1
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Zhao Y, Zhang L, Yang J, Li C, Li P. CPEB2 inhibits preeclampsia progression by regulating SSTR3 translation through polyadenylation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167191. [PMID: 38648900 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Trophoblast cell dysfunction is one of the important factors leading to preeclampsia (PE). Cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding 2 (CPEB2) has been found to be differentially expressed in PE patients, but whether it mediates PE process by regulating trophoblast cell function is unclear. METHODS The expression of CPEB2 and somatostatin receptor 3 (SSTR3) was detected by quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot (WB) and immunofluorescence staining. Cell functions were analyzed by CCK-8 assay, EdU assay, flow cytometry and transwell assay. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related protein levels were detected by WB. The interaction of CPEB2 and SSTR3 was confirmed by RIP assay, dual-luciferase reporter assay and PCR poly(A) tail assay. Animal experiments were performed to explore the effect of CPEB2 on PE progression in vivo, and the placental tissues of rat were used for H&E staining, immunohistochemical staining and TUNEL staining. RESULTS CPEB2 was lowly expressed in PE patients. CPEB2 upregulation accelerated trophoblast cell proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT, while its knockdown had an opposite effect. CPEB2 bound to the CPE site in the 3'-UTR of SSTR3 mRNA to suppress SSTR3 translation through reducing poly(A) tails. Besides, SSTR3 overexpression suppressed trophoblast cell proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT, while its silencing accelerated trophoblast cell functions. However, these effects could be reversed by CPEB2 upregulation and knockdown, respectively. In vivo experiments, CPEB2 overexpression relieved histopathologic changes, inhibited apoptosis, promoted proliferation and enhanced EMT in the placenta of PE rat by decreasing SSTR3 expression. CONCLUSION CPEB2 inhibited PE progression, which promoted trophoblast cell functions by inhibiting SSTR3 translation through polyadenylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province 410008, PR China
| | - Liran Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province 410008, PR China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province 410008, PR China
| | - Caiwen Li
- Department of Obstetrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province 410008, PR China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Obstetrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province 410008, PR China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Early Life Development and Disease Prevention, Changsha City, Hunan Province 410008, PR China.
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2
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Di Muro G, Catalano R, Treppiedi D, Barbieri AM, Mangili F, Marra G, Di Bari S, Esposito E, Nozza E, Lania AG, Ferrante E, Locatelli M, Modena D, Steinkuhler C, Peverelli E, Mantovani G. The Novel SSTR3 Agonist ITF2984 Exerts Antimitotic and Proapoptotic Effects in Human Non-Functioning Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor (NF-PitNET) Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3606. [PMID: 38612419 PMCID: PMC11011875 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin receptor ligands (SRLs) with high affinity for somatostatin receptors 2 and 5 (SSTR2 and SSTR5) are poorly efficacious in NF-PitNETs, expressing high levels of SSTR3. ITF2984 is a pan-SSTR ligand with high affinity for SSTR3, able to induce SSTR3 activation and to exert antitumoral activity in the MENX rat model. The aim of this study was to test ITF2984's antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects in NF-PitNET primary cultured cells derived from surgically removed human tumors and to characterize their SSTR expression profile. We treated cells derived from 23 NF-PitNETs with ITF2984, and a subset of them with octreotide, pasireotide (SRLs with high affinity for SSTR2 or 5, respectively), or cabergoline (DRD2 agonist) and we measured cell proliferation and apoptosis. SSTR3, SSTR2, and SSTR5 expression in tumor tissues was analyzed by qRT-PCR and Western blot. We demonstrated that ITF2984 reduced cell proliferation (-40.8 (17.08)%, p < 0.001 vs. basal, n = 19 NF-PitNETs) and increased cell apoptosis (+41.4 (22.1)%, p < 0.001 vs. basal, n = 17 NF-PitNETs) in all tumors tested, whereas the other drugs were only effective in some tumors. In our model, SSTR3 expression levels did not correlate with ITF2984 antiproliferative nor proapoptotic effects. In conclusion, our data support a possible use of ITF2984 in the pharmacological treatment of NF-PitNET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genesio Di Muro
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.D.M.); (R.C.); (A.M.B.); (G.M.); (S.D.B.); (E.E.); (E.N.)
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University Sapienza of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Catalano
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.D.M.); (R.C.); (A.M.B.); (G.M.); (S.D.B.); (E.E.); (E.N.)
| | - Donatella Treppiedi
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (D.T.); (F.M.); (E.F.)
| | - Anna Maria Barbieri
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.D.M.); (R.C.); (A.M.B.); (G.M.); (S.D.B.); (E.E.); (E.N.)
| | - Federica Mangili
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (D.T.); (F.M.); (E.F.)
| | - Giusy Marra
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.D.M.); (R.C.); (A.M.B.); (G.M.); (S.D.B.); (E.E.); (E.N.)
| | - Sonia Di Bari
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.D.M.); (R.C.); (A.M.B.); (G.M.); (S.D.B.); (E.E.); (E.N.)
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.D.M.); (R.C.); (A.M.B.); (G.M.); (S.D.B.); (E.E.); (E.N.)
- PhD Program in Experimental Medicine, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Emma Nozza
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.D.M.); (R.C.); (A.M.B.); (G.M.); (S.D.B.); (E.E.); (E.N.)
- PhD Program in Experimental Medicine, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea G. Lania
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Italy;
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Emanuele Ferrante
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (D.T.); (F.M.); (E.F.)
| | - Marco Locatelli
- Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Modena
- Preclinical R&D, Italfarmaco Group, Cinisello Balsamo, 20092 Milan, Italy; (D.M.)
| | | | - Erika Peverelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.D.M.); (R.C.); (A.M.B.); (G.M.); (S.D.B.); (E.E.); (E.N.)
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (D.T.); (F.M.); (E.F.)
| | - Giovanna Mantovani
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.D.M.); (R.C.); (A.M.B.); (G.M.); (S.D.B.); (E.E.); (E.N.)
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (D.T.); (F.M.); (E.F.)
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3
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Kumar U. Somatostatin and Somatostatin Receptors in Tumour Biology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:436. [PMID: 38203605 PMCID: PMC10779198 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin (SST), a growth hormone inhibitory peptide, is expressed in endocrine and non-endocrine tissues, immune cells and the central nervous system (CNS). Post-release from secretory or immune cells, the first most appreciated role that SST exhibits is the antiproliferative effect in target tissue that served as a potential therapeutic intervention in various tumours of different origins. The SST-mediated in vivo and/or in vitro antiproliferative effect in the tumour is considered direct via activation of five different somatostatin receptor subtypes (SSTR1-5), which are well expressed in most tumours and often more than one receptor in a single cell. Second, the indirect effect is associated with the regulation of growth factors. SSTR subtypes are crucial in tumour diagnosis and prognosis. In this review, with the recent development of new SST analogues and receptor-specific agonists with emerging functional consequences of signaling pathways are promising therapeutic avenues in tumours of different origins that are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujendra Kumar
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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4
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Whyte E, Nezu M, Chik C, Tateno T. Update on Current Evidence for the Diagnosis and Management of Nonfunctioning Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2023; 38:631-654. [PMID: 37964483 PMCID: PMC10764990 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2023.1838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) are the third most frequently diagnosed intracranial tumors, with nonfunctioning PitNETs (nfPitNETs) accounting for 30% of all pituitary tumors and representing the most common type of macroPitNETs. NfPitNETs are usually benign tumors with no evidence of hormone oversecretion except for hyperprolactinemia secondary to pituitary stalk compression. Due to this, they do not typically present with clinical syndromes like acromegaly, Cushing's disease or hyperthyroidism and instead are identified incidentally on imaging or from symptoms of mass effects (headache, vision changes, apoplexy). With the lack of effective medical interventions, first-line treatment is transsphenoidal surgical resection, however, nfPitNETs often have supra- or parasellar extension, and total resection of the tumor is often not possible, resulting in residual tumor regrowth or reoccurrence. While functional PitNETs can be easily followed for recurrence using hormonal biomarkers, there is no similar parameter to predict recurrence in nfPitNETs, hence delaying early recognition and timely management. Therefore, there is a need to identify prognostic biomarkers that can be used for patient surveillance and as therapeutic targets. This review focuses on summarizing the current evidence on nfPitNETs, with a special focus on potential new biomarkers and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Whyte
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Masahiro Nezu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Constance Chik
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Toru Tateno
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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5
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Oron-Herman M, Kirmayer D, Lupp A, Schulz S, Kostenich G, Afargan M. Expression prevalence and dynamics of GPCR somatostatin receptors 2 and 3 as cancer biomarkers beyond NET: a paired immunohistochemistry approach. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20857. [PMID: 38012197 PMCID: PMC10682014 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47877-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin receptors are clinically validated GPCR biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment of various neuroendocrine tumors (NET). Among the five somatostatin receptors, SST2 and SST3 are associated with apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, making these receptor subtypes better differentiated targets in precision oncology. In this study we performed immunohistochemistry of paired tissue microarrays containing 1125 cores, representing 43 tumor types, each stained for SST2 and SST3. A 12-point immunoreactive scoring (IRS) range was used for interpretation of the staining results. We analyzed the results twice, using the conventional positivity IRS cutoffs ≥ 3 and more stringent ≥ 6. Evaluation of receptors expression dynamics was performed for tumor-nodes-metastases (TNM) defined subgroups (ovarian and hepatocellular adenocarcinomas) as a function of their tumor stage. Our results indicate that two-thirds of tested cores exhibit clinically significant expression of at least SST2 or SST3 (IRS ≥ 6). The expression prevalence of both receptors tends to decline with tumor progression. However, an unexpected upregulation of both SST2 and SST3 reemerged in metastases suggesting conserved receptors genetic potential during tumor life cycle. We suggest that SST2 and SST3 should be further explored as potential biomarkers and therapeutic tools for maximizing the efficiency of somatostatin-based precision oncology of solid tumors beyond NET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mor Oron-Herman
- Starget Pharma, 26 Snir st., 4704086, Ramat Hasharon, Israel.
