-135a mimics, miR-135a inhibitors, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-GSK3β or miR-135a inhibitors+siRNA-GSK3β groups. miR-135a, β-catenin, cyclinD1 and vimentin expression increased, while GSK3β and E-cadherin expression decreased in BC tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues. Compared with the blank and NC groups, the expression of miR-135a, β-catenin, cyclinD1 and vimentin was higher, and cell proliferation, migration, invasion and tumor growth were increased in the miR-135a mimics and siRNA-GSK3β groups. These groups showed an opposite trend in GSK3β and E-cadherin expression and cell apoptosis. The miR-135a inhibitors group was inversely correlated with the blank and NC groups. It was concluded that miR-135a accelerates the EMT, invasion and migration of BC cells by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway through the downregulation of GSK3β expression.
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24
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Williams SB, Huo J, Dafashy TJ, Ghaffary CK, Baillargeon JG, Morales EE, Kim SP, Kuo YF, Orihuela E, Tyler DS, Freedland SJ, Kamat AM. Survival differences among patients with bladder cancer according to sex: Critical evaluation of radical cystectomy use and delay to treatment. Urol Oncol 2017. [PMID: 28647395 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sex differences in bladder cancer survival are well known. However, the effect of type of treatment, timing to surgery when rendered, and survival outcomes according to sex have not been extensively examined. Given the relatively low incidence of bladder cancer in females, large multicenter and population-based studies are required to elucidate sex differences in survival. In this study, we sought to characterize the effect of use and timing of radical cystectomy (RC) according to sex and survival outcomes. METHODS A total of 9,907 patients aged 66 years or older diagnosed with clinical stage II to IV N0M0 bladder cancer from January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2011 from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare data were analyzed. We used multivariable regression analyses to identify factors predicting the use and delay of RC. Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze survival outcomes. RESULTS Of the 9,907 patients diagnosed with bladder cancer, 3,256 (32.9%) were females. Women were significantly more likely to undergo RC across all stages compared to their male counterparts (stage II: relative risk [RR] = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.33-1.65, P<0.001; stage III: RR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.13-1.37, P<0.001; and stage IV: RR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.19-1.49, P<0.001). Moreover, there was no significant difference in delay to RC according to sex across all clinical stages. Using propensity score matching, women had worse overall (hazard ratio = 1.07; CI: 1.01-1.14; P = 0.024), and worse cancer-specific survival (hazard ratio = 1.26; CI: 1.17-1.36, P<0.001) than men. CONCLUSION Sex differences persist with women who are significantly more likely to undergo RC independent of clinical stage. However, women have significantly worse survival than men. Delay from diagnosis to surgery did not account for this decreased survival among women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Williams
- Division of Urology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX.
| | - Jinhai Huo
- Department of Health Services Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Tamer J Dafashy
- Division of Urology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX
| | - Cameron K Ghaffary
- Division of Urology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX
| | - Jacques G Baillargeon
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Sealy Center on Aging, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX
| | - Edwin E Morales
- The Department of Urology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Simon P Kim
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Yong-Fang Kuo
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Medicine, Sealy Center on Aging, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX
| | - Eduardo Orihuela
- Division of Urology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX
| | - Douglas S Tyler
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX
| | | | - Ashish M Kamat
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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25
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Wang C, Ross WT, Mysorekar IU. Urothelial generation and regeneration in development, injury, and cancer. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:336-343. [PMID: 28109014 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic maintenance and repair of the urothelium upon injury are required for a functional bladder in both healthy and disease conditions. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the urothelial regenerative response is key to designing strategies for tissue repair and ultimately treatments for urologic diseases including urinary tract infections, voiding dysfunction, painful bladder syndrome, and bladder cancer. In this article, we review studies on urothelial ontogeny during development and regeneration following various injury modalities. Signaling pathways involved in urothelial regeneration and in urothelial carcinogenesis are also discussed. Developmental Dynamics 246:336-343, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Whitney Trotter Ross
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Indira U Mysorekar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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26
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Androgen Receptor Signaling in Bladder Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9020020. [PMID: 28241422 PMCID: PMC5332943 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging preclinical findings have indicated that steroid hormone receptor signaling plays an important role in bladder cancer outgrowth. In particular, androgen-mediated androgen receptor signals have been shown to correlate with the promotion of tumor development and progression, which may clearly explain some sex-specific differences in bladder cancer. This review summarizes and discusses the available data, suggesting the involvement of androgens and/or the androgen receptor pathways in urothelial carcinogenesis as well as tumor growth. While the precise mechanisms of the functions of the androgen receptor in urothelial cells remain far from being fully understood, current evidence may offer chemopreventive or therapeutic options, using androgen deprivation therapy, in patients with bladder cancer.
