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Cortez JV, Hardwicke K, Cuervo-Arango J, Grupen CG. Cloning horses by somatic cell nuclear transfer: Effects of oocyte source on development to foaling. Theriogenology 2023; 203:99-108. [PMID: 37011429 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
The cloning of horses is a commercial reality, yet the availability of oocytes for cloned embryo production remains a major limitation. Immature oocytes collected from abattoir-sourced ovaries or from live mares by ovum pick-up (OPU) have both been used to generate cloned foals. However, the reported cloning efficiencies are difficult to compare due to the different somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) techniques and conditions used. The objective of this retrospective study was to compare the in vitro and in vivo development of equine SCNT embryos produced using oocytes recovered from abattoir-sourced ovaries and from live mares by OPU. A total of 1,128 oocytes were obtained, of which 668 were abattoir-derived and 460 were OPU-derived. The methods used for in vitro maturation and SCNT were identical for both oocyte groups, and the embryos were cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium/Nutrient Mixture F-12 Ham medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. Embryo development in vitro was assessed, and Day 7 blastocysts were transferred to recipient mares. The embryos were transferred fresh when possible, and a cohort of vitrified-thawed OPU-derived blastocysts was also transferred. Pregnancy outcomes were recorded at Days 14, 42 and 90 of gestation and at foaling. The rates of cleavage (68.7 ± 3.9% vs 62.4 ± 4.7%) and development to the blastocyst stage (34.6 ± 3.3% vs 25.6 ± 2.0%) were superior for OPU-derived embryos compared with abattoir-derived embryos (P < 0.05). Following transfer of Day 7 blastocysts to a total of 77 recipient mares, the pregnancy rates at Days 14 and 42 of gestation were 37.7% and 27.3%, respectively. Beyond Day 42, the percentages of recipient mares that still had a viable conceptus at Day 90 (84.6% vs 37.5%) and gave birth to a healthy foal (61.5% vs 12.5%) were greater for the OPU group compared with the abattoir group (P < 0.05). Surprisingly, more favourable pregnancy outcomes were achieved when blastocysts were vitrified for later transfer, probably because the uterine receptivity of the recipient mares was more ideal. A total of 12 cloned foals were born, 9 of which were viable. Given the differences observed between the two oocyte groups, the use of OPU-harvested oocytes for generating cloned foals is clearly advantageous. Continued research is essential to better understand the oocyte deficiencies and increase the efficiency of equine cloning.
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Effect of ACY-1215 on cytoskeletal remodeling and histone acetylation in bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos. Theriogenology 2022; 183:98-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Qu P, Zuo Z, Liu Z, Niu Z, Zhang Y, Du Y, Ma X, Qiao F, Wang M, Zhang Y, Qing S, Wang Y. Sperm-borne small RNAs regulate α-tubulin acetylation and epigenetic modification of early bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos. Mol Hum Reprod 2020; 25:471-482. [PMID: 31041452 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaz023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulated evidence indicates that sperm-borne small RNA plays a crucial role in embryonic development, especially the absence of the sperm-borne small RNA might be a major cause of the abnormal development of cloned embryos. In this study, we found that sperm-borne small RNA can affect abnormal pronuclear-like structures, postpone the timing of first embryo cleavage and enhance developmental competence of bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos. In addition, the supplementation of sperm-borne small RNA can significantly increase live birth rates and decrease the birth weights of cloned offspring. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, the levels of α-tubulin K40 acetylation (Ac α-tubulin K40) and histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) during early embryo development were investigated in SCNT embryos with sperm-borne small RNA supplementation (termed as T-NT), compared to those normal SCNT embryos and embryos obtained from standard IVF. The results showed that sperm-borne small RNA can significantly decrease the H3K9me3 levels at the pronuclear and two-cell stages, while significantly increase Ac α-tubulin K40 levels at anaphase and telophase of bovine SCNT embryos during the first cleavage. Collectively, our study for the first time demonstrates that sperm-borne small RNA plays a crucial role in the developmental competence of SCNT embryos by regulating H3K9me3 and Ac α-tubulin K40. Further studies will be required to determine how sperm small RNA regulate the H3K9me3 and Acα-tubulin K40. Our study suggests that the supplementation of sperm-borne small RNA is a potential application to improve the cloning efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiang Qu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Laboratory Animal Centre, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhenzi Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhengqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhihan Niu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yue Du