| | - David Kirmayer
- Starget Pharma, 26 Snir st., 4704086, Ramat Hasharon, Israel
| | - Amelie Lupp
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Drackendorfer Str. 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Drackendorfer Str. 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Genady Kostenich
- Starget Pharma, 26 Snir st., 4704086, Ramat Hasharon, Israel
- The Advanced Technology Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 5262000, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Michel Afargan
- Starget Pharma, 26 Snir st., 4704086, Ramat Hasharon, Israel
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6
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Serioli S, Agostini L, Pietrantoni A, Valeri F, Costanza F, Chiloiro S, Buffoli B, Piazza A, Poliani PL, Peris-Celda M, Iavarone F, Gaudino S, Gessi M, Schinzari G, Mattogno PP, Giampietro A, De Marinis L, Pontecorvi A, Fontanella MM, Lauretti L, Rindi G, Olivi A, Bianchi A, Doglietto F. Aggressive PitNETs and Potential Target Therapies: A Systematic Review of Molecular and Genetic Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15719. [PMID: 37958702 PMCID: PMC10650665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, advances in molecular biology and bioinformatics have allowed a more thorough understanding of tumorigenesis in aggressive PitNETs (pituitary neuroendocrine tumors) through the identification of specific essential genes, crucial molecular pathways, regulators, and effects of the tumoral microenvironment. Target therapies have been developed to cure oncology patients refractory to traditional treatments, introducing the concept of precision medicine. Preliminary data on PitNETs are derived from preclinical studies conducted on cell cultures, animal models, and a few case reports or small case series. This study comprehensively reviews the principal pathways involved in aggressive PitNETs, describing the potential target therapies. A search was conducted on Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science for English papers published between 1 January 2004, and 15 June 2023. 254 were selected, and the topics related to aggressive PitNETs were recorded and discussed in detail: epigenetic aspects, membrane proteins and receptors, metalloprotease, molecular pathways, PPRK, and the immune microenvironment. A comprehensive comprehension of the molecular mechanisms linked to PitNETs' aggressiveness and invasiveness is crucial. Despite promising preliminary findings, additional research and clinical trials are necessary to confirm the indications and effectiveness of target therapies for PitNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Serioli
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Ludovico Agostini
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | | | - Federico Valeri
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Flavia Costanza
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Pituitary Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Sabrina Chiloiro
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Pituitary Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Barbara Buffoli
- Section of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Amedeo Piazza
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery Division, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Pietro Luigi Poliani
- Pathology Unit, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Maria Peris-Celda
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Federica Iavarone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy;
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario IRCCS “A. Gemelli”, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Gaudino
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Institute of Radiology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Gessi
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Neuropathology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Schinzari
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Department of Oncology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Mattogno
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Antonella Giampietro
- Pituitary Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Laura De Marinis
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Pituitary Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alfredo Pontecorvi
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Pituitary Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Marco Maria Fontanella
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Liverana Lauretti
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Guido Rindi
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Neuropathology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Olivi
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Antonio Bianchi
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Pituitary Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesco Doglietto
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (F.V.); (F.C.); (S.G.); (M.G.); (G.S.); (L.D.M.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (G.R.); (A.O.); (A.B.); (F.D.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
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7
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Papanikolaou N, Millar O, Coulden A, Parker N, Sit L, Kelly C, Cox J, Dhillo WS, Meeran K, Al Memar M, Anderson R, Rees DA, Karavitaki N, Jayasena CN. Clinical characteristics of functioning gonadotroph adenoma in women presenting with ovarian hyperstimulation: Audit of UK pituitary centres. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2023; 99:386-395. [PMID: 37430451 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Functioning gonadotroph adenomas (FGAs) are rare pituitary tumours stimulating ovarian function with potential life-threatening consequences in women. However, a lack of aggregated clinical experience of FGAs impairs management in affected women. The aim of this study is to present the clinical course of FGA-induced ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) cases as identified by some of the largest UK pituitary endocrine tertiary centres with a view to increasing awareness and improving diagnosis and management of women with FGA. DESIGN A retrospective observational study; audit of eight UK regional pituitary centres for cases of FGAs. SETTING Specialist neuroendocrine centres in the United Kingdom. PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS Women diagnosed with FGA-induced OHSS. Description of their clinical course. RESULTS Seven cases of FGA were identified in women, all causing OHSS. Mean age was 33.4 years at diagnosis. Abdominal pain, irregular periods, headache, and visual disturbances were reported at presentation by 100%, 71%, 57% and 43% of women, respectively. Three of seven women underwent ovarian surgery before FGA diagnosis. Six women underwent transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) with incomplete tumour resection in five of those, but all showed improvement or resolution in symptoms and biochemistry postoperatively. CONCLUSION FGA is a rare cause of spontaneous OHSS. TSS improves clinical and biochemical features of ovarian hyperstimulation in FGAs. Improved awareness of FGA will prevent inappropriate emergency ovarian surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ophelia Millar
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Amy Coulden
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nina Parker
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lee Sit
- The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Chris Kelly
- Department of Endocrinology, Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Larbert, UK
| | - Jeremy Cox
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Waljit S Dhillo
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Karim Meeran
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Maya Al Memar
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Richard Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Institute of Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D Aled Rees
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Niki Karavitaki
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Channa N Jayasena
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College, London, UK
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8
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Keathley R, Kocherginsky M, Davuluri R, Matei D. Integrated Multi-Omic Analysis Reveals Immunosuppressive Phenotype Associated with Poor Outcomes in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3649. [PMID: 37509311 PMCID: PMC10377286 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15143649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is characterized by a complex genomic landscape, with both genetic and epigenetic diversity contributing to its pathogenesis, disease course, and response to treatment. To better understand the association between genomic features and response to treatment among 370 patients with newly diagnosed HGSOC, we utilized multi-omic data and semi-biased clustering of HGSOC specimens profiled by TCGA. A Cox regression model was deployed to select model input features based on the influence on disease recurrence. Among the features most significantly correlated with recurrence were the promotor-associated probes for the NFRKB and DPT genes and the TREML1 gene. Using 1467 transcriptomic and methylomic features as input to consensus clustering, we identified four distinct tumor clusters-three of which had noteworthy differences in treatment response and time to disease recurrence. Each cluster had unique divergence in differential analyses and distinctly enriched pathways therein. Differences in predicted stromal and immune cell-type composition were also observed, with an immune-suppressive phenotype specific to one cluster, which associated with short time to disease recurrence. Our model features were additionally used as a neural network input layer to validate the previously defined clusters with high prediction accuracy (91.3%). Overall, our approach highlights an integrated data utilization workflow from tumor-derived samples, which can be used to uncover novel drivers of clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Keathley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (R.K.); (M.K.)
- Driskill Graduate Program in Life Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Masha Kocherginsky
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (R.K.); (M.K.)
- Department of Preventive Medicine (Biostatistics), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ramana Davuluri
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
| | - Daniela Matei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (R.K.); (M.K.)
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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9
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Modena D, Moras ML, Sandrone G, Stevenazzi A, Vergani B, Dasgupta P, Kliever A, Gulde S, Marangelo A, Schillmaier M, Luque RM, Bäuerle S, Pellegata NS, Schulz S, Steinkühler C. Identification of a Novel SSTR3 Full Agonist for the Treatment of Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenomas. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3453. [PMID: 37444563 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15133453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin receptor (SSTR) agonists have been extensively used for treating neuroendocrine tumors. Synthetic therapeutic agonists showing selectivity for SSTR2 (Octreotide) or for SSTR2 and SSTR5 (Pasireotide) have been approved for the treatment of patients with acromegaly and Cushing's syndrome, as their pituitary tumors highly express SSTR2 or SSTR2/SSTR5, respectively. Nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs), which express high levels of SSTR3 and show only modest response to currently available SSTR agonists, are often invasive and cannot be completely resected, and therefore easily recur. The aim of the present study was the evaluation of ITF2984, a somatostatin analog and full SSTR3 agonist, as a new potential treatment for NFPAs. ITF2984 shows a 10-fold improved affinity for SSTR3 compared to Octreotide or Pasireotide. Molecular modeling and NMR studies indicated that the higher affinity for SSTR3 correlates with a higher stability of a distorted β-I turn in the cyclic peptide backbone. ITF2984 induces receptor internalization and phosphorylation, and triggers G-protein signaling at pharmacologically relevant concentrations. Furthermore, ITF2984 displays antitumor activity that is dependent on SSTR3 expression levels in the MENX (homozygous mutant) NFPA rat model, which closely recapitulates human disease. Therefore, ITF2984 may represent a novel therapeutic option for patients affected by NFPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Modena
- Preclinical R&D, Italfarmaco Group, 20092 Cinisello Balsamo, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Moras
- Preclinical R&D, Italfarmaco Group, 20092 Cinisello Balsamo, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sandrone
- Preclinical R&D, Italfarmaco Group, 20092 Cinisello Balsamo, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Stevenazzi
- Preclinical R&D, Italfarmaco Group, 20092 Cinisello Balsamo, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Vergani
- Preclinical R&D, Italfarmaco Group, 20092 Cinisello Balsamo, Milan, Italy
| | - Pooja Dasgupta
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Andrea Kliever
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Gulde
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alessandro Marangelo
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Mathias Schillmaier
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Raul M Luque
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Stephen Bäuerle
- Department of Mathematics, Technical University Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Natalia S Pellegata
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, 07747 Jena, Germany
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10
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Even-Zohar N, Greenman Y. Current medical treatment and perspective in gonadotroph tumors. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 36:101685. [PMID: 35871905 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2022.101685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotroph cell adenoma is the most common clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma; and is pathologically defined by immunopositivity for SF-1, GATA2 and ER-α. Most tumors also stain for follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone β-subunits, but are usually hormonally silent and discovered incidentally or due to local mass effects. Complete transsphenoidal resection should be attempted when surgery is indicated. Post-surgical treatment can include radiation of the tumor remnant and medical treatment. Among medical treatments, dopamine agonists show the best evidence for preventing the need for recurrent surgery or radiation, and should be considered in patients with relatively bulky remnants or who have high risk features associated with tumor progression. Temozolomide is indicated for aggressive adenomas and carcinomas. Less well-established treatments include somatostatin receptor ligands, peptide receptor radionucleotide therapy and immunomodulatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Even-Zohar
- Institute of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Israel.
| | - Yona Greenman
- Institute of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
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11
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Ntali G, Capatina C. Updating the Landscape for Functioning Gonadotroph Tumors. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58081071. [PMID: 36013538 PMCID: PMC9414558 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58081071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Functioning gonadotroph adenomas (FGAs) are rare tumors, as the overwhelming majority of gonadotroph tumors are clinically silent. Literature is based on case reports and small case series. Gonadotroph tumors are poorly differentiated and produce and secrete hormones inefficiently, but in exceptional cases, they cause clinical syndromes due to hypersecretion of intact gonadotropins. The clinical spectrum of endocrine dysfunction includes an exaggerated response of ovaries characterized as ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) in premenopausal females and adolescent girls, testicular enlargement in males, and isosexual precocious puberty in children. Transsphenoidal surgery and removal of tumor reduces hormonal hypersecretion, improves endocrine dysfunction, and provides tissue for further analysis. Medical therapies (somatostatin analogues, dopamine agonists, GnRH agonists/antagonists) are partially or totally ineffective in many cases, especially with respect to antitumor effect. This review aims to update recent literature on these rare functioning tumors and highlight their therapeutic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Ntali
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Evangelismos Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence:
| | - Cristina Capatina
- Department of Endocrinology, Carol Davila UMPh, 011863 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Pituitary and Neuroendocrine diseases, CI Parhon National Institute of Endocrinology, 011863 Bucharest, Romania
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12
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Feng T, Fang Y, Pei Z, Li Z, Chen H, Hou P, Wei L, Wang R, Wang S. A Convolutional Neural Network Model for Detecting Sellar Floor Destruction of Pituitary Adenoma on Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scans. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:900519. [PMID: 35860294 PMCID: PMC9289618 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.900519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Convolutional neural network (CNN) is designed for image classification and recognition with a multi-layer neural network. This study aimed to accurately assess sellar floor invasion (SFI) of pituitary adenoma (PA) using CNN. Methods A total of 1413 coronal and sagittal magnetic resonance images were collected from 695 patients with PAs. The enrolled images were divided into the invasive group (n = 530) and the non-invasive group (n = 883) according to the surgical observation of SFI. Before model training, 100 images were randomly selected for the external testing set. The remaining 1313 cases were randomly divided into the training and validation sets at a ratio of 80:20 for model training. Finally, the testing set was imported to evaluate the model performance. Results A CNN model with a 10-layer structure (6-layer convolution and 4-layer fully connected neural network) was constructed. After 1000 epoch of training, the model achieved high accuracy in identifying SFI (97.0 and 94.6% in the training and testing sets, respectively). The testing set presented excellent performance, with a model prediction accuracy of 96%, a sensitivity of 0.964, a specificity of 0.958, and an area under the receptor operator curve (AUC-ROC) value of 0.98. Four images in the testing set were misdiagnosed. Three images were misread with SFI (one with conchal type sphenoid sinus), and one image with a relatively intact sellar floor was not identified with SFI. Conclusion This study highlights the potential of the CNN model for the efficient assessment of PA invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshun Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dongfang Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yi Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fuzhou 900th Hospital, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijie Pei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fuzhou 900th Hospital, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ziqi Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dongfang Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hongjie Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fuzhou 900th Hospital, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Pengwei Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fuzhou 900th Hospital, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liangfeng Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fuzhou 900th Hospital, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Renzhi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Renzhi Wang,
| | - Shousen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dongfang Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fuzhou 900th Hospital, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Shousen Wang,
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13
