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Adamczuk K, Ngo TH, Czapiński J, Rivero-Müller A. Glycoprotein-glycoprotein Receptor Binding Detection Using Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer. Endocrinology 2024; 165:bqae052. [PMID: 38679471 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqae052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The glycoprotein receptors, members of the large G protein-coupled receptor family, are characterized by a large extracellular domains responsible for binding their glycoprotein hormones. Hormone-receptor interactions are traditionally analyzed by ligand-binding assays, most often using radiolabeling but also by thermal shift assays. Despite their high sensitivity, these assays require appropriate laboratory conditions and, often, purified plasma cell membranes, which do not provide information on receptor localization or activity because the assays typically focus on measuring binding only. Here, we apply bioluminescence resonance energy transfer in living cells to determine hormone-receptor interactions between a Gaussia luciferase (Gluc)-luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptor (LHCGR) fusion and its ligands (human chorionic gonadotropin or LH) fused to the enhanced green fluorescent protein. The Gluc-LHCGR, as well as other Gluc-G protein-coupled receptors such as the somatostatin and the C-X-C motif chemokine receptors, is expressed on the plasma membrane, where luminescence activity is equal to membrane receptor expression, and is fully functional. The chimeric enhanced green fluorescent protein-ligands are properly secreted from cells and able to bind and activate the wild-type LHCGR as well as the Gluc-LHCGR. Finally, bioluminescence resonance energy transfer was used to determine the interactions between clinically relevant mutations of the hormones and the LHCGR that show that this bioassay provides a fast and effective, safe, and cost-efficient tool to assist the molecular characterization of mutations in either the receptor or ligand and that it is compatible with downstream cellular assays to determine receptor activation/function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Adamczuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Thu Ha Ngo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jakub Czapiński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Adolfo Rivero-Müller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Przybyszewska-Podstawka A, Czapiński J, Kałafut J, Rivero-Müller A. Synthetic circuits based on split Cas9 to detect cellular events. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14988. [PMID: 37696879 PMCID: PMC10495424 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41367-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic biology involves the engineering of logic circuit gates that process different inputs to produce specific outputs, enabling the creation or control of biological functions. While CRISPR has become the tool of choice in molecular biology due to its RNA-guided targetability to other nucleic acids, it has not been frequently applied to logic gates beyond those controlling the guide RNA (gRNA). In this study, we present an adaptation of split Cas9 to generate logic gates capable of sensing biological events, leveraging a Cas9 reporter (EGxxFP) to detect occurrences such as cancer cell origin, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), and cell-cell fusion. First, we positioned the complementing halves of split Cas9 under different promoters-one specific to cancer cells of epithelial origin (phCEA) and the other a universal promoter. The use of self-assembling inteins facilitated the reconstitution of the Cas9 halves. Consequently, only cancer cells with an epithelial origin activated the reporter, exhibiting green fluorescence. Subsequently, we explored whether this system could detect biological processes such as epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). To achieve this, we designed a logic gate where one half of Cas9 is expressed under the phCEA, while the other is activated by TWIST1. The results showed that cells undergoing EMT effectively activated the reporter. Next, we combined the two inputs (epithelial origin and EMT) to create a new logic gate, where only cancer epithelial cells undergoing EMT activated the reporter. Lastly, we applied the split-Cas9 logic gate as a sensor of cell-cell fusion, both in induced and naturally occurring scenarios. Each cell type expressed one half of split Cas9, and the induction of fusion resulted in the appearance of multinucleated syncytia and the fluorescent reporter. The simplicity of the split Cas9 system presented here allows for its integration into various cellular processes, not only as a sensor but also as an actuator.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jakub Czapiński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Kałafut
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Adolfo Rivero-Müller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093, Lublin, Poland.
