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Tariq A, Meng M, Jiang X, Bolger A, Beier S, Buchmann JP, Fernie AR, Wen W, Usadel B. In-depth exploration of the genomic diversity in tea varieties based on a newly constructed pangenome of Camellia sinensis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38872506 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Tea, one of the most widely consumed beverages globally, exhibits remarkable genomic diversity in its underlying flavour and health-related compounds. In this study, we present the construction and analysis of a tea pangenome comprising a total of 11 genomes, with a focus on three newly sequenced genomes comprising the purple-leaved assamica cultivar "Zijuan", the temperature-sensitive sinensis cultivar "Anjibaicha" and the wild accession "L618" whose assemblies exhibited excellent quality scores as they profited from latest sequencing technologies. Our analysis incorporates a detailed investigation of transposon complement across the tea pangenome, revealing shared patterns of transposon distribution among the studied genomes and improved transposon resolution with long read technologies, as shown by long terminal repeat (LTR) Assembly Index analysis. Furthermore, our study encompasses a gene-centric exploration of the pangenome, exploring the genomic landscape of the catechin pathway with our study, providing insights on copy number alterations and gene-centric variants, especially for Anthocyanidin synthases. We constructed a gene-centric pangenome by structurally and functionally annotating all available genomes using an identical pipeline, which both increased gene completeness and allowed for a high functional annotation rate. This improved and consistently annotated gene set will allow for a better comparison between tea genomes. We used this improved pangenome to capture the core and dispensable gene repertoire, elucidating the functional diversity present within the tea species. This pangenome resource might serve as a valuable resource for understanding the fundamental genetic basis of traits such as flavour, stress tolerance, and disease resistance, with implications for tea breeding programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arslan Tariq
- HHU Düsseldorf, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, CEPLAS, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstrasse 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Minghui Meng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaohui Jiang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Anthony Bolger
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-4: Bioinformatics, CEPLAS, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Leo Brandt-Straße, Jülich, 52425, Germany
| | - Sebastian Beier
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-4: Bioinformatics, CEPLAS, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Leo Brandt-Straße, Jülich, 52425, Germany
| | - Jan P Buchmann
- HHU Düsseldorf, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, CEPLAS, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstrasse 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Weiwei Wen
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Björn Usadel
- HHU Düsseldorf, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, CEPLAS, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstrasse 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-4: Bioinformatics, CEPLAS, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Leo Brandt-Straße, Jülich, 52425, Germany
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2
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Vega A, Brainard SH, Goldman IL. Linkage mapping of root shape traits in two carrot populations. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2024; 14:jkae041. [PMID: 38412554 PMCID: PMC10989876 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkae041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the genetic basis of carrot root shape traits using composite interval mapping in two biparental populations (n = 119 and n = 128). The roots of carrot F2:3 progenies were grown over 2 years and analyzed using a digital imaging pipeline to extract root phenotypes that compose market class. Broad-sense heritability on an entry-mean basis ranged from 0.46 to 0.80 for root traits. Reproducible quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified on chromosomes 2 and 6 on both populations. Colocalization of QTLs for phenotypically correlated root traits was also observed and coincided with previously identified QTLs in published association and linkage mapping studies. Individual QTLs explained between 14 and 27% of total phenotypic variance across traits, while four QTLs for length-to-width ratio collectively accounted for up to 73% of variation. Predicted genes associated with the OFP-TRM (OVATE Family Proteins-TONNEAU1 Recruiting Motif) and IQD (IQ67 domain) pathway were identified within QTL support intervals. This observation raises the possibility of extending the current regulon model of fruit shape to include carrot storage roots. Nevertheless, the precise molecular mechanisms through which this pathway operates in roots characterized by secondary growth originating from cambium layers remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Vega
- Department of Plant and Agroecosystem Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Scott H Brainard
- Department of Plant and Agroecosystem Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Irwin L Goldman
- Department of Plant and Agroecosystem Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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3
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Coe K, Bostan H, Rolling W, Turner-Hissong S, Macko-Podgórni A, Senalik D, Liu S, Seth R, Curaba J, Mengist MF, Grzebelus D, Van Deynze A, Dawson J, Ellison S, Simon P, Iorizzo M. Population genomics identifies genetic signatures of carrot domestication and improvement and uncovers the origin of high-carotenoid orange carrots. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:1643-1658. [PMID: 37770615 PMCID: PMC10581907 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01526-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Here an improved carrot reference genome and resequencing of 630 carrot accessions were used to investigate carrot domestication and improvement. The study demonstrated that carrot was domesticated during the Early Middle Ages in the region spanning western Asia to central Asia, and orange carrot was selected during the Renaissance period, probably in western Europe. A progressive reduction of genetic diversity accompanied this process. Genes controlling circadian clock/flowering and carotenoid accumulation were under selection during domestication and improvement. Three recessive genes, at the REC, Or and Y2 quantitative trait loci, were essential to select for the high α- and β-carotene orange phenotype. All three genes control high α- and β-carotene accumulation through molecular mechanisms that regulate the interactions between the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway, the photosynthetic system and chloroplast biogenesis. Overall, this study elucidated carrot domestication and breeding history and carotenoid genetics at a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Coe
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA
- Department of Plant and Agroecosystem Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Hamed Bostan
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - William Rolling
- Department of Plant and Agroecosystem Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Agricultural Research Service, Vegetable Crops Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Alicja Macko-Podgórni
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Douglas Senalik
- Department of Plant and Agroecosystem Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Agricultural Research Service, Vegetable Crops Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Su Liu
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Romit Seth
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Julien Curaba
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Molla Fentie Mengist
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Dariusz Grzebelus
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Allen Van Deynze
- Seed Biotechnology Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Julie Dawson
- Department of Plant and Agroecosystem Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Shelby Ellison
- Department of Plant and Agroecosystem Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Philipp Simon
- Department of Plant and Agroecosystem Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Agricultural Research Service, Vegetable Crops Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Massimo Iorizzo
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA.