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Zheng AC, Wang EJ, Aghi MK. Recent advancements in the molecular biology of pituitary adenomas. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2022; 17:293-304. [PMID: 35702013 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2022.2082942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pituitary adenomas are a common and diverse group of intracranial tumors arising from the anterior pituitary that are usually slow-growing and benign, but still pose a significant healthcare burden to patients. Additionally, they are increasing in both incidence and prevalence, leading to a need for better understanding of molecular changes in the development of these tumors. AREAS COVERED A PubMed literature search was conducted using the terms 'pituitary adenoma' in combination with keywords related to secretory subtype: lactotroph, somatotroph, corticotroph, gonadotroph and null cell, in addition to their transcription factor expression: PIT1, TPIT, and SF-1. Articles resulting from this search were analyzed, as well as relevant articles cited as their references. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the genetic and epigenetic characterization of individual pituitary adenoma subtypes and the effect it may have on guiding future clinical treatment of these tumors. EXPERT OPINION Understanding the molecular biology of pituitary adenomas is a fundamental step toward advancing the treatment of these tumors. Yet crucial knowledge gaps exist in our understanding of the underlying molecular biology of pituitary adenomas which can potentially be addressed by turning to differentially activated molecular pathways in tumor relative to normal gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison C Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery; University of California at San Francisco (UCSF) San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elaina J Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery; Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University Providence, RI, USA
| | - Manish K Aghi
- Department of Neurosurgery; University of California at San Francisco (UCSF) San Francisco, CA, USA
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14
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Øystese KAB, Casar-Borota O, Berg-Johnsen J, Berg JP, Bollerslev J. Distribution of E- and N-cadherin in subgroups of non-functioning pituitary neuroendocrine tumours. Endocrine 2022; 77:151-159. [PMID: 35674926 PMCID: PMC9242907 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-022-03051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Clinically non-functioning pituitary neuroendocrine tumours (NF-PitNETs) present a varying degree of aggressiveness, and reliable prognostic markers are lacking. We aimed to characterise the distribution of E- and N-cadherin in corticotroph, PIT1 and null-cell NF-PitNETs, and link it to the course of the tumours. METHODS The distribution of E- and N-cadherin was investigated by immunohistochemistry in a retrospective cohort of 30 tumours of the less common NF-PitNETs (corticotroph (N = 18), PIT1 (N = 8) and null-cell PitNETs (N = 4)). Immunoreactive scores (IRS) were compared to previously presented cohorts of gonadotroph NF-PitNETs (N = 105) and corticotroph functioning PitNETs (N = 17). RESULTS We found a low IRS for the extra-cellular domain of E-cadherin (median 0 (IQR 0-0, N = 135)), a medium to high IRS for the intra-cellular domain of E-cadherin (median 6 (IQR 4-9)) and a high IRS for N-cadherin (median 12 (IQR 10.5-12)) throughout the cohort of NF-PitNETs. The corticotroph NF-PitNETs presented a higher IRS for both the extra- and intra-cellular domain of E-cadherin (median 0 (IQR 0-1) and median 9 (IQR 6-12), respectively) than the gonadotroph NF-PitNETs (p < 0.001 for both comparisons). Presence of nuclear E-cadherin was associated with a weaker staining for the intra-cellular domain of E-cadherin (median 4 (IQR 0.5-6) and median 9 (IQR 9-12), for tumours with and without nuclear E-cadherin, respectively), and with a lower rate of re-intervention (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Considering our results and the benign course of NF-PitNETs, we suggest that a high N-cadherin and downregulation of membranous E-cadherin are not associated with a more aggressive tumour behaviour in these subgroups of NF-PitNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Astrid B Øystese
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Olivera Casar-Borota
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jon Berg-Johnsen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jens Petter Berg
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jens Bollerslev
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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15
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Chevalier B, Jannin A, Espiard S, Merlen E, Beron A, Lion G, Vantyghem MC, Huglo D, Cortet-Rudelli C, Baillet C. Pituitary adenoma & nuclear medicine: Recent outcomes and ongoing developments. Presse Med 2022; 51:104144. [PMID: 36334843 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2022.104144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to explore pituitary adenoma (PA), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) remains the cornerstone. However, there are some limitations and MRI can be non-conclusive. The development of additional imaging modalities like nuclear medicine explorations may help to confirm PA diagnosis, guide management and follow up. Nuclear medicine uses radiopharmaceuticals for imaging with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), or positron emission tomography (PET), coupled to CT scan. Radiopharmaceuticals products target specific cellular elements which allow to explore several biological pathways. Nuclear medicine may also be used for therapeutic purposes and recent developments of approach based on Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy (PRRT) for treatment of aggressive PA and pituitary carcinoma will be reviewed. Several radiotracers have been studied in the context of PA, and the aim of this paper is to discuss their respective performances and clinical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Chevalier
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lille University Hospital, F-59000 Lille, France; University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Arnaud Jannin
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lille University Hospital, F-59000 Lille, France; University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; University of Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277 - CANTHER - Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Stephanie Espiard
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lille University Hospital, F-59000 Lille, France; University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; INSERM U1190, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Emilie Merlen
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lille University Hospital, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Amandine Beron
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Lille University Hospital, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Georges Lion
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Lille University Hospital, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Marie-Christine Vantyghem
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lille University Hospital, F-59000 Lille, France; University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; INSERM U1190, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Damien Huglo
- University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Lille University Hospital, F-59000 Lille, France; INSERM U1189 OncoTHAI, avenue Oscar Lambret, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Christine Cortet-Rudelli
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lille University Hospital, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Clio Baillet
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Lille University Hospital, F-59000 Lille, France
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16
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Karabid NM, Wiedemann T, Gulde S, Mohr H, Segaran RC, Geppert J, Rohm M, Vitale G, Gaudenzi G, Dicitore A, Ankerst DP, Chen Y, Braren R, Kaissis G, Schilling F, Schillmaier M, Eisenhofer G, Herzig S, Roncaroli F, Honegger JB, Pellegata NS. Angpt2/Tie2 autostimulatory loop controls tumorigenesis. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e14364. [PMID: 35266635 PMCID: PMC9081903 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive nonfunctioning (NF) pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) are non‐resectable neoplasms associated with frequent relapses and significant comorbidities. As the current therapies of NF‐PitNETs often fail, new therapeutic targets are needed. The observation that circulating angiopoietin‐2 (ANGPT2) is elevated in patients with NF‐PitNET and correlates with tumor aggressiveness prompted us to investigate the ANGPT2/TIE2 axis in NF‐PitNETs in the GH3 PitNET cell line, primary human NF‐PitNET cells, xenografts in zebrafish and mice, and in MENX rats, the only autochthonous NF‐PitNET model. We show that PitNET cells express a functional TIE2 receptor and secrete bioactive ANGPT2, which promotes, besides angiogenesis, tumor cell growth in an autocrine and paracrine fashion. ANGPT2 stimulation of TIE2 in tumor cells activates downstream cell proliferation signals, as previously demonstrated in endothelial cells (ECs). Tie2 gene deletion blunts PitNETs growth in xenograft models, and pharmacological inhibition of Angpt2/Tie2 signaling antagonizes PitNETs in primary cell cultures, tumor xenografts in mice, and in MENX rats. Thus, the ANGPT2/TIE2 axis provides an exploitable therapeutic target in NF‐PitNETs and possibly in other tumors expressing ANGPT2/TIE2. The ability of tumor cells to coopt angiogenic signals classically viewed as EC‐specific expands our view on the microenvironmental cues that are essential for tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninelia Minaskan Karabid
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Wiedemann
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Gulde
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hermine Mohr
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Renu Chandra Segaran
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Geppert
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Rohm
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Giovanni Vitale
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Laboratory of Geriatric and Oncologic Neuroendocrinology Research, Cusano Milanino, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Germano Gaudenzi
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Laboratory of Geriatric and Oncologic Neuroendocrinology Research, Cusano Milanino, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Dicitore
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Yiyao Chen
- Department of Mathematics, Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Rickmer Braren
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Georg Kaissis
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Schilling
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias Schillmaier
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Graeme Eisenhofer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephan Herzig
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Federico Roncaroli
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jürgen B Honegger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Natalia S Pellegata
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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Lamback EB, Wildemberg LE, Gadelha MR. Current opinion on the diagnosis and management of non-functioning pituitary adenomas. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2021; 16:309-320. [PMID: 34678108 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2021.1988851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) are clinically silent tumors and the second most common pituitary adenoma. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment as there is, as yet, no effective medical treatment. AREAS COVERED We present current knowledge on the clinical diagnosis, histopathological classification, molecular data, and management strategies in NFPA. EXPERT OPINION NFPA is a heterogeneous group of tumors, in respect to their origin and clinical course. In recent years, research on pathology and molecular biology have advanced our knowledge of NFPA pathogenesis. NFPA exhibit, in the majority of cases, an indolent behavior, with satisfactory response to treatment. In aggressive cases, multimodal management is needed; however, even this approach may be insufficient, so the development of new treatments is warranted for better management. In this setting, the understanding of the mechanisms involved in the genesis and progression of NFPA is crucial for the identification and development of directed treatments with higher chances of response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa B Lamback
- Neuroendocrinology Research Center/Endocrinology Division, Medical School and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
- Neuropathology and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Estadual Do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Instituto Estadual Do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eduardo Wildemberg
- Neuroendocrinology Research Center/Endocrinology Division, Medical School and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
- Neuropathology and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Estadual Do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Instituto Estadual Do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mônica R Gadelha
- Neuroendocrinology Research Center/Endocrinology Division, Medical School and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
- Neuropathology and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Estadual Do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Instituto Estadual Do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
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18
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Gulde S, Wiedemann T, Schillmaier M, Valença I, Lupp A, Steiger K, Yen HY, Bäuerle S, Notni J, Luque R, Schmid H, Schulz S, Ankerst DP, Schilling F, Pellegata NS. Gender-Specific Efficacy Revealed by Head-to-Head Comparison of Pasireotide and Octreotide in a Representative In Vivo Model of Nonfunctioning Pituitary Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13123097. [PMID: 34205778 PMCID: PMC8235746 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary No effective medical therapy exists for residual/recurrent nonfunctioning pituitary tumors (NFPTs). First-generation somatostatin analogs (SSAs) like octreotide targeting somatostatin receptor type 2 (SSTR2) are the mainstay therapy for functioning PTs, but have shown little effect in NFPTs. This is in agreement with an SSTR profile characterized by low SSTR2, and high SSTR3 levels in the latter. Pasireotide a multi-SSTR-preferring SSA, should be effective against NFPTs. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a head-to-head comparison of octreotide and pasireotide in the only spontaneous in vivo model of NFPTs (MENX rats), which recapitulates the human disease. Pasireotide showed a superior anti-tumor effect vs. octreotide, especially in females. Interestingly, Sstr3 levels were higher in female vs. male NFPTs. A sex-related SSTR3 expression may extend to human NFPTs, thereby representing a tool for patient stratification. Our results have translational relevance for the medical treatment of patients with residual/recurrent NFPTs currently lacking efficacious therapeutic options. Abstract Invasive nonfunctioning pituitary tumors (NFPTs) are non-resectable neoplasms associated with frequent relapse and significant comorbidities. Current treatments, including somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2)-directed somatostatin analogs (SSAs), often fail against NFPTs. Thus, identifying effective therapies is clinically relevant. As NFPTs express SSTR3 at high levels, pasireotide, a multireceptor-targeted SSA, might be beneficial. Here we evaluated pasireotide in the only representative model of spontaneous NFPTs (MENX rats) in vivo. Octreotide long-acting release (LAR), pasireotide LAR, or placebo, were administered to age-matched, tumor-bearing MENX rats of both sexes for 28 d or 56 d. Longitudinal high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging monitored tumor growth. While tumors in placebo-treated rats increased in volume over time, PTs in drug-treated rats displayed significant growth suppression, and occasional tumor shrinkage. Pasireotide elicited stronger growth inhibition. Radiological responses correlated with tumors’ proliferation rates. Both SSAs, but especially pasireotide, were more effective in female vs. male rats. Basal Sstr3 expression was significantly higher in the former group. It is noteworthy that female human NFPTs patients also have a trend towards higher SSTR3 expression. Altogether, our studies provide the rationale for testing pasireotide in patients with residual/recurrent NFPTs. If confirmed, the sex-related SSTR3 expression might be used as criteria to stratify NFPTs patients for treatment with pasireotide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Gulde
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (S.G.); (T.W.); (I.V.)
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Wiedemann
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (S.G.); (T.W.); (I.V.)
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mathias Schillmaier
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany; (M.S.); (F.S.)
| | - Isabel Valença
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (S.G.); (T.W.); (I.V.)
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amelie Lupp
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany; (K.S.); (H.-Y.Y.); (J.N.)
| | - Hsi-Yu Yen
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany; (K.S.); (H.-Y.Y.); (J.N.)
| | - Stephen Bäuerle
- Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany; (S.B.); (D.P.A.)
| | - Johannes Notni
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany; (K.S.); (H.-Y.Y.); (J.N.)
- Experimental Radiopharmacy, Clinic for Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Raul Luque
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba and Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Herbert Schmid
- Department of Oncology Research, Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4033 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Donna P. Ankerst
- Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany; (S.B.); (D.P.A.)
| | - Franz Schilling
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany; (M.S.); (F.S.)
| | - Natalia S. Pellegata
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (S.G.); (T.W.); (I.V.)
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-089-3187263; Fax: +49-089-31873360
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Magnetic resonance fingerprinting for preoperative differentiation between gonadotroph and non-gonadotroph pituitary macroadenomas. Eur Radiol 2021; 31:8420-8428. [PMID: 33914117 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-021-07950-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To use magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF)-derived T1 and T2 values to differentiate gonadotroph from non-gonadotroph pituitary macroadenomas based on the 2017 World Health Organization classification of pituitary adenomas. METHODS A total of 57 patients with suspected pituitary macroadenomas were enrolled for analyses in this study between May 2018 and January 2020. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and MRF were performed in all patients before surgery using a 3-T MRI scanner. MRF-derived T1 and T2 values were compared between the gonadotroph and non-gonadotroph pituitary macroadenomas using a Mann-Whitney U test. The Knosp classification was used to evaluate cavernous sinus invasion by the adenomas. Receiver operating characteristic analyses were used to determine the diagnostic performance of T1 and T2 values. RESULTS Quantitative T1 and T2 values yielded from MRF of gonadotroph pituitary macroadenomas were significantly higher than those of the non-gonadotroph pituitary macroadenomas (p < 0.001 and = 0.002, respectively). The AUC for the T2 value (0.888) was significantly greater than that for the T1 value (0.742) (p = 0.034). The AUC for combined T1 and T2 values was 0.885. Non-gonadotroph pituitary macroadenomas were more likely to invade the cavernous sinus than gonadotroph pituitary macroadenomas (55% vs 26%, p = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS MRF may help to preoperatively differentiate between gonadotroph and non-gonadotroph pituitary macroadenomas and may be useful in guiding the treatment of these adenomas. KEY POINTS • Somatostatin receptor type 3 is the most abundant receptor subtype in gonadotroph pituitary adenomas. • Magnetic resonance fingerprinting may help to preoperatively differentiate between gonadotroph and non-gonadotroph pituitary macroadenomas. • Magnetic resonance fingerprinting shows potential for guiding the treatment of pituitary macroadenomas.