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27
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Mizushima T, Tirador KA, Miyamoto H. Androgen receptor activation: a prospective therapeutic target for bladder cancer? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:249-257. [PMID: 28064545 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1280468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with non-muscle-invasive or muscle-invasive bladder cancer undergoing surgery and currently available conventional therapy remain having a high risk of tumor recurrence or progression, respectively. Novel targeted molecular therapy is therefore expected to improve patient outcomes. Meanwhile, substantially higher incidence of bladder cancer in men has prompted research on androgen-mediated androgen receptor (AR) signaling in this malignancy. Indeed, preclinical evidence has suggested that AR signaling plays an important role in urothelial carcinogenesis and tumor outgrowth as well as resistance to some of the currently available conventional non-surgical therapies. Areas covered: We summarize and discuss available data suggesting the involvement of AR and its potential downstream targets in the development and progression of bladder cancer. Associations between AR signaling and sensitivity to cisplatin/doxorubicin or bacillus Calmette-Guérin treatment are also reviewed. Expert opinion: AR activation is likely to correlate with the promotion of urothelial carcinogenesis and cancer outgrowth as well as resistance to conventional therapies. Molecular therapy targeting the AR may thus provide effective chemopreventive and therapeutic approaches for urothelial cancer. Accordingly, bladder cancer can now be considered as an endocrine-related neoplasm. Clinical application of various anti-AR therapies available for AR-dependent prostate cancer to bladder cancer patients is anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Mizushima
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , NY , USA.,b Wilmot Cancer Institute , University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , NY , USA
| | - Kathleen A Tirador
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , NY , USA
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , NY , USA.,b Wilmot Cancer Institute , University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , NY , USA.,c Department of Urology , University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , NY , USA
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28
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AR-Signaling in Human Malignancies: Prostate Cancer and Beyond. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9010007. [PMID: 28085048 PMCID: PMC5295778 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 1940s Charles Huggins reported remarkable palliative benefits following surgical castration in men with advanced prostate cancer, and since then the androgen receptor (AR) has remained the main therapeutic target in this disease. Over the past couple of decades, our understanding of AR-signaling biology has dramatically improved, and it has become apparent that the AR can modulate a number of other well-described oncogenic signaling pathways. Not surprisingly, mounting preclinical and epidemiologic data now supports a role for AR-signaling in promoting the growth and progression of several cancers other than prostate, and early phase clinical trials have documented preliminary signs of efficacy when AR-signaling inhibitors are used in several of these malignancies. In this article, we provide an overview of the evidence supporting the use of AR-directed therapies in prostate as well as other cancers, with an emphasis on the rationale for targeting AR-signaling across tumor types.
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29
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Marks P, Soave A, Shariat SF, Fajkovic H, Fisch M, Rink M. Female with bladder cancer: what and why is there a difference? Transl Androl Urol 2016; 5:668-682. [PMID: 27785424 PMCID: PMC5071204 DOI: 10.21037/tau.2016.03.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
While men are at a considerable higher risk of developing urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB), women present with more advanced disease stages and seem to experience unfavorable outcomes. Evaluating specific differences in the UCB incidence and outcomes between both genders in the non-muscle invasive, muscle-invasive or locally advanced and metastatic setting, as well as determining the underlying causes of disease, may allow optimizing treatment and improving the quality of urological care among both genders. In this review we summarize the best evidence and most recent findings on gender-specific differences in UCB incidence and outcomes. In addition, we present a comprehensive overview on established and potential reasons for differences in gender-specific UCB outcomes, including disparities in the pelvic anatomy, the diagnostic work-up, the modality and quality of treatment, the exposure to risk factors, the degradation of carcinogens as well as the sex-hormone signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Marks
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Armin Soave
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Harun Fajkovic
- Department of Urology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Margit Fisch
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Rink
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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30
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Kawahara T, Shareef HK, Aljarah AK, Ide H, Li Y, Kashiwagi E, Netto GJ, Zheng Y, Miyamoto H. ELK1 is up-regulated by androgen in bladder cancer cells and promotes tumor progression. Oncotarget 2016; 6:29860-76. [PMID: 26342199 PMCID: PMC4745768 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about biological significance of ELK1, a transcriptional factor that activates downstream targets including c-fos proto-oncogene, in bladder cancer. Recent preclinical evidence also suggests the involvement of androgen receptor (AR) signaling in bladder cancer progression. In this study, we aim to investigate the functions of ELK1 in bladder cancer growth and their regulation by AR signals. Immunohistochemistry in bladder tumor specimens showed that the levels of phospho-ELK1 (p-ELK1) expression were significantly elevated in urothelial neoplasms, compared with non-neoplastic urothelium tissues, and were also correlated with AR positivity. Patients with p-ELK1-positive non-muscle-invasive and muscle-invasive tumors had significantly higher risks for tumor recurrence and progression, respectively. In AR-positive bladder cancer cell lines, dihydrotestosterone treatment increased ELK1 expression (mRNA, protein) and its nuclear translocation, ELK1 transcriptional activity, and c-fos expression, which was restored by an anti-androgen hydroxyflutamide. ELK1 silencing via short hairpin RNA (shRNA) resulted in decreases in cell viability/colony formation, and cell migration/invasion as well as an increase in apoptosis. Importantly, ELK1 appears to require activated AR to regulate bladder cancer cell proliferation, but not cell migration. Androgen also failed to significantly induce AR transactivation in ELK1-knockdown cells. In accordance with our in vitro findings, ELK1-shRNA expression considerably retarded tumor formation as well as its growth in xenograft-bearing male mice. Our results suggest that ELK1 plays an important role in bladder tumorigenesis and cancer progression, which is further induced by AR activation. Accordingly, ELK1 inhibition, together with AR inactivation, has the potential of being a therapeutic approach for bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kawahara