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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4
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Khadivi A, Mirheidari F, Moradi Y. Morphological characterizations of parsnip ( Pastinaca sativa L.) to select superior genotypes. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:3858-3874. [PMID: 37457187 PMCID: PMC10345681 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa L.) is an edible root that has long been used in cooking and preparing baby food and livestock. The present study was performed to evaluate the phenotypic diversity of 69 accessions of this species to select superiors in terms of root quality in Paykan village, Isfahan province, Iran, in the year 2022. There were significant differences among the accessions investigated (ANOVA, p < .01). Coefficient of variation (CV) was more than 20.00% in the majority of measured characters (64 out of 66 characters), indicating high diversity among the accessions. Foliage width (crown) ranged from 10 to 55 cm with an average of 32.32 cm. Root shape was tapering (33), obtriangular (10), narrow oblong (5), wide oblong (5), obovate (13), and fusiform (3). Root length ranged from 81.2 to 294 mm with an average of 166.44 mm. Root diameter at its middle point ranged from 15.58 to 125.12 mm with an average of 51.83 mm. Root weight ranged from 15 to 1200 g with an average of 315.36 g. Inner core (xylem) pigmentation/color was cream yellow (11 accessions), light yellow (12), yellow (42), dark yellow (2), and yellow-light orange (2). In the cluster analysis based on Ward's method, the accessions were divided into two main clusters according to morphological traits. This is despite the fact that parsnip is part of the medicinal plant native and valuable in most farms in tropical cities. Compared with carrots, parsnip plants are more adaptable to different environmental conditions. The accessions studied here showed high phenotypic diversity. Based on ideal values of the important and commercial characters of parsnip, such as root length, root weight, inner core (xylem) pigmentation/color, root shape, flesh color intensity, flesh palatability, and total soluble solids, 14 genotypes, including Parsnip-3, Parsnip-9, Parsnip-24, Parsnip-32, Parsnip-32, Parsnip-48, Parsnip-51, Parsnip-52, Parsnip-58, Parsnip-60, Parsnip-62, Parsnip-65, Parsnip-67, and Parsnip-69, were promising and are recommended for cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Khadivi
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural ResourcesArak UniversityArakIran
| | - Farhad Mirheidari
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural ResourcesArak UniversityArakIran
| | - Younes Moradi
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural ResourcesArak UniversityArakIran
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5
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Ampomah-Dwamena C, Tomes S, Thrimawithana AH, Elborough C, Bhargava N, Rebstock R, Sutherland P, Ireland H, Allan AC, Espley RV. Overexpression of PSY1 increases fruit skin and flesh carotenoid content and reveals associated transcription factors in apple ( Malus × domestica). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:967143. [PMID: 36186009 PMCID: PMC9520574 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.967143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the transcriptional regulation of the carotenoid metabolic pathway is still emerging and here, we have misexpressed a key biosynthetic gene in apple to highlight potential transcriptional regulators of this pathway. We overexpressed phytoene synthase (PSY1), which controls the key rate-limiting biosynthetic step, in apple and analyzed its effects in transgenic fruit skin and flesh using two approaches. Firstly, the effects of PSY overexpression on carotenoid accumulation and gene expression was assessed in fruit at different development stages. Secondly, the effect of light exclusion on PSY1-induced fruit carotenoid accumulation was examined. PSY1 overexpression increased carotenoid content in transgenic fruit skin and flesh, with beta-carotene being the most prevalent carotenoid compound. Light exclusion by fruit bagging reduced carotenoid content overall, but carotenoid content was still higher in bagged PSY fruit than in bagged controls. In tissues overexpressing PSY1, plastids showed accelerated chloroplast to chromoplast transition as well as high fluorescence intensity, consistent with increased number of chromoplasts and carotenoid accumulation. Surprisingly, the expression of other carotenoid pathway genes was elevated in PSY fruit, suggesting a feed-forward regulation of carotenogenesis when this enzyme step is mis-expressed. Transcriptome profiling of fruit flesh identified differentially expressed transcription factors (TFs) that also were co-expressed with carotenoid pathway genes. A comparison of differentially expressed genes from both the developmental series and light exclusion treatment revealed six candidate TFs exhibiting strong correlation with carotenoid accumulation. This combination of physiological, transcriptomic and metabolite data sheds new light on plant carotenogenesis and TFs that may play a role in regulating apple carotenoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sumathi Tomes
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Caitlin Elborough
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand
- BioLumic Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nitisha Bhargava
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ria Rebstock