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20
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Prepubertal exposure to high dose of cadmium induces hypothalamic injury through transcriptome profiling alteration and neuronal degeneration in female rats. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 337:109379. [PMID: 33453195 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal, which seems to be crucial during the prepubertal period. Cd can destroy the structural integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and enters into the brain. Although the brain is susceptible to neurotoxicity induced by Cd, the effects of Cd on the brain, particularly hypothalamic transcriptome, are still relatively poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the molecular effects of Cd exposure on the hypothalamus by profiling the transcriptomic response of the hypothalamus to high dose of Cd (25 mg/kg bw/day cadmium chloride (CdCl2)) during the prepubertal period in Sprague-Dawley female rats. After sequencing and annotation, differential expression analysis revealed 1656 genes that were differentially expressed that 108 of them were classified into 37 transcription factor (TF) families. According to gene ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, these differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were involved in different biological processes and neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), and Parkinson's disease (PD), prolactin signaling pathway, PI3K/Akt signaling, and dopaminergic synapse. Five transcripts were selected for further analyses with Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The RT-qPCR results were mostly consistent with those from the high throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Cresyl violet staining clearly showed an increased neuronal degeneration in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) and arcuate (Arc) nuclei of the CdCl2 group. Overall, this study demonstrates that prepubertal exposure to high doses of Cd induces hypothalamic injury through transcriptome profiling alteration in female rats, which reveals the new mechanisms of pathogenesis of Cd in the hypothalamus.
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21
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Sjöstedt E, Kolnes AJ, Olarescu NC, Mitsios N, Hikmet F, Sivertsson Å, Lindskog C, Øystese KAB, Jørgensen AP, Bollerslev J, Casar-Borota O. TGFBR3L-An Uncharacterised Pituitary Specific Membrane Protein Detected in the Gonadotroph Cells in Non-Neoplastic and Tumour Tissue. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13:cancers13010114. [PMID: 33396509 PMCID: PMC7795056 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pituitary neuroendocrine tumours originate from the endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary gland and may develop from any of the cell lineages responsible for producing the different pituitary hormones. The details related to tumour differentiation and hormone production in these tumours are not fully understood. The aim of our study was to investigate an uncharacterised pituitary enriched protein, transforming growth factor beta-receptor 3 like (TGFBR3L). The TGFBR3L protein is highly expressed in the pituitary compared to other organs. We found the protein to be gonadotroph-specific, i.e., detected in the cells that express follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones (FSH/LH). The gonadotroph-specific nature of TGFBR3L, a correlation to both FSH and LH as well as an inverse correlation to membranous E-cadherin and oestrogen receptor β suggests a role in gonadotroph cell development and function and, possibly, tumour progression. Abstract Here, we report the investigation of transforming growth factor beta-receptor 3 like (TGFBR3L), an uncharacterised pituitary specific membrane protein, in non-neoplastic anterior pituitary gland and pituitary neuroendocrine tumours. A polyclonal antibody produced within the Human Protein Atlas project (HPA074356) was used for TGFBR3L staining and combined with SF1 and FSH for a 3-plex fluorescent protocol, providing more details about the cell lineage specificity of TGFBR3L expression. A cohort of 230 pituitary neuroendocrine tumours were analysed. In a subgroup of previously characterised gonadotroph tumours, correlation with expression of FSH/LH, E-cadherin, oestrogen (ER) and somatostatin receptors (SSTR) was explored. TGFBR3L showed membranous immunolabeling and was found to be gonadotroph cell lineage-specific, verified by co-expression with SF1 and FSH/LH staining in both tumour and non-neoplastic anterior pituitary tissues. TGFBR3L immunoreactivity was observed in gonadotroph tumours only and demonstrated intra-tumour heterogeneity with a perivascular location. TGFBR3L immunostaining correlated positively to both FSH (R = 0.290) and LH (R = 0.390) immunostaining, and SSTR3 (R = 0.315). TGFBR3L correlated inversely to membranous E-cadherin staining (R = −0.351) and oestrogen receptor β mRNA (R = −0.274). In conclusion, TGFBR3L is a novel pituitary gland specific protein, located in the membrane of gonadotroph cells in non-neoplastic anterior pituitary gland and in a subset of gonadotroph pituitary tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelina Sjöstedt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 1, 171 77 Solna, Sweden;
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 20, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden; (F.H.); (C.L.); (O.C.-B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-73-956-7077
| | - Anders J. Kolnes
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Pb. 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway; (A.J.K.); (N.C.O.); (K.A.B.Ø.); (A.P.J.); (J.B.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Box 1072 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Nicoleta C. Olarescu
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Pb. 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway; (A.J.K.); (N.C.O.); (K.A.B.Ø.); (A.P.J.); (J.B.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Box 1072 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Nicholas Mitsios
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 1, 171 77 Solna, Sweden;
| | - Feria Hikmet
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 20, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden; (F.H.); (C.L.); (O.C.-B.)
| | - Åsa Sivertsson
- Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23a, 171 65 Solna, Sweden;
| | - Cecilia Lindskog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 20, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden; (F.H.); (C.L.); (O.C.-B.)
| | - Kristin A. B. Øystese
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Pb. 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway; (A.J.K.); (N.C.O.); (K.A.B.Ø.); (A.P.J.); (J.B.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Box 1072 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders P. Jørgensen
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Pb. 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway; (A.J.K.); (N.C.O.); (K.A.B.Ø.); (A.P.J.); (J.B.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Box 1072 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jens Bollerslev
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Pb. 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway; (A.J.K.); (N.C.O.); (K.A.B.Ø.); (A.P.J.); (J.B.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Box 1072 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Olivera Casar-Borota
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 20, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden; (F.H.); (C.L.); (O.C.-B.)
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Uppsala University Hospital, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Pb. 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
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Gatto F, Arvigo M, Ferone D. Somatostatin receptor expression and patients' response to targeted medical treatment in pituitary tumors: evidences and controversies. J Endocrinol Invest 2020; 43:1543-1553. [PMID: 32557353 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01335-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Somatostatin receptors (SSTs) are widely co-expressed in pituitary tumors. SST2 and SST5 are the most represented SST subtypes. First-generation somatostatin receptor ligands (SRLs) mainly target SST2, while pasireotide, a multi-receptor ligand, shows high binding affinity for both SST5 and SST2. Therefore, SRLs are routinely used as medical treatment for GH-, TSH-, and ACTH-secreting pituitary tumors. METHODS Critical revision of literature data correlating SST expression with patients' response to SRLs. RESULTS SST2 expression in somatroph tumors directly correlates with GH and IGF-1 decrease after first-generation SRL treatment. SST2 immunohistochemistry represents a valuable tool to predict biochemical response to first-generation SRLs in acromegalic patients. Pasireotide seems to exert its biological effects via SST2 in unselected patients. However, in those subjects resistant to first-generation SRLs, harbouring tumors with negligible SST2 expression, pasireotide can act throughout SST5. More than somatotroph tumors, TSH-omas represent the paradigm of tumors showing a satisfactory response to SRLs. This is probably due to the high SST2 expression observed in nearly 100% of cases, as well as to the balanced amount of SST5. In corticotroph tumors, pasireotide mainly act via SST5, although there is a need for translational studies correlating its efficacy with SST expression in this peculiar tumor histotype. CONCLUSIONS The assumption "more target receptor, more drug efficacy" is not straightforward for SRLs. The complex pathophysiology of SSTs, and the technical challenges faced to translate research findings into clinical practice, still need our full commitment to make receptor evaluation a worthwhile procedure for individualizing treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gatto
- Endocrinology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo R. Benzi, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
| | - M Arvigo
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - D Ferone
- Endocrinology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo R. Benzi, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Ilie MD, Raverot G. Treatment Options for Gonadotroph Tumors: Current State and Perspectives. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5879370. [PMID: 32735647 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Gonadotroph tumors represent approximatively one-third of anterior pituitary tumors, but despite their frequency, no medical treatment is currently recommended for them. This would be greatly needed because following surgery, which is the first-line treatment, a significant percentage of gonadotroph tumors regrow. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION We performed PubMed searches in March 2020 using the term "gonadotroph" in combination with 36 different keywords related to dopamine type 2 receptor agonists, somatostatin receptor (SST) ligands, temozolomide, peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT), immunotherapy, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-targeted therapy, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Articles resulting from these searches, as well as relevant references cited by these articles were reviewed. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS SST2 analogs have demonstrated only very limited antitumor effect, while high-dose cabergoline has been more effective in preventing tumor regrowth, but still in only a minority of cases. In the setting of an aggressive gonadotroph tumor, temozolomide is the recommended medical treatment, but has demonstrated also only limited efficacy. Still, its efficacy has been so far better than that of PRRT. No case of a gonadotroph tumor treated with pasireotide, VEGFR-targeted therapy, mTOR inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, or immune checkpoint inhibitors is reported in literature. CONCLUSIONS Gonadotroph tumors need better phenotyping in terms of both tumor cells and associated tumor microenvironment to improve their treatment. Until formal recommendations will be available, we provide the readers with our suggested approach for the management of gonadotroph tumors, management that should be discussed within multidisciplinary teams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirela Diana Ilie
- Endocrinology Department, "C. I. Parhon" National Institute of Endocrinology, Bucharest, Bucharest-Ilfov, Romania
| | - Gérald Raverot
- Endocrinology Department, Reference Center for Rare Pituitary Diseases HYPO, "Groupement Hospitalier Est" Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
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24
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Flores-Martinez Á, Venegas-Moreno E, Dios E, Remón-Ruiz P, Gros-Herguido N, Vázquez-Borrego MC, Madrazo-Atutxa A, Japón MA, Kaen A, Cárdenas-Valdepeñas E, Roldán F, Castaño JP, Luque RM, Cano DA, Soto-Moreno A. Quantitative Analysis of Somatostatin and Dopamine Receptors Gene Expression Levels in Non-functioning Pituitary Tumors and Association with Clinical and Molecular Aggressiveness Features. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9093052. [PMID: 32971845 PMCID: PMC7565399 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9093052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary treatment for non-functioning pituitary tumors (NFPTs) is surgery, but it is often unsuccessful. Previous studies have reported that NFPTs express receptors for somatostatin (SST1-5) and dopamine (DRDs) providing a rationale for the use of dopamine agonists and somatostatin analogues. Here, we systematically assessed SST1-5 and DRDs expression by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) in a large group of patients with NFPTs (n = 113) and analyzed their potential association with clinical and molecular aggressiveness features. SST1-5 expression was also evaluated by immunohistochemistry. SST3 was the predominant SST subtype detected, followed by SST2, SST5, and SST1. DRD2 was the dominant DRD subtype, followed by DRD4, DRD5, and DRD1. A substantial proportion of NFPTs displayed marked expression of SST2 and SST5. No major association between SSTs and DRDs expression and clinical and molecular aggressiveness features was observed in NFPTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Flores-Martinez
- Unidad de Gestión de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (Á.F.-M.); (E.V.-M.); (E.D.); (P.R.-R.); (N.G.-H.); (A.M.-A.)
| | - Eva Venegas-Moreno
- Unidad de Gestión de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (Á.F.-M.); (E.V.-M.); (E.D.); (P.R.-R.); (N.G.-H.); (A.M.-A.)
| | - Elena Dios
- Unidad de Gestión de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (Á.F.-M.); (E.V.-M.); (E.D.); (P.R.-R.); (N.G.-H.); (A.M.-A.)
| | - Pablo Remón-Ruiz
- Unidad de Gestión de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (Á.F.-M.); (E.V.-M.); (E.D.); (P.R.-R.); (N.G.-H.); (A.M.-A.)
| | - Noelia Gros-Herguido
- Unidad de Gestión de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (Á.F.-M.); (E.V.-M.); (E.D.); (P.R.-R.); (N.G.-H.); (A.M.-A.)
| | - M. Carmen Vázquez-Borrego
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (M.C.V.-B.); (J.P.C.); (R.M.L.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ainara Madrazo-Atutxa
- Unidad de Gestión de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (Á.F.-M.); (E.V.-M.); (E.D.); (P.R.-R.); (N.G.-H.); (A.M.-A.)
| | - Miguel A. Japón
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - Ariel Kaen
- Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (A.K.); (E.C.-V.)
| | | | - Florinda Roldán
- Servicio de Radiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, 41013 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - Justo P. Castaño
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (M.C.V.-B.); (J.P.C.); (R.M.L.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raúl M. Luque
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (M.C.V.-B.); (J.P.C.); (R.M.L.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - David A. Cano
- Unidad de Gestión de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (Á.F.-M.); (E.V.-M.); (E.D.); (P.R.-R.); (N.G.-H.); (A.M.-A.)
- Correspondence: (D.A.C.); (A.S.-M.)
| | - Alfonso Soto-Moreno
- Unidad de Gestión de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (Á.F.-M.); (E.V.-M.); (E.D.); (P.R.-R.); (N.G.-H.); (A.M.-A.)