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Xiaonan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fang Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengyun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Suzhu Qing
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Sper RB, Koh S, Zhang X, Simpson S, Collins B, Sommer J, Petters RM, Caballero I, Platt JL, Piedrahita JA. Generation of a Stable Transgenic Swine Model Expressing a Porcine Histone 2B-eGFP Fusion Protein for Cell Tracking and Chromosome Dynamics Studies. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169242. [PMID: 28081156 PMCID: PMC5230777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenic pigs have become an attractive research model in the field of translational research, regenerative medicine, and stem cell therapy due to their anatomic, genetic and physiological similarities with humans. The development of fluorescent proteins as molecular tags has allowed investigators to track cell migration and engraftment levels after transplantation. Here we describe the development of two transgenic pig models via SCNT expressing a fusion protein composed of eGFP and porcine Histone 2B (pH2B). This fusion protein is targeted to the nucleosomes resulting a nuclear/chromatin eGFP signal. The first model (I) was generated via random insertion of pH2B-eGFP driven by the CAG promoter (chicken beta actin promoter and rabbit Globin poly A; pCAG-pH2B-eGFP) and protected by human interferon-β matrix attachment regions (MARs). Despite the consistent, high, and ubiquitous expression of the fusion protein pH2B-eGFP in all tissues analyzed, two independently generated Model I transgenic lines developed neurodegenerative symptoms including Wallerian degeneration between 3–5 months of age, requiring euthanasia. A second transgenic model (II) was developed via CRISPR-Cas9 mediated homology-directed repair (HDR) of IRES-pH2B-eGFP into the endogenous β-actin (ACTB) locus. Model II transgenic animals showed ubiquitous expression of pH2B-eGFP on all tissues analyzed. Unlike the pCAG-pH2B-eGFP/MAR line, all Model II animals were healthy and multiple pregnancies have been established with progeny showing the expected Mendelian ratio for the transmission of the pH2B-eGFP. Expression of pH2B-eGFP was used to examine the timing of the maternal to zygotic transition after IVF, and to examine chromosome segregation of SCNT embryos. To our knowledge this is the first viable transgenic pig model with chromatin-associated eGFP allowing both cell tracking and the study of chromatin dynamics in a large animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan B. Sper
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sehwon Koh
- Department of Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Xia Zhang
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sean Simpson
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Bruce Collins
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jeff Sommer
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert M. Petters
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ignacio Caballero
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jeff L. Platt
- Department of Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jorge A. Piedrahita
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The efficiency of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) cloning remains low, thus limiting the applications of this technique. In this study, we used immunochemistry and confocal microscopy to detect the microtubule component, β-tubulin, in SCNT, parthenogenetic (PA), and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) embryos before the first mitotic division. β-Tubulin is the component subunit of microtubule, which plays critical roles in regulating localization of cellular organelles, and the growth, maturation and fertilization of oocytes. Our results demonstrated similar changes of spindle patterns in PA and ICSI embryos. The second meiotic division resumed 1 h post-treatment, and the cytoplasmic asters (CAs) disappeared. After about 4-6 h of treatment, pronuclei formed with the midbodies connecting each other. Meanwhile, the CAs reappeared and a microtubule network developed in the cytoplasm. However, SCNT embryos showed abnormal multipolar spindles, and the pseudopronuclei that contained many nucleoli existed after 6 h of SrCl2 activation. Enucleated oocytes alone did not form spindle-like structures when they were artificially activated for 6 h, indicating that somatic cell chromosomes might be necessary for spindle formation in SCNT embryos. These results demonstrated abnormal changes of β-tubulin in mouse SCNT embryos, compared with PA and ICSI embryos.