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Urology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hasanain Khaleel Shareef
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Babylon College of Science for Women, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Ali Kadhim Aljarah
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Baghdad College of Science, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Hiroki Ide
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Urology, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Eiji Kashiwagi
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - George J Netto
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yichun Zheng
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Urology, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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31
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Enzalutamide inhibits androgen receptor-positive bladder cancer cell growth. Urol Oncol 2016; 34:432.e15-23. [PMID: 27330033 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Emerging preclinical evidence suggests that androgen-mediated androgen receptor (AR) signals promote bladder cancer progression. However, little is known about the efficacy of an AR signaling inhibitor, enzalutamide, in the growth of bladder cancer cells. In this study, we compared the effects of enzalutamide and 2 other classic antiandrogens, flutamide and bicalutamide, on androgen-induced bladder cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion as well as tumor growth in vivo. METHODS Thiazolyl blue cell viability assay, flow cytometry, scratch wound-healing assay, transwell invasion assay, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and reporter gene assay were performed in AR-positive (e.g., UMUC3, TCCSUP, and 647V-AR) and AR-negative (e.g., UMUC3-AR-short hairpin RNA [shRNA], TCCSUP-AR-shRNA, 647V) bladder cancer lines treated with dihydrotestosterone and each AR antagonist. We also used a mouse xenograft model for bladder cancer. RESULTS Dihydrotestosterone increased bladder cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion indicating that endogenous or exogenous AR was functional. Enzalutamide, hydroxyflutamide, and bicalutamide showed similar inhibitory effects, without significant agonist activity, on androgen-mediated cell viability/apoptosis, cell migration, and cell invasion in AR-positive lines. No significant effects of dihydrotestosterone as well as AR antagonists on the growth of AR-negative cells were seen. Correspondingly, in UMUC3 cells, these AR antagonists down-regulated androgen-induced expression of AR, matrix metalloproteinase-2, and interleukin-6. Androgen-enhanced AR-mediated transcriptional activity was also blocked by each AR antagonist exhibiting insignificant agonist activity. In UMUC3 xenograft-bearing mice, oral gavage treatment with each antiandrogen retarded tumor growth, and only enzalutamide demonstrated a statistically significant suppression compared with mock treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our current data support recent observations indicating the involvement of the AR pathway in bladder cancer growth and further suggest that AR antagonists, including enzalutamide, are of therapeutic benefit in AR-positive bladder cancer.
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32
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Godoy G, Gakis G, Smith CL, Fahmy O. Effects of Androgen and Estrogen Receptor Signaling Pathways on Bladder Cancer Initiation and Progression. Bladder Cancer 2016; 2:127-137. [PMID: 27376135 PMCID: PMC4927898 DOI: 10.3233/blc-160052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have long demonstrated clear differences in incidence and progression of bladder cancer between genders suggesting that the mechanisms of development and progression in these tumors have a strong association with steroid hormonal pathways. Such observations led to preclinical studies investigating the role of androgen and estrogen receptors, as well as their cognate hormones in bladder cancer initiation and progression. Using various in vitro cell line assays and in vivo mouse models, studies have elucidated different mechanisms and signaling pathways through which these steroid receptors may participate in this disease. More recently, RNA expression data from multiple studies revealed a luminal subtype of bladder cancer that exhibited an estrogen receptor signaling pathway, making it a strong candidate for further consideration of targeted therapies in the future. Despite the promising preclinical data demonstrating potential roles for both antiandrogen and antiestrogen strategies targeting these pathways in different stages of bladder cancer, only two clinical trials are currently active and accruing patients for such clinical studies. Targeted therapies in bladder cancer are a large unmet need and have the potential to change treatment paradigms and improve oncological outcomes of patients with bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Godoy
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Georgios Gakis
- Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls University , Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Carolyn L Smith
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Omar Fahmy
- Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls University , Tuebingen, Germany
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33
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Izumi K, Ito Y, Miyamoto H, Miyoshi Y, Ota J, Moriyama M, Murai T, Hayashi H, Inayama Y, Ohashi K, Yao M, Uemura H. Expression of androgen receptor in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer predicts the preventive effect of androgen deprivation therapy on tumor recurrence. Oncotarget 2016; 7:14153-60. [PMID: 26885620 PMCID: PMC4924704 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Our recent retrospective study revealed a significantly reduced risk of bladder cancer (BC) recurrence in men who received androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for their prostate cancer. However, whether androgen receptor (AR) signals contributed to the preventive effect of ADT remained unclear because ADT could reduce serum estrogens as well. The purpose of this study is to investigate the associations between the expression of AR/estrogen receptors (ERs) and BC recurrence in patients treated with ADT. We immunohistochemically stained 72 BCs and 42 corresponding normal urothelial tissues. AR/ERα/ERβ were positive in 44(61%)/22(31%)/39(54%) tumors and 35(83%)/24(57%)/34(81%) corresponding normal urothelial tissues, respectively. There were no statistically significant correlations between AR/ERα/ERβ expression and clinicopathological features of BC. With a median follow-up of 31.3 months, 12 (43%) of 28 patients with AR-negative tumor versus 11 (23%) of 44 patients with AR-positive tumor experienced BC recurrence. Thus, patients with AR-positive tumor had a significantly lower risk of BC recurrence (P=0.031), compared with those with AR-negative tumor. Meanwhile, the expression of ERα/ERβ in tumors and that of AR/ERα/ERβ in normal urothelial tissues were not significantly correlated with BC recurrence. A multivariate analysis revealed AR positivity in tumors as an independent prognosticator (hazard ratio: 0.27; 95% confidence interval: 0.11-0.67) for BC recurrence. These results indicate that ADT prevents BC recurrence via the AR pathway, but not via the ERα/ERβ pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Izumi
- Department of Urology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Urology, Yokohama Municipal Citizen's Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ito
- Department of Urology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yasuhide Miyoshi
