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Taylor PN, Lansdown A, Witczak J, Khan R, Rees A, Dayan CM, Okosieme O. Age-related variation in thyroid function - a narrative review highlighting important implications for research and clinical practice. Thyroid Res 2023; 16:7. [PMID: 37009883 PMCID: PMC10069079 DOI: 10.1186/s13044-023-00149-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormones are key determinants of health and well-being. Normal thyroid function is defined according to the standard 95% confidence interval of the disease-free population. Such standard laboratory reference intervals are widely applied in research and clinical practice, irrespective of age. However, thyroid hormones vary with age and current reference intervals may not be appropriate across all age groups. In this review, we summarize the recent literature on age-related variation in thyroid function and discuss important implications of such variation for research and clinical practice. MAIN TEXT There is now substantial evidence that normal thyroid status changes with age throughout the course of life. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations are higher at the extremes of life and show a U-shaped longitudinal trend in iodine sufficient Caucasian populations. Free triiodothyronine (FT3) levels fall with age and appear to play a role in pubertal development, during which it shows a strong relationship with fat mass. Furthermore, the aging process exerts differential effects on the health consequences of thyroid hormone variations. Older individuals with declining thyroid function appear to have survival advantages compared to individuals with normal or high-normal thyroid function. In contrast younger or middle-aged individuals with low-normal thyroid function suffer an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes while those with high-normal function have adverse bone outcomes including osteoporosis and fractures. CONCLUSION Thyroid hormone reference intervals have differential effects across age groups. Current reference ranges could potentially lead to inappropriate treatment in older individuals but on the other hand could result in missed opportunities for risk factor modification in the younger and middle-aged groups. Further studies are now needed to determine the validity of age-appropriate reference intervals and to understand the impact of thyroid hormone variations in younger individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N Taylor
- Thyroid Research Group Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, C2 link corridor, UHW, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK.
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Andrew Lansdown
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Justyna Witczak
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Rahim Khan
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Aled Rees
- Thyroid Research Group Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, C2 link corridor, UHW, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Colin M Dayan
- Thyroid Research Group Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, C2 link corridor, UHW, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Onyebuchi Okosieme
- Thyroid Research Group Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, C2 link corridor, UHW, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
- Diabetes Department, Prince Charles Hospital, Cwm Taf Morgannwg University Health Board, Merthyr Tydfil, UK
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Hou Q, Zou H, Zhang S, Lin J, Nie W, Cui Y, Liu S, Han J. Association of maternal TSH and neonatal metabolism: A large prospective cohort study in China. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1052836. [PMID: 36531456 PMCID: PMC9753981 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1052836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Neonatal metabolites are very important in neonatal disease screening, and maternal thyroid hormones play an important role in fetal and neonatal health. Our study aimed to explore the association of maternal thyroid hormones with neonatal metabolites and identify an important time windows. METHODS Pregnant women were recruited in Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital and followed up until delivery. Multivariate generalized linear regression models (GLMs) and restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression analysis models were used to investigate the associations of maternal TSH and FT4 with neonatal metabolites. RESULTS In total, 6,653 pairs of mothers and newborns were enrolled in our study. We identified 5 neonatal metabolites, including arginine/ornithine (Arg/Orn), C14:1/C2, C18:1, C3DC+C4OH and C8:1, that were significantly associated with maternal serum TSH during the whole pregnancy (P < 0.05), especially in the first trimester. Moreover, 10 neonatal metabolites were significantly associated with maternal serum FT4 (P < 0.05), most of which had positive correlations with maternal FT4 in the first trimester (P < 0.05). Some neonatal metabolites also had linear or nonlinear dose-effect relationships with maternal serum TSH and FT4 during the whole pregnancy, particularly in the first trimester. CONCLUSIONS Our study, for the first time, provides epidemiological evidence that maternal serum TSH and FT4, especially during the first trimester, are associated with linear or nonlinear variations in neonatal metabolites. Efforts to identify newborn metabolism levels should carefully consider the effects of maternal thyroid function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhi Hou
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Zou
- Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shuping Zhang
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Drugs (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Lab for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Jinxiang Han, ; Shuping Zhang,
| | - Jiujing Lin
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wenying Nie
- Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yazhou Cui
- Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Drugs (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Lab for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Sijin Liu
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxiang Han
- Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Drugs (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Lab for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Jinxiang Han, ; Shuping Zhang,
