1
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Wu Y, Sexton WK, Zhang Q, Bloodgood D, Wu Y, Hooks C, Coker F, Vasquez A, Wei CI, Xiao S. Leaf abaxial immunity to powdery mildew in Arabidopsis is conferred by multiple defense mechanisms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1465-1478. [PMID: 37952108 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew fungi are obligate biotrophic pathogens that only invade plant epidermal cells. There are two epidermal surfaces in every plant leaf: the adaxial (upper) side and the abaxial (lower) side. While both leaf surfaces can be susceptible to adapted powdery mildew fungi in many plant species, there have been observations of leaf abaxial immunity in some plant species including Arabidopsis. The genetic basis of such leaf abaxial immunity remains unknown. In this study, we tested a series of Arabidopsis mutants defective in one or more known defense pathways with the adapted powdery mildew isolate Golovinomyces cichoracearum UCSC1. We found that leaf abaxial immunity was significantly compromised in mutants impaired for both the EDS1/PAD4- and PEN2/PEN3-dependent defenses. Consistently, expression of EDS1-yellow fluorescent protein and PEN2-green fluorescent protein fusions from their respective native promoters in the respective eds1-2 and pen2-1 mutant backgrounds was higher in the abaxial epidermal cells than in the adaxial epidermal cells. Altogether, our results indicate that leaf abaxial immunity against powdery mildew in Arabidopsis is at least partially due to enhanced EDS1/PAD4- and PEN2/PEN3-dependent defenses. Such transcriptionally pre-programmed defense mechanisms may underlie leaf abaxial immunity in other plant species such as hemp and may be exploited for engineering adaxial immunity against powdery mildew fungi in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - W Kyle Sexton
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - David Bloodgood
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Yan Wu
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Caroline Hooks
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Frank Coker
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Andrea Vasquez
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Cheng-I Wei
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Shunyuan Xiao
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742, USA
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2
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Yang X, Zhao J, Xiong X, Hu Z, Sun J, Su H, Liu Y, Xiang L, Zhu Y, Li J, Bhutto SH, Li G, Zhou S, Li C, Pu M, Wang H, Zhao Z, Zhang J, Huang Y, Fan J, Wang W, Li Y. Broad-spectrum resistance gene RPW8.1 balances immunity and growth via feedback regulation of WRKYs. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:116-130. [PMID: 37752622 PMCID: PMC10754005 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis RESISTANCE TO POWDERY MILDEW 8.1 (RPW8.1) is an important tool for engineering broad-spectrum disease resistance against multiple pathogens. Ectopic expression of RPW8.1 leads to enhanced disease resistance with cell death at leaves and compromised plant growth, implying a regulatory mechanism balancing RPW8.1-mediated resistance and growth. Here, we show that RPW8.1 constitutively enhances the expression of transcription factor WRKY51 and activates salicylic acid and ethylene signalling pathways; WRKY51 in turn suppresses RPW8.1 expression, forming a feedback regulation loop. RPW8.1 and WRKY51 are both induced by pathogen infection and pathogen-/microbe-associated molecular patterns. In ectopic expression of RPW8.1 background (R1Y4), overexpression of WRKY51 not only rescues the growth suppression and cell death caused by RPW8.1, but also suppresses RPW8.1-mediated broad-spectrum disease resistance and pattern-triggered immunity. Mechanistically, WRKY51 directly binds to and represses RPW8.1 promoter, thus limiting the expression amplitude of RPW8.1. Moreover, WRKY6, WRKY28 and WRKY41 play a role redundant to WRKY51 in the suppression of RPW8.1 expression and are constitutively upregulated in R1Y4 plants with WRKY51 being knocked out (wrky51 R1Y4) plants. Notably, WRKY51 has no significant effects on disease resistance or plant growth in wild type without RPW8.1, indicating a specific role in RPW8.1-mediated disease resistance. Altogether, our results reveal a regulatory circuit controlling the accumulation of RPW8.1 to an appropriate level to precisely balance growth and disease resistance during pathogen invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue‐Mei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jing‐Hao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xiao‐Yu Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zhang‐Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Ji‐Fen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Hao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yan‐Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Ling Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jin‐Lu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Sadam Hussain Bhutto
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Guo‐Bang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Shi‐Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Chi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Mei Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - He Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zhi‐Xue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Ji‐Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yan‐Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Wen‐Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
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3