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Barnabas R, Jadhav S, Arya S, Lila AR, Sarathi V, Shah GR, Bhandare VV, Shah NS, Kunwar A, Bandgar T. Luteinizing hormone β-subunit deficiency: Report of a novel LHB likely pathogenic variant and a systematic review of the published literature. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2023; 98:383-393. [PMID: 35470463 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Selective deficiency of β-subunit of luteinizing hormone (LHB) is a rare disease with scarce data on its characteristics. OBJECTIVES To describe a male with LHB deficiency and systematically review the literature. DESIGN AND PATIENTS Description of a male patient with LHB deficiency and a systematic review of LHB deficiency patients published to date (10 males and 3 females) as per PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS A 36-year-old Asian Indian male presented with infertility. On evaluation, he had sexual maturity of Tanner's stage 3, low testosterone (0.23 ng/ml), low LH (0.44 mIU/ml), high follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH, 22.4 mIU/ml), and a novel homozygous missense likely pathogenic variant (p.Cys46Arg) in LHB. In the molecular dynamics simulation study, this variant interferes with heterodimerization of alpha-beta subunits. Eleven males with pathogenic variants in LHB reported to date, presented at a median age of 29 (17-38) years, most commonly with delayed puberty. Clinical and biochemical profiles were similar to those of our patient. In the majority, testosterone monotherapy modestly increased testicular volume whereas human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) monotherapy also improved spermatogenesis. In females, oligomenorrhoea after spontaneous menarche was the most common manifestation. Ten pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants (three in-frame deletions, three missense, two splice-site, one nonsense, and one frameshift variants) have been reported in nine index patients. CONCLUSION We report a novel likely pathogenic LHB variant in an Asian Indian patient. The typical phenotype in male patients with LHB deficiency is delayed puberty with low testosterone, low LH, and normal to high FSH and hCG monotherapy being the best therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Barnabas
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G. S. Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - SwatiRamteke Jadhav
- Department of Endocrinology, Sapthagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Bangalore, India
| | - Sneha Arya
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G. S. Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Anurag Ranjan Lila
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G. S. Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Vijaya Sarathi
- Department of Endocrinology, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Vishwambhar V Bhandare
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Nalini S Shah
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G. S. Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Ambarish Kunwar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Tushar Bandgar
- Department of Endocrinology, Seth G. S. Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
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Rivero-Müller A, Huhtaniemi I. Genetic variants of gonadotrophins and their receptors: Impact on the diagnosis and management of the infertile patient. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 36:101596. [PMID: 34802912 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2021.101596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This narrative review is concerned with genetic variants of the genes encoding gonadotrophin subunits and their receptors, as well as their implications into the diagnosis and treatment of infertility. We first review briefly the basics of molecular biology and biochemistry of gonadotrophin and gonadotrophin receptor structure and function, then describe the phenotypic effects of polymorphisms and mutations of these genes, followed by diagnostic aspects. We will then summarise the information that inactivating gonadotrophin receptor mutations have provided about the controversial topic of extragonadal gonadotrophin action. Finally, we will close with the current and future therapeutic approaches on patients with gonadotrophin and their receptor mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo Rivero-Müller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, 20-093, Poland
| | - Ilpo Huhtaniemi
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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Chen J, Yi WT, Cui YQ, Wang WT, Wang X. Male hypogonadism caused by a homozygous missense mutation of the LHB gene. Korean J Intern Med 2021; 36:1527-1529. [PMID: 34634854 PMCID: PMC8588982 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2021.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai,
China
| | - Wen-ting Yi
- Laboratory Medicine, Yantai Affiliated Hospital, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai,
China
| | - Yuan-Qing Cui
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai,
China
| | - Wen-ting Wang
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai,
China
| | - Xiong Wang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai,
China
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Michalec-Wawiórka B, Czapiński J, Filipek K, Rulak P, Czerwonka A, Tchórzewski M, Rivero-Müller A. An Improved Vector System for Homogeneous and Stable Gene Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105206. [PMID: 34069024 PMCID: PMC8157167 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise analysis of the genetic expression and functioning of proteins requires experimental approaches that, among others, enable tight control of gene expression at the transcriptional level. Doxycycline-induced Tet-On/Tet-Off expression systems provide such an opportunity, and are frequently used to regulate the activity of genes in eukaryotic cells. Since its development, the Tet-system has evolved tight gene control in mammalian cells; however, some challenges are still unaddressed. In the current set up, the establishment of the standard Tet-based system in target cells is time-consuming and laborious and has been shown to be inefficient, especially in a long-term perspective. In this work, we present an optimized inducible expression system, which enables rapid generation of doxycycline-responsive cells according to a one- or two-step protocol. The reported modifications of the Tet-On system expand the toolbox for regulated mammalian gene expression and provide high, stable, and homogenous expression of the Tet-On3G transactivator, which is of fundamental importance in the regulation of transgenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Michalec-Wawiórka
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (K.F.); (P.R.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jakub Czapiński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (J.C.); (A.C.); (A.R.-M.)
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Filipek
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (K.F.); (P.R.); (M.T.)
| | - Patrycja Rulak
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (K.F.); (P.R.); (M.T.)
| | - Arkadiusz Czerwonka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (J.C.); (A.C.); (A.R.-M.)
| | - Marek Tchórzewski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (K.F.); (P.R.); (M.T.)
| | - Adolfo Rivero-Müller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (J.C.); (A.C.); (A.R.-M.)