- Department of Urology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Junichi Ota
- Department of Urology, Yokohama Municipal Citizen's Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Moriyama
- Department of Urology, Yokohama Municipal Citizen's Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Murai
- Department of Urology, International Goodwill Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hayashi
- Department of Pathology, Yokohama Municipal Citizen's Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Inayama
- Department of Pathology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kenichi Ohashi
- Department of Pathology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yao
- Department of Urology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroji Uemura
- Department of Urology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
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34
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Johnson DT, Hooker E, Luong R, Yu EJ, He Y, Gonzalgo ML, Sun Z. Conditional Expression of the Androgen Receptor Increases Susceptibility of Bladder Cancer in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148851. [PMID: 26862755 PMCID: PMC4749068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer represents a significant human tumor burden, accounting for about 7.7% and 2.4% of all cancer cases in males and females, respectively. While men have a higher risk of developing bladder cancer, women tend to present at a later stage of disease and with more aggressive tumors. Previous studies have suggested a promotional role of androgen signaling in enhancing bladder cancer development. To directly assess the role of androgens in bladder tumorigenesis, we have developed a novel transgenic mouse strain, R26hARLoxP/+:Upk3aGCE/+, in which the human AR transgene is conditionally expressed in bladder urothelium. Intriguingly, both male and female R26hARLoxP/+:Upk3aGCE/+ mice display a higher incidence of urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) than the age and sex matched control littermates in response to the carcinogen, N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine (BBN). We detect expression of the human AR transgene in CK5-positive and p63-positive basal cells in bladder urothelium. Further analyses of UCC tissues from R26hARLoxP/+:Upk3aGCE/+ mice showed that the majority of tumor cells are of urothelial basal cell origin. Positive immunostaining of transgenic AR protein was observed in the majority of tumor cells of the transgenic mice, providing a link between transgenic AR expression and oncogenic transformation. We observed an increase in Ki67 positive cells within the UCC lesions of transgenic AR mice. Manipulating endogenous androgen levels by castration and androgen supplementation directly affected bladder tumor development in male and female R26hARLoxP/+:Upk3aGCE/+ mice, respectively. Taken together, our data demonstrate for the first time that conditional activation of transgenic AR expression in bladder urothelium enhances carciongen-induced bladder tumor formation in mice. This new AR transgenic mouse line mimics certain features of human bladder cancer and can be used to study bladder tumorigenesis and for drug development.
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MESH Headings
- Androgens
- Animals
- Butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/chemically induced
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/etiology
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/genetics
- Cell Division
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Drug Implants
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Integrases
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/chemically induced
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/etiology
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/genetics
- Orchiectomy
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/physiology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Tamoxifen/pharmacology
- Testosterone/administration & dosage
- Transgenes
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/chemically induced
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/etiology
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/genetics
- Uroplakin III/biosynthesis
- Uroplakin III/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T. Johnson
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305–5328, United States of America
| | - Erika Hooker
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305–5328, United States of America
| | - Richard Luong
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305–5328, United States of America
| | - Eun-Jeong Yu
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305–5328, United States of America
| | - Yongfeng He
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305–5328, United States of America
| | - Mark L. Gonzalgo
- Department of Urology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, United States of America
| | - Zijie Sun
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305–5328, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ide H, Miyamoto H. Steroid Hormone Receptor Signals as Prognosticators for Urothelial Tumor. DISEASE MARKERS 2015; 2015:840640. [PMID: 26770009 PMCID: PMC4685115 DOI: 10.1155/2015/840640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is a substantial amount of preclinical or clinical evidence suggesting that steroid hormone receptor-mediated signals play a critical role in urothelial tumorigenesis and tumor progression. These receptors include androgen receptor, estrogen receptors, glucocorticoid receptor, progesterone receptor, vitamin D receptor, retinoid receptors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, and others including orphan receptors. In particular, studies using urothelial cancer tissue specimens have demonstrated that elevated or reduced expression of these receptors as well as alterations of their upstream or downstream pathways correlates with patient outcomes. This review summarizes and discusses available data suggesting that steroid hormone receptors and related signals serve as biomarkers for urothelial carcinoma and are able to predict tumor recurrence or progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ide
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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36
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Androgen deprivation therapy prevents bladder cancer recurrence. Oncotarget 2015; 5:12665-74. [PMID: 25557268 PMCID: PMC4350350 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although accumulating preclinical evidence indicates the involvement of androgen receptor signals in bladder cancer (BC) development, its clinical relevance remains unclear. We aimed to evaluate the predictive role of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in BC recurrence in prostate cancer (PC) patients. We retrospectively reviewed 20,328 patients with PC diagnosed during 1991–2013 and identified 239 (1.2%) men having primary BC. After excluding ineligible patients, 162 patients made up a final cohort. With a median follow-up of 62 months, 38 (50%) of 76 control patients without ADT experienced BC recurrence, while 19 (22%) of 86 did in ADT group. Thus, patients having received ADT for their PC showed a significantly lower risk of BC recurrence (5-year actuarial recurrence-free survival: 76% v 40%; P < 0.001) and also had a significantly smaller number of recurrence episodes (5-year cumulative recurrence: 0.44 v 1.54; P < 0.001), compared to the control patients. A multivariable analysis revealed ADT as an independent prognosticator (hazard ratio, 0.29; 95% confidence interval, 0.17–0.49) for BC recurrence. This is the first clinical study showing that ADT significantly reduces the risk of BC recurrence.