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Zhao JH, Huang YY, Wang H, Yang XM, Li Y, Pu M, Zhou SX, Zhang JW, Zhao ZX, Li GB, Hassan B, Hu XH, Chen X, Xiao S, Wu XJ, Fan J, Wang WM. Golovinomyces cichoracearum effector-associated nuclear localization of RPW8.2 amplifies its expression to boost immunity in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:367-382. [PMID: 36522832 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis RESISTANCE TO POWDERY MILDEW 8.2 (RPW8.2) is specifically induced by the powdery mildew (PM) fungus (Golovinomyces cichoracearum) in the infected epidermal cells to activate immunity. However, the mechanism of RPW8.2-induction is not well understood. Here, we identify a G. cichoracearum effector that interacts with RPW8.2, named Gc-RPW8.2 interacting protein 1 (GcR8IP1), by a yeast two-hybrid screen of an Arabidopsis cDNA library. GcR8IP1 is physically associated with RPW8.2 with its REALLY INTERESTING NEW GENE finger domain that is essential and sufficient for the association. GcR8IP1 was secreted and translocated into the nucleus of host cell infected with PM. Association of GcR8IP1 with RPW8.2 led to an increase in RPW8.2 in the nucleus. In turn, the nucleus-localized RPW8.2 promoted the activity of the RPW8.2 promoter, resulting in transcriptional self-amplification of RPW8.2 to boost immunity at infection sites. Additionally, ectopic expression or host-induced gene silencing of GcR8IP1 supported its role as a virulence factor in PM. Altogether, our results reveal a mechanism of RPW8.2-dependent defense strengthening via altered partitioning of RPW8.2 and transcriptional self-amplification triggered by a PM fungal effector, which exemplifies an atypical form of effector-triggered immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Hao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China and Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611131, China
| | - Yan-Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China and Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611131, China
| | - He Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China and Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611131, China
| | - Xue-Mei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China and Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611131, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China and Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611131, China
| | - Mei Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China and Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611131, China
| | - Shi-Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China and Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611131, China
| | - Ji-Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China and Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611131, China
| | - Zhi-Xue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China and Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611131, China
| | - Guo-Bang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China and Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611131, China
| | - Beenish Hassan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China and Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611131, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China and Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611131, China
| | - Xuewei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China and Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611131, China
| | - Shunyuan Xiao
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Xian-Jun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China and Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611131, China
| | - Jing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China and Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611131, China
| | - Wen-Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China and Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611131, China
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4
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Cui H, Fan C, Ding Z, Wang X, Tang L, Bi Y, Luan F, Gao P. CmPMRl and CmPMrs are responsible for resistance to powdery mildew caused by Podosphaera xanthii race 1 in Melon. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:1209-1222. [PMID: 34989827 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-04025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Two genes for resistance to Podosphaera xanthii race 1 in melon were identified on chromosomes 10 and 12 of the Cucumis melo cultivar MR-1. Cucumis melo L. is an economically important crop, the production of which is threatened by the prevalence of melon powdery mildew (PM) infections. We herein utilized the MR-1 (P1; resistant to PM) and M4-7 (P2; susceptible to PM) accessions to assess the heritability of PM (race 1) resistance in these melon plants. PM resistance in MR-1 leaves was linked to a dominant gene (CmPMRl), whereas stem resistance was under the control of a recessive gene (CmPMrs), with the dominant gene having an epistatic effect on the recessive gene. The CmPMRl gene was mapped to a 50 Kb interval on chromosome 12, while CmPMrs was mapped to an 89 Kb interval on chromosome 10. The CmPMRl candidate gene MELO3C002441 and the CmPMrs candidate gene MELO3C012438 were identified through sequence alignment, functional annotation, and expression pattern analyzes of all genes within these respective intervals. MELO3C002441 and MELO3C012438 were both localized to the cellular membrane and were contained conserved NPR gene-like and MLO domains, respectively, which were linked to PM resistance. In summary, we identified patterns of PM resistance in the disease-resistant MR-1 melon cultivar and identified two putative genes linked to resistance. Our results offer new genetic resources and markers to guide future marker-assisted breeding for PM resistance in melon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Cui
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Street, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Chao Fan
- Institute of Crop Cultivation and Tillage, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhuo Ding
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Street, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xuezheng Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Street, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lili Tang
- Institute of Crop Cultivation and Tillage, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yingdong Bi
- Institute of Crop Cultivation and Tillage, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Feishi Luan
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Street, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Peng Gao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Street, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.