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Adibi JJ, Layden AJ, Yin Q, Xun X, Peddada S, Birru RL. A toolkit for the application of placental-fetal molecular biomarkers in epidemiologic studies of the fetal origins of chronic disease. CURR EPIDEMIOL REP 2020; 8:20-31. [PMID: 33777648 DOI: 10.1007/s40471-020-00258-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of review In this review, we provide essential background knowledge and an analytical framework for the application of placental-fetal molecular biomarkers in fetal origins chronic disease epidemiology. The widely available and highly quantitative placental hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is used as an example. hCG is currently used for diagnosing fetal genetic disorders; yet it can and should be expanded to understanding the fetal origins of chronic diseases. We provide justification and methods to do this. Recent findings Ten papers published in the last 5 years were identified with supportive findings relevant to the application of biomarkers of hCG in epidemiologic studies on the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD). Summary There is increasing and consistent evidence that placental-fetal biomarkers may be highly informative in observational studies, as exemplified by hCG, with the correct approaches for measurement and data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Adibi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health
| | - Alexander J Layden
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health
| | - Qing Yin
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health
| | - Xiaoshuang Xun
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health
| | - Shyamal Peddada
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health
| | - Rahel L Birru
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health
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Althumairy D, Zhang X, Baez N, Barisas G, Roess DA, Bousfield GR, Crans DC. Glycoprotein G-protein Coupled Receptors in Disease: Luteinizing Hormone Receptors and Follicle Stimulating Hormone Receptors. Diseases 2020; 8:E35. [PMID: 32942611 PMCID: PMC7565105 DOI: 10.3390/diseases8030035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transduction by luteinizing hormone receptors (LHRs) and follicle-stimulating hormone receptors (FSHRs) is essential for the successful reproduction of human beings. Both receptors and the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor are members of a subset of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) described as the glycoprotein hormone receptors. Their ligands, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) and a structurally related hormone produced in pregnancy, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), are large protein hormones that are extensively glycosylated. Although the primary physiologic functions of these receptors are in ovarian function and maintenance of pregnancy in human females and spermatogenesis in males, there are reports of LHRs or FSHRs involvement in disease processes both in the reproductive system and elsewhere. In this review, we evaluate the aggregation state of the structure of actively signaling LHRs or FSHRs, their functions in reproduction as well as summarizing disease processes related to receptor mutations affecting receptor function or expression in reproductive and non-reproductive tissues. We will also present novel strategies for either increasing or reducing the activity of LHRs signaling. Such approaches to modify signaling by glycoprotein receptors may prove advantageous in treating diseases relating to LHRs or FSHRs function in addition to furthering the identification of new strategies for modulating GPCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duaa Althumairy
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (D.A.); (G.B.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (X.Z.); (N.B.)
| | - Nicholas Baez
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (X.Z.); (N.B.)
| | - George Barisas
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (D.A.); (G.B.)
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (X.Z.); (N.B.)
| | - Deborah A. Roess
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - George R. Bousfield
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA;
| | - Debbie C. Crans
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (D.A.); (G.B.)
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (X.Z.); (N.B.)
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Wang W, La Y, Li F, Liu S, Pan X, Li C, Zhang X. Molecular Characterization and Expression Profiles of the Ovine LHβ Gene and Its Association with Litter Size in Chinese Indigenous Small-Tailed Han Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10030460. [PMID: 32164242 PMCID: PMC7143468 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Litter size is one of the most important reproductive traits in sheep, and the luteinizing hormone beta polypeptide (LHβ) plays an important role in mammalian follicular development. In this study, we cloned and analyzed the cDNA sequence of the ovine LHβ gene, and the expression patterns of LHβ were determined. Furthermore, the synonymous mutation g.727C > T detected in the LHβ gene was confirmed to be significantly associated with litter size (p < 0.01). These findings support LHβ g.727C > T as a genetic marker for litter size in sheep. Abstract The luteinizing hormone beta polypeptide (LHβ) is a glycoprotein hormone secreted by basophilic granular cells of the adenohypophysis, and plays an important role in mammalian follicular development. In this study, we cloned and analyzed the cDNA sequence of the ovine LHβ gene. RT-qPCR analysis showed that ovine LHβ was widely expressed in tissues, with significantly higher expression in the hypophysis than that in other tissues (heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, rumen, duodenum, muscle, fat, hypothalamus, and sex glands) (p < 0.01). Hypophyseal expression of LHβ mRNA in lamb increased with age and reached a peak at 70 days, although a slight decrease was observed at 84 days of age. In addition, the synonymous mutation g.727C > T detected in the LHβ gene was confirmed to be significantly associated with the litter size (p < 0.01). Ewes carrying the TT genotype produced more lambs than those carrying the TC and CC genotypes (0.42 and 0.39 per delivery, respectively; p < 0.05). Our results confirm the association of ovine LHβ with litter size in Small-Tailed Han Sheep and implicate LHβ as a candidate for improving reproductive traits in agricultural sheep breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (W.W.); (Y.L.); (F.L.); (S.L.); (X.P.); (C.L.)
