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Cheng Y, Liu S, Zhang Y, Su D, Wang G, Lv C, Zhang Y, Yu H, Hao L, Zhang J. The effect of heat stress on bull sperm quality and related HSPs expression. ANIM BIOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1163/15707563-00002507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress dramatically decreases bull sperm quality and has recently received more attention due to the warmer global climate and more intensive production. However, no data exist regarding sperm quality or the related molecular mechanisms under heat stress. Recent studies showed that inducible heat shock proteins (HSPs) play an important role in the dairy heat stress regulation. In this article, to investigate the impacts of heat stress on sperm quality and the associated molecular mechanisms, sperm quality and enzyme activities concerning acrosome reaction were assessed in Simmental, Limousin and Yanbian bulls under heat stress. Subsequently, changes in heat shock protein expression profiles of Simmental bulls were observed, because we observed that sperm quality of these bulls was most sensitive to heat stress. Finally, the relationship between sperm quality and heat shock protein expression under heat stress was analyzed. The results show that summer heat stress decreased the sperm quality of the three bull breeds significantly. Moreover, different levels of heat stimulation induced various enzyme activity changes, among which the activity change in acrosomal enzyme was the most remarkable. Furthermore, the expression of heat shock proteins in the sperm was influenced by the imposed heat stress, among which the expression levels of HSP60 and HSP70 were increased while HSP90 decreased. In summary, our data show that heat stress seriously affects sperm quality and that HSP90 was most sensitive, although it should be noted that seasonal effects may confound these results. This change in heat shock protein expression may be the major factor that affected the sperm quality of the bulls. The findings may provide a new hypothesis for how heat stress impacts reproduction mechanistically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Cheng
- 1College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Songcai Liu
- 1College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
- 2Five-Star Animal Health Pharmaceutical Factory of Jilin Province, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- 1College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Dan Su
- 1College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Gang Wang
- 1College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Chen Lv
- 1College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- 1College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Hao Yu
- 1College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Linlin Hao
- 1College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Jiabao Zhang
- 1College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
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Dong Y, Mao B, Li L, Guan H, Su Y, Li X, Lian Q, Huang P, Ge RS. Gossypol enantiomers potently inhibit human placental 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 and aromatase activities. Fitoterapia 2015; 109:132-7. [PMID: 26709042 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Gossypol is a chemical isolated from cotton seeds. It exists as (+) or (-) enantiomer and has been tested for anticancer, abortion-inducing, and male contraception. Progesterone formed from pregnenolone by 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (HSD3B1) and estradiol from androgen by aromatase (CYP19A1) are critical for the maintenance of pregnancy or associated with some cancers. In this study we compared the potencies of (+)- and (-)-gossypol enantiomers in the inhibition of HSD3B1 and aromatase activities as well as progesterone and estradiol production in human placental JEG-3 cells. (+) Gossypol showed potent inhibition on human placental HSD3B1 with IC50 value of 2.3 μM, while (-) gossypol weakly inhibited it with IC50 over 100 μM. In contrast, (-) gossypol moderately inhibited CYP19A1 activity with IC50 of 23 μM, while (+) gossypol had no inhibition when the highest concentration (100 μM) was tested. (+) Gossypol enantiomer competitively inhibited HSD3B1 against substrate pregnenolone and showed mixed mode against NAD(+). (-) Gossypol competitively inhibited CYP19A1 against substrate testosterone. Gossypol enantiomers showed different potency related to their inhibition on human HSD3B1 and CYP19A1. Whether gossypol enantiomer is used alone or in combination relies on its application and beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Dong
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Baiping Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Linxi Li
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Hongguo Guan
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Ying Su
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Qingquan Lian
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China.