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5
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Shi JL, Zai WS, Xiong ZL, Wan HJ, Wu WR. NB-LRR genes: characteristics in three Solanum species and transcriptional response to Ralstonia solanacearum in tomato. PLANTA 2021; 254:96. [PMID: 34655339 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03745-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
NB-LRR genes in the three Solanum species showed specific constitution characteristics and evolved multiple clusters and duplicates. Some genes could respond to biotic stresses such as tomato bacterial wilt. Nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR, NLR) is a largest resistance gene family in plants, which plays a key role in response to biotic stresses. In this study, NB-LRR genes in cultivated tomato Solanum lycopersicum (Sl) and its wild relatives S. pennellii (Spe) and S. pimpinellifolium (Spi) were analyzed using bioinformatics approaches. In total, 238, 202 and 217 NB-LRR genes of 8 different types were found in Sl, Spe and Spi, respectively. The three species showed similar genomic characteristics. The NB-LRR genes were mainly distributed on chromosomes 4, 5 and 11 and located at the distal zones, forming multiple clusters and tandem duplicates. A large number of homologs appeared through gene expansion, with most Ka/Ks values being less than 1, indicating that purifying selection had occurred in evolution. These genes were mainly expressed in root and could respond to different biotic stresses. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that SlNLR genes could respond to tomato bacterial wilt, with SlNLR1 probably involved in the resistance response, whereas others being the opposite. The transcription factors (TFs) and interaction proteins that regulate target genes were mainly Dof, NAC and MYB families and kinases. The results provide a basis for the isolation and application of related genes in plant disease resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lei Shi
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding by Design, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wen Shan Zai
- Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhi Li Xiong
- Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hong Jian Wan
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Ren Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding by Design, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
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6
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O'Connor EA, Westerdahl H. Trade-offs in expressed major histocompatibility complex diversity seen on a macroevolutionary scale among songbirds. Evolution 2021; 75:1061-1069. [PMID: 33666228 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To survive organisms must defend themselves against pathogens. Classical Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genes play a key role in pathogen defense by encoding molecules involved in pathogen recognition. MHC gene diversity influences the variety of pathogens individuals can recognize and respond to and has consequently been a popular genetic marker for disease resistance in ecology and evolution. However, MHC diversity is predominantly estimated using genomic DNA (gDNA) with little knowledge of expressed diversity. This limits our ability to interpret the adaptive significance of variation in MHC diversity, especially in species with very many MHC genes such as songbirds. Here, we address this issue using phylogenetic comparative analyses of the number of MHC class I alleles (MHC-I diversity) in gDNA and complementary DNA (cDNA), that is, expressed alleles, across 13 songbird species. We propose three theoretical relationships that could be expected between genomic and expressed MHC-I diversity on a macroevolutionary scale and test which of these are best supported. In doing so, we show that significantly fewer MHC-I alleles than the number available are expressed, suggesting that optimal MHC-I diversity could be achieved by modulating gene expression. Understanding the relationship between genomic and expressed MHC diversity is essential for interpreting variation in MHC diversity in an evolutionary context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A O'Connor
- Molecular Ecology and Evolution Lab, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Helena Westerdahl
- Molecular Ecology and Evolution Lab, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Zhao ZX, Xu YJ, Lei Y, Li Q, Zhao JQ, Li Y, Fan J, Xiao S, Wang WM. ANNEXIN 8 negatively regulates RPW8.1-mediated cell death and disease resistance in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:378-392. [PMID: 33073904 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Study on the regulation of broad-spectrum resistance is an active area in plant biology. RESISTANCE TO POWDERY MILDEW 8.1 (RPW8.1) is one of a few broad-spectrum resistance genes triggering the hypersensitive response (HR) to restrict multiple pathogenic infections. To address the question how RPW8.1 signaling is regulated, we performed a genetic screen and tried to identify mutations enhancing RPW8.1-mediated HR. Here, we provided evidence to connect an annexin protein with RPW8.1-mediated resistance in Arabidopsis against powdery mildew. We isolated and characterized Arabidopsis b7-6 mutant. A point mutation in b7-6 at the At5g12380 locus resulted in an amino acid substitution in ANNEXIN 8 (AtANN8). Loss-of-function or RNA-silencing of AtANN8 led to enhanced expression of RPW8.1, RPW8.1-dependent necrotic lesions in leaves, and defense against powdery mildew. Conversely, over-expression of AtANN8 compromised RPW8.1-mediated disease resistance and cell death. Interestingly, the mutation in AtANN8 enhanced RPW8.1-triggered H2 O2 . In addition, mutation in AtANN8 led to hypersensitivity to salt stress. Together, our data indicate that AtANN8 is involved in multiple stress signaling pathways and negatively regulates RPW8.1-mediated resistance against powdery mildew and cell death, thus linking ANNEXIN's function with plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xue Zhao