| | - Yongfu La
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (W.W.); (Y.L.); (F.L.); (S.L.); (X.P.); (C.L.)
| | - Fadi Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (W.W.); (Y.L.); (F.L.); (S.L.); (X.P.); (C.L.)
- Engineering Laboratory of Sheep Breeding and Reproduction Biotechnology in Gansu Province, Minqin 730020, China
| | - Shijia Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (W.W.); (Y.L.); (F.L.); (S.L.); (X.P.); (C.L.)
| | - Xiangyu Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (W.W.); (Y.L.); (F.L.); (S.L.); (X.P.); (C.L.)
| | - Chong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (W.W.); (Y.L.); (F.L.); (S.L.); (X.P.); (C.L.)
| | - Xiaoxue Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (W.W.); (Y.L.); (F.L.); (S.L.); (X.P.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0931-7631-225
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Kalwar Q, Chu M, Ahmad AA, Ding X, Wu X, Bao P, Yan P. Morphometric Evaluation of Spermatogenic Cells and Seminiferous Tubules and Exploration of Luteinizing Hormone Beta Polypeptide in Testis of Datong Yak. Animals (Basel) 2019; 10:ani10010066. [PMID: 31905946 PMCID: PMC7022877 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Previous studies revealed that luteinizing hormone βeta polypeptide (LHB) plays an essential role in fertilization. Therefore, we aimed to confirm the importance of LHB in the testis of yak and to determine their association with male yak fertility. Histomorphological analysis of the testes is essential for predicting the fertilizing ability of the bull. To the best our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the micro anatomical changes and histometric alternation in testes of Datong yak. These findings could help to predict the sperm production capacity and to understand the specific molecular mechanisms of LHB during spermatogenesis. Abstract Histological examination of testes is essential for understanding infertility, sex development, and growth. Therefore, to understand the histomorphology of testes at different developmental stages, we performed hematoxylin and eosin staining of Yak testis. Our results revealed that the diameters of spermatogenic cells and their nuclei were significantly larger (p < 0.05) in the testis at six years compared to at six and 18 months. No significant difference was noted between 30 months and six years. The study was designed to compare the expression profile of LHB in Datong yak. The expression pattern of LHB was explored using quantitative PCR, semi-quantitative PCR, molecular bioinformatic, and Western blot analysis. Our observations indicated that expression of LHB was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the testis of Datong yak. Western blotting indicated that the molecular mass of LHB protein was 16 kDa in yak. The protein encoded by yak LHB included conserved cysteine-knot domain regions. The high expression of LHB in testis indicated that LHB may be vital for the development of male gonads and the fertility of Datong yak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qudratullah Kalwar
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Q.K.); (M.C.); (A.A.A.); (X.D.); (X.W.); (P.B.)
- Department of Animal Reproduction Shaheed Benazir Bhutto, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand 67210, Pakistan
| | - Min Chu
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Q.K.); (M.C.); (A.A.A.); (X.D.); (X.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Anum Ali Ahmad
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Q.K.); (M.C.); (A.A.A.); (X.D.); (X.W.); (P.B.)