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3
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van Vliet NA, Bos MM, Thesing CS, Chaker L, Pietzner M, Houtman E, Neville MJ, Li-Gao R, Trompet S, Mustafa R, Ahmadizar F, Beekman M, Bot M, Budde K, Christodoulides C, Dehghan A, Delles C, Elliott P, Evangelou M, Gao H, Ghanbari M, van Herwaarden AE, Ikram MA, Jaeger M, Jukema JW, Karaman I, Karpe F, Kloppenburg M, Meessen JMTA, Meulenbelt I, Milaneschi Y, Mooijaart SP, Mook-Kanamori DO, Netea MG, Netea-Maier RT, Peeters RP, Penninx BWJH, Sattar N, Slagboom PE, Suchiman HED, Völzke H, Willems van Dijk K, Noordam R, van Heemst D. Higher thyrotropin leads to unfavorable lipid profile and somewhat higher cardiovascular disease risk: evidence from multi-cohort Mendelian randomization and metabolomic profiling. BMC Med 2021; 19:266. [PMID: 34727949 PMCID: PMC8565073 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-021-02130-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observational studies suggest interconnections between thyroid status, metabolism, and risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), but causality remains to be proven. The present study aimed to investigate the potential causal relationship between thyroid status and cardiovascular disease and to characterize the metabolomic profile associated with thyroid status. METHODS Multi-cohort two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was performed utilizing genome-wide significant variants as instruments for standardized thyrotropin (TSH) and free thyroxine (fT4) within the reference range. Associations between TSH and fT4 and metabolic profile were investigated in a two-stage manner: associations between TSH and fT4 and the full panel of 161 metabolomic markers were first assessed hypothesis-free, then directional consistency was assessed through Mendelian randomization, another metabolic profile platform, and in individuals with biochemically defined thyroid dysfunction. RESULTS Circulating TSH was associated with 52/161 metabolomic markers, and fT4 levels were associated with 21/161 metabolomic markers among 9432 euthyroid individuals (median age varied from 23.0 to 75.4 years, 54.5% women). Positive associations between circulating TSH levels and concentrations of very low-density lipoprotein subclasses and components, triglycerides, and triglyceride content of lipoproteins were directionally consistent across the multivariable regression, MR, metabolomic platforms, and for individuals with hypo- and hyperthyroidism. Associations with fT4 levels inversely reflected those observed with TSH. Among 91,810 CAD cases and 656,091 controls of European ancestry, per 1-SD increase of genetically determined TSH concentration risk of CAD increased slightly, but not significantly, with an OR of 1.03 (95% CI 0.99-1.07; p value 0.16), whereas higher genetically determined fT4 levels were not associated with CAD risk (OR 1.00 per SD increase of fT4; 95% CI 0.96-1.04; p value 0.59). CONCLUSIONS Lower thyroid status leads to an unfavorable lipid profile and a somewhat increased cardiovascular disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolien A van Vliet
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maxime M Bos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carisha S Thesing
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Layal Chaker
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maik Pietzner
- Computational Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Evelyn Houtman
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, section of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matt J Neville
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.,Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ruifang Li-Gao
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rima Mustafa
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Fariba Ahmadizar
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marian Beekman
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, section of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mariska Bot
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kathrin Budde
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Constantinos Christodoulides
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.,Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Christian Delles
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paul Elliott
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK.,BHF Imperial College Centre for Research Excellence, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Marina Evangelou
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - He Gao
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mohsen Ghanbari
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antonius E van Herwaarden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Laboratory for Diagnostics (RLD), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Jaeger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ibrahim Karaman
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.,Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Margreet Kloppenburg
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer M T A Meessen
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, section of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Orthopaedics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Meulenbelt
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, section of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simon P Mooijaart
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Institute for Evidence-Based Medicine in Old Age (IEMO), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis O Mook-Kanamori
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Romana T Netea-Maier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Naveed Sattar
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Glasgow, UK
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, section of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - H Eka D Suchiman
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, section of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Raymond Noordam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Diana van Heemst
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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4
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Abstract