- Rice Research Institute and Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yong-Ju Xu
- Rice Research Institute and Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yang Lei
- Rice Research Institute and Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qin Li
- Rice Research Institute and Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ji-Qun Zhao
- Rice Research Institute and Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yan Li
- Rice Research Institute and Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jing Fan
- Rice Research Institute and Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Shunyuan Xiao
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research & Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA
| | - Wen-Ming Wang
- Rice Research Institute and Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
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8
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Wan WL, Kim ST, Castel B, Charoennit N, Chae E. Genetics of autoimmunity in plants: an evolutionary genetics perspective. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1215-1233. [PMID: 32970825 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmunity in plants has been found in numerous hybrids as a form of hybrid necrosis and mutant panels. Uncontrolled cell death is a main cellular outcome of autoimmunity, which negatively impacts growth. Its occurrence highlights the vulnerable nature of the plant immune system. Genetic investigation of autoimmunity in hybrid plants revealed that extreme variation in the immune receptor repertoire is a major contributor, reflecting an evolutionary conundrum that plants face in nature. In this review, we discuss natural variation in the plant immune system and its contribution to fitness. The value of autoimmunity genetics lies in its ability to identify combinations of a natural immune receptor and its partner that are predisposed to triggering autoimmunity. The network of immune components for autoimmunity becomes instrumental in revealing mechanistic details of how immune receptors recognize cellular invasion and activate signaling. The list of autoimmunity-risk variants also allows us to infer evolutionary processes contributing to their maintenance in the natural population. Our approach to autoimmunity, which integrates mechanistic understanding and evolutionary genetics, has the potential to serve as a prognosis tool to optimize immunity in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lin Wan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117558, Singapore
| | - Sang-Tae Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, South Korea
| | - Baptiste Castel
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117558, Singapore
| | - Nuri Charoennit
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117558, Singapore
| | - Eunyoung Chae
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117558, Singapore
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9
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Whole genome resequencing of four Italian sweet pepper landraces provides insights on sequence variation in genes of agronomic value. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9189. [PMID: 32514106 PMCID: PMC7280500 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is a high value crop and one of the most widely grown vegetables belonging to the Solanaceae family. In addition to commercial varieties and F1 hybrids, a multitude of landraces are grown, whose genetic combination is the result of hundreds of years of random, environmental, and farmer selection. High genetic diversity exists in the landrace gene pool which however has scarcely been studied, thus bounding their cultivation. We re-sequenced four pepper inbred lines, within as many Italian landraces, which representative of as many fruit types: big sized blocky with sunken apex ('Quadrato') and protruding apex or heart shaped ('Cuneo'), elongated ('Corno') and smaller sized sub-spherical ('Tumaticot'). Each genomic sequence was obtained through Illumina platform at coverage ranging from 39 to 44×, and reconstructed at a chromosome scale. About 35.5k genes were predicted in each inbred line, of which 22,017 were shared among them and the reference genome (accession 'CM334'). Distinctive variations in miRNAs, resistance gene analogues (RGAs) and susceptibility genes (S-genes) were detected. A detailed survey of the SNP/Indels occurring in genes affecting fruit size, shape and quality identified the highest frequencies of variation in regulatory regions. Many structural variations were identified as presence/absence variations (PAVs), notably in resistance gene analogues (RGAs) and in the capsanthin/capsorubin synthase (CCS) gene. The large allelic diversity observed in the four inbred lines suggests their potential use as a pre-breeding resource and represents a one-stop resource for C. annuum genomics and a key tool for dissecting the path from sequence variation to phenotype.