- Correspondence: (D.A.C.); (A.S.-M.)
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25
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Boertien TM, Drent ML, Booij J, Majoie CBLM, Stokkel MPM, Hoogmoed J, Pereira A, Biermasz NR, Simsek S, Groote Veldman R, Tanck MWT, Fliers E, Bisschop PH. The GALANT trial: study protocol of a randomised placebo-controlled trial in patients with a 68Ga -DOTATATE PET-positive, clinically non-functioning pituitary macroadenoma on the effect of lan reotide on t umour size. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e038250. [PMID: 32792446 PMCID: PMC7430490 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION At present, there is no approved medical treatment option for patients with non-functioning pituitary adenoma. A number of open-label studies suggest that treatment with somatostatin analogues may prevent tumour progression. In vivo somatostatin receptor imaging using 68Ga-DOTATATE PET (PET, positron emission tomography) could help in preselecting patients potentially responsive to treatment. Our aim is to investigate the effect of the somatostatin analogue lanreotide as compared with placebo on tumour size in patients with a 68Ga-DOTATATE PET-positive non-functioning pituitary macroadenoma (NFMA). METHODS AND ANALYSIS The GALANT study is a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in adult patients with a suprasellar extending NFMA. Included patients undergo a 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT of the head and tracer uptake is assessed after coregistration with pituitary MRI. Forty-four patients with a 68Ga-DOTATATE PET-positive NFMA are randomised in a 1:1 ratio between lanreotide 120 mg or placebo, both administered as subcutaneous injections every 28 days for 72 weeks. The primary outcome is the change in cranio-caudal tumour diameter on pituitary MRI after treatment. Secondary outcomes are change in tumour volume, time to tumour progression, change in quality of life and number of adverse events. Final results are expected in the second half of 2021. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study protocol has been approved by the Medical Research Ethics Committee of the Academic Medical Centre (AMC) of the Amsterdam University Medical Centres and by the Dutch competent authority. It is an investigator-initiated study with financial support by Ipsen Farmaceutica BV. The AMC, as sponsor, remains owner of all data. Results will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NL5136 (Netherlands Trial Register); pre-recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessel M Boertien
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Madeleine L Drent
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Amsterdam UMC, location VUMC, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Booij
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charles B L M Majoie
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel P M Stokkel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jantien Hoogmoed
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alberto Pereira
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Centre for Endocrine Tumors Leiden (CETL), Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nienke R Biermasz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Centre for Endocrine Tumors Leiden (CETL), Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Suat Simsek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Amsterdam UMC, location VUMC, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Northwest Clinics, Alkmaar, The Netherlands
| | | | - Michael W T Tanck
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter H Bisschop
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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26
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Halem HA, Hochgeschwender U, Rih JK, Nelson R, Johnson GA, Thiagalingam A, Culler MD. TBR-760, a Dopamine-Somatostatin Compound, Arrests Growth of Aggressive Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenomas in Mice. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5863621. [PMID: 32591776 PMCID: PMC7375803 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
TBR-760 (formerly BIM-23A760) is a chimeric dopamine (DA)-somatostatin (SST) compound with potent agonist activity at both DA type 2 (D2R) and SST type 2 (SSTR2) receptors. Studies have shown that chimeric DA-SST compounds are more efficacious than individual DA and/or SST analogues, either alone or combined, in inhibiting secretion from primary cultures of human somatotroph and lactotroph tumor cells. Nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) express both D2R and SSTR2 and, consequently, may respond to TBR-760. We used a mouse model with the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) gene knocked out that spontaneously develops aggressive NFPAs. Genomic microarray and DA and SST receptor messenger RNA expression analysis indicate that POMC KO mouse tumors and human NFPAs have similar expression profiles, despite arising from different cell lineages, establishing POMC KO mice as a model for study of NFPAs. Treatment with TBR-760 for 8 weeks resulted in nearly complete inhibition of established tumor growth, whereas tumors from vehicle-treated mice increased in size by 890 ± 0.7%. Comparing TBR-760 with its individual DA and SST components, TBR-760 arrested tumor growth. Treatment with equimolar or 10×-higher doses of the individual SST or DA agonists, either alone or in combination, had no significant effect. One exception was the lower dose of DA agonist that induced modest suppression of tumor growth. Only the chimeric compound TBR-760 arrested tumor growth in this mouse model of NFPA. Further, significant tumor shrinkage was observed in 20% of the mice treated with TBR-760. These results support the development of TBR-760 as a therapy for patients with NFPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Halem
- Tiburio Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Correspondence: Heather A. Halem, PhD, Research, Tiburio Therapeutics, 700 Technology Square, 2nd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139. E-mail:
| | | | - Jeong Keun Rih
- Scientific Intelligence Analytics & Modelling, Biometry R&D, Ipsen Bioscience, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Arunthi Thiagalingam
- Translational Sciences, Oncology and Biomarkers, Ipsen Bioscience, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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27
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AlMalki MH, Ahmad MM, Brema I, AlDahmani KM, Pervez N, Al-Dandan S, AlObaid A, Beshyah SA. Contemporary Management of Clinically Non-functioning Pituitary Adenomas: A Clinical Review. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND DIABETES 2020; 13:1179551420932921. [PMID: 32636692 PMCID: PMC7318824 DOI: 10.1177/1179551420932921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) are benign pituitary tumours that constitute about one-third of all pituitary adenomas. They typically present with symptoms of mass effects resulting in hypopituitarism, visual symptoms, or headache. Most NFPAs are macroadenomas (>1 cm in diameter) at diagnosis that can occasionally grow quite large and invade the cavernous sinus causing acute nerve compression and some patients may develop acute haemorrhage due to pituitary apoplexy. The progression from benign to malignant pituitary tumours is not fully understood; however, genetic and epigenetic abnormalities may be involved. Non-functioning pituitary carcinoma is extremely rare accounting for only 0.1% to 0.5 % of all pituitary tumours and presents with cerebrospinal, meningeal, or distant metastasis along with the absence of features of hormonal hypersecretion. Pituitary surgery through trans-sphenoidal approach has been the treatment of choice for symptomatic NFPAs; however, total resection of large macroadenomas is not always possible. Recurrence of tumours is frequent and occurs in 51.5% during 10 years of follow-up and negatively affects the overall prognosis. Adjuvant radiotherapy can decrease and prevent tumour growth but at the cost of significant side effects. The presence of somatostatin receptor types 2 and 3 (SSTR3 and SSTR2) and D2-specific dopaminergic receptors (D2R) within NFPAs has opened a new perspective of medical treatment for such tumours. The effect of dopamine agonist from pooled results on patients with NFPAs has emerged as a very promising treatment modality as it has resulted in reduction of tumour size in 30% of patients and stabilization of the disease in about 58%. Despite the lack of long-term studies on the mortality, the available limited evidence indicates that patients with NFPA have higher standardized mortality ratios (SMR) than the general population, with women particularly having higher SMR than men. Older age at diagnosis and higher doses of glucocorticoid replacement therapy are the only known predictors for increased mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mussa H AlMalki
- Obesity, Endocrine and Metabolism Centre, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Faculty of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University of Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maswood M Ahmad
- Obesity, Endocrine and Metabolism Centre, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imad Brema
- Obesity, Endocrine and Metabolism Centre, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled M AlDahmani
- Department of Endocrinology, Tawam Hospital in Affiliation with Johns Hopkins Medicine, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,College of Medicine and Health Sciences (CMHS), UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nadeem Pervez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tawam Hospital in affiliation with Johns Hopkins Medicine, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sadeq Al-Dandan
- Department of Histopathology, Maternity and Children Hospital, Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah AlObaid
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Neuroscience Institute, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salem A Beshyah
- Department of Medicine, Dubai Medical College, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Endocrinology, Mediclinic Airport, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Petersenn S, Heaney AP. Targeted systemic and peptide radio-ligand therapy for aggressive pituitary tumors and carcinomas. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2020; 21:277-286. [PMID: 32415583 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-020-09554-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aggressive pituitary tumors comprise a rare but challenging subset of pituitary tumors. A major issue currently is the absence of a holistic definition that reliably identifies these tumors in a prospective manner. Although comprehensive evaluation of patient gender, age, local invasiveness, treatment responses, radiological and histopathological features may be informative to assess the potential for aggressiveness, a definitive diagnosis of this entity cannot be confidently made until disease progression is actually observed despite standard medical and surgical therapy. Failure to diagnose these aggressive pituitary tumors early may impede initiation of suitable intensive stepwise multimodal treatments, and lessen their ultimate therapeutic success. Even though current therapeutic options for aggressive pituitary tumors are suboptimal in many cases, large-scale randomized prospective clinic trials are impractical and will likely never be conducted due to the rarity of this disease entity. Therefore, the majority of novel therapies in this subset of tumors derive from case reports or small case series, which greatly reduces their validity to make strong recommendations. This chapter, as part of this series on aggressive pituitary tumors, focuses on the role of systemic targeted medical and peptide radio-receptor therapy in treatment of aggressive pituitary tumors and carcinomas, and discusses future directions in these fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Petersenn
- Departments of Medicine, ENDOC Center for Endocrine Tumors, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anthony P Heaney
- Departments of Medicine & Neurosurgery (1&2), University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
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Gonadotroph Tumors Show Subtype Differences That Might Have Implications for Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12041012. [PMID: 32326042 PMCID: PMC7226008 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12041012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadotroph tumors, although frequent, are poorly studied and understood, being usually included in the larger nonfunctioning pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) group. Moreover, in comparison to the other types of PitNETs, no established medical treatment is currently available for gonadotroph tumors. Here, we performed a retrospective study and analyzed the clinicopathological characteristics of 98 gonadotroph tumors operated in a single large pituitary center. Although being larger in men (p = 0.01), the aggressiveness of gonadotroph tumors did not appear to be sex-related. LH tumors were rare (4/98) and exclusively encountered in men. Somatostatin receptor type 5 (SST5) was absent in all analyzed tumors. The immunoreactive score (IRS) of somatostatin receptor type 2 (SST2) and of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) was associated with the histological subtype (p = 0.01 and p = 0.02). IRS ERα correlated moderately with IRS SST2 in all (rho = 0.44, adjusted p-value = 0.0001) and in male (rho = 0.51, adjusted p-value = 0.0002) patients, and with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) percentage in all (rho = 0.40, adjusted p-value = 0.0005) and in female (rho = 0.58, adjusted p-value = 0.004) patients. In conclusion, gonadotroph tumors exhibit histological characteristics pinpointing the existence of several subtypes. Their heterogeneity warrants further investigations and may have to be taken into account when studying these tumors and investigating treatment options.