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37
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Lombard AP, Mudryj M. The emerging role of the androgen receptor in bladder cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:R265-77. [PMID: 26229034 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Men are three to four times more likely to get bladder cancer than women. The gender disparity characterizing bladder cancer diagnoses has been investigated. One hypothesis is that androgen receptor (AR) signaling is involved in the etiology and progression of this disease. Although bladder cancer is not typically described as an endocrine-related malignancy, it has become increasingly clear that AR signaling plays a role in bladder tumors. This review summarizes current findings regarding the role of the AR in bladder cancer. We discuss work demonstrating AR expression in bladder cancer and its role in promoting formation and progression of tumors. Additionally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting the AR in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan P Lombard
- Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health Care System Mather, California, USA Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Biochemistry Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Group and Biotechnology Program, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Tupper Hall 3147, UC Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health Care System Mather, California, USA Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Biochemistry Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Group and Biotechnology Program, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Tupper Hall 3147, UC Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health Care System Mather, California, USA Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Biochemistry Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Group and Biotechnology Program, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Tupper Hall 3147, UC Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Maria Mudryj
- Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health Care System Mather, California, USA Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Biochemistry Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Group and Biotechnology Program, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Tupper Hall 3147, UC Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health Care System Mather, California, USA Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Biochemistry Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Group and Biotechnology Program, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Tupper Hall 3147, UC Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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SENP2 regulates MMP13 expression in a bladder cancer cell line through SUMOylation of TBL1/TBLR1. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13996. [PMID: 26369384 PMCID: PMC4570209 DOI: 10.1038/srep13996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is the most popular malignant urinary cancer in China. BC has the highest incidence and mortality among all genitourinary system tumors. Although the early-stage BC could be treated with advanced electron flexible systourethroscope, early metastasis of the BC occur frequently, and often results in poor prognosis. Recently, we reported that small ubiquitin related modifier (SUMO)-specific protease 2 (SENP2) was downregulated in BC specimen. SENP2 appeared to inhibit migration and invasion of bladder cancer cells in vitro, through suppressing MMP13 in BC cells. However, the exact underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we reported that SENP2 inhibited nuclear translocation of β-catenin, which targeted the promotor of MMP13 to activate MMP13 to enhance BC cell metastasis. WNT ligands induced TBL1/TBLR1 SUMOylation to form complexes with β-catenin to facilitate β-catenin nuclear translocation, which could be efficiently inhibited through suppression of SUMOylation of TBL1/TBLR1. Together, our data suggest that SENP2 inhibits MMP13 expression in BC cells through de-SUMOylation of TBL1/TBLR1, which inhibits nuclear translocation of β-catenin. Thus, SENP2 may be a promising therapeutic target for BC.
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Zheng Y, Ishiguro H, Ide H, Inoue S, Kashiwagi E, Kawahara T, Jalalizadeh M, Reis LO, Miyamoto H. Compound A Inhibits Bladder Cancer Growth Predominantly via Glucocorticoid Receptor Transrepression. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:1486-97. [PMID: 26322830 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that glucocorticoids (GCs) suppress bladder cancer cell invasion through the GC receptor (GR) pathway, whereas androgen-mediated androgen receptor (AR) signals induce bladder tumor progression. In this study, we assessed the effects of 2-(4-acetoxyphenyl)-2-chloro-N-methyl-ethylammonium chloride (compound A [CpdA]), which was shown to function as not only a GR modulator but also an AR antagonist, on the growth of bladder cancer. In GR/AR-positive cells, CpdA strongly inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation as well as increased G1 phase-arrested cell population and apoptosis. Specifically, CpdA at 1μM decreased cell viability of TCCSUP/UMUC3-control-short hairpin RNA (shRNA), TCCSUP/UMUC3-GR-shRNA, and TCCSUP/UMUC3-AR-shRNA by 50%/67%, 25%/26%, and 38%/58%, respectively. CpdA also inhibited cell migration and invasion of GR/AR-positive (up to 61% decrease) and GR-positive/AR-silencing (up to 51% decrease) lines and, less strongly, those of GR-silencing/AR-positive lines (up to 35% decrease). Additionally, in UMUC3-control xenograft-bearing male mice, CpdA more strongly suppressed tumor growth than dexamethasone or hydroxyflutamide. In reporter gene assays, CpdA failed to induce GR transactivation, whereas it antagonized dihydrotestosterone-enhanced AR transactivation. In contrast, CpdA reduced nuclear factor (NF)-κB and activator protein 1 transcriptional activities, indicating induction of GR-mediated transrepression. Correspondingly, the expression of NF-κB-related molecules, matrix metalloproteinase-2, matrix metalloproteinase-9, interleukin-6, and vascular endothelial growth factor, was significantly down-regulated by CpdA in control lines but not in GR-silencing cells. Moreover, coimmunoprecipitation showed that CpdA promoted the interactions between GR and NF-κB. Thus, CpdA likely inhibits bladder cancer growth predominantly via inducing GR transrepression and at least partially mediated through the AR pathway, suggesting its effects more beneficial than GCs/pure GR ligands or AR antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichun Zheng
- Department of Urology (Y.Z.), Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; Departments of Pathology and Urology (Y.Z., H.Is., H.Id., S.I., E.K., T.K., M.J., L.O.R., H.M.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Y.Z., H.Is., T.K., H.M.), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642; and Photocatalyst Group (H.Is.), Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ishiguro
- Department of Urology (Y.Z.), Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; Departments of Pathology and Urology (Y.Z., H.Is., H.Id., S.I., E.K., T.K., M.J., L.O.R., H.M.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Y.Z., H.Is., T.K., H.M.), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642; and Photocatalyst Group (H.Is.), Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ide