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Xuezhi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Q.K.); (M.C.); (A.A.A.); (X.D.); (X.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Q.K.); (M.C.); (A.A.A.); (X.D.); (X.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Pengjia Bao
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Q.K.); (M.C.); (A.A.A.); (X.D.); (X.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Ping Yan
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Q.K.); (M.C.); (A.A.A.); (X.D.); (X.W.); (P.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-931-211-5288; Fax: +86-931-211-5191
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Donkervoort S, Sabouny R, Yun P, Gauquelin L, Chao KR, Hu Y, Al Khatib I, Töpf A, Mohassel P, Cummings BB, Kaur R, Saade D, Moore SA, Waddell LB, Farrar MA, Goodrich JK, Uapinyoying P, Chan SHS, Javed A, Leach ME, Karachunski P, Dalton J, Medne L, Harper A, Thompson C, Thiffault I, Specht S, Lamont RE, Saunders C, Racher H, Bernier FP, Mowat D, Witting N, Vissing J, Hanson R, Coffman KA, Hainlen M, Parboosingh JS, Carnevale A, Yoon G, Schnur RE, Boycott KM, Mah JK, Straub V, Foley AR, Innes AM, Bönnemann CG, Shutt TE. MSTO1 mutations cause mtDNA depletion, manifesting as muscular dystrophy with cerebellar involvement. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 138:1013-1031. [PMID: 31463572 PMCID: PMC6851037 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-02059-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
MSTO1 encodes a cytosolic mitochondrial fusion protein, misato homolog 1 or MSTO1. While the full genotype-phenotype spectrum remains to be explored, pathogenic variants in MSTO1 have recently been reported in a small number of patients presenting with a phenotype of cerebellar ataxia, congenital muscle involvement with histologic findings ranging from myopathic to dystrophic and pigmentary retinopathy. The proposed underlying pathogenic mechanism of MSTO1-related disease is suggestive of impaired mitochondrial fusion secondary to a loss of function of MSTO1. Disorders of mitochondrial fusion and fission have been shown to also lead to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion, linking them to the mtDNA depletion syndromes, a clinically and genetically diverse class of mitochondrial diseases characterized by a reduction of cellular mtDNA content. However, the consequences of pathogenic variants in MSTO1 on mtDNA maintenance remain poorly understood. We present extensive phenotypic and genetic data from 12 independent families, including 15 new patients harbouring a broad array of bi-allelic MSTO1 pathogenic variants, and we provide functional characterization from seven MSTO1-related disease patient fibroblasts. Bi-allelic loss-of-function variants in MSTO1 manifest clinically with a remarkably consistent phenotype of childhood-onset muscular dystrophy, corticospinal tract dysfunction and early-onset non-progressive cerebellar atrophy. MSTO1 protein was not detectable in the cultured fibroblasts of all seven patients evaluated, suggesting that pathogenic variants result in a loss of protein expression and/or affect protein stability. Consistent with impaired mitochondrial fusion, mitochondrial networks in fibroblasts were found to be fragmented. Furthermore, all fibroblasts were found to have depletion of mtDNA ranging from 30 to 70% along with alterations to mtDNA nucleoids. Our data corroborate the role of MSTO1 as a mitochondrial fusion protein and highlight a previously unrecognized link to mtDNA regulation. As impaired mitochondrial fusion is a recognized cause of mtDNA depletion syndromes, this novel link to mtDNA depletion in patient fibroblasts suggests that MSTO1-deficiency should also be considered a mtDNA depletion syndrome. Thus, we provide mechanistic insight into the disease pathogenesis associated with MSTO1 mutations and further define the clinical spectrum and the natural history of MSTO1-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Donkervoort
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R Sabouny
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - P Yun
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - L Gauquelin
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - K R Chao
- Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Y Hu
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - I Al Khatib
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - A Töpf
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - P Mohassel
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - B B Cummings
- Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Kaur
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - D Saade
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S A Moore
- Department of Pathology Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - L B Waddell
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - M A Farrar
- Department of Neurology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- UNSW Sydney, School of Women's and Children's Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - J K Goodrich
- Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P Uapinyoying
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Research for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - S H S Chan
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - A Javed
- School of Biomedical Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - M E Leach
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Oregon Health and Science University, Neuromuscular Program, Doernbecher Children's Hospital, Portland, OR, USA
| | - P Karachunski
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - J Dalton
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - L Medne
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA
| | - A Harper
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Children's Hospital of Richmond at VCU, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - C Thompson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - I Thiffault
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, USA
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, USA
- University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, USA
| | - S Specht
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - R E Lamont
- Department of Medical Genetics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - C Saunders
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, USA
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, USA
- University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, USA
| | - H Racher
- Department of Medical Genetics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - F P Bernier
- Department of Medical Genetics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - D Mowat
- UNSW Sydney, School of Women's and Children's Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - N Witting
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Vissing
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R Hanson
- University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, USA
| | - K A Coffman
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, USA
- Division of Neurology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, USA
| | - M Hainlen