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul Sutherland
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hilary Ireland
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew C. Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard V. Espley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand
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6
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Rolling WR, Senalik D, Iorizzo M, Ellison S, Van Deynze A, Simon PW. CarrotOmics: a genetics and comparative genomics database for carrot ( Daucus carota). Database (Oxford) 2022; 2022:6693759. [PMID: 36069936 PMCID: PMC9450951 DOI: 10.1093/database/baac079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
CarrotOmics (https://carrotomics.org/) is a comprehensive database for carrot (Daucus carota L.) breeding and research. CarrotOmics was developed using resources available at the MainLab Bioinformatics core (https://www.bioinfo.wsu.edu/) and is implemented using Tripal with Drupal modules. The database delivers access to download or visualize the carrot reference genome with gene predictions, gene annotations and sequence assembly. Other genomic resources include information for 11 224 genetic markers from 73 linkage maps or genotyping-by-sequencing and descriptions of 371 mapped loci. There are records for 1601 Apiales species (or subspecies) and descriptions of 9408 accessions from 11 germplasm collections representing more than 600 of these species. Additionally, 204 Apiales species have phenotypic information, totaling 28 517 observations from 10 041 biological samples. Resources on CarrotOmics are freely available, search functions are provided to find data of interest and video tutorials are available to describe the search functions and genomic tools. CarrotOmics is a timely resource for the Apiaceae research community and for carrot geneticists developing improved cultivars with novel traits addressing challenges including an expanding acreage in tropical climates, an evolving consumer interested in sustainably grown vegetables and a dynamic environment due to climate change. Data from CarrotOmics can be applied in genomic-assisted selection and genetic research to improve basic research and carrot breeding efficiency.
Database URL
https://carrotomics.org/
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Rolling
- Vegetable Crop Research Unit, USDA-ARS , Moore Hall, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1514, USA
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Moore Hall, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1514, USA
| | - Douglas Senalik
- Vegetable Crop Research Unit, USDA-ARS , Moore Hall, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1514, USA
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Moore Hall, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1514, USA
| | - Massimo Iorizzo
- Department of Horticultural Science and Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University , NC Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Shelby Ellison
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Moore Hall, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1514, USA
| | - Allen Van Deynze
- College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, Seed Biotechnology Center, University of California-Davis , 150 Mrak Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Philipp W Simon
- Vegetable Crop Research Unit, USDA-ARS , Moore Hall, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1514, USA
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Moore Hall, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1514, USA
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7
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Shibaya T, Kuroda C, Tsuruoka H, Minami C, Obara A, Nakayama S, Kishida Y, Fujii T, Isobe S. Identification of QTLs for root color and carotenoid contents in Japanese orange carrot F 2 populations. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8063. [PMID: 35577860 PMCID: PMC9110420 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11544-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Carrot is a major source of provitamin A in a human diet. Two of the most important traits for carrot breeding are carotenoid contents and root color. To examine genomic regions related to these traits and develop DNA markers for carrot breeding, we performed an association analysis based on a general liner model using genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) in two F2 populations, both derived from crosses of orange root carrots bred in Japan. The analysis revealed 21 significant quantitative trait loci (QTLs). To validate the detection of the QTLs, we also performed a QTL analysis based on a composite interval mapping of these populations and detected 32 QTLs. Eleven of the QTLs were detected by both the association and QTL analyses. The physical position of some QTLs suggested two possible candidate genes, an Orange (Or) gene for visual color evaluation, and the α- and β-carotene contents and a chromoplast-specific lycopene β-cyclase (CYC-B) gene for the β/α carotene ratio. A KASP marker developed on the Or distinguished a quantitative color difference in a different, related breeding line. The detected QTLs and the DNA marker will contribute to carrot breeding and the understanding of carotenoid biosynthesis and accumulation in orange carrots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeko Shibaya
- Fujii Seed Co. Ltd., Fujii Seed, 2-12-38 Juso-higashi, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 532-0023, Japan.