The thyroid hormone system is a main target of endocrine disruptor compounds (EDC) at all levels of its intricately fine-tuned feedback regulation, synthesis, distribution, metabolism and action of the 'prohormone' thyroxine and its active metabolites. Apart from classical antithyroid effects of EDC on the gland, the majority of known and suspected effects occurs at the pre-receptor control of T3 ligand availability to T3 receptors exerting ligand modulated thyroid hormone action. Tissue-, organ- and cell-specific expression and function of thyroid hormone transporters, deiodinases, metabolizing enzymes and T3-receptor forms, all integral components of the system, may mediate adverse EDC effects. Established evidence from nutritional, pharmacological and molecular genetic studies clearly support the functional, biological, and clinical relevance of these targets. Iodine-containing thyroid hormones and the organization of this system are highly conserved during evolution from primitive aquatic life forms, amphibia, birds throughout all vertebrates including humans. Mechanistic studies from various animal experimental models strongly support cause-effect relationships upon EDC exposure, hazards and adverse effects of EDC across various species. Retrospective case-control, cohort and population studies linking EDC exposure with epidemiological data on thyroid hormone-related (dys-)functions provide clear evidence that human development, especially of the fetal and neonatal brain, growth, differentiation and metabolic processes in adult and aging humans are at risk for adverse EDC effects. Considering that more than half of the world population still lives on inadequate iodine supply, the additional ubiquitous exposure to EDC and their mixtures is an additional threat for the essential thyroid hormone system, the health of the human population and their future progenies, animal life forms and our global environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Köhrle
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Hessische Strasse 3-4, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Caroline Frädrich
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Hessische Strasse 3-4, 10115, Berlin, Germany
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5
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Friedrich N, Pietzner M, Engelmann B, Homuth G, Führer D, Brabant G, Wallaschofski H, Völker U. Screening for New Markers to Assess Thyroid Hormone Action by OMICs
Analysis of Human Samples. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2020; 128:479-487. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1144-2636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTDetermination of the levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free
thyroid hormones (fTHs) is crucial for assessing thyroid function. However,
as a result of inter-individual genetic variability and different
environmental factors individual set points exist for TSH and fTHs and
display considerable variation. Furthermore, under specific
pathophysiological conditions like central hypothyroidism, TSH secreting
pituitary tumors, or thyroid hormone resistance the established markers TSH
and fTH fail to reliably predict thyroid function and adequate supply of TH
to peripheral organs. Even in case of overt hyper- and hypothyroidism
circulating fTH concentrations do not correlate with clinical symptoms.
Therefore, there is a clear need for novel, more specific biomarkers to
diagnose and monitor thyroid function. OMICs screening approaches allow
parallel profiling of hundreds to thousands of molecules and thus
comprehensive monitoring of molecular alterations in tissues and body fluids
that might be associated with changes in thyroid function. These techniques
thus constitute promising tools for the identification of urgently needed
novel biomarkers. This mini review summarizes the findings of OMICs studies
in thyroid research with a particular focus on population-based and patient
studies as well as interventional approaches investigating the effects of
thyroid hormone administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Friedrich
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University
Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Maik Pietzner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University
Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Beatrice Engelmann
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University
Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University
Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dagmar Führer
- Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University
Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Georg Brabant
- Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck,
Germany
| | - Henri Wallaschofski
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University
Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Praxis für Endokrinologie, Erfurt, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University
Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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6
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Kuś A, Chaker L, Teumer A, Peeters RP, Medici M. The Genetic Basis of Thyroid Function: Novel Findings and New Approaches. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5818501. [PMID: 32271924 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Genetic factors are major determinants of thyroid function. Over the last two decades, multiple genetic variants have been associated with variations in normal range thyroid function tests. Most recently, a large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) doubled the number of known variants associated with normal range thyrotropin (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) levels. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION This review summarizes the results of genetic association studies on normal range thyroid function and explores how these genetic variants can be used in future studies to improve our understanding of thyroid hormone regulation and disease. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Serum TSH and FT4 levels are determined by multiple genetic variants on virtually all levels of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. Functional follow-up studies on top of GWAS hits has the potential to discover new key players in thyroid hormone regulation, as exemplified by the identification of the thyroid hormone transporter SLC17A4 and the metabolizing enzyme AADAT. Translational studies may use these genetic variants to investigate causal associations between thyroid function and various outcomes in Mendelian Randomization (MR) studies, to identify individuals with an increased risk of thyroid dysfunction, and to predict the individual HPT axis setpoint. CONCLUSIONS Recent genetic studies have greatly improved our understanding of the genetic basis of thyroid function, and have revealed novel pathways involved in its regulation. In addition, these findings have paved the way for various lines of research that can improve our understanding of thyroid hormone regulation and thyroid diseases, as well as the potential use of these markers in future clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Kuś
