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Penning TM, Covey DF. 5β-Dihydrosteroids: Formation and Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8857. [PMID: 39201544 PMCID: PMC11354470 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
5β-Dihydrosteroids are produced by the reduction of Δ4-3-ketosteroids catalyzed by steroid 5β-reductase (AKR1D1). By analogy with steroid 5α-reductase, genetic deficiency exists in AKR1D1 which leads to errors in newborn metabolism and in this case to bile acid deficiency. Also, like the 5α-dihydrosteroids (e.g., 5α-dihydrotestosterone), the 5β-dihydrosteroids produced by AKR1D1 are not inactive but regulate ligand access to nuclear receptors, can act as ligands for nuclear and membrane-bound receptors, and regulate ion-channel opening. For example, 5β-reduction of cortisol and cortisone yields the corresponding 5β-dihydroglucocorticoids which are inactive on the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and provides an additional mechanism of pre-receptor regulation of ligands for the GR in liver cells. By contrast, 5β-pregnanes can act as neuroactive steroids at the GABAA and NMDA receptors and at low-voltage-activated calcium channels, act as tocolytic agents, have analgesic activity and act as ligands for PXR, while bile acids act as ligands for FXR and thereby control cholesterol homeostasis. The 5β-androstanes also have potent vasodilatory properties and work through blockade of Ca2+ channels. Thus, a preference for 5β-dihydrosteroids to work at the membrane level exists via a variety of mechanisms. This article reviews the field and identifies gaps in knowledge to be addressed in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M. Penning
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19061, USA
| | - Douglas F. Covey
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
- Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Perry AS, Hadad N, Chatterjee E, Ramos MJ, Farber-Eger E, Roshani R, Stolze LK, Zhao S, Martens L, Kendall TJ, Thone T, Amancherla K, Bailin S, Gabriel CL, Koethe J, Carr JJ, Terry JG, Freedman J, Tanriverdi K, Alsop E, Keuren-Jensen KV, Sauld JFK, Mahajan G, Khan S, Colangelo L, Nayor M, Fisher-Hoch S, McCormick J, North KE, Below J, Wells Q, Abel D, Kalhan R, Scott C, Guilliams M, Fallowfield JA, Banovich NE, Das S, Shah R. A prognostic molecular signature of hepatic steatosis is spatially heterogeneous and dynamic in human liver. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.01.26.24301828. [PMID: 38352394 PMCID: PMC10863022 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.26.24301828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) prevalence is increasing in parallel with an obesity pandemic, calling for novel strategies for prevention and treatment. We defined a circulating proteome of human MASLD across ≈7000 proteins in ≈5000 individuals from diverse, at-risk populations across the metabolic health spectrum, demonstrating reproducible diagnostic performance and specifying both known and novel metabolic pathways relevant to MASLD (central carbon and amino acid metabolism, hepatocyte regeneration, inflammation, fibrosis, insulin sensitivity). A parsimonious proteomic signature of MASLD was associated with a protection from MASLD and its related multi-system metabolic consequences in >26000 free-living individuals, with an additive effect to polygenic risk. The MASLD proteome was encoded by genes that demonstrated transcriptional enrichment in liver, with spatial transcriptional activity in areas of steatosis in human liver biopsy and dynamicity for select targets in human liver across stages of steatosis. We replicated several top relations from proteomics and spatial tissue transcriptomics in a humanized "liver-on-a-chip" model of MASLD, highlighting the power of a full translational approach to discovery in MASLD. Collectively, these results underscore utility of blood-based proteomics as a dynamic "liquid biopsy" of human liver relevant to clinical biomarker and mechanistic applications.