- Department of Urology (Y.Z.), Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; Departments of Pathology and Urology (Y.Z., H.Is., H.Id., S.I., E.K., T.K., M.J., L.O.R., H.M.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Y.Z., H.Is., T.K., H.M.), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642; and Photocatalyst Group (H.Is.), Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Department of Urology (Y.Z.), Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; Departments of Pathology and Urology (Y.Z., H.Is., H.Id., S.I., E.K., T.K., M.J., L.O.R., H.M.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Y.Z., H.Is., T.K., H.M.), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642; and Photocatalyst Group (H.Is.), Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Eiji Kashiwagi
- Department of Urology (Y.Z.), Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; Departments of Pathology and Urology (Y.Z., H.Is., H.Id., S.I., E.K., T.K., M.J., L.O.R., H.M.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Y.Z., H.Is., T.K., H.M.), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642; and Photocatalyst Group (H.Is.), Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Takashi Kawahara
- Department of Urology (Y.Z.), Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; Departments of Pathology and Urology (Y.Z., H.Is., H.Id., S.I., E.K., T.K., M.J., L.O.R., H.M.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Y.Z., H.Is., T.K., H.M.), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642; and Photocatalyst Group (H.Is.), Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Mehrsa Jalalizadeh
- Department of Urology (Y.Z.), Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; Departments of Pathology and Urology (Y.Z., H.Is., H.Id., S.I., E.K., T.K., M.J., L.O.R., H.M.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Y.Z., H.Is., T.K., H.M.), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642; and Photocatalyst Group (H.Is.), Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Leonardo O Reis
- Department of Urology (Y.Z.), Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; Departments of Pathology and Urology (Y.Z., H.Is., H.Id., S.I., E.K., T.K., M.J., L.O.R., H.M.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Y.Z., H.Is., T.K., H.M.), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642; and Photocatalyst Group (H.Is.), Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Department of Urology (Y.Z.), Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; Departments of Pathology and Urology (Y.Z., H.Is., H.Id., S.I., E.K., T.K., M.J., L.O.R., H.M.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Y.Z., H.Is., T.K., H.M.), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642; and Photocatalyst Group (H.Is.), Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
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Progress made in the use of animal models for the study of high-risk, nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. Curr Opin Urol 2015; 24:512-6. [PMID: 24921908 DOI: 10.1097/mou.0000000000000087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW High-risk, nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (HR-NMIBC) represents a costly and difficult-to-treat disease, the molecular pathogenesis of which has a limited understanding. Most preclinical models for the study of bladder cancer are more appropriate for the study of advanced disease. However, recent key advances in preclinical animal models places us at an opportune position to better understand HR-NMIBC. RECENT FINDINGS Discoveries in the basic sciences allow us to better understand tumor biology when building models of bladder cancer. Of note, a key study on urothelial progenitor cells recently highlighted an important role for Sonic hedgehog-positive cells and retinoid signaling that is essential for urothelial development and regeneration. In the translational realm, transgenic mouse models continue to be used, with a recent interest in the role of Wnt/beta-catenin in urothelial carcinomas. Tissue recombination models are also being increasingly utilized to better recreate the tissue microenvironment and better understand stromal-epithelial interactions and the impact of genetic alterations on tissue differentiation. Lastly, the avatar mouse systems, which involve direct xenotransplantation of human tumor specimens into immunocompromised mice, represent an additional approach to study cancer characteristics in a preserved tissue context. SUMMARY With molecular alterations remaining an unclear area of our understanding of HR-NMIBC, preclinical models of bladder cancer serve as essential tools to discover specific genetic compromises in disease pathogenesis and the therapeutics to treat them.
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Tian YE, Xie XU, Lin Y, Tan G, Zhong WU. Androgen receptor in hepatocarcinogenesis: Recent developments and perspectives. Oncol Lett 2015; 9:1983-1988. [PMID: 26136999 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that males are at a higher risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) compared with females. Identifying the factors that cause this gender-specific difference in the incidence of HCC has long been considered important for revealing the molecular mechanisms involved in hepatocarcinogenesis. Given the unprecedented tools that are now available for molecular research, genetic studies have established that the androgen receptor (AR) may be partly responsible for gender disparity in HCC. AR has a dual role, promoting HCC initiation and development, as well as suppressing HCC metastasis. The present review provides an overview of the involvement of AR signaling in HCC. The review highlighted important studies, examples of the direct AR transcriptional target genes involved in HCC and novel theories concerning the conventional concept, suggesting that targeting the AR, rather than the androgen, may provide an improved therapeutic approach for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y E Tian
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - X U Xie
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Yao Lin
- Department of Urology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Guang Tan
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - W U Zhong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
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Kawahara T, Kashiwagi E, Ide H, Li Y, Zheng Y, Miyamoto Y, Netto GJ, Ishiguro H, Miyamoto H. Cyclosporine A and tacrolimus inhibit bladder cancer growth through down-regulation of NFATc1. Oncotarget 2015; 6:1582-93. [PMID: 25638160 PMCID: PMC4359316 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional role of nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT), a key regulator of the immune response, in bladder cancer progression remains uncertain. In this study, we assessed biological significance of NFAT in human bladder cancer. Immunohistochemistry detected nuclear/cytoplasmic NFATc1 signals in 14 (21.5%)/34 (52.3%), respectively, of 65 muscle-invasive bladder carcinomas and showed that patients with nuclear NFATc1-positive tumor had a significantly higher risk of disease progression (P = 0.006). In bladder cancer cell lines, cyclosporine A (CsA) and tacrolimus (FK506), immunosuppressant drugs/non-selective NFAT inhibitors, attenuated NFATc1 expression and its nuclear translocation, NFAT transcriptional activity, and the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and c-myc, downstream targets of NFATc1. NFAT inhibition via NFATc1-small interfering RNA (siRNA) or treatment with these NFAT inhibitors resulted in decreases in cell viability/colony formation, cell migration/invasion, and the expression/activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9, as well as an increase in apoptosis, in the parental/control lines. No significant additional inhibition in the viability and invasion of NFATc1-siRNA cells was seen. In xenograft-bearing mice, CsA and FK506 significantly retarded tumor growth. These results suggest that NFATc1 plays an important role in bladder cancer outgrowth. Thus, NFATc1 inactivation, especially using CsA and FK506, has the potential of being a therapeutic approach for bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kawahara