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, USA
- Division of Neurology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, USA
| | - J S Parboosingh
- Department of Medical Genetics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - A Carnevale
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - G Yoon
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - K M Boycott
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Care4Rare Research Consortium, Ottawa, Canada
| | - J K Mah
- Departments of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - V Straub
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - A Reghan Foley
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - A M Innes
- Department of Medical Genetics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - C G Bönnemann
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - T E Shutt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
- Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
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12
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The Pathogenic TSH β-subunit Variant C105Vfs114X Causes a Modified Signaling Profile at TSHR. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225564. [PMID: 31703413 PMCID: PMC6888357 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/1970] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
1) Background: Central congenital hypothyroidism (CCH) is a rare endocrine disorder that can be caused by mutations in the β-subunit of thyrotropin (TSHB). The TSHB mutation C105Vfs114X leads to isolated thyroid-stimulating-hormone-(TSH)-deficiency and results in a severe phenotype. The aim of this study was to gain more insight into the underlying molecular mechanism and the functional effects of this mutation based on two assumptions: a) the three-dimensional (3D) structure of TSH should be modified with the C105V substitution, and/or b) whether the C-terminal modifications lead to signaling differences. 2) Methods: wild-type (WT) and different mutants of hTSH were generated in human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293 cells) and TSH preparations were used to stimulate thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) stably transfected into follicular thyroid cancer cells (FTC133-TSHR cells) and transiently transfected into HEK293 cells. Functional characterization was performed by determination of Gs, mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Gq/11 activation. 3) Results: The patient mutation C105Vfs114X and further designed TSH mutants diminished cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling activity. Surprisingly, MAPK signaling for all mutants was comparable to WT, while none of the mutants induced PLC activation. 4) Conclusion: We characterized the patient mutation C105Vfs114X concerning different signaling pathways. We identified a strong decrease of cAMP signaling induction and speculate that this could, in combination with diverse signaling regarding the other pathways, accounting for the patient's severe phenotype.
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Howard SR, Dunkel L. Delayed Puberty-Phenotypic Diversity, Molecular Genetic Mechanisms, and Recent Discoveries. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:1285-1317. [PMID: 31220230 PMCID: PMC6736054 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review presents a comprehensive discussion of the clinical condition of delayed puberty, a common presentation to the pediatric endocrinologist, which may present both diagnostic and prognostic challenges. Our understanding of the genetic control of pubertal timing has advanced thanks to active investigation in this field over the last two decades, but it remains in large part a fascinating and mysterious conundrum. The phenotype of delayed puberty is associated with adult health risks and common etiologies, and there is evidence for polygenic control of pubertal timing in the general population, sex-specificity, and epigenetic modulation. Moreover, much has been learned from comprehension of monogenic and digenic etiologies of pubertal delay and associated disorders and, in recent years, knowledge of oligogenic inheritance in conditions of GnRH deficiency. Recently there have been several novel discoveries in the field of self-limited delayed puberty, encompassing exciting developments linking this condition to both GnRH neuronal biology and metabolism and body mass. These data together highlight the fascinating heterogeneity of disorders underlying this phenotype and point to areas of future research where impactful developments can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha R Howard
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leo Dunkel
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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14
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Perez M, Jaundoo R, Hilton K, Del Alamo A, Gemayel K, Klimas NG, Craddock TJA, Nathanson L. Genetic Predisposition for Immune System, Hormone, and Metabolic Dysfunction in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Pilot Study. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:206. [PMID: 31179255 PMCID: PMC6542994 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/ Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is a multifactorial illness of unknown etiology with considerable social and economic impact. To investigate a putative genetic predisposition to ME/CFS we conducted genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis to identify possible variants. Methods: 383 ME/CFS participants underwent DNA testing using the commercial company 23andMe. The deidentified genetic data was then filtered to include only non-synonymous and nonsense SNPs from exons and microRNAs, and SNPs close to splice sites. The frequencies of each SNP were calculated within our cohort and compared to frequencies from the Kaviar reference database. Functional annotation of pathway sets containing SNP genes with high frequency in ME/CFS was performed using over-representation analysis via ConsensusPathDB. Furthermore, these SNPs were also scored using the Combined Annotation Dependent Depletion (CADD) algorithm to gauge their deleteriousness. Results: 5693 SNPs were found to have at least 10% frequency in at least one cohort (ME/CFS or reference) and at least two-fold absolute difference for ME/CFS. Functional analysis identified the majority of SNPs as related to immune system, hormone, metabolic, and extracellular matrix organization. CADD scoring identified 517 SNPs in these pathways that are among the 10% most deleteriousness substitutions to the human genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Perez
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Rajeev Jaundoo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States.,Institute for Neuro Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Kelly Hilton
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Ana Del Alamo
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States.,Institute for Neuro Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Kristina Gemayel
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Nancy G Klimas
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States.,Institute for Neuro Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Travis J A Craddock