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10
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Li L, Habring A, Wang K, Weigel D. Atypical Resistance Protein RPW8/HR Triggers Oligomerization of the NLR Immune Receptor RPP7 and Autoimmunity. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:405-417.e6. [PMID: 32101702 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In certain plant hybrids, immunity signaling is initiated when immune components interact in the absence of a pathogen trigger. In Arabidopsis thaliana, such autoimmunity and cell death are linked to variants of the NLR RPP7 and the RPW8 proteins involved in broad-spectrum resistance. We uncover the molecular basis for this autoimmunity and demonstrate that a homolog of RPW8, HR4Fei-0, can trigger the assembly of a higher-order RPP7 complex, with autoimmunity signaling as a consequence. HR4Fei-0-mediated RPP7 oligomerization occurs via the RPP7 C-terminal leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain and ATP-binding P-loop. RPP7 forms a higher-order complex only in the presence of HR4Fei-0 and not with the standard HR4 variant, which is distinguished from HR4Fei-0 by length variation in C-terminal repeats. Additionally, HR4Fei-0 can independently form self-oligomers, which directly kill cells in an RPP7-independent manner. Our work provides evidence for a plant resistosome complex and the mechanisms by which RPW8/HR proteins trigger cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anette Habring
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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11
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Barragan CA, Wu R, Kim ST, Xi W, Habring A, Hagmann J, Van de Weyer AL, Zaidem M, Ho WWH, Wang G, Bezrukov I, Weigel D, Chae E. RPW8/HR repeats control NLR activation in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008313. [PMID: 31344025 PMCID: PMC6684095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In many plant species, conflicts between divergent elements of the immune system, especially nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLR), can lead to hybrid necrosis. Here, we report deleterious allele-specific interactions between an NLR and a non-NLR gene cluster, resulting in not one, but multiple hybrid necrosis cases in Arabidopsis thaliana. The NLR cluster is RESISTANCE TO PERONOSPORA PARASITICA 7 (RPP7), which can confer strain-specific resistance to oomycetes. The non-NLR cluster is RESISTANCE TO POWDERY MILDEW 8 (RPW8) / HOMOLOG OF RPW8 (HR), which can confer broad-spectrum resistance to both fungi and oomycetes. RPW8/HR proteins contain at the N-terminus a potential transmembrane domain, followed by a specific coiled-coil (CC) domain that is similar to a domain found in pore-forming toxins MLKL and HET-S from mammals and fungi. C-terminal to the CC domain is a variable number of 21- or 14-amino acid repeats, reminiscent of regulatory 21-amino acid repeats in fungal HET-S. The number of repeats in different RPW8/HR proteins along with the sequence of a short C-terminal tail predicts their ability to activate immunity in combination with specific RPP7 partners. Whether a larger or smaller number of repeats is more dangerous depends on the specific RPW8/HR autoimmune risk variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina A. Barragan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sang-Tae Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wanyan Xi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anette Habring
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Hagmann
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Van de Weyer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maricris Zaidem
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - William Wing Ho Ho
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
- Melbourne Integrative Genomics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - George Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ilja Bezrukov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eunyoung Chae
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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12
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Badet T, Léger O, Barascud M, Voisin D, Sadon P, Vincent R, Le Ru A, Balagué C, Roby D, Raffaele S. Expression polymorphism at the ARPC4 locus links the actin cytoskeleton with quantitative disease resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:480-496. [PMID: 30393937 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative disease resistance (QDR) is a form of plant immunity widespread in nature, and the only one active against broad host range fungal pathogens. The genetic determinants of QDR are complex and largely unknown, and are thought to rely partly on genes controlling plant morphology and development. We used genome-wide association mapping in Arabidopsis thaliana to identify ARPC4 as associated with QDR against the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Mutants impaired in ARPC4 showed enhanced susceptibility to S. sclerotiorum, defects in the structure of the actin filaments and in their responsiveness to S. sclerotiorum. Disruption of ARPC4 also alters callose deposition and the expression of defense-related genes upon S. sclerotiorum infection. Analysis of ARPC4 diversity in A. thaliana identified one haplotype (ARPC4R ) showing a c. 1 kbp insertion in ARPC4 regulatory region and associated with higher level of QDR. Accessions from the ARPC4R haplotype showed enhanced ARPC4 expression upon S. sclerotiorum challenge, indicating that polymorphisms in ARPC4 regulatory region are associated with enhanced QDR. This work identifies a novel actor of plant QDR against a fungal pathogen and provides a prime example of genetic mechanisms leading to the recruitment of cell morphology processes in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Badet
