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Arwood ML, Sun IH, Patel CH, Sun IM, Oh MH, Bettencourt IA, Claiborne MD, Chan-Li Y, Zhao L, Waickman AT, Mavrothalassitis O, Wen J, Aja S, Powell JD. Serendipitous Discovery of T Cell-Produced KLK1b22 as a Regulator of Systemic Metabolism. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:493-507. [PMID: 37358498 PMCID: PMC10580127 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to study mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin's role in T cell differentiation, we generated mice in which Rheb is selectively deleted in T cells (T-Rheb-/- C57BL/6J background). During these studies, we noted that T-Rheb-/- mice were consistently heavier but had improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity as well as a marked increase in beige fat. Microarray analysis of Rheb-/- T cells revealed a marked increase in expression of kallikrein 1-related peptidase b22 (Klk1b22). Overexpression of KLK1b22 in vitro enhanced insulin receptor signaling, and systemic overexpression of KLK1b22 in C57BL/6J mice also enhances glucose tolerance. Although KLK1B22 expression was markedly elevated in the T-Rheb-/- T cells, we never observed any expression in wild-type T cells. Interestingly, in querying the mouse Immunologic Genome Project, we found that Klk1b22 expression was also increased in wild-type 129S1/SVLMJ and C3HEJ mice. Indeed, both strains of mice demonstrate exceptionally improved glucose tolerance. This prompted us to employ CRISPR-mediated knockout of KLK1b22 in 129S1/SVLMJ mice, which in fact led to reduced glucose tolerance. Overall, our studies reveal (to our knowledge) a novel role for KLK1b22 in regulating systemic metabolism and demonstrate the ability of T cell-derived KLK1b22 to regulate systemic metabolism. Notably, however, further studies have revealed that this is a serendipitous finding unrelated to Rheb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Arwood
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney-Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Im-Hong Sun
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney-Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Chirag H. Patel
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney-Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Im-Meng Sun
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney-Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Min-Hee Oh
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney-Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ian A. Bettencourt
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney-Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Michael D. Claiborne
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney-Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Yee Chan-Li
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Liang Zhao
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney-Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Adam T. Waickman
- State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
| | - Orestes Mavrothalassitis
- Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jiayu Wen
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney-Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Susan Aja
- Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jonathan D. Powell
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney-Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Azinheira Nobrega Cruz N, Stoll D, Casarini D, Bertagnolli M. Role of ACE2 in pregnancy and potential implications for COVID-19 susceptibility. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:1805-1824. [PMID: 34338772 PMCID: PMC8329853 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In times of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus (CoV)-2 infection on pregnancy is still unclear. The presence of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 (ACE2), the main receptor for SARS-CoV-2, in human placentas indicates that this organ can be vulnerable for viral infection during pregnancy. However, for this to happen, additional molecular processes are critical to allow viral entry in cells, its replication and disease manifestation, particularly in the placenta and/or feto-maternal circulation. Beyond the risk of vertical transmission, COVID-19 is also proposed to deplete ACE2 protein and its biological actions in the placenta. It is postulated that such effects may impair essential processes during placentation and maternal hemodynamic adaptations in COVID-19 pregnancy, features also observed in several disorders of pregnancy. This review gathers information indicating risks and protective features related to ACE2 changes in COVID-19 pregnancies. First, we describe the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection having ACE2 as a main entry door and current evidence of viral infection in the placenta. Further, we discuss the central role of ACE2 in physiological systems such as the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS), both active during placentation and hemodynamic adaptations of pregnancy. Significant knowledge gaps are also identified and should be urgently filled to better understand the fate of ACE2 in COVID-19 pregnancies and the potential associated risks. Emerging knowledge will be able to improve the early stratification of high-risk pregnancies with COVID-19 exposure as well as to guide better management and follow-up of these mothers and their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayara Azinheira Nobrega Cruz
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Nephrology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Research Center of the Hospital Sacré-Coeur, CIUSSS Nord-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Danielle Stoll
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Nephrology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dulce Elena Casarini
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Nephrology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariane Bertagnolli
- Research Center of the Hospital Sacré-Coeur, CIUSSS Nord-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
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