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Xu X, Duan X, Lu C, Lin G, Lu G. Dynamic distribution of NuMA and microtubules in human fetal fibroblasts, developing oocytes and somatic cell nuclear transferred embryos. Hum Reprod 2011; 26:1052-60. [PMID: 21406448 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/der067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nuclear mitotic apparatus (NuMA) plays a central role in the assembly and maintenance of spindle poles. Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) studies on non-human primates have shown that meiotic spindle removal during enucleation causes depletion of NuMA and the minus-end-directed motor protein (HSET) from the ooplasm, and this in turn leads to failure of embryo development. To determine whether NuMA from somatic cells could compensate for NuMA loss during enucleation, the distribution of NuMA and microtubule organization were investigated in human fibroblasts, developing oocytes and SCNT embryos. METHODS Human fetal fibroblasts, oocytes at various maturation stages and human embryos reconstructed by different SCNT methods were analyzed for NuMA and α-tubulin using immunofluorescent confocal microscopy. RESULTS NuMA was detected in interphase nuclei of fibroblasts and oocytes. During mitosis and meiosis, NuMA relocated to the domain surrounding the two spindle poles. During the enucleation process, NuMA was removed along with the meiotic spindle. At 2 h after injection into a donor cell, transitory bipolar spindles were organized and NuMA was detected in the reformed poles. NuMA could be detected spreading uniformly across the nucleoplasm of one pseudo-pronucleus in SCNT embryos but was excluded from the nucleolus. Regardless of the method used for SCNT (enucleation-injection or injection-pronuclei enucleation), NuMA aggregated and relocated to the reformed spindle poles at metaphase of the first mitotic event. At interphase, NuMA relocated throughout the nucleus in developmentally arrested SCNT embryos. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that donor cell nuclei contain NuMA, which might contribute to the maintenance of spindle morphology in SCNT embryos. Normal spindle and NuMA expression were found in human SCNT embryos at different developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Xu
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410078, People's Republic of China
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Kwon DJ, Lee YM, Hwang IS, Park CK, Yang BK, Cheong HT. Microtubule distribution in somatic cell nuclear transfer bovine embryos following control of nuclear remodeling type. J Vet Sci 2011; 11:93-101. [PMID: 20458148 PMCID: PMC2873821 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2010.11.2.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the microtubule distribution following control of nuclear remodeling by treatment of bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos with caffeine or roscovitine. Bovine somatic cells were fused to enucleated oocytes treated with either 5 mM caffeine or 150 µM roscovitine to control the type of nuclear remodeling. The proportion of embryos that underwent premature chromosome condensation (PCC) was increased by caffeine treatment but was reduced by roscovitine treatment (p < 0.05). The microtubule organization was examined by immunostaining β- and γ-tubulins at 15 min, 3 h, and 20 h of fusion using laser scanning confocal microscopy. The γ-tubulin foci inherited from the donor centrosome were observed in most of the SCNT embryos at 15 min of fusion (91.3%) and most of them did not disappear until 3 h after fusion, regardless of treatment (82.9-87.2%). A significantly high proportion of embryos showing an abnormal chromosome or microtubule distribution was observed in the roscovitine-treated group (40.0%, p < 0.05) compared to the caffeine-treated group (22.1%). In conclusion, PCC is a favorable condition for the normal organization of microtubules, and inhibition of PCC can cause abnormal mitotic division of bovine SCNT embryos by causing microtubule dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Jin Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
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Debec A, Sullivan W, Bettencourt-Dias M. Centrioles: active players or passengers during mitosis? Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:2173-94. [PMID: 20300952 PMCID: PMC2883084 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0323-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Centrioles are cylinders made of nine microtubule (MT) triplets present in many eukaryotes. Early studies, where centrosomes were seen at the poles of the mitotic spindle led to their coining as "the organ for cell division". However, a variety of subsequent observational and functional studies showed that centrosomes might not always be essential for mitosis. Here we review the arguments in this debate. We describe the centriole structure and its distribution in the eukaryotic tree of life and clarify its role in the organization of the centrosome and cilia, with an historical perspective. An important aspect of the debate addressed in this review is how centrioles are inherited and the role of the spindle in this process. In particular, germline inheritance of centrosomes, such as their de novo formation in parthenogenetic species, poses many interesting questions. We finish by discussing the most likely functions of centrioles and laying out new research avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Debec
- Polarity and Morphogenesis Group, Jacques Monod Institute, University Paris Diderot, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Bâtiment Buffon, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75205, Paris Cedex 13, France.