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
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Hu GX, Zhou HY, Li XW, Chen BB, Xiao YC, Lian QQ, Liang G, Kim HH, Zheng ZQ, Hardy DO, Ge RS. The (+)- and (-)-gossypols potently inhibit both 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3 in human and rat testes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 115:14-9. [PMID: 19429456 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Revised: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Androgen deprivation is commonly used in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer. The (-)-gossypol enantiomer has been demonstrated as an effective inhibitor of Bcl-2 in the treatment of prostate cancer. However, the mechanism of gossypol as an inhibitor of androgen biosynthesis is not clear. The present study compared (+)- and (-)-gossypols in the inhibition of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD) and 17beta-HSD isoform 3 (17beta-HSD3) in human and rat testes. Gossypol enantiomers were more potent inhibitors of rat 3beta-HSD with IC(50)s of approximately 0.2microM compared to 3-5microM in human testes. However, human 17beta-HSD3 was more sensitive to inhibition by gossypol enantiomers, with IC(50)s of 0.36+/-0.09 and 1.13+/-0.12 for (-)- and (+)-gossypols, respectively, compared to 3.43+/-0.46 and 10.93+/-2.27 in rat testes. There were species- and enantiomer-specific differences in the sensitivity of the inhibition of 17beta-HSD3. Gossypol enantiomers competitively inhibited both 3beta-HSD and 17beta-HSD3 by competing for the cofactor binding sites of these enzymes. Gossypol enantiomers, fed orally to rats (20mg/kg), inhibited 3beta-HSD but not 17beta-HSD3. This finding was consistent with the in vitro data, in which rat 3beta-HSD was more sensitive to gossypol inhibition than rat 17beta-HSD3. As the reverse was true for the human enzymes, gossypol might be useful for treating metastatic prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Xin Hu
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology & Pharmacology, Wenzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, PR China
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Chen BB, Lin H, Hu GX, Su Y, Zhou HY, Lian QQ, Cai H, Hardy DO, Gu DY, Ge RS. The (+)- and (-)-gossypols potently inhibit human and rat 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 113:177-81. [PMID: 19150652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2008.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Revised: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Gossypol has been proven to be a very effective male contraceptive. However, clinical trials showed that the major side effect of gossypol was hypokalemia. Gossypol occurs naturally as enantiomeric mixtures of (+)-gossypol and (-)-gossypol. The (-)-gossypol is found to be the active component of antifertility. 11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (11betaHSD2) has been demonstrated to be a mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) protector by inactivating active glucocorticoids including corticosterone (CORT) in rats, and therefore mutation or suppression of 11betaHSD2 causes hypokalemia and hypertension. In the present study, the potency of gossypol enantiomers was tested for the inhibition of 11betaHSD1 and 2 in rat and human. Both (+) and (-)-gossypols showed a potent inhibition of 11betaHSD2 with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) of 0.61 and 1.33 microM for (+) and (-)-gossypols, respectively in rats and 1.05 and 1.90 microM for (+) and (-)-gossypols, respectively in human. The potency of gossypol to inhibit 11betaHSD1 was far less; the IC(50) was > or =100 microM for racemic gossypol. The gossypol-induced hypokalemia is likely associated with its potent inhibition of kidney 11betaHSD2.
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Qiu J, Levin LR, Buck J, Reidenberg MM. Different pathways of cell killing by gossypol enantiomers. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2002; 227:398-401. [PMID: 12037129 DOI: 10.1177/153537020222700605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gossypol, a polyphenolic, aldehyde-containing constituent of cottonseed, produced partial responses (>50% reduction in tumor size) in some patients with advanced cancer and suppressed sperm as an antifertility agent for men. This action in vivo and its novel side effect profile suggest a specific mechanism of the action of gossypol. Using the random homozygous knockout approach of Li and Cohen (1), we developed a cell line resistant to killing by gossypol, but sensitive to methotrexate and doxorubicin. It showed stereospecific resistance to killing by (-) gossypol (ED(50) 4.9 microM) compared with wild type (ED(50) 2.0 microM). The resistant and wild-type cells were equally sensitive to (+) gossypol (ED(50) 8.8 and 8.4 microM, respectively), methotrexate, and doxyrubicin. We conclude that gossypol affects cells by a stereospecific pathway for (-) gossypol, possibly related to its selective effects, and a nonstereospecific pathway for (+) gossypol and higher concentrations of (-) gossypol. Further knowledge about the stereospecific pathway may lead to new therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology and Medicine, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Rekha GK, Sladek NE. Inhibition of human class 3 aldehyde dehydrogenase, and sensitization of tumor cells that express significant amounts of this enzyme to oxazaphosphorines, by the naturally occurring compound gossypol. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1997; 414:133-46. [PMID: 9059615 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5871-2_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G K Rekha