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States.,Institute for Neuro Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States.,Department of Computer Science, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Lubov Nathanson
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States.,Institute for Neuro Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
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15
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Abstract
Delayed pubertal onset has many etiologies, but on average two-thirds of patients presenting with late puberty have self-limited (or constitutional) delayed puberty. Self-limited delayed puberty often has a strong familial basis. Segregation analyses from previous studies show complex models of inheritance, most commonly autosomal dominant, but also including autosomal recessive, bilineal, and X-linked. Sporadic cases are also observed. Despite this, the neuroendocrine mechanisms and genetic regulation remain unclear in the majority of patients with self-limited delayed puberty. Only rarely have mutations in genes known to cause aberrations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis been identified in cases of delayed puberty, and the majority of these are in relatives of patients with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH), for example in the FGFR1 and GNRHR genes. Using next generation sequencing in a large family with isolated self-limited delayed puberty, a pathogenic mutation in the CHH gene HS6ST1 was found as the likely cause for this phenotype. Additionally, a study comparing the frequency of mutations in genes that cause GnRH deficiency between probands with CHH and probands with isolated self-limited delayed puberty identified that a significantly higher proportion of mutations with a greater degree of oligogenicity were seen in the CHH group. Mutations in the gene IGSF10 have been implicated in the pathogenesis of familial late puberty in a large Finnish cohort. IGSF10 disruption represents a fetal origin of delayed puberty, with dysregulation of GnRH neuronal migration during embryonic development presenting for the first time in adolescence as late puberty. Some patients with self-limited delayed puberty have distinct constitutional features of growth and puberty. Deleterious variants in FTO have been found in families with delayed puberty with extremely low BMI and maturational delay in growth in early childhood. Recent exciting evidence highlights the importance of epigenetic up-regulation of GnRH transcription by a network of miRNAs and transcription factors, including EAP1, during puberty. Whilst a fascinating heterogeneity of genetic defects have been shown to result in delayed and disordered puberty, and many are yet to be discovered, genetic testing may become a realistic diagnostic tool for the differentiation of conditions of delayed puberty.
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16
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Casarini L, Santi D, Brigante G, Simoni M. Two Hormones for One Receptor: Evolution, Biochemistry, Actions, and Pathophysiology of LH and hCG. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:549-592. [PMID: 29905829 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
LH and chorionic gonadotropin (CG) are glycoproteins fundamental to sexual development and reproduction. Because they act on the same receptor (LHCGR), the general consensus has been that LH and human CG (hCG) are equivalent. However, separate evolution of LHβ and hCGβ subunits occurred in primates, resulting in two molecules sharing ~85% identity and regulating different physiological events. Pituitary, pulsatile LH production results in an ~90-minute half-life molecule targeting the gonads to regulate gametogenesis and androgen synthesis. Trophoblast hCG, the "pregnancy hormone," exists in several isoforms and glycosylation variants with long half-lives (hours) and angiogenic potential and acts on luteinized ovarian cells as progestational. The different molecular features of LH and hCG lead to hormone-specific LHCGR binding and intracellular signaling cascades. In ovarian cells, LH action is preferentially exerted through kinases, phosphorylated extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 (pERK1/2) and phosphorylated AKT (also known as protein kinase B), resulting in irreplaceable proliferative/antiapoptotic signals and partial agonism on progesterone production in vitro. In contrast, hCG displays notable cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated steroidogenic and proapoptotic potential, which is masked by estrogen action in vivo. In vitro data have been confirmed by a large data set from assisted reproduction, because the steroidogenic potential of hCG positively affects the number of retrieved oocytes, and LH affects the pregnancy rate (per oocyte number). Leydig cell in vitro exposure to hCG results in qualitatively similar cAMP/PKA and pERK1/2 activation compared with LH and testosterone. The supposed equivalence of LH and hCG has been disproved by such data, highlighting their sex-specific functions and thus deeming it an oversight caused by incomplete understanding of clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio Casarini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Daniele Santi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Brigante
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Modena, Italy
| | - Manuela Simoni
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Modena, Italy
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17
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Szymańska K, Kałafut J, Rivero-Müller A. The gonadotropin system, lessons from animal models and clinical cases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 70:561-587. [PMID: 30264954 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4784.18.04307-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review article centers upon family of gonadotropin hormones which consists of two pituitary hormones - follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) as well as one non-pituitary hormone - human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) secreted by placenta, and their receptors. Gonadotropins play an essential role in proper sexual development, puberty, gametogenesis, maintenance of pregnancy and male sexual differentiation during the fetal development. They belong to the family of glycoprotein hormones thus they constitute heterodimeric proteins built of common α subunit and hormone-specific β-subunit. Hitherto, several mutations in genes encoding both gonadotropins and their receptors have been identified in humans. Their occurrence resulted in a number of different phenotypes including delayed puberty, primary amenorrhea, hermaphroditism, infertility and hypogonadism. In order to understand the effects of mutations on the phenotype observed in affected patients, detailed molecular studies are required to map the relationship between the structure and function of gonadotropins and their receptors. Nonetheless, in vitro assays are often insufficient to understand physiology. Therefore, several animal models have been developed to unravel the physiological roles of gonadotropins and their receptors.