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Layal Chaker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Medici
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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7
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Rosique C, Lebsir D, Benatia S, Guigon P, Caire-Maurisier F, Benderitter M, Souidi M, Martin JC. Metabolomics evaluation of repeated administration of potassium iodide on adult male rats. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:803-812. [PMID: 32047979 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02666-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The long-lasting consequence of a new iodine thyroid blocking strategy (ITB) to be used in case of nuclear accident is evaluated in male Wistar rats using a metabolomics approach applied 30 days after ITB completion. The design used 1 mg/kg/day of KI over 8 days. Thyroid hormones remained unchanged, but there was a metabolic shift measured mainly in thyroid then in plasma and urine. In the thyroid, tyrosine metabolism associated to catecholamine metabolism was more clearly impacted than thyroid hormones pathway. It was accompanied by a peripheral metabolic shift including metabolic regulators, branched-chain amino acids, oxidant stress and inflammation-associated response. Our results suggested that iodide intake can impact gut microbiota metabolism, which was related to host metabolic regulations including in the thyroid. As there were no clear clinical signs of dysfunction or toxicity, we concluded that the measured metabolomics response to the new ITB strategy, especially in thyroid, is unlikely to reveal a pathological condition but a shift towards a new adaptive homeostatic state, called 'allostatic regulation'. The question now is whether or not the shift is permanent and if so at what cost for long-term health. We anticipate our data as a start point for further regulatory toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Rosique
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, BioMeT, Marseille, France
| | - Dalila Lebsir
- Institut de Radioprotection Et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, 92260, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | | | - Pierre Guigon
- Pharmacie Centrale Des Armées, 45404, Fleury-les-Aubrais Cedex, France
| | | | - Marc Benderitter
- Institut de Radioprotection Et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, 92260, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Maâmar Souidi
- Institut de Radioprotection Et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, 92260, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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Köhrle J, Lehmphul I, Pietzner M, Renko K, Rijntjes E, Richards K, Anselmo J, Danielsen M, Jonklaas J. 3,5-T2-A Janus-Faced Thyroid Hormone Metabolite Exerts Both Canonical T3-Mimetic Endocrine and Intracrine Hepatic Action. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 10:787. [PMID: 31969860 PMCID: PMC6960127 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, thyroid hormone metabolites (THMs) received marked attention as it has been demonstrated that they are bioactive compounds. Their concentrations were determined by immunoassay or mass-spectrometry methods. Among those metabolites, 3,5-diiodothyronine (3,5-T2), occurs at low nanomolar concentrations in human serum, but might reach tissue concentrations similar to those of T4 and T3, at least based on data from rodent models. However, the immunoassay-based measurements in human sera revealed remarkable variations depending on antibodies used in the assays and thus need to be interpreted with caution. In clinical experimental approaches in euthyroid volunteers and hypothyroid patients using the immunoassay as the analytical tool no evidence of formation of 3,5-T2 from its putative precursors T4 or T3 was found, nor was any support found for the assumption that 3,5-T2 might represent a direct precursor for serum 3-T1-AM generated by combined deiodination and decarboxylation from 3,5-T2, as previously documented for mouse intestinal mucosa. We hypothesized that lowered endogenous production of 3,5-T2 in patients requiring T4 replacement therapy after thyroidectomy or for treatment of autoimmune thyroid disease, compared to production of 3,5-T2 in individuals with intact thyroid glands might contribute to the discontent seen in a subset of patients with this therapeutic regimen. So far, our observations do not support this assumption. However, the unexpected association between high serum 3,5-T2 and elevated urinary concentrations of metabolites related to coffee consumption requires further studies for an explanation. Elevated 3,5-T2 serum concentrations were found in several situations including impaired renal function, chronic dialysis, sepsis, non-survival in the ICU as well as post-operative atrial fibrillation (POAF) in studies using a monoclonal antibody-based chemoluminescence immunoassay. Pilot analysis of human sera using LC-linear-ion-trap-mass-spectrometry yielded 3,5-T2 concentrations below the limit of quantification in the majority of cases, thus the divergent results of both methods need to be reconciliated by further studies. Although positive anti-steatotic effects have been observed in rodent models, use of 3,5-T2 as a muscle anabolic, slimming or fitness drug, easily obtained without medical prescription, must be advised against, considering its potency in suppressing the HPT axis and causing adverse cardiac side effects. 3,5-T2 escapes regular detection by commercially available clinical routine assays used for thyroid function tests, which may be seriously disrupted in individuals self-administering 3,5-T2 obtained over-the counter or from other sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ina Lehmphul