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30
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Tjörnstrand A, Casar-Borota O, Heurling K, Schöll M, Gjertsson P, Himmelman J, Itsenko O, Ragnarsson O, Filipsson Nyström H. Lower 68 Ga-DOTATOC uptake in nonfunctioning pituitary neuroendocrine tumours compared to normal pituitary gland-A proof-of-concept study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2020; 92:222-231. [PMID: 31868239 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES 68 Ga-DOTATOC PET targets somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) and is well established for the detection of SSTR-expressing tumors, such as gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors. Pituitary adenomas, recently designated as pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs), also express SSTRs, but there has been no previous evaluations of 68 Ga-DOTATOC PET in PitNET patients. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the diagnostic properties of 68 Ga-DOTATOC PET in the most common PitNET, ie non-functioning (NF)-PitNET. DESIGN/PATIENTS NF-PitNET patients (n = 9) and controls (n = 13) were examined preoperatively with 68 Ga-DOTATOC PET for 45 min after tracer injection in dynamic list mode. Tumor specimens were collected during surgery in patients. MRI and PET images were co-registered using PMOD software. The maximum standard uptake value (SUVmax ) was analyzed in manually outlined regions of interest (ROI) around the tumor in patients and around the pituitary gland in controls. Immunohistochemical analyses were conducted on tumor specimens for assessment of tumor cell type and SSTR expression. RESULTS Median SUVmax (IQR) was lower in patients than in controls (3.9 [3.4-8.5] vs 14.1 [12.5-15.9]; P < .01]. In ROC analysis, the area under the curve was 0.87 (P < .01) for SUVmax , with 78% sensitivity and 92% specificity. Immunohistochemical analysis showed NF-PitNETs were of gonadotroph (n = 7) and corticotroph (n = 2) origin. SSTR expression was high for SSTR3, low-to-moderate for SSTR2, and low for SSTR1 and SSTR5. CONCLUSIONS This proof-of-concept study shows that 68 Ga-DOTATOC PET can be used to differentiate between normal pituitary tissue and NF-PitNET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Tjörnstrand
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Radiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Olivera Casar-Borota
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Heurling
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Antaros Medical, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Michael Schöll
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Gjertsson
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
- Deptartment of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jakob Himmelman
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Oleksiy Itsenko
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Oskar Ragnarsson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Helena Filipsson Nyström
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
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Vázquez-Borrego MC, Gupta V, Ibáñez-Costa A, Gahete MD, Venegas-Moreno E, Toledano-Delgado Á, Cano DA, Blanco-Acevedo C, Ortega-Salas R, Japón MA, Barrera-Martín A, Vasiljevic A, Hill J, Zhang S, Halem H, Solivera J, Raverot G, Gálvez MA, Soto-Moreno A, Paez-Pereda M, Culler MD, Castaño JP, Luque RM. A Somatostatin Receptor Subtype-3 (SST 3) Peptide Agonist Shows Antitumor Effects in Experimental Models of Nonfunctioning Pituitary Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:957-969. [PMID: 31624102 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-2154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Somatostatin analogues (SSA) are efficacious and safe treatments for a variety of neuroendocrine tumors, especially pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNET). Their therapeutic effects are mainly mediated by somatostatin receptors SST2 and SST5. Most SSAs, such as octreotide/lanreotide/pasireotide, are either nonselective or activate mainly SST2. However, nonfunctioning pituitary tumors (NFPTs), the most common PitNET type, mainly express SST3 and finding peptides that activate this particular somatostatin receptor has been very challenging. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to identify SST3-agonists and characterize their effects on experimental NFPT models. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Binding to SSTs and cAMP level determinations were used to screen a peptide library and identify SST3-agonists. Key functional parameters (cell viability/caspase activity/chromogranin-A secretion/mRNA expression/intracellular signaling pathways) were assessed on NFPT primary cell cultures in response to SST3-agonists. Tumor growth was assessed in a preclinical PitNET mouse model treated with a SST3-agonist. RESULTS We successfully identified the first SST3-agonist peptides. SST3-agonists lowered cell viability and chromogranin-A secretion, increased apoptosis in vitro, and reduced tumor growth in a preclinical PitNET model. As expected, inhibition of cell viability in response to SST3-agonists defined two NFPT populations: responsive and unresponsive, wherein responsive NFPTs expressed more SST3 than unresponsive NFPTs and exhibited a profound reduction of MAPK, PI3K-AKT/mTOR, and JAK/STAT signaling pathways upon SST3-agonist treatments. Concurrently, SSTR3 silencing increased cell viability in a subset of NFPTs. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that SST3-agonists activate signaling mechanisms that reduce NFPT cell viability and inhibit pituitary tumor growth in experimental models that expresses SST3, suggesting that targeting this receptor could be an efficacious treatment for NFPTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari C Vázquez-Borrego
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | | | - Alejandro Ibáñez-Costa
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Manuel D Gahete
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Eva Venegas-Moreno
- Metabolism and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Álvaro Toledano-Delgado
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,Service of Neurosurgery, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - David A Cano
- Metabolism and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Cristóbal Blanco-Acevedo
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,Service of Neurosurgery, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Rosa Ortega-Salas
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,Anatomical Pathology Service, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Miguel A Japón
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana Barrera-Martín
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, IMIBIC, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Alexandre Vasiljevic
- Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Centre de Pathologie et de Biologie, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jason Hill
- IPSEN Bioscience, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Juan Solivera
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,Service of Neurosurgery, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Gérald Raverot
- Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Fédération d'endocrinologie, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - María A Gálvez
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, IMIBIC, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Alfonso Soto-Moreno
- Metabolism and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | - Justo P Castaño
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain. .,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain. .,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
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32
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Iglesias P, Magallón R, Mitjavila M, Rodríguez Berrocal V, Pian H, Díez JJ. Multimodal therapy in aggressive pituitary tumors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 67:469-485. [PMID: 31740190 DOI: 10.1016/j.endinu.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The concept of aggressive pituitary tumor (APT) has been precisely defined in recent years. These tumors are characterized by morphological (radiological or histopathological) data of invasion, proliferative activity superior to that of typical adenomas and a clinical behavior characterized by resistance to standard therapies and frequent recurrences. The absence of cerebrospinal or distant metastases differentiates them from the pituitary carcinoma. APTs account for about 10% of all pituitary neoplasm. Proper diagnostic implies participation not only of radiological and hormonal investigation but also a thorough pathological assessment including proliferation markers and immunohistochemistry for hormones and transcription factors. Surgical resection, aiming gross total resection or tumor debulking, is the mainstay initial therapy in most patients. Most patients with APTs need more than one surgical intervention, pituitary radiation, sometimes on more than one occasion, and multiple sequential or combined medical treatments, to finally be doomed to unusual treatments, such as alkylating agents (temozolomide alone or in combination), molecular targeted therapies, or peptide receptor radionuclide therapy. Multimodal therapy, implemented by experts, preferably in specialized centers with high volume caseload, is the only way to improve the prognosis of patients with these uncommon tumors. The research needs in this area are multiple and include a greater knowledge of the molecular biology of these tumors, establishment of protocols for monitoring and sequencing of treatments, development of multicenter studies and international registries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Iglesias
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rosa Magallón
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Mitjavila
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Héctor Pian
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario, Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J Díez
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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Vázquez-Borrego MC, Fuentes-Fayos AC, Venegas-Moreno E, Rivero-Cortés E, Dios E, Moreno-Moreno P, Madrazo-Atutxa A, Remón P, Solivera J, Wildemberg LE, Kasuki L, López-Fernández JM, Gadelha MR, Gálvez-Moreno MA, Soto-Moreno A, Gahete MD, Castaño JP, Luque RM. Splicing Machinery is Dysregulated in Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors and is Associated with Aggressiveness Features. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101439. [PMID: 31561558 PMCID: PMC6826715 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) constitute approximately 15% of all brain tumors, and most have a sporadic origin. Recent studies suggest that altered alternative splicing and, consequently, appearance of aberrant splicing variants, is a common feature of most tumor pathologies. Moreover, spliceosome is considered an attractive therapeutic target in tumor pathologies, and the inhibition of SF3B1 (e.g., using pladienolide-B) has been shown to exert antitumor effects. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the expression levels of selected splicing-machinery components in 261 PitNETs (somatotropinomas/non-functioning PitNETS/corticotropinomas/prolactinomas) and evaluated the direct effects of pladienolide-B in cell proliferation/viability/hormone secretion in human PitNETs cell cultures and pituitary cell lines (AtT-20/GH3). Results revealed a severe dysregulation of splicing-machinery components in all the PitNET subtypes compared to normal pituitaries and a unique fingerprint of splicing-machinery components that accurately discriminate between normal and tumor tissue in each PitNET subtype. Moreover, expression of specific components was associated with key clinical parameters. Interestingly, certain components were commonly dysregulated throughout all PitNET subtypes. Finally, pladienolide-B reduced cell proliferation/viability/hormone secretion in PitNET cell cultures and cell lines. Altogether, our data demonstrate a drastic dysregulation of the splicing-machinery in PitNETs that might be associated to their tumorigenesis, paving the way to explore the use of specific splicing-machinery components as novel diagnostic/prognostic and therapeutic targets in PitNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari C Vázquez-Borrego
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Antonio C Fuentes-Fayos
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Eva Venegas-Moreno
- Metabolism and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Esther Rivero-Cortés
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Elena Dios
- Metabolism and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Paloma Moreno-Moreno
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Ainara Madrazo-Atutxa
- Metabolism and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Pablo Remón
- Metabolism and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Juan Solivera
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
- Service of Neurosurgery, Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Luiz E Wildemberg
- Neuroendocrinology Research Center/Endocrinology Division, Medical School and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil.
- Neuroendocrinology Division, Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rio de Janeiro 20231-092, Brazil.
| | - Leandro Kasuki
- Neuroendocrinology Research Center/Endocrinology Division, Medical School and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil.
- Neuroendocrinology Division, Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rio de Janeiro 20231-092, Brazil.
| | - Judith M López-Fernández
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, 38320 La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Mônica R Gadelha
- Neuroendocrinology Research Center/Endocrinology Division, Medical School and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil.
- Neuroendocrinology Division, Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rio de Janeiro 20231-092, Brazil.
| | - María A Gálvez-Moreno
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Alfonso Soto-Moreno
- Metabolism and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Manuel D Gahete
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
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Drummond J, Roncaroli F, Grossman AB, Korbonits M. Clinical and Pathological Aspects of Silent Pituitary Adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:2473-2489. [PMID: 30020466 PMCID: PMC6517166 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Silent pituitary adenomas are anterior pituitary tumors with hormone synthesis but without signs or symptoms of hormone hypersecretion. They have been increasingly recognized and represent challenging diagnostic issues. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A comprehensive literature search was performed using MEDLINE and EMBASE databases from January 2000 to March 2018 with the following key words: (i) pituitary adenoma/tumor and nonfunctioning; or (ii) pituitary adenoma/tumor and silent. All titles and abstracts of the retrieved articles were reviewed, and recent advances in the field of silent pituitary adenomas were summarized. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS The clinical and biochemical picture of pituitary adenomas reflects a continuum between functional and silent adenomas. Although some adenomas are truly silent, others will show some evidence of biochemical hypersecretion or could have subtle clinical signs and, therefore, can be referred to as clinically silent or "whispering" adenomas. Silent tumors seem to be more aggressive than their secreting counterparts, with a greater recurrence rate. Transcription factors for pituitary cell lineages have been introduced into the 2017 World Health Organization guidelines: steroidogenic factor 1 staining for gonadotroph lineage; PIT1 (pituitary-specific positive transcription factor 1) for growth hormone, prolactin, and TSH lineage, and TPIT for the corticotroph lineage. Prospective studies applying these criteria will establish the value of the new classification. CONCLUSIONS A concise review of the clinical and pathological aspects of silent pituitary adenomas was conducted in view of the new World Health Organization classification of pituitary adenomas. New classifications, novel prognostics markers, and emerging imaging and therapeutic approaches need to be evaluated to better serve this unique group of patients.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Chemotherapy, Adjuvant/methods
- Humans
- Magnetic Resonance Angiography
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/epidemiology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/prevention & control
- Pituitary Gland, Anterior/diagnostic imaging
- Pituitary Gland, Anterior/pathology
- Pituitary Gland, Anterior/surgery
- Pituitary Hormones, Anterior/blood
- Pituitary Hormones, Anterior/metabolism
- Pituitary Neoplasms/blood
- Pituitary Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Pituitary Neoplasms/pathology
- Pituitary Neoplasms/therapy
- Prognosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Drummond
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Federico Roncaroli
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley B Grossman
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Correspondenceand Reprint Requests: Márta Korbonits, MD, PhD, Department of Endocrinology, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom. E-mail:
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Günther T, Tulipano G, Dournaud P, Bousquet C, Csaba Z, Kreienkamp HJ, Lupp A, Korbonits M, Castaño JP, Wester HJ, Culler M, Melmed S, Schulz S. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CV. Somatostatin Receptors: Structure, Function, Ligands, and New Nomenclature. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 70:763-835. [PMID: 30232095 PMCID: PMC6148080 DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.015388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin, also known as somatotropin-release inhibitory factor, is a cyclopeptide that exerts potent inhibitory actions on hormone secretion and neuronal excitability. Its physiologic functions are mediated by five G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) called somatostatin receptor (SST)1-5. These five receptors share common structural features and signaling mechanisms but differ in their cellular and subcellular localization and mode of regulation. SST2 and SST5 receptors have evolved as primary targets for pharmacological treatment of pituitary adenomas and neuroendocrine tumors. In addition, SST2 is a prototypical GPCR for the development of peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. This review article summarizes findings published in the last 25 years on the physiology, pharmacology, and clinical applications related to SSTs. We also discuss potential future developments and propose a new nomenclature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Günther
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany (T.G., A.L., S.S.); Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy (G.T.); PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (P.D., Z.C.); Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037-University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (C.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.-J.K.); Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.K.); Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (H.-J.W.); Culler Consulting LLC, Hopkinton, Massachusetts (M.C.); and Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (S.M.)
| | - Giovanni Tulipano
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany (T.G., A.L., S.S.); Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy (G.T.); PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (P.D., Z.C.); Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037-University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (C.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.-J.K.); Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.K.); Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (H.-J.W.); Culler Consulting LLC, Hopkinton, Massachusetts (M.C.); and Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (S.M.)
| | - Pascal Dournaud
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany (T.G., A.L., S.S.); Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy (G.T.); PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (P.D., Z.C.); Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037-University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (C.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.-J.K.); Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.K.); Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (H.-J.W.); Culler Consulting LLC, Hopkinton, Massachusetts (M.C.); and Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (S.M.)
| | - Corinne Bousquet
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany (T.G., A.L., S.S.); Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy (G.T.); PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (P.D., Z.C.); Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037-University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (C.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.-J.K.); Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.K.); Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (H.-J.W.); Culler Consulting LLC, Hopkinton, Massachusetts (M.C.); and Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (S.M.)
| | - Zsolt Csaba
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany (T.G., A.L., S.S.); Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy (G.T.); PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (P.D., Z.C.); Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037-University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (C.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.-J.K.); Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.K.); Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (H.-J.W.); Culler Consulting LLC, Hopkinton, Massachusetts (M.C.); and Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (S.M.)
| | - Hans-Jürgen Kreienkamp
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany (T.G., A.L., S.S.); Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy (G.T.); PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (P.D., Z.C.); Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037-University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (C.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.-J.K.); Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.K.); Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (H.-J.W.); Culler Consulting LLC, Hopkinton, Massachusetts (M.C.); and Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (S.M.)
| | - Amelie Lupp
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany (T.G., A.L., S.S.); Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy (G.T.); PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (P.D., Z.C.); Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037-University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (C.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.-J.K.); Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.K.); Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (H.-J.W.); Culler Consulting LLC, Hopkinton, Massachusetts (M.C.); and Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (S.M.)