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Du WH, Zhu HB, Hao HS, Wang D. [Somatic cell nuclear transfer and centrosome inheritance]. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2008; 30:960-6. [PMID: 18779143 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2008.00960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The developmental competence of embryos cloned from somatic cells depends on the cellular event and molecular process, such as separation of chromosomes and reorganization of spindle after nuclear transfer. Centrosome, the main microtubule organizing centers in a cell, is crucial for reorganization of spindle and normal separation of chromosomes during mitosis. Aberrant of centrosomes will lead to aneuploidy of blastomere and developmental failure of embryo. This paper expounded the situation of animal somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and biological functions of centrosome and analyzed the inheritance mechanism of centrosome during gametogenesis and fertilization. Additionally, the study condition of centrosome and its associated proteins in SCNT embryos were introduced, which provided a new clue to study the de-velopmental abnormality of cloned embryos and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hua Du
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
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Mastromonaco GF, Favetta LA, Smith LC, Filion F, King WA. The Influence of Nuclear Content on Developmental Competence of Gaur × Cattle Hybrid In Vitro Fertilized and Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Embryos1. Biol Reprod 2007; 76:514-23. [PMID: 17151347 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.106.058040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In nondomestic and endangered species, the use of domestic animal oocytes as recipients for exotic donor nuclei causes the normal pattern of cytoplasmic inheritance to be disrupted, resulting in the production of nuclear-cytoplasmic hybrids. Evidence suggests that conflict between nuclear and cytoplasmic control elements leads to a disruption of normal cellular processes, including metabolic function and cell division. This study investigated the effects of nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions on the developmental potential of interspecies embryos produced by in vitro fertilization and somatic cell nuclear transfer: cattle x cattle, gaur x cattle, hybrid x cattle. Cattle control and hybrid embryos were examined for development to the blastocyst stage and blastocyst quality, as determined by cell number and allocation, apoptosis incidence, and expression patterns of mitochondria-related genes. These analyses demonstrated that a 100% gaur nucleus within a domestic cattle cytoplasmic environment was not properly capable of directing embryo development in the later preimplantation stages. Poor blastocyst development accompanied by developmental delay, decreased cell numbers, and aberrant apoptotic and related gene expression profiles, all signs of disrupted cellular processes associated with mitochondrial function, were observed. Developmental potential was improved when at least a portion of the nuclear genome corresponded to the inherited cytoplasm, indicating that recognition of cytoplasmic components by the nucleus is crucial for proper cellular function and embryo development. A better understanding of the influence of the cytoplasmic environment on embryonic processes is necessary before interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer can be considered a viable alternative for endangered species conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela F Mastromonaco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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Mastromonaco GF, King WA. Cloning in companion animal, non-domestic and endangered species: can the technology become a practical reality? Reprod Fertil Dev 2007; 19:748-61. [PMID: 17714629 DOI: 10.1071/rd07034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) can provide a unique alternative for the preservation of valuable individuals, breeds and species. However, with the exception of a handful of domestic animal species, successful production of healthy cloned offspring has been challenging. Progress in species that have little commercial or research interest, including many companion animal, non-domestic and endangered species (CANDES), has lagged behind. In this review, we discuss the current and future status of SCNT in CANDES and the problems that must be overcome to improve pre- and post-implantation embryo survival in order for this technology to be considered a viable tool for assisted reproduction in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela F Mastromonaco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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