| | - Chika Kuroda
- Fujii Seed Co. Ltd., Fujii Seed, 2-12-38 Juso-higashi, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 532-0023, Japan
| | - Hisano Tsuruoka
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Chiharu Minami
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Akiko Obara
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | | | - Yoshie Kishida
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Fujii
- Fujii Seed Co. Ltd., Fujii Seed, 2-12-38 Juso-higashi, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 532-0023, Japan
| | - Sachiko Isobe
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
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Ou C, Sun T, Liu X, Li C, Li M, Wang X, Ren H, Zhao Z, Zhuang F. Detection of Chromosomal Segments Introgressed from Wild Species of Carrot into Cultivars: Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping for Morphological Features in Backcross Inbred Lines. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:391. [PMID: 35161370 PMCID: PMC8840429 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cultivated carrot is thought to have been domesticated from a wild species, and various phenotypes developed through human domestication and selection over the past several centuries. Little is known about the genomic contribution of wild species to the phenotypes of present-day cultivars, although several studies have focused on identifying genetic loci that contribute to the morphology of storage roots. A backcross inbred line (BIL) population derived from a cross between the wild species Daucus carota ssp. carota "Songzi" and the orange cultivar "Amsterdam forcing" was developed. The morphological features in the BIL population became more diverse after several generations of selfing BC2F1 plants. Only few lines retained features of wild parent. Genomic resequencing of the two parental lines and the BILs resulted in 3,223,651 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and 13,445 bin markers were generated using a sliding window approach. We constructed a genetic map with 2027 bins containing 154,776 SNPs; the total genetic distance was 1436.43 cM and the average interval between the bins was 0.71 cm. Five stable QTLs related to root length, root shoulder width, dry material content of root, and ratio of root shoulder width to root middle width were consistently detected on chromosome 2 in both years and explained 23.4-66.9% of the phenotypic variance. The effects of introgressed genomic segments from the wild species on the storage root are reported and will enable the identification of functional genes that control root morphological traits in carrot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenggang Ou
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China; (C.O.); (T.S.); (X.L.); (M.L.); (X.W.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Tingting Sun
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China; (C.O.); (T.S.); (X.L.); (M.L.); (X.W.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Xing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China; (C.O.); (T.S.); (X.L.); (M.L.); (X.W.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Chengjiang Li
- Suzhou Academy of Agricultural Science, Suzhou 234000, China; (C.L.); (H.R.)
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China; (C.O.); (T.S.); (X.L.); (M.L.); (X.W.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Xuewei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China; (C.O.); (T.S.); (X.L.); (M.L.); (X.W.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Huaifu Ren
- Suzhou Academy of Agricultural Science, Suzhou 234000, China; (C.L.); (H.R.)
| | - Zhiwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China; (C.O.); (T.S.); (X.L.); (M.L.); (X.W.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Feiyun Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China; (C.O.); (T.S.); (X.L.); (M.L.); (X.W.); (Z.Z.)
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9
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Li T, Deng YJ, Liu JX, Duan AQ, Liu H, Xiong AS. DcCCD4 catalyzes the degradation of α-carotene and β-carotene to affect carotenoid accumulation and taproot color in carrot. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:1116-1130. [PMID: 34547154 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are important natural pigments that give bright colors to plants. The difference in the accumulation of carotenoids is one of the key factors in the formation of various colors in carrot taproots. Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs), including CCD and 9-cis epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, are the main enzymes involved in the cleavage of carotenoids in plants. Seven CCD genes have been annotated from the carrot genome. In this study, through expression analysis, we found that the expression level of DcCCD4 was significantly higher in the taproot of white carrot (low carotenoid content) than orange carrot (high carotenoid content). The overexpression of DcCCD4 in orange carrots caused the taproot color to be pale yellow, and the contents of α- and β-carotene decreased sharply. Mutant carrot with loss of DcCCD4 function exhibited yellow color (the taproot of the control carrot was white). The accumulation of β-carotene was also detected in taproot. Functional analysis of the DcCCD4 enzyme in vitro showed that it was able to cleave α- and β-carotene at the 9, 10 (9', 10') double bonds. In addition, the number of colored chromoplasts in the taproot cells of transgenic carrots overexpressing DcCCD4 was significantly reduced compared with that in normal orange carrots. Results showed that DcCCD4 affects the accumulation of carotenoids through cleavage of α- and β-carotene in carrot taproot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuan-Jie Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jie-Xia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ao-Qi Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ai-Sheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
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10
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Coe KM, Ellison S, Senalik D, Dawson J, Simon P. The influence of the Or and Carotene Hydroxylase genes on carotenoid accumulation in orange carrots [Daucus carota (L.)]. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:3351-3362. [PMID: 34282485 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03901-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Or and CH genes are necessary for the accumulation of high amounts of β-carotene and other carotenoid pigments in carrot roots, in addition to the Y and Y2 genes. Carrot taproot color results from the accumulation of various carotenoid and anthocyanin pigments. Recently, the Or gene was identified as a candidate gene associated with the accumulation of β-carotene and other provitamin A carotenoids in roots. The specific molecular mechanisms involved with this process, as well as the interactions between Or and the other genes involved in this process are not well understood. In order to better characterize the effect that Or alleles have on conditioning the accumulation of carotenoids in roots, we analyzed an F3 family fixed homozygous recessive for y and y2, derived from a cross between an orange carrot and a white wild carrot, segregating for the two known Or alleles, which we name Orc and Orw. QTL mapping across three different environments revealed that the accumulation of several carotenoids was associated with the Orc allele, with consistent patterns across environments. A second QTL on chromosome 7, harboring a carotene hydroxylase gene homologous to Lut5 in Arabidopsis, was also associated with the accumulation of several carotenoids. Two alleles for this gene, which we name CHc and CHw, were discovered to be segregating in this population. Our study provides further evidence that Or and CH are likely involved with controlling the accumulation of β-carotene and may be involved with modulating carotenoid flux in carrot, demonstrating that both were important domestication genes in carrot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Coe
- Department of Horticulture, University of WI - Madison, 1575 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, United States of America
| | - Shelby Ellison
- Department of Horticulture, University of WI - Madison, 1575 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, United States of America
| | - Douglas Senalik
- Department of Horticulture, University of WI - Madison, 1575 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, United States of America
- Vegetable Crop Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture - ARS, Dept. of Horticulture, University of WI - Madison, 1575 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, United States of America
| | - Julie Dawson
- Department of Horticulture, University of WI - Madison, 1575 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, United States of America
| | - Philipp Simon
- Department of Horticulture, University of WI - Madison, 1575 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, United States of America.