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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Hansen LL, Jaroszewski JW. Effect of gossypol on cultured TM3 Leydig and TM4 Sertoli cells: 31P and 23Na NMR study. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 1996; 9:72-78. [PMID: 8887371 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1492(199604)9:2<72::aid-nbm406>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The effects of gossypol on glucose metabolism, ATP levels and intracellular sodium levels in murine TM3 Leydig and TM4 Sertoli cell lines were investigated, and their response compared. Relative ATP levels and sodium ion levels in the two cell lines were determined by 31P and 23Na NMR spectroscopy. Short-term effect of gossypol on phosphate metabolism in immobilized and perfused cells was apparent in 31P NMR spectra only with relatively high concentrations of gossypol, corresponding to about 40 times IC50. However, incubation with low gossypol concentrations markedly affected the energetic status of the cells, especially of the TM3 cells. Although inhibition of proliferation by gossypol was stronger with the TM4 cells, the decrease of intracellular ATP level and increase of sodium ion concentration were more pronounced in the TM3 cells. The growth-inhibitory effect of (-)-gossypol was stronger than that of (+)-gossypol, with the eudesmic ratio of 2-2.5. The enantioselectivity of the effect of gossypol on the energy metabolism of TM3 and TM4 cells was low, in contrast to the in vivo antispermatogenic effect, which was reported to be solely associated with (-)-gossypol. Inhibition of energy production in somatic testicular tissue is thus unlikely to be major cause of the antispermatogenic effect of gossypol.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Hansen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
Gossypol, a potential male oral contraceptive, is chiral and chemically reactive. The present study was done to learn more about the stereoselective activity of this drug. The isomers were equipotent in hemolyzing erythrocytes in protein-free buffer while (+) gossypol was a more potent hemolysin than (-) in plasma. Both isomers disappeared from buffer at the same rate while (-) disappeared from plasma much faster than (+). Treating plasma with aspirin or DNFB to react with the free amino groups on the protein, slowed the disappearance of (-) gossypol. We conclude that (-) gossypol binds to free amino groups on protein and this stereoselective protein binding may account for some of the pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic difference between the two isomers of gossypol.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021
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Toebosch AM, Brussée R, Verkerk A, Grootegoed JA. Quantitative evaluation of the maintenance and development of spermatocytes and round spermatids in cultured tubule fragments from immature rat testis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY 1989; 12:360-74. [PMID: 2592124 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.1989.tb01325.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance and development of spermatocytes and round spermatids was studied in an in-vitro incubation system. This system consisted of open tubule fragments from 26-day-old rat testes, obtained after collagenase treatment. The tubule fragments contained Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells up to and including a small number of early round spermatids. The number of primary spermatocytes and round spermatids in the tubule fragments was estimated using flow-cytometric analysis, immediately after isolation and after 72 h of incubation. In addition, the activity of LDH-C4 in the tubule fragments was measured. After 72 h of incubation, the percentage of spermatocytes was reduced by 70-80%, but the percentage of spermatids was doubled. The total LDH-C4 activity per well was increased 2-3-fold during 72 h of incubation of the fragments. A modest improvement of the culture results was observed when a combination of FSH, insulin, retinol and testosterone was added to the medium. LDH-C4 activity was investigated to see whether it could be used as a quantitative marker of isolated and cultured spermatocytes and spermatids. It was observed that LDH-C4 activity per cell was decreased when spermatocytes and spermatids were isolated and/or incubated at 4 degrees C. However, the cellular enzyme activity returned to control values during subsequent incubation of the cells at 32 degrees C, either in the absence or presence of a protein synthesis inhibitor. Cellular LDH-C4 activity may be influenced not only by temperature, but possibly also by other cell isolation conditions. It is concluded that LDH-C4 activity may not be a reliable quantitative marker for the presence of spermatocytes and spermatids in culture, but should be used in combination with other analytical methods such as DNA estimation and DNA flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Toebosch
- Department of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Grootegoed
- Department of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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