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Ophélie Léger
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Marielle Barascud
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Derry Voisin
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Pierre Sadon
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Remy Vincent
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Aurélie Le Ru
- Plateforme Imagerie, Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, Fédération de Recherche 3450, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Claudine Balagué
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Dominique Roby
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Sylvain Raffaele
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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13
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Lorang JM, Hagerty CH, Lee R, McClean PE, Wolpert TJ. Genetic Analysis of Victorin Sensitivity and Identification of a Causal Nucleotide-Binding Site Leucine-Rich Repeat Gene in Phaseolus vulgaris. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:1069-1074. [PMID: 29697298 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-17-0328-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cochliobolus victoria, the causal agent of Victoria blight, is pathogenic due to its production of a toxin called victorin. Victorin sensitivity in oats, barley, Brachypodium spp., and Arabidopsis has been associated with nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat (NLR) genes, a class of genes known for conferring disease resistance. In this work, we investigated the sensitivity of Phaseolus vulgaris to victorin. We found that victorin sensivity in Phaseolus vulgaris is a developmentally regulated, quantitative trait. A single quantitative trait locus (QTL) accounted for 34% of the phenotypic variability in victorin sensitivity among Stampede × Red Hawk (S×R) recombinant inbred lines. We cloned two NLR-encoding genes within this QTL and showed one, Phvul05G031200 (PvLOV), confers victorin-dependent cell death when overexpressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. Protein sequences of PvLOV from victorin-sensitive and the victorin-resistant bean parents differ by two amino acids in the leucine-rich repeat region, but both proteins confer victorin-dependent cell death when overexpressed in N. benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Lorang
- 1 Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-2902, U.S.A
| | - C H Hagerty
- 2 Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center, Oregon State University, Adams, OR 97810, U.S.A.; and
| | - R Lee
- 3 Department of Plant Sciences and Genomics and Bioinformatics Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, U.S.A
| | - P E McClean
- 3 Department of Plant Sciences and Genomics and Bioinformatics Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, U.S.A
| | - T J Wolpert
- 1 Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-2902, U.S.A
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14
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Neupane S, Ma Q, Mathew FM, Varenhorst AJ, Andersen EJ, Nepal MP. Evolutionary Divergence of TNL Disease-Resistant Proteins in Soybean (Glycine max) and Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Biochem Genet 2018; 56:397-422. [PMID: 29500532 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-018-9851-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Disease-resistant genes (R genes) encode proteins that are involved in protecting plants from their pathogens and pests. Availability of complete genome sequences from soybean and common bean allowed us to perform a genome-wide identification and analysis of the Toll interleukin-1 receptor-like nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat (TNL) proteins. Hidden Markov model (HMM) profiling of all protein sequences resulted in the identification of 117 and 77 regular TNL genes in soybean and common bean, respectively. We also identified TNL gene homologs with unique domains, and signal peptides as well as nuclear localization signals. The TNL genes in soybean formed 28 clusters located on 10 of the 20 chromosomes, with the majority found on chromosome 3, 6 and 16. Similarly, the TNL genes in common bean formed 14 clusters located on five of the 11 chromosomes, with the majority found on chromosome 10. Phylogenetic analyses of the TNL genes from Arabidopsis, soybean and common bean revealed less divergence within legumes relative to the divergence between legumes and Arabidopsis. Syntenic blocks were found between chromosomes Pv10 and Gm03, Pv07 and Gm10, as well as Pv01 and Gm14. The gene expression data revealed basal level expression and tissue specificity, while analysis of available microRNA data showed 37 predicted microRNA families involved in targeting the identified TNL genes in soybean and common bean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra Neupane
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Qin Ma
- Department of Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Febina M Mathew
- Department of Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Adam J Varenhorst
- Department of Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Ethan J Andersen
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Madhav P Nepal
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA.