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18
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Yang X, Ochin H, Shu L, Liu J, Shen J, Liu J, Lin C, Cui Y. Homozygous nonsense mutation Trp28X in the LHB gene causes male hypogonadism. J Assist Reprod Genet 2018; 35:913-919. [PMID: 29476300 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-018-1133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate a novel mutation in the luteinizing hormone beta-subunit (LHB) gene in one male patient with hypogonadism due to selective luteinizing hormone (LH) deficiency. METHODS Sanger sequencing of one 28-year-old man born to consanguineous parents was performed. Treatment with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (2000 IU, twice a week) was initiated for 3 months, followed by 5000 IU weekly to date. RESULTS We identified a novel c.84G>A[p.W28X] nonsense LHB mutation. The W28X mutation produces a truncated LHB peptide of seven amino acids, which prevents the synthesis of intact LH. After 40 days of treatment with hCG, the patient exhibited a few spermatozoa in the semen. Treated for 6 months, the patient exhibited normal seminal parameters. CONCLUSIONS We identified a novel mutation in the LHB gene in a male patient with hypogonadism and provided evidence that LHB nonsense mutation can cause selective LH deficiency. We reconfirmed hCG treatment may restore male fertility due to LHB mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - H Ochin
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Li Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Jinyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Jiandong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Jiayin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Changsong Lin
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Yugui Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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19
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Ihm SH. Response to comment on "Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism due to a mutation in the luteinizing hormone β-subunit gene". Korean J Intern Med 2017; 32:568. [PMID: 28490722 PMCID: PMC5432814 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2017.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hee Ihm
- Correspondence to Sung-Hee Ihm, M.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, 22 Gwanpyeong-ro 170beon-gil, Dongan-gu, Anyang 14068, Korea Tel: +82-31-380-3714 Fax: +82-31-386-2269 E-mail:
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20
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Valdes-Socin H, Daly AF, Beckers A. Comment on "Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism due to a mutation in the luteinizing hormone β-subunit gene". Korean J Intern Med 2017; 32:566-567. [PMID: 28490716 PMCID: PMC5432808 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2017.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hernan Valdes-Socin
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Center of Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Adrian F Daly
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Center of Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Albert Beckers
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Center of Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Czapiński J, Kiełbus M, Kałafut J, Kos M, Stepulak A, Rivero-Müller A. How to Train a Cell-Cutting-Edge Molecular Tools. Front Chem 2017; 5:12. [PMID: 28344971 PMCID: PMC5344921 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2017.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In biological systems, the formation of molecular complexes is the currency for all cellular processes. Traditionally, functional experimentation was targeted to single molecular players in order to understand its effects in a cell or animal phenotype. In the last few years, we have been experiencing rapid progress in the development of ground-breaking molecular biology tools that affect the metabolic, structural, morphological, and (epi)genetic instructions of cells by chemical, optical (optogenetic) and mechanical inputs. Such precise dissection of cellular processes is not only essential for a better understanding of biological systems, but will also allow us to better diagnose and fix common dysfunctions. Here, we present several of these emerging and innovative techniques by providing the reader with elegant examples on how these tools have been implemented in cells, and, in some cases, organisms, to unravel molecular processes in minute detail. We also discuss their advantages and disadvantages with particular focus on their translation to multicellular organisms for in vivo spatiotemporal regulation. We envision that further developments of these tools will not only help solve the processes of life, but will give rise to novel clinical and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Czapiński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of LublinLublin, Poland
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Kiełbus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of LublinLublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Kałafut
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of LublinLublin, Poland
| | - Michał Kos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of LublinLublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Stepulak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of LublinLublin, Poland
| | - Adolfo Rivero-Müller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of LublinLublin, Poland
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi UniversityTurku, Finland
- Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi UniversityTurku, Finland
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