- Vegetable Crop Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture - ARS, Dept. of Horticulture, University of WI - Madison, 1575 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, United States of America.
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11
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Characteristics of the AT-Hook Motif Containing Nuclear Localized ( AHL) Genes in Carrot Provides Insight into Their Role in Plant Growth and Storage Root Development. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050764. [PMID: 34069875 PMCID: PMC8157401 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The AT-hook motif containing nuclear localized (AHL) gene family, controlling various developmental processes, is conserved in land plants. They comprise Plant and Prokaryote Conserved (PPC) domain and one or two AT-hook motifs. DcAHLc1 has been proposed as a candidate gene governing the formation of the carrot storage root. We identified and in-silico characterized carrot AHL proteins, performed phylogenetic analyses, investigated their expression profiles and constructed gene coexpression networks. We found 47 AHL genes in carrot and grouped them into two clades, A and B, comprising 29 and 18 genes, respectively. Within Clade-A, we distinguished three subclades, one of them grouping noncanonical AHLs differing in their structure (two PPC domains) and/or cellular localization (not nucleus). Coexpression network analysis attributed AHLs expressed in carrot roots into four of the 72 clusters, some of them showing a large number of interactions. Determination of expression profiles of AHL genes in various tissues and samples provided basis to hypothesize on their possible roles in the development of the carrot storage root. We identified a group of rapidly evolving noncanonical AHLs, possibly differing functionally from typical AHLs, as suggested by their expression profiles and their predicted cellular localization. We pointed at several AHLs likely involved in the development of the carrot storage root.
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12
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Shibaya T, Kuroda C, Nakayama S, Minami C, Obara A, Fujii T, Isobe S. Development of PCR-based DNA marker for detection of white carrot contamination caused by Y2 locus. BREEDING SCIENCE 2021; 71:201-207. [PMID: 34377068 PMCID: PMC8329877 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.20120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In carrot (Daucus carota L.), the taproot colors orange, yellow and white are determined mostly by the Y, Y2, and Or loci. One of the most severe issues in carrot seed production is contamination by wild white carrot. To evaluate the contamination ratio, easily detectable DNA markers for white carrot are desired. To develop PCR-based DNA markers for the Y2 locus, we have re-sequenced two orange-colored carrot cultivars at our company (Fujii Seed, Japan), as well as six white- and one light-orange-colored carrots that contaminated our seed products. Within the candidate region previously reported for the Y2 locus, only one DNA marker, Y2_7, clearly distinguished white carrots from orange ones in the re-sequenced samples. The Y2_7 marker was further examined in 12 of the most popular hybrid orange cultivars in Japan, as well as 'Nantes' and 'Chantenay Red Cored 2'. The Y2_7 marker showed that all of the orange cultivars examined had the orange allele except for 'Beta-441'. False white was detected in the orange-colored 'Beta-441'. The Y2_7 marker detected white root carrot contamination in an old open-pollinated Japanese cultivar, 'Nakamura Senkou Futo'. This marker would be a useful tool in a carrot seed quality control for some cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chika Kuroda
- Fujii Seed Co. Ltd., Osaka, Osaka 532-0023, Japan
| | | | - Chiharu Minami
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Akiko Obara
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | | | - Sachiko Isobe
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
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13
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Jiang L, Strobbe S, Van Der Straeten D, Zhang C. Regulation of plant vitamin metabolism: backbone of biofortification for the alleviation of hidden hunger. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:40-60. [PMID: 33545049 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
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14
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Wu Z, Liu Z, Chang S, Zhao Y. An EMS mutant library for carrot and genetic analysis of some mutants. BREEDING SCIENCE 2020; 70:540-546. [PMID: 33603549 PMCID: PMC7878946 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.20020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Carrot is among the top-ten most economically important vegetable crops in the world. However, the gene pool of cultivated carrot is narrow and the collection and preservation of carrot germplasm are very limited in China. In this study, seeds of carrot inbred line "17005" were treated by ethyl methyl sulfone (EMS) to construct a mutant library. The conditions of EMS mutagenesis on inbred line "17005" were optimized, including treatment of seeds at 0.5% EMS for 6 h. We obtained a number of mutant lines showing inheritable morphological mutations in cotyledon, growth point, leaf, taproot in the vegetative phase and mutations in bolting time, primary stem height and color, secondary branch, flower and seed in the reproductive phase through M2 and M3. The F2 segregating population from the cross of yellow taproot and purple-red epidermis taproot with wild type showed that these two mutants were controlled by single recessive gene respectively. The inheritable mutants can not only enrich the carrot germplasm, but also provide resources for the function research of carrot gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wu
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Shuangfeng Chang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
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15
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Reichardt S, Budahn H, Lamprecht D, Riewe D, Ulrich D, Dunemann F, Kopertekh L. The carrot monoterpene synthase gene cluster on chromosome 4 harbours genes encoding flavour-associated sabinene synthases. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:190. [PMID: 33328444 PMCID: PMC7705728 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00412-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In plants, low molecular weight terpenes produced by terpene synthases (TPS) contribute to multiple ecologically and economically important traits. The present study investigates a carrot terpene synthase gene cluster on chromosome 4 associated with volatile monoterpene production. Two carrot mutants, yellow and cola, which are contrasting in the content of low molecular weight terpenes, were crossed to develop an F2 mapping population. The mapping analysis revealed overlapping QTLs on chromosome 4 for sabinene, α-thujene, α-terpinene, γ-terpinene, terpinen-4-ol and 4-carene. The genomic region of this locus includes a cluster of five terpene synthase genes (DcTPS04, DcTPS26, DcTPS27, DcTPS54 and DcTPS55). DcTPS04 and DcTPS54 displayed genotype- and tissue-specific variation in gene expression. Based on the QTL mapping results and the gene expression patterns, DcTPS04 and DcTPS54 were selected for functional characterization. In vitro enzyme assays showed that DcTPS54 is a single-product enzyme catalysing the formation of sabinene, whereas DcTPS04 is a multiple-product terpene synthase producing α-terpineol as a major product and four additional products including sabinene, β-limonene, β-pinene and myrcene. Furthermore, we developed a functional molecular marker that could discriminate carrot genotypes with different sabinene content in a set of 85 accessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Reichardt
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, D-06484, Quedlinburg, Germany.