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Eiji Kashiwagi
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hiroki Ide
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Yichun Zheng
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Yurina Miyamoto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - George J. Netto
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hitoshi Ishiguro
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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43
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Kawahara T, Kashiwagi E, Li Y, Zheng Y, Miyamoto Y, Netto GJ, Ishiguro H, Miyamoto H. Cyclosporine A and tacrolimus inhibit urothelial tumorigenesis. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:161-9. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kawahara
- Departments of Pathology and Urology; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore Maryland
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Rochester Medical Center; Rochester New York
| | - Eiji Kashiwagi
- Departments of Pathology and Urology; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore Maryland
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Rochester Medical Center; Rochester New York
| | - Yichun Zheng
- Departments of Pathology and Urology; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore Maryland
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Rochester Medical Center; Rochester New York
| | - Yurina Miyamoto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Rochester Medical Center; Rochester New York
| | - George J. Netto
- Departments of Pathology and Urology; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore Maryland
| | - Hitoshi Ishiguro
- Departments of Pathology and Urology; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore Maryland
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Rochester Medical Center; Rochester New York
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Departments of Pathology and Urology; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore Maryland
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Rochester Medical Center; Rochester New York
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Ding J, Xu D, Pan C, Ye M, Kang J, Bai Q, Qi J. Current animal models of bladder cancer: Awareness of translatability (Review). Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:691-699. [PMID: 25120584 PMCID: PMC4113637 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental animal models are crucial in the study of biological behavior and pathological development of cancer, and evaluation of the efficacy of novel therapeutic or preventive agents. A variety of animal models that recapitulate human urothelial cell carcinoma have thus far been established and described, while models generated by novel techniques are emerging. At present a number of reviews on animal models of bladder cancer comprise the introduction of one type of method, as opposed to commenting on and comparing all classifications, with the merits of a certain method being explicit but the shortcomings not fully clarified. Thus the aim of the present study was to provide a summary of the currently available animal models of bladder cancer including transplantable (which could be divided into xenogeneic or syngeneic, heterotopic or orthotopic), carcinogen-induced and genetically engineered models in order to introduce their materials and methods and compare their merits as well as focus on the weaknesses, difficulties in operation, associated problems and translational potential of the respective models. Findings of these models would provide information for authors and clinicians to select an appropriate model or to judge relevant preclinical study findings. Pertinent detection methods are therefore briefly introduced and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ding
- Department of Urology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Yangpu, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Ding Xu
- Department of Urology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Yangpu, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Chunwu Pan
- Department of Urology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Yangpu, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Min Ye
- Department of Urology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Yangpu, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Jian Kang
- Department of Urology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Yangpu, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Bai
- Department of Urology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Yangpu, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Jun Qi
- Department of Urology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Yangpu, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
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Jing Y, Cui D, Guo W, Jiang J, Jiang B, Lu Y, Zhao W, Wang X, Jiang Q, Han B, Xia S. Activated androgen receptor promotes bladder cancer metastasis via Slug mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cancer Lett 2014; 348:135-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Li Y, Ishiguro H, Kawahara T, Kashiwagi E, Izumi K, Miyamoto H. Loss of GATA3 in bladder cancer promotes cell migration and invasion. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15:428-35. [PMID: 24448324 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.27631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor GATA3 is known as a breast tumor suppressor as well as a urothelial marker, and its loss is often seen in high-grade invasive bladder cancer. Nonetheless, GATA3 functions in bladder cancer cells remain largely unknown. In this study, we assessed the effects of GATA3 silencing via RNA interference on cell migration, invasion, and proliferation of bladder cancer. GATA3 expression was downregulated in all four bladder cancer lines examined, compared with a non-neoplastic urothelial line SVHUC. Knockdown of GATA3 in the bladder cancer lines (5637, TCC-SUP, J82) resulted in promotion of cell migration and invasion as well as increases in the expression of their related molecules, such as vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and MMP-9, and the activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9. GATA3 loss was also associated with an increasing level of a mesenchymal marker N-cadherin and a decreasing level of an epithelial marker β-catenin. Consistent with these findings, enforced expression of GATA3 in UMUC3 inhibited cell migration and invasion. However, GATA3 showed marginal effects on bladder cancer cell viability and the expression of cell cycle- or apoptosis-related molecules. Additionally, in contrast to bladder cancer lines, no significant effects of GATA3 silencing on cell migration were seen in SVHUC. These findings suggest that GATA3 plays an important role in the prevention of bladder cancer progression and metastasis by inhibiting cell migration and invasion as well as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Rochester Medical Center; Rochester, NY USA; Department of Urology; 2nd Affiliated Hospital; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Hitoshi Ishiguro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Rochester Medical Center; Rochester, NY USA; Departments of Pathology and Urology; Johns hopkins University school of Medicine; Baltimore, MD UsA