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany (T.G., A.L., S.S.); Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy (G.T.); PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (P.D., Z.C.); Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037-University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (C.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.-J.K.); Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.K.); Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (H.-J.W.); Culler Consulting LLC, Hopkinton, Massachusetts (M.C.); and Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (S.M.)
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany (T.G., A.L., S.S.); Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy (G.T.); PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (P.D., Z.C.); Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037-University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (C.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.-J.K.); Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.K.); Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (H.-J.W.); Culler Consulting LLC, Hopkinton, Massachusetts (M.C.); and Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (S.M.)
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany (T.G., A.L., S.S.); Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy (G.T.); PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (P.D., Z.C.); Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037-University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (C.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.-J.K.); Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.K.); Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (H.-J.W.); Culler Consulting LLC, Hopkinton, Massachusetts (M.C.); and Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (S.M.)
| | - Michael Culler
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany (T.G., A.L., S.S.); Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy (G.T.); PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (P.D., Z.C.); Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037-University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (C.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.-J.K.); Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.K.); Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (H.-J.W.); Culler Consulting LLC, Hopkinton, Massachusetts (M.C.); and Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (S.M.)
| | - Shlomo Melmed
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany (T.G., A.L., S.S.); Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy (G.T.); PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (P.D., Z.C.); Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037-University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (C.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.-J.K.); Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.K.); Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (H.-J.W.); Culler Consulting LLC, Hopkinton, Massachusetts (M.C.); and Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (S.M.)
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany (T.G., A.L., S.S.); Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy (G.T.); PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (P.D., Z.C.); Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037-University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (C.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.-J.K.); Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.K.); Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (H.-J.W.); Culler Consulting LLC, Hopkinton, Massachusetts (M.C.); and Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (S.M.)
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Dai C, Liu X, Ma W, Wang R. The Treatment of Refractory Pituitary Adenomas. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:334. [PMID: 31191457 PMCID: PMC6548863 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Refractory pituitary adenomas (PAs) are defined as aggressive-invasive PAs characterized by a high Ki-67 index, rapid growth, frequent recurrence, and resistance to conventional treatments. It is notoriously difficult to manage refractory PAs because the efficacy of current therapeutic options is limited. The purpose of this review is to address currently employed and promising therapeutic strategies for the treatment of refractory PAs. Except for prolactinomas, neurosurgery is the first-line option, but most refractory PAs often recur or re-grow after initial surgery and require further treatments. Medical therapy, radiotherapy and re-operation are explored when surgery has failed to completely resect tumors; however, refractory PAs are usually resistant to these treatments. As a salvage treatment, temozolomide (TMZ) has shown promising results and is currently used for all types of refractory PAs. However, not all refractory PAs are responsive to TMZ treatment, and some of these PAs are resistant to TMZ. Although targeted therapies such as vascular endothelial growth factor, epidermal growth factor and mTOR inhibitors have also been used to treat refractory PAs, the effectiveness of these targeted therapies is still not known due to a lack of data from randomized prospective trials. As a novel therapeutic method, cancer immunotherapy is a promising strategy for the treatment of refractory PAs, but further preclinical research and clinical trials are needed to assess the efficacy of this new approach. In summary, early identification and a multidisciplinary approach are required to treat refractory PAs.
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Øystese KAB, Berg JP, Normann KR, Zucknick M, Casar-Borota O, Bollerslev J. The role of E and N-cadherin in the postoperative course of gonadotroph pituitary tumours. Endocrine 2018; 62:351-360. [PMID: 30051197 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-018-1679-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gonadotroph tumours are the most abundant of the clinically silent pituitary tumours. There is a lack of reliable prognostic markers predicting their clinical course. Our aim was to determine the level of E-cadherin and N-cadherin in a cohort of clinically silent gonadotroph pituitary tumours, and compare them to the rate of reintervention. METHODS Tumour tissue from primary surgery was retrospectively investigated and compared with clinical data. Immunohistochemical (N = 105) and real time-qPCR (N = 85) analyses for the levels of N-cadherin and the extra- and intracellular domains of E-cadherin were performed. The immunoreactive scores (IRS) and mRNA relative quantity were compared to the rate of reintervention. RESULTS The tumours presented a high IRS for N-cadherin (Median 12 (IQR 12-12)) and almost no immunoreactivity for the extracellular domain of E-cadherin (Median 0 (IQR 0-0)). The membranous staining for the intracellular domain of E-cadherin varied (Median 6 (IQR 4-6). Reduced membranous expression of the intracellular domain of E-cadherin was associated with nuclear presence of the same domain. Nuclear staining for the intracellular domain of E-cadherin was associated with a lower rate of reintervention (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION We found that silent gonadotroph tumours presented high IRS for N-cadherin and low IRS for the extracellular domain of E-cadherin. A substantial proportion of the tumours presented nuclear staining for the intracellular domain of E-cadherin, accompanied by a reduced membranous expression of the intracellular domain of E-cadherin. Absence of nuclear staining for the intracellular domain of E-cadherin served as an independent predictor of reintervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Astrid Berland Øystese
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, P.b.4950 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine (IMF), OUS Rikshospitalet, Postboks 4950 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jens Petter Berg
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjersti Ringvoll Normann
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, P.b.4950 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine (IMF), OUS Rikshospitalet, Postboks 4950 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Manuela Zucknick
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olivera Casar-Borota
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Uppsala University Hospital, Rudbeck Laboratory, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jens Bollerslev
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, P.b.4950 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
Non-functioning pituitary carcinomas (NFPC) are defined as tumours of adenophyseal origin with craniospinal or systemic dissemination, with the absence of a hormonal hypersecretion syndrome. These are a histologically heterogenous group of tumours, comprising gonadotroph, null cell, "silent" tumours of corticotroph, somatotroph or lactotroph cell lineages as well as plurihormonal Pit-1 tumours. NFPC are exceedingly rare, and hence few cases have been described. This review has identified 38 patients with NFPC reported in the literature. Recurrent invasive non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPA) were observed in a majority of patients. Various factors have been identified as markers of the potential for aggressive behaviour, including rapid tumour growth, growth after radiotherapy, gain or shift of hormone secretion and raised proliferative markers. Typically, there is a latency of several years from the original presentation with an NFPA to identification of metastases and only 5 cases reported with rapidly progressive malignant disease within 1 month of presentation. Therapeutic options include debulking surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy with temozolomide recommended as first line systemic treatment. Although long-term survivors are described, prognosis remains generally very poor (median survival 8 months). Improvements in molecular tumour profiling may assist in predicting tumour behaviour, guide therapeutic choices and identify novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nèle Lenders
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, St Vincent's Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ann McCormack
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.
- Department of Endocrinology, St Vincent's Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Abstract
Non-functioning pituitary neuroendocrine tumors do not cause endocrine symptoms related to hypersecretion of adenohypophyseal hormones and are clinically characterized by symptoms due to growing sellar tumor mass. Histopathological classification of this tumor group has always been challenging due to their heterogeneity, limited knowledge on their biology, and diverse methodological problems. We have searched PubMed database for data related to the histopathological classification of non-functioning pituitary tumors and methods for its application. Principles of the classification and grading presented in the recently released 4th edition of the World Health Organization classification of endocrine tumors have been summarized. Based on the expression of anterior pituitary hormones and pituitary specific transcription factors, gonadotroph tumors dominate within the group of clinically non-functioning tumors, followed by corticotroph type; however, other less common types of the non-functioning tumors can be identified. Assessment of tumor cell proliferation is important to identify "high-risk adenomas." A few subtypes of non-functioning tumors belong to the category of potentially aggressive tumors, independent of the cell proliferation rate. Here, we present up to date criteria for the classification of clinically non-functioning pituitary tumors, offer a diagnostic approach for the routine clinical use, and emphasize a need for inclusion of prognostic and predictive markers in the classification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Britt Edén Engström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olivera Casar-Borota
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) are in general large tumors that present with symptoms secondary to local pressure on adjacent structures. Transsphenoidal surgery is the first line of treatment but residual tumor mass is often detected post-operatively. Medical therapy, in any stage of tumor management, is not well established. METHODS A literature search was performed to review the available data on medical treatment of NFPAs. RESULTS Medications investigated for the treatment of NFPAs include dopamine receptor agonists (DA) and somatostatin receptor ligands. Randomized controlled trials are lacking, but available data suggest that DA have a positive effect on tumor remnant stabilization after surgery and could be considered in this setting. Temozolomide is reserved for aggressive tumors, although future studies are required. CONCLUSIONS NFPA are often not amenable to complete surgical resection. Conservative follow-up after surgery is associated with a high prevalence of tumor remnant progression. DA therapy may prevent residual tumor enlargement in over 85% of these patients, with a substantial consequent reduction in the need for repeat surgery or radiation therapy. It is our view that DA treatment should be routinely considered for the management of NFPA patients with incompletely resected tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Even-Zohar
- Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yona Greenman
- Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Hou Z, Yang J, Wang G, Wang C, Zhang H. Bioinformatic analysis of gene expression profiles of pituitary gonadotroph adenomas. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:1655-1663. [PMID: 29434861 PMCID: PMC5776930 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to identify genes, microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) or pathways associated with the development of pituitary gonadotroph adenomas. The array data of GSE23207, which included 16 samples of multiple endocrine neoplasia-associated rat pituitary homozygous mutations and 5 pituitary tissue samples from healthy rats, were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed prior to functional enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction. miRNAs associated with DEGs were predicted, and an miRNA-target regulatory network was constructed. A total of 187 upregulated and 370 downregulated DEGs were identified in the pituitary gonadotroph adenoma group compared with the healthy (control) group. Cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) 1 exhibited the highest degree in the PPI network. The upregulated DEGs were predominately enriched in ‘neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction’ pathway, and downregulated DEGs were mainly enriched in ‘cell cycle’. The DEGs in module were predominately enriched in the ‘cell cycle’, whereas DEGs in module b and c were enriched in ‘neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction’. miR-374, −153, −145 and −33 were identified as important miRNAs in the regulation of the DEGs. Cdk1, cyclin (Ccn) A2, Ccnb1, ‘cell cycle’ and ‘neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction’ pathways may serve important roles in the development of pituitary gonadotroph adenomas; Ccna2 and Ccnb1 may contribute to this development via an effect on the ‘cell cycle’ pathway. Furthermore, miR-374 and −145 may contribute to the development of pituitary gonadotroph adenomas via regulation of the expression of target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziming Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, P.R. China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, P.R. China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, P.R. China
| | - Changjiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, P.R. China
| | - Hongbing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, P.R. China
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Pedraza-Arévalo S, Hormaechea-Agulla D, Gómez-Gómez E, Requena MJ, Selth LA, Gahete MD, Castaño JP, Luque RM. Somatostatin receptor subtype 1 as a potential diagnostic marker and therapeutic target in prostate cancer. Prostate 2017; 77:1499-1511. [PMID: 28905400 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is a highly prevalent neoplasia that is strongly influenced by the endocrine system. Somatostatin (SST) and its five receptors (sst1-5 encoded by SSTR1-5 genes) comprise a pleiotropic system present in most endocrine-related cancers, some of which are successfully treated with SST analogs. Interestingly, it has been reported that SSTR1 is overexpressed in PCa, but its regulation, functional role, and clinical implications are still poorly known. METHODS PCa specimens (n = 52) from biopsies and control prostates from cystoprostatectomies (n = 12), as well as in silico databases were used to evaluate SSTR1 and miRNAs expression. In vitro studies in 22Rv1 PCa cells were implemented to explore the regulation of SSTR1/sst1 by different miRNAs, and to evaluate the consequences of SSTR1/sst1 overexpression, silencing and/or activation [with the specific BIM-23926 sst1 agonist (IPSEN)] on cell-proliferation, migration, signaling-pathways, and androgen-signaling. RESULTS We found that SSTR1 is overexpressed in multiple cohorts of PCa samples, as compared with normal prostate tissues, wherein it correlates with androgen receptor (AR) expression, and appears to be associated with aggressiveness (metastasis). Furthermore, our data revealed that SSTR1/sst1 expression might be regulated by specific miRNAs in PCa, including miR-24, which is downregulated in PCa samples and correlates inversely with SSTR1 expression. In vitro studies indicated that treatment with the BIM-23926 sst1 agonist, as well as SSTR1 overexpression, decreased, whereas SSTR1 silencing increased, cell-proliferation in 22Rv1 cells, likely through the regulation of PI3K/AKT-CCND3 signaling-pathway. Importantly, sst1 action was also able to modulate androgen/AR activity, and reduced PSA secretion from PCa cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our results indicate that SSTR1 is overexpressed in PCa, where it can exert a relevant pathophysiological role by decreasing cell-proliferation and PSA secretion. Therefore, sst1, possibly in combination with miR-24, could be used as a novel tool to explore therapeutic targets in PCa.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biomarkers, Tumor/biosynthesis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/diagnosis