| | - Holger Budahn
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, D-06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Dominic Lamprecht
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, D-06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - David Riewe
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, D-06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Detlef Ulrich
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, D-06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Frank Dunemann
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, D-06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Lilya Kopertekh
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, D-06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
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16
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Iorizzo M, Curaba J, Pottorff M, Ferruzzi MG, Simon P, Cavagnaro PF. Carrot Anthocyanins Genetics and Genomics: Status and Perspectives to Improve Its Application for the Food Colorant Industry. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E906. [PMID: 32784714 PMCID: PMC7465225 DOI: 10.3390/genes11080906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purple or black carrots (Daucus carota ssp. sativus var. atrorubens Alef) are characterized by their dark purple- to black-colored roots, owing their appearance to high anthocyanin concentrations. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the use of black carrot anthocyanins as natural food dyes. Black carrot roots contain large quantities of mono-acylated anthocyanins, which impart a measure of heat-, light- and pH-stability, enhancing the color-stability of food products over their shelf-life. The genetic pathway controlling anthocyanin biosynthesis appears well conserved among land plants; however, different variants of anthocyanin-related genes between cultivars results in tissue-specific accumulations of purple pigments. Thus, broad genetic variations of anthocyanin profile, and tissue-specific distributions in carrot tissues and organs, can be observed, and the ratio of acylated to non-acylated anthocyanins varies significantly in the purple carrot germplasm. Additionally, anthocyanins synthesis can also be influenced by a wide range of external factors, such as abiotic stressors and/or chemical elicitors, directly affecting the anthocyanin yield and stability potential in food and beverage applications. In this study, we critically review and discuss the current knowledge on anthocyanin diversity, genetics and the molecular mechanisms controlling anthocyanin accumulation in carrots. We also provide a view of the current knowledge gaps and advancement needs as regards developing and applying innovative molecular tools to improve the yield, product performance and stability of carrot anthocyanin for use as a natural food colorant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Iorizzo
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (J.C.); (M.P.); (M.G.F.)
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Julien Curaba
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (J.C.); (M.P.); (M.G.F.)
| | - Marti Pottorff
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (J.C.); (M.P.); (M.G.F.)
| | - Mario G. Ferruzzi
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (J.C.); (M.P.); (M.G.F.)
| | - Philipp Simon
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
- Vegetable Crops Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Pablo F. Cavagnaro
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), National Agricultural Technology Institute (INTA) E.E.A. La Consulta, Mendoza 5567, Argentina;
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, National University of Cuyo, Mendoza 5505, Argentina
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17
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Hayes M, Pottorff M, Kay C, Van Deynze A, Osorio-Marin J, Lila MA, Iorrizo M, Ferruzzi MG. In Vitro Bioaccessibility of Carotenoids and Chlorophylls in a Diverse Collection of Spinach Accessions and Commercial Cultivars. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:3495-3505. [PMID: 32125838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Spinach, a nutrient-dense, green-leafy vegetable, is a rich source of carotenoid and chlorophyll bioactives. While the content of bioactives is known to vary with the genotype, variation in bioaccessibility is unknown. Bioaccessibility was explored in 71 greenhouse-grown spinach genotypes in fall and spring 2018/2019. Spinach was phenotyped for its greenness, leaf texture, leaf shape, and SPAD chlorophyll content. Postharvest, spinach was washed, blanched, and homogenized prior to assessment of bioactive bioaccessibility using a novel high-throughput in vitro digestion model followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector analysis. There was a significant variation in the bioaccessible content for all bioactives (p < 0.05), except for chlorophyll b (p = 0.063) in spring-grown spinach. The correlation coefficients of bioaccessible contents between seasons reveal that lutein (r = 0.52) and β-carotene (r = 0.55) were correlated to a greater extent than chlorophyll a (r = 0.38) and chlorophyll b (r = 0.19). The results suggest that carotenoid and chlorophyll bioaccessible contents may vary based on spinach genotypes and may be stable across seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Hayes
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081; United States
| | - Marti Pottorff
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081; United States
| | - Colin Kay
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081; United States
| | - Allen Van Deynze
- Seed Biotechnology Center, University of California Davis, 1050 Ext Center Drive, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Juliana Osorio-Marin
- Seed Biotechnology Center, University of California Davis, 1050 Ext Center Drive, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Mary Ann Lila
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081; United States
| | - Massimo Iorrizo
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081; United States
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Mario G Ferruzzi
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081; United States
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18