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15
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Li Y, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Wang T, Cao X, Zhao Z, Zhao S, Xu Y, Xiao Z, Li J, Fan J, Yang H, Huang F, Xiao S, Wang W. RESISTANCE TO POWDERY MILDEW8.1 boosts pattern-triggered immunity against multiple pathogens in Arabidopsis and rice. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16. [PMID: 28640974 PMCID: PMC5787827 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis gene RESISTANCE TO POWDERY MILDEW8.1 (RPW8.1) confers resistance to virulent fungal and oomycete pathogens that cause powdery mildew and downy mildew, respectively. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we show that ectopic expression of RPW8.1 boosts pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) resulting in enhanced resistance against different pathogens in both Arabidopsis and rice. In Arabidopsis, transcriptome analysis revealed that ectopic expression of RPW8.1-YFP constitutively up-regulates expression of many pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP-)-inducible genes. Consistently, upon PAMP application, the transgenic line expressing RPW8.1-YFP exhibited more pronounced PTI responses such as callose deposition, production of reactive oxygen species, expression of defence-related genes and hypersensitive response-like cell death. Accordingly, the growth of a virulent bacterial pathogen was significantly inhibited in the transgenic lines expressing RPW8.1-YFP. Conversely, impairment of the PTI signalling pathway from PAMP cognition to the immediate downstream relay of phosphorylation abolished or significantly compromised RPW8.1-boosted PTI responses. In rice, heterologous expression of RPW8.1-YFP also led to enhanced resistance to the blast fungus Pyricularia oryzae (syn. Magnaporthe oryzae) and the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Taken together, our data suggest a surprising mechanistic connection between RPW8.1 function and PTI, and demonstrate the potential of RPW8.1 as a transgene for engineering disease resistance across wide taxonomic lineages of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Rice Research Institute and Key Lab for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Hybrid Rice in Yangtze River BasinSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yong Zhang
- Rice Research Institute and Key Lab for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Qing‐Xia Wang
- Rice Research Institute and Key Lab for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Ting‐Ting Wang
- Rice Research Institute and Key Lab for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xiao‐Long Cao
- Rice Research Institute and Key Lab for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zhi‐Xue Zhao
- Rice Research Institute and Key Lab for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Sheng‐Li Zhao
- Rice Research Institute and Key Lab for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yong‐Ju Xu
- Rice Research Institute and Key Lab for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zhi‐Yuan Xiao
- Rice Research Institute and Key Lab for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jin‐Lu Li
- Rice Research Institute and Key Lab for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jing Fan
- Rice Research Institute and Key Lab for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Hybrid Rice in Yangtze River BasinSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Hui Yang
- College of Agronomy and Key Lab for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Fu Huang
- College of Agronomy and Key Lab for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Shunyuan Xiao
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology ResearchDepartment of Plant Science and Landscape ArchitectureUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMDUSA
| | - Wen‐Ming Wang
- Rice Research Institute and Key Lab for Major Crop DiseasesSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Hybrid Rice in Yangtze River BasinSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
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16
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Hu Y, Li Y, Hou F, Wan D, Cheng Y, Han Y, Gao Y, Liu J, Guo Y, Xiao S, Wang Y, Wen YQ. Ectopic expression of Arabidopsis broad-spectrum resistance gene RPW8.2 improves the resistance to powdery mildew in grapevine (Vitis vinifera). PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 267:20-31. [PMID: 29362096 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew is the most economically important disease of cultivated grapevines worldwide. Here, we report that the Arabidopsis broad-spectrum disease resistance gene RPW8.2 could improve resistance to powdery mildew in Vitis vinifera cv. Thompson Seedless. The RPW8.2-YFP fusion gene was stably expressed in grapevines from either the constitutive 35S promoter or the native promoter (NP) of RPW8.2. The grapevine shoots and plantlets transgenic for 35S::RPW8.2-YFP showed reduced rooting and reduced growth at later development stages in the absence of any pathogens. Infection tests with an adapted grapevine powdery mildew isolate En NAFU1 showed that hyphal growth and sporulation were significantly restricted in transgenic grapevines expressing either of the two constructs. The resistance appeared to be attributable to the ectopic expression of RPW8.2, and associated with the enhanced encasement of the haustorial complex (EHC) and onsite accumulation of H2O2. In addition, the RPW8.2-YFP fusion protein showed focal accumulation around the fungal penetration sites. Transcriptome analysis revealed that ectopic expression of RPW8.2 in grapevines not only significantly enhanced salicylic acid-dependent defense signaling, but also altered expression of other phytohormone-associated genes. Taken together, our results indicate that RPW8.2 could be utilized as a transgene for improving resistance against powdery mildew in grapevines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yajuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fengjuan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dongyan Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yongtao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yurong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ye Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shunyuan Xiao