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/therapy
- Receptors, Somatostatin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Somatostatin/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Pedraza-Arévalo
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Daniel Hormaechea-Agulla
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Enrique Gómez-Gómez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- Urology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - María J Requena
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- Urology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Luke A Selth
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories and Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Manuel D Gahete
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raul M Luque
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
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43
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Øystese KA, Casar-Borota O, Normann KR, Zucknick M, Berg JP, Bollerslev J. Estrogen Receptor α, a Sex-Dependent Predictor of Aggressiveness in Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenomas: SSTR and Sex Hormone Receptor Distribution in NFPA. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:3581-3590. [PMID: 28911153 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) are fairly common and require a multidisciplinary approach. Reliable markers of a clinically aggressive course are lacking. Medical treatment is not available, and transsphenoidal surgery is the preferred primary treatment. OBJECTIVE We aimed to characterize the somatostatin, estrogen, and progesterone receptor distribution for NFPAs and compare it with factors of tumor aggressiveness. DESIGN Tumor samples for immunohistochemistry (n = 145) and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (n = 106) analyses of somatostatin receptor (SSTR) 1, SSTR2, SSTR3, SSTR5, estrogen receptor α (ERα), and progesterone receptor (PR) were measured by immunoreactive score (IRS) and messenger RNA relative quantity and retrospectively compared with variables of aggressiveness. SETTING All patients were operated at the same tertiary referral center. PARTICIPANTS A total of 164 patients with NFPA and tumor tissue from the primary operation were included. RESULTS SSTR3 was expressed abundantly by immunohistochemistry in all NFPAs. The IRS of ERα correlated with that of SSTR2 in male patients only (males, P < 0.001; females, P = 0.8). Low ERα level was linked to a higher reintervention rate (P = 0.001) and earlier reintervention (P = 0.004) in male patients only (females, P = 0.95 and P = 0.65, respectively). Absence of ERα together with age provided a good prediction model for reintervention in male patients with gonadotroph adenomas. CONCLUSIONS SSTR3 is expressed abundantly in NFPAs and is therefore a possible target for medical treatment. Absence of ERα together with young age may predict tumor recurrence in groups of NFPAs. Further validation in systematic prospective studies is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Astrid Øystese
- Department of Endocrinology, Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine, OUS Rikshospitalet, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Olivera Casar-Borota
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Uppsala University Hospital, Rudbeck Laboratory, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjersti Ringvoll Normann
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine, OUS Rikshospitalet, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Manuela Zucknick
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jens Petter Berg
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jens Bollerslev
- Department of Endocrinology, Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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44
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Lee M, Jeon JY, Neugent ML, Kim JW, Yun M. 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose uptake on positron emission tomography/computed tomography is associated with metastasis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Exp Metastasis 2017; 34:251-260. [PMID: 28429188 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-017-9847-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Several studies have investigated the relationship between 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) uptake on positron emission tomography and the prognosis of patients with HCC, although the relationship between 18F-FDG uptake and expression of EMT-related proteins in these patients remains unclear. We retrospectively enrolled 116 patients with HCC treated by curative surgical resection and who underwent 18F-FDG positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) for preoperative staging. The relationship between the tumor-to-liver standardized uptake value ratio (TLR) and the presence of metastasis was determined. By using HCC cell lines with different 18F-FDG uptake, we assessed the effect of 18F-FDG uptake on in vitro cell proliferation and migration on the inhibition of glucose uptake. Ten (29.4%) of 34 patients with high TLRs had extrahepatic metastases, whereas six (7.3%) of 82 patients with low TLRs had extrahepatic metastases (p = 0.002). Hepatocellular carcinomas with high TLRs showed higher expression of glucose transporter isoform 1 and EMT markers than did HCCs with low TLRs. After treatment with a glucose uptake inhibitor, HCC cells with high 18F-FDG uptake showed decreased cell proliferation and migration and a reversal in the expression of EMT markers. High 18F-FDG uptake on PET/CT is associated with frequent extrahepatic metastasis and EMT in patients with HCC. Inhibition of glucose uptake reduced cell proliferation, reversed EMT-related protein expression, and decreased cellular migration. Glycolytic regulation could be a new therapeutic target to reduce tumor growth and metastatic potential in HCCs with a high glycolytic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misu Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, South Korea
- Division of Life Science, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 406-772, South Korea
| | - Jeong Yong Jeon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, South Korea
| | - Micheal L Neugent
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Jung-Whan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Mijin Yun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, South Korea.
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45
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Leinhäuser I, Richter A, Lee M, Höfig I, Anastasov N, Fend F, Ercolino T, Mannelli M, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Robledo M, de Krijger R, Beuschlein F, Atkinson MJ, Pellegata NS. Oncogenic features of the bone morphogenic protein 7 (BMP7) in pheochromocytoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:39111-26. [PMID: 26337467 PMCID: PMC4770760 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BMP7 is a growth factor playing pro- or anti-oncogenic roles in cancer in a cell type-dependent manner. We previously reported that the BMP7 gene is overexpressed in pheochromocytomas (PCCs) developing in MENX-affected rats and human patients. Here, analyzing a large cohort of PCC patients, we found that 72% of cases showed elevated levels of the BMP7 protein. To elucidate the role of BMP7 in PCC, we modulated its levels in PCC cell lines (overexpression in PC12, knockdown in MPC and MTT cells) and conducted functional assays. Active BMP signaling promoted cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and sustained survival of MENX rat primary PCC cells. In PCC, BMP7 signals through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and causes integrin β1 up-regulation. Silencing integrin β1 in PC12 cells suppressed BMP7-mediated oncogenic features. Treatment of MTT cells with DMH1, a novel BMP antagonist, suppressed proliferation and migration. To verify the clinical applicability of our findings, we evaluated a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor (NVP-BEZ235) in MENX-affected rats in vivo. PCCs treated with NVP-BEZ235 had decreased proliferation and integrin β1 levels, and higher apoptosis. Altogether, BMP7 activates pro-oncogenic pathways in PCC. Downstream effectors of BMP7-mediated signaling may represent novel targets for treating progressive/inoperable PCC, still orphan of effective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Leinhäuser
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Richter
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Misu Lee
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ines Höfig
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nataša Anastasov
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Falko Fend
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen and University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tonino Ercolino
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Careggi, Endocrine Unit, Florence, Italy
| | - Massimo Mannelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Anne-Paule Gimenez-Roqueplo
- INSERM, UMR U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Department of Genetics, Paris, France
| | - Mercedes Robledo
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ronald de Krijger
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Felix Beuschlein
- Endocrine Research Unit, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Michael J Atkinson
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
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46
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Suction Filter in Endoscopic Endonasal Surgery: A Technical Note. World Neurosurg 2016; 95:464-468. [PMID: 27544339 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The collection of the greatest possible amount of pathologic tissue is of paramount importance in neurosurgery to achieve the most accurate histopathologic diagnosis, to perform all of the necessary biomolecular tests on the pathologic specimen, and to collect biological material for basic or translational science studies. This problem is particularly relevant in pituitary surgery because of the possible small size and soft consistency of tumors, which make them suitable for removal through suction, reducing the amount of available pathologic tissue. To solve this issue, we adopted a filter connected to the suction tube, which allows the surgeon to collect all of the tissue aspirated during surgery. METHODS Our experience of 1734 endoscopic endonasal procedures, performed adopting this device since 1998 to December 2015, has been revised to assess its advantages and limitations. RESULTS This system is easy-to-use, does not impair the surgical maneuvers, and does not add any relevant cost to the surgery. The tissue collected through the filter proved useful for diagnostic histologic and biomolecular analyses and for research purposes, without any relevant artifacts as a result of this method of collection. CONCLUSIONS The use of a filter has allowed us to obtain the greatest amount possible of pathologic tissue at each surgery. This surgical material has revealed to be helpful both for diagnostic and basic science purposes. The use of the filter has proven to be of particular importance for microadenomas, soft tumors, and supradiaphragmatic or skull base lesions with heterogeneous features, improving the accuracy of histopathologic diagnosis.
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47
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes our current understanding of the mechanisms and factors involved in pituitary tumorigenesis. It provides a comprehensive review on the role of genetic mutations, epigenetics, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, cell cycle deregulation, and highlights recent findings of altered micro-RNA and long noncoding RNA expression in pituitary tumors. RECENT FINDINGS This article provides a concise summary of our knowledge regarding oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and cell cycle deregulation in pituitary tumors. Additionally, it highlights new findings in epigenetics and altered micro-RNA and long noncoding RNA expression in pituitary tumors. SUMMARY Improved understanding of the mechanism(s) and candidates implicated in pituitary tumorigenesis may result in the identification of new therapeutic targets in pituitary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha M Robertson
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, California, USA
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48
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Øystese KA, Evang JA, Bollerslev J. Non-functioning pituitary adenomas: growth and aggressiveness. Endocrine 2016; 53:28-34. [PMID: 27066792 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-0940-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas (PAs) are common, comprising approximately one third of all intracranial tumors. Non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) are the most common PAs. Although usually benign, the NFPAs represent therapeutic challenges because of their location close to the optic chiasm and nerves, and the proximity to the pituitary gland. The therapeutic alternatives are surgery and radiation. To date there is no effective medical treatment. NFPAs are classified according to different modalities, but there are no reliable marker of aggressiveness to guide the clinician in monitoring the patient. More information on growth patterns with constituent biological markers are needed to tailor the care of this patient group. Studies characterizing the membrane receptors of NFPAs have shown promising results, which may give rise to the development of medical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Astrid Øystese
- Department of Specialized Endocrinology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Pb 4950 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Klaus Torgårdsvei 3, 0372, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Johan Arild Evang
- Department of Specialized Endocrinology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Pb 4950 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Klaus Torgårdsvei 3, 0372, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jens Bollerslev
- Department of Specialized Endocrinology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Pb 4950 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Klaus Torgårdsvei 3, 0372, Oslo, Norway
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49
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Lehmann A, Kliewer A, Günther T, Nagel F, Schulz S. Identification of Phosphorylation Sites Regulating sst3 Somatostatin Receptor Trafficking. Mol Endocrinol 2016; 30:645-59. [PMID: 27101376 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human somatostatin receptor 3 (sst3) is expressed in about 50% of all neuroendocrine tumors and hence a promising target for multireceptor somatostatin analogs. The sst3 receptor is unique among ssts in that it exhibits a very long intracellular C-terminal tail containing a huge number of potential phosphate acceptor sites. Consequently, our knowledge about the functional role of the C-terminal tail in sst3 receptor regulation is very limited. Here, we have generated a series of phosphorylation-deficient mutants that enabled us to determine crucial sites for its agonist-induced β-arrestin mobilization, internalization, and down-regulation. Based on this information, we generated phosphosite-specific antibodies for C-terminal Ser(337)/Thr(341), Thr(348), and Ser(361) that enabled us to investigate the temporal patterns of sst3 phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. We found that the endogenous ligand somatostatin induced a rapid and robust phosphorylation that was completely blocked by the sst3 antagonist NVP-ACQ090. The stable somatostatin analogs pasireotide and octreotide promoted clearly less phosphorylation compared with somatostatin. We also show that sst3 phosphorylation occurred within seconds to minutes, whereas dephosphorylation of the sst3 receptor occurred at a considerable slower rate. In addition, we also identified G protein-coupled receptor kinases 2 and 3 and protein phosphatase 1α and 1β as key regulators of sst3 phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, respectively. Thus, we here define the C-terminal phosphorylation motif of the human sst3 receptor that regulates its agonist-promoted phosphorylation, β-arrestin recruitment, and internalization of this clinically relevant receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lehmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Andrea Kliewer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Günther
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Falko Nagel
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, D-07747 Jena, Germany
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50
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Asa SL, Ezzat S. Aggressive Pituitary Tumors or Localized Pituitary Carcinomas: Defining Pituitary Tumors. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2016; 11:149-162. [PMID: 30058871 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2016.1153422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary tumors are common and exhibit a wide spectrum of hormonal, proliferative and invasive behaviors. Traditional classifications consider them malignant only when they exhibit metastasis. Patients who suffer morbidity and mortality from aggressive tumors classified as "adenomas" are denied support provided to patients with "cancers" and in many jurisdictions, these tumors are considered curiosities that do not warrant reporting in health registries. We propose use of the term "tumor" rather than "adenoma" to align with other neuroendocrine tumors. The features that can serve as diagnostic, prognostic and predictive markers are reviewed. Clinico-pathological and radiographic classifications provide important information and to date, no single biomarker has been able to offer valuable insight to guide the management of patients with pituitary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia L Asa
- a Department of Pathology , University Health Network, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
- b Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Shereen Ezzat
- c Department of Medicine , University Health Network, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
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