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Rezaei MK, Deokar AA, Arganosa G, Roorkiwal M, Pandey SK, Warkentin TD, Varshney RK, Tar An B. Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci for Carotenoid Concentration in Three F 2 Populations of Chickpea. THE PLANT GENOME 2019; 12:1-12. [PMID: 33016578 DOI: 10.3835/plantgenome2019.07.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses for carotenoids in chickpea were completed for three F2 populations. A moderate number of QTLs and candidate genes associated with carotenoid concentration in chickpea seeds were identified. Green cotyledon color is positively associated with provitamin A carotenoids. Three F2 populations derived from crosses between cultivars with green and yellow cotyledon colors were used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with carotenoid components in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seeds developed by the Crop Development Centre (CDC). Carotenoids including violaxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, and β-carotene were assessed in the F2:3 seeds via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In the 'CDC Jade' × 'CDC Frontier' population, 1068 bin markers derived from the 50K Axiom CicerSNP array were mapped onto eight linkage groups (LGs). Eight QTLs, including two each for β-carotene and zeaxanthin and one each for total carotenoids, β-cryptoxanthin, β-carotene, and violaxanthin were identified in this population. In the 'CDC Cory' × 'CDC Jade' population, 694 bin markers were mapped onto eight LGs and one partial LG. Quantitative trait loci for β-cryptoxanthin, β-carotene, violaxanthin, lutein, and total carotenoids were identified on LG8. A map with eight LGs was developed from 581 bin markers in the third population derived from the 'ICC4475' × 'CDC Jade' cross. One QTL for β-carotene and four QTLs, one each for β-cryptoxanthin, β-carotene, lutein, and total carotenoids, were identified in this population. The highest phenotypic variation explained by the QTLs was for β-carotene, which ranged from 58 to 70% in all three populations. A major gene for cotyledon color was mapped on LG8 in each population. A significant positive correlation between cotyledon color and carotenoid concentration was observed. Potential candidate genes associated with carotenoid components were obtained and their locations on the chickpea genome are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad K Rezaei
- Dep. of Plant Sciences, Crop Development Centre, Univ. of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Amit A Deokar
- Dep. of Plant Sciences, Crop Development Centre, Univ. of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Gene Arganosa
- Dep. of Plant Sciences, Crop Development Centre, Univ. of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | | | | | - Thomas D Warkentin
- Dep. of Plant Sciences, Crop Development Centre, Univ. of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | | | - Bunyamin Tar An
- Dep. of Plant Sciences, Crop Development Centre, Univ. of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada
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19
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Turner SD, Ellison SL, Senalik DA, Simon PW, Spalding EP, Miller ND. An Automated Image Analysis Pipeline Enables Genetic Studies of Shoot and Root Morphology in Carrot ( Daucus carota L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1703. [PMID: 30542356 PMCID: PMC6277879 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Carrot is a globally important crop, yet efficient and accurate methods for quantifying its most important agronomic traits are lacking. To address this problem, we developed an automated image analysis platform that extracts components of size and shape for carrot shoots and roots, which are necessary to advance carrot breeding and genetics. This method reliably measured variation in shoot size and shape, petiole number, petiole length, and petiole width as evidenced by high correlations with hundreds of manual measurements. Similarly, root length and biomass were accurately measured from the images. This platform also quantified shoot and root shapes in terms of principal components, which do not have traditional, manually measurable equivalents. We applied the pipeline in a study of a six-parent diallel population and an F2 mapping population consisting of 316 individuals. We found high levels of repeatability within a growing environment, with low to moderate repeatability across environments. We also observed co-localization of quantitative trait loci for shoot and root characteristics on chromosomes 1, 2, and 7, suggesting these traits are controlled by genetic linkage and/or pleiotropy. By increasing the number of individuals and phenotypes that can be reliably quantified, the development of a rapid, automated image analysis pipeline to measure carrot shoot and root morphology will expand the scope and scale of breeding and genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D. Turner
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Shelby L. Ellison
- Vegetable Crops Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Douglas A. Senalik
- Vegetable Crops Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Philipp W. Simon
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Vegetable Crops Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Edgar P. Spalding
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Nathan D. Miller
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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20
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Carotenoid Presence Is Associated with the Or Gene in Domesticated Carrot. Genetics 2018; 210:1497-1508. [PMID: 30352832 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.301299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Carrots are among the richest sources of provitamin A carotenes in the human diet, but genetic variation in the carotenoid pathway does not fully explain the high levels of carotenoids in carrot roots. Using a diverse collection of modern and historic domesticated varieties, and wild carrot accessions, an association analysis for orange pigmentation revealed a significant genomic region that contains the Or gene, advancing it as a candidate for carotenoid presence in carrot. Analysis of sequence variation at the Or locus revealed a nonsynonymous mutation cosegregating with carotenoid content. This mutation was absent in all wild carrot samples and nearly fixed in all orange domesticated samples. Or has been found to control carotenoid presence in other crops but has not previously been described in carrot. Our analysis also allowed us to more completely characterize the genetic structure of carrot, showing that the Western domesticated carrot largely forms one genetic group, despite dramatic phenotypic differences among market classes. Eastern domesticated and wild accessions form a second group, which reflects the recent cultivation history of carrots in Central Asia. Other wild accessions form distinct geographic groups, particularly on the Iberian peninsula and in Northern Africa. Using genome-wide Fst , nucleotide diversity, and the cross-population composite likelihood ratio, we analyzed the genome for regions putatively under selection during domestication and identified 12 regions that were significant for all three methods of detection, one of which includes the Or gene. The Or domestication allele appears to have been selected after the initial domestication of yellow carrots in the East, near the proposed center of domestication in Central Asia. The rapid fixation of the Or domestication allele in almost all orange and nonorange carrots in the West may explain why it has not been found with less genetically diverse mapping populations.