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maik Pietzner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kostja Renko
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eddy Rijntjes
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Keith Richards
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - João Anselmo
- Endocrinology Department, Hospital Divino Espirito Santo, Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Mark Danielsen
- Division of Endocrinology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jacqueline Jonklaas
- Division of Endocrinology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
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Schultz J, Uddin Z, Singh G, Howlader MMR. Glutamate sensing in biofluids: recent advances and research challenges of electrochemical sensors. Analyst 2020; 145:321-347. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an01609k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical sensing guidelines for glutamate in biofluids, associated with different diseases, providing knowledge translation among science, engineering, and medical professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Schultz
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada
| | - Zakir Uddin
- School of Rehabilitation Science
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada
| | - Gurmit Singh
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada
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10
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Pietzner M, Köhrle J, Lehmphul I, Budde K, Kastenmüller G, Brabant G, Völzke H, Artati A, Adamski J, Völker U, Nauck M, Friedrich N, Homuth G. A Thyroid Hormone-Independent Molecular Fingerprint of 3,5-Diiodothyronine Suggests a Strong Relationship with Coffee Metabolism in Humans. Thyroid 2019; 29:1743-1754. [PMID: 31571530 PMCID: PMC6918876 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2018.0549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background: In numerous studies based predominantly on rodent models, administration of 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine (3,5-T2), a metabolite of the thyroid hormones (TH) thyroxine (T4) and triiodo-L-thyronine (T3), was reported to cause beneficial health effects, including reversal of steatohepatosis and prevention of insulin resistance, in most instances without adverse thyrotoxic side effects. However, the empirical evidence concerning the physiological relevance of endogenously produced 3,5-T2 in humans is comparatively poor. Therefore, to improve the understanding of 3,5-T2-related metabolic processes, we performed a comprehensive metabolomic study relating serum 3,5-T2 concentrations to plasma and urine metabolite levels within a large general population sample. Methods: Serum 3,5-T2 concentrations were determined for 856 participants of the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania-TREND (SHIP-TREND). Plasma and urine metabolome data were generated using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, allowing quantification of 613 and 578 metabolites in plasma and urine, respectively. To detect thyroid function-independent significant 3,5-T2-metabolite associations, linear regression analyses controlling for major confounders, including thyrotropin and free T4, were performed. The same analyses were carried out using a sample of 16 male healthy volunteers treated for 8 weeks with 250 μg/day levothyroxine to induce thyrotoxicosis. Results: The specific molecular fingerprint of 3,5-T2 comprised 15 and 73 significantly associated metabolites in plasma and urine, respectively. Serum 3,5-T2 concentrations were neither associated with classical thyroid function parameters nor altered during experimental thyrotoxicosis. Strikingly, many metabolites related to coffee metabolism, including caffeine and paraxanthine, formed the clearest positively associated molecular signature. Importantly, these associations were replicated in the experimental human thyrotoxicosis model. Conclusion: The molecular fingerprint of 3,5-T2 demonstrates a clear and strong positive association of the serum levels of this TH metabolite with plasma levels of compounds indicating coffee consumption, therefore pointing to the liver as an organ, the metabolism of which is strongly affected by coffee. Furthermore, 3,5-T2 serum concentrations were found not to be directly TH dependent. Considering the beneficial health effects of 3,5-T2 administration observed in animal models and those of coffee consumption demonstrated in large epidemiological studies, one might speculate that coffee-stimulated hepatic 3,5-T2 production or accumulation represents an important molecular link in this connection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Pietzner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Address correspondence to: Maik Pietzner, PhD, MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, CB2 0QQ Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Josef Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ina Lehmphul
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathrin Budde
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gabi Kastenmüller
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Georg Brabant
- Medical Clinic I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZD (German Center for Diabetes Research), Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anna Artati
- Research Unit of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Research Unit of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Genetik, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- DZD (German Center for Diabetes Research), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Uwe Völker
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nele Friedrich
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Georg Homuth, PhD, Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine and University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 8, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany