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Smiriglia A, Lorito N, Serra M, Perra A, Morandi A, Kowalik MA. Sex difference in liver diseases: How preclinical models help to dissect the sex-related mechanisms sustaining NAFLD and hepatocellular carcinoma. iScience 2023; 26:108363. [PMID: 38034347 PMCID: PMC10682354 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Only a few preclinical findings are confirmed in the clinic, posing a critical issue for clinical development. Therefore, identifying the best preclinical models can help to dissect molecular and mechanistic insights into liver disease pathogenesis while being clinically relevant. In this context, the sex relevance of most preclinical models has been only partially considered. This is particularly significant in NAFLD and HCC, which have a higher prevalence in men when compared to pre-menopause women but not to those in post-menopausal status, suggesting a role for sex hormones in the pathogenesis of the diseases. This review gathers the sex-relevant findings and the available preclinical models focusing on both in vitro and in vivo studies and discusses the potential implications and perspectives of introducing the sex effect in the selection of the best preclinical model. This is a critical aspect that would help to tailor personalized therapies based on sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Smiriglia
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Nicla Lorito
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Marina Serra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Andrea Perra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Andrea Morandi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Marta Anna Kowalik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
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Detlefsen AJ, Paulukinas RD, Penning TM. Germline Mutations in Steroid Metabolizing Enzymes: A Focus on Steroid Transforming Aldo-Keto Reductases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:1873. [PMID: 36768194 PMCID: PMC9915212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormones synchronize a variety of functions throughout all stages of life. Importantly, steroid hormone-transforming enzymes are ultimately responsible for the regulation of these potent signaling molecules. Germline mutations that cause dysfunction in these enzymes cause a variety of endocrine disorders. Mutations in SRD5A2, HSD17B3, and HSD3B2 genes that lead to disordered sexual development, salt wasting, and other severe disorders provide a glimpse of the impacts of mutations in steroid hormone transforming enzymes. In a departure from these established examples, this review examines disease-associated germline coding mutations in steroid-transforming members of the human aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily. We consider two main categories of missense mutations: those resulting from nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) and cases resulting from familial inherited base pair substitutions. We found mutations in human AKR1C genes that disrupt androgen metabolism, which can affect male sexual development and exacerbate prostate cancer and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Others may be disease causal in the AKR1D1 gene that is responsible for bile acid deficiency. However, given the extensive roles of AKRs in steroid metabolism, we predict that with expanding publicly available data and analysis tools, there is still much to be uncovered regarding germline AKR mutations in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J. Detlefsen
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ryan D. Paulukinas
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Trevor M. Penning
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Zhang W, Zhang Y, Wan Y, Liu Q, Zhu X. A bile acid-related prognostic signature in hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22355. [PMID: 36572736 PMCID: PMC9792463 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26795-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the high mortality of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), its prognostic models are urgently needed. Bile acid (BA) metabolic disturbance participates in hepatocarcinogenesis. We aim to develop a BA-related gene signature for HCC patients. Research data of HCC were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) online databases. After least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis, we developed a BA-related prognostic signature in TCGA cohort based on differentially expressed prognostic BA-related genes. Then, the predictive performance of the signature was evaluated and verified in TCGA and ICGC cohort respectively. We obtained the risk score of each HCC patient according to the model. The differences of immune status and drug sensitivity were compared in patients that were stratified based on risk score. The protein and mRNA levels of the modeling genes were validated in the Human Protein Atlas database and our cell lines, respectively. In TCGA cohort, we selected 4 BA-related genes to construct the first BA-related prognostic signature. The risk signature exhibited good discrimination and predictive ability, which was verified in ICGC cohort. Patients were classified into high- and low-risk groups according to their median scores. The occurrence of death increased with increasing risk score. Low-risk patients owned favorable overall survival. High-risk patients possessed high immune checkpoint expression and low IC50 values for sorafenib, cisplatin and doxorubicin. Real-time quantitative PCR and immunohistochemical results validate expression of modeling genes in the signature. We constructed the first BA-related gene signature, which might help to identify HCC patients with poor prognosis and guide individualized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Zhang
- grid.412604.50000 0004 1758 4073Department of Gastroenterology, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- grid.412604.50000 0004 1758 4073Department of Gastroenterology, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yipeng Wan
- grid.412604.50000 0004 1758 4073Department of Gastroenterology, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qi Liu
- grid.412604.50000 0004 1758 4073Department of Gastroenterology, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xuan Zhu
- grid.412604.50000 0004 1758 4073Department of Gastroenterology, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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