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21
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Kaźmińska K, Hallmann E, Rusaczonek A, Korzeniewska A, Sobczak M, Filipczak J, Kuczerski KS, Steciuk J, Sitarek-Andrzejczyk M, Gajewski M, Niemirowicz-Szczytt K, Bartoszewski G. Genetic mapping of ovary colour and quantitative trait loci for carotenoid content in the fruit of Cucurbita maxima Duchesne. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2018; 38:114. [PMID: 30237748 PMCID: PMC6133072 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-018-0869-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The high content of carotenoids, sugars, dry matter, vitamins and minerals makes the fruit of winter squash (Cucurbita maxima Duchesne) a valuable fresh-market vegetable and an interesting material for the food industry. Due to their nutritional value, long shelf-life and health protective properties, winter squash fruits have gained increased interest from researchers in recent years. Despite these advantages, the genetic and genomic resources available for C. maxima are still limited. The aim of this study was to use the genetic mapping approach to map the ovary colour locus and to identify the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for high carotenoid content and flesh colour. An F6 recombinant inbred line (RIL) mapping population was developed and used for evaluations of ovary colour, carotenoid content and fruit flesh colour. SSR markers and DArTseq genotyping-by-sequencing were used to construct an advanced genetic map that consisted of 1824 molecular markers distributed across linkage groups corresponding to 20 chromosomes of C. maxima. Total map length was 2208 cM and the average distance between markers was 1.21 cM. The locus affecting ovary colour was mapped at the end of chromosome 14. The identified QTLs for carotenoid content in the fruit and fruit flesh colour shared locations on chromosomes 2, 4 and 14. QTLs on chromosomes 2 and 4 were the most meaningful. A correlation was clearly confirmed between fruit flesh colour as described by the chroma value and carotenoid content in the fruit. A high-density genetic map of C. maxima with mapped loci for important fruit quality traits is a valuable resource for winter squash improvement programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Kaźmińska
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Horticulture Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewelina Hallmann
- Organic Food Division, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Rusaczonek
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Horticulture Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Korzeniewska
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Horticulture Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mirosław Sobczak
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Filipczak
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Horticulture Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karol Seweryn Kuczerski
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Horticulture Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Present Address: Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Steciuk
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Horticulture Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Present Address: Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Sitarek-Andrzejczyk
- Department of Vegetable and Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Horticulture Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Gajewski
- Department of Vegetable and Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Horticulture Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Niemirowicz-Szczytt
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Horticulture Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Bartoszewski
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Horticulture Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Transcriptome analysis in tissue sectors with contrasting crocins accumulation provides novel insights into apocarotenoid biosynthesis and regulation during chromoplast biogenesis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2843. [PMID: 29434251 PMCID: PMC5809551 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21225-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Crocins, the red soluble apocarotenoids of saffron, accumulate in the flowers of Crocus species in a developmental and tissue-specific manner. In Crocus sieberi, crocins accumulate in stigmas but also in a distinct yellow tepal sector, which we demonstrate contains chromoplast converted from amyloplasts. Secondary metabolites were analysed by LC-DAD-HRMS, revealing the progressive accumulation of crocetin and crocins in the yellow sector, which were also localized in situ by Raman microspectroscopy. To understand the underlying mechanisms of crocin biosynthesis, we sequenced the C. sieberi tepal transcriptome of two differentially pigmented sectors (yellow and white) at two developmental stages (6 and 8) by Illumina sequencing. A total of 154 million high-quality reads were generated and assembled into 248,099 transcripts. Differentially expressed gene analysis resulted in the identification of several potential candidate genes involved in crocin metabolism and regulation. The results provide a first profile of the molecular events related to the dynamics of crocetin and crocin accumulation during tepal development, and present new information concerning apocarotenoid biosynthesis regulators and their accumulation in Crocus. Further, reveals genes that were previously unknown to affect crocin formation, which could be used to improve crocin accumulation in Crocus plants and the commercial quality of saffron spice.
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