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Nock S, Höfig C, Harder L, Schomburg L, Brabant G, Mittag J. Unraveling the Molecular Basis for Successful Thyroid Hormone Replacement Therapy: The Need for New Thyroid Tissue- and Pathway-Specific Biomarkers. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2019; 128:473-478. [PMID: 31590191 DOI: 10.1055/a-1012-8484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid function is conventionally assessed by measurement of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free circulating thyroid hormones, which is in most cases sufficient for correct diagnosis and monitoring of treatment efficiency. However, several conditions exist, in which these parameters may be insufficient or even misleading. For instance, both, a TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma and a mutation of thyroid hormone receptor β present with high levels of TSH and circulating hormones, but the optimal treatment is substantially different. Likewise, changes in thyroid hormone receptor α signaling are not captured by routine assessment of thyroid status, as serum parameters are usually inconspicuous. Therefore, new biomarkers are urgently needed to improve the diagnostic management and monitor treatment efficiency for e. g., replacement therapy in hypothyroidism or thyroid hormone resistance. By comparing animal models to human data, the present minireview summarizes the status of this search for new tissue- and pathway-specific biomarkers of thyroid hormone action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Nock
- Medizinische Klinik I, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Carolin Höfig
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité -Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lisbeth Harder
- Medizinische Klinik I, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lutz Schomburg
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité -Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Brabant
- Medizinische Klinik I, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jens Mittag
- Medizinische Klinik I, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
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12
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Köhrle J. The Colorful Diversity of Thyroid Hormone Metabolites. Eur Thyroid J 2019; 8:115-129. [PMID: 31259154 PMCID: PMC6587369 DOI: 10.1159/000497141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of L-thyroxine, the main secretory product of the thyroid gland, and its major metabolite T3, which exerts the majority of thyroid hormone action via ligand-dependent modulation of the function of T3 receptors in nuclei, mitochondria, and other subcellular compartments, various other T4-derived endogenous metabolites have been identified in blood and tissues of humans, animals, and early protochordates. This review addresses major historical milestones and experimental findings resulting in the discovery of the key enzymes of thyroid hormone metabolism, the three selenoprotein deiodinases, as well as the decarboxylases and amine oxidases involved in formation and degradation of recently identified endogenous thyroid hormone metabolites, i.e. 3-iodothyronamine and 3-thyroacetic acid. The concerted action of deiodinases 2 and 3 in regulation of local T3 availability is discussed. Special attention is given to the role of the thyromimetic "hot" metabolite 3,5-T2 and the "cool" 3-iodothyronamine, especially after administration of pharmacological doses of these endogenous thyroid hormone metabolites in various animal experimental models. In addition, available information on the biological roles of the two major acetic acid derivatives of thyroid hormones, i.e. Tetrac and Triac, as well as sulfated metabolites of thyroid hormones is reviewed. This review addresses the consequences of the existence of this broad spectrum of endogenous thyroid hormone metabolites, the "thyronome," beyond the classical thyroid hormone profile comprising T4, T3, and rT3 for appropriate analytical coverage and clinical diagnostics using mass spectrometry versus immunoassays for determination of total and free concentrations of thyroid hormone metabolites in blood and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum (CVK), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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13
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Köhrle J, Biebermann H. 3-Iodothyronamine-A Thyroid Hormone Metabolite With Distinct Target Profiles and Mode of Action. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:602-630. [PMID: 30649231 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The rediscovery of the group of thyronamines (TAMs), especially the first detailed description of their most prominent congener 3-iodothyronamine (3T1AM) 14 years ago, boosted research on this thyroid hormone metabolite tremendously. TAMs exert actions partly opposite to and distinct from known functions of thyroid hormones. These fascinating metabolic, anapyrexic, cytoprotective, and brain effects quickly evoked the hope to use hormone-derived TAMs as a therapeutic option. The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) TAAR1, a member of the trace amine-associated receptor (TAAR) family, was identified as the first target and effector of TAM action. The initial enthusiasm on pharmacological actions of exogenous TAMs elicited many questions, such as sites of biosynthesis, analytics, modes of action, inactivation, and role of TAMs in (patho)physiology. Meanwhile, it became clear that TAMs not only interact with TAAR1 or other TAAR family members but also with several aminergic receptors and non-GPCR targets such as transient receptor potential channels, mitochondrial proteins, and the serum TAM-binding protein apolipoprotein B100, thus classifying 3T1AM as a multitarget ligand. The physiological mode of action of TAMs is still controversial because regulation of endogenous TAM production and the sites of its biosynthesis are not fully elucidated. Methods for 3T1AM analytics need further validation, as they revealed different blood and tissue concentrations depending on detection principles used such as monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay vs liquid chromatography- matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry or time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In this review, we comprehensively summarize and critically evaluate current basic, translational, and clinical knowledge on 3T1AM and its main metabolite 3-iodothyroacetic acid, focusing on endocrine-relevant aspects and open but highly challenging issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Biebermann
- Institut für Experimentelle Pädiatrische Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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