| | - Takashi Kawahara
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Rochester Medical Center; Rochester, NY USA; Departments of Pathology and Urology; Johns hopkins University school of Medicine; Baltimore, MD UsA
| | - Eiji Kashiwagi
- Departments of Pathology and Urology; Johns hopkins University school of Medicine; Baltimore, MD UsA
| | - Koji Izumi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Rochester Medical Center; Rochester, NY USA
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Rochester Medical Center; Rochester, NY USA; Departments of Pathology and Urology; Johns hopkins University school of Medicine; Baltimore, MD UsA
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Liu Y, El-Serag HB, Jiao L, Lee J, Moore D, Franco LM, Tavakoli-Tabasi S, Tsavachidis S, Kuzniarek J, Ramsey DJ, White DL. WNT signaling pathway gene polymorphisms and risk of hepatic fibrosis and inflammation in HCV-infected patients. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84407. [PMID: 24386373 PMCID: PMC3875538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic hepatitis C infection is the leading cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a highly lethal malignancy with rapidly increasing prevalence in the United States. Little is known about genetic variations and HCC risk. This study aimed to determine if genetic variation in Wnt signaling pathway genes are associated with advanced hepatic fibrosis and inflammation risk in a hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected population. Methods We performed a genetic association cross-sectional study evaluating single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 58 candidate genes and risk of FibroSURE-Acti Test determined advanced fibrosis (F3/F4-F4 advanced cases vs. F0-F3 mild controls) and inflammation (A2/A3-A3 advanced cases vs. A0-A2 mild controls). We calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) employing multivariate logistic regression. Haplotypes were inferred by the HAPLO.STAT program, interactions were evaluated using multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) analysis. Results Among 425 chronically HCV-infected male veterans, 155 (37%) had advanced fibrosis and 180 (42%) had advanced inflammation. Of 3016 SNPs evaluated, eight were significantly associated with fibrosis risk (e.g., SFRP2 rs11937424: OR = 2.19, 95% CI 1.48-3.23, P = 0.00004), and seven were significantly associated with inflammation risk (e.g., SFRP1 rs16890282: OR = 2.15, 95% CI 1.39-3.16, P = 0.0004). MDR analysis identified overweight/obese, SOST rs1405952, SFRP2 rs11937424, and FZD4 rs11234870 as the best interaction model for predicting risk of fibrosis; whereas race/ethnicity, FZD1 rs1346665, and TBX3 rs1520177 as the best interaction model for predicting risk of inflammation. Conclusions Polymorphisms in several genes involved in the Wnt signaling pathway were associated with hepatic fibrosis or inflammation risk in HCV-infected males. Additional studies in other multi-ethnic HCV cohorts are needed to validate our findings in males and to assess if similar associations exist in chronically HCV-infected females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hashem B. El-Serag
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Clinical Epidemiology and Comparative Effectiveness Program, Section of Health Services Research (IQuEST), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Texas Medical Center Digestive Disease Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Li Jiao
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Clinical Epidemiology and Comparative Effectiveness Program, Section of Health Services Research (IQuEST), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Texas Medical Center Digestive Disease Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - JuSeog Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - David Moore
- Department Molecular and Cell Biology and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Luis M. Franco
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shahriar Tavakoli-Tabasi
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Spiridon Tsavachidis
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jill Kuzniarek
- Clinical Epidemiology and Comparative Effectiveness Program, Section of Health Services Research (IQuEST), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - David J. Ramsey
- Clinical Epidemiology and Comparative Effectiveness Program, Section of Health Services Research (IQuEST), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Donna L. White
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Clinical Epidemiology and Comparative Effectiveness Program, Section of Health Services Research (IQuEST), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Texas Medical Center Digestive Disease Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lin C, Yin Y, Stemler K, Humphrey P, Kibel AS, Mysorekar IU, Ma L. Constitutive β-catenin activation induces male-specific tumorigenesis in the bladder urothelium. Cancer Res 2013; 73:5914-25. [PMID: 23928991 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-4198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The incidence for bladder urothelial carcinoma, a common malignancy of the urinary tract, is about three times higher in men than in women. Although this gender difference has been primarily attributed to differential exposures, it is likely that underlying biologic causes contribute to the gender inequality. In this study, we report a transgenic mouse bladder tumor model upon induction of constitutively activated β-catenin signaling in the adult urothelium. We showed that the histopathology of the tumors observed in our model closely resembled that of the human low-grade urothelial carcinoma. In addition, we provided evidence supporting the KRT5-positive;KRT7-negative (KRT5(+); KRT7(-)) basal cells as the putative cells-of-origin for β-catenin-induced luminal tumor. Intriguingly, the tumorigenesis in this model showed a marked difference between opposite sexes; 40% of males developed macroscopically detectable luminal tumors in 12 weeks, whereas only 3% of females developed tumors. We investigated the mechanisms underlying this sexual dimorphism in pathogenesis and showed that nuclear translocation of the androgen receptor (AR) in the urothelial cells is a critical mechanism contributing to tumor development in male mice. Finally, we carried out global gene profiling experiments and defined the molecular signature for the β-catenin-induced tumorigenesis in males. Altogether, we have established a model for investigating sexual dimorphism in urothelial carcinoma development, and implicated synergy between β-catenin signaling and androgen/AR signaling in carcinogenesis of the basal urothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congxing Lin
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; and Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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