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research & Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland College Park, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Yuejin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying-Qiang Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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17
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Wang Y, Hu Q, Wu Z, Wang H, Han S, Jin Y, Zhou J, Zhang Z, Jiang J, Shen Y, Shi H, Yang W. HISTONE DEACETYLASE 6 represses pathogen defence responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2972-2986. [PMID: 28770584 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant defence mechanisms are suppressed in the absence of pathogen attack to prevent wasted energy and growth inhibition. However, how defence responses are repressed is not well understood. Histone deacetylase 6 (HDA6) is a negative regulator of gene expression, and its role in pathogen defence response in plants is not known. In this study, a novel allele of hda6 (designated as shi5) with spontaneous defence response was isolated from a forward genetics screening in Arabidopsis. The shi5 mutant exhibited increased resistance to hemibiotrophic bacterial pathogen Pst DC3000, constitutively activated expression of pathogen-responsive genes including PR1, PR2, etc. and increased histone acetylation levels at the promoters of most tested genes that were upregulated in shi5. In both wild type and shi5 plants, the expression and histone acetylation of these genes were upregulated by pathogen infection. HDA6 was found to bind to the promoters of these genes under both normal growth conditions and pathogen infection. Our research suggests that HDA6 is a general repressor of pathogen defence response and plays important roles in inhibiting and modulating the expression of pathogen-responsive genes in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhong Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 43009, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Qin Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 43009, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Zhenjiang Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 43009, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Shiming Han
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 43009, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Ye Jin
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 43009, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Jin Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 43009, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Zhengfeng Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 43009, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Jiafu Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Yun Shen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Huazhong Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 43009, Hubei, P.R. China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Wannian Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 43009, Hubei, P.R. China
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18
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Acevedo-Garcia J, Gruner K, Reinstädler A, Kemen A, Kemen E, Cao L, Takken FLW, Reitz MU, Schäfer P, O'Connell RJ, Kusch S, Kuhn H, Panstruga R. The powdery mildew-resistant Arabidopsis mlo2 mlo6 mlo12 triple mutant displays altered infection phenotypes with diverse types of phytopathogens. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9319. [PMID: 28839137 PMCID: PMC5570895 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07188-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana mlo2 mlo6 mlo12 triple mutant plants exhibit complete immunity against infection by otherwise virulent obligate biotrophic powdery mildew fungi such as Golovinomyces orontii. While this phenotype is well documented, the interaction profile of the triple mutant with other microbes is underexplored and incomplete. Here, we thoroughly assessed and quantified the infection phenotypes of two independent powdery mildew-resistant triple mutant lines with a range of microbes. These microorganisms belong to three kingdoms of life, engage in diverse trophic lifestyles, and deploy different infection strategies. We found that interactions with microbes that do not directly enter leaf epidermal cells were seemingly unaltered or showed even enhanced microbial growth or symptom formation in the mlo2 mlo6 mlo12 triple mutants, as shown for Pseudomonas syringae and Fusarium oxysporum. By contrast, the mlo2 mlo6 mlo12 triple mutants exhibited reduced host cell entry rates by Colletotrichum higginsianum, a fungal pathogen showing direct penetration of leaf epidermal cells comparable to G. orontii. Together with previous findings, the results of this study strengthen the notion that mutations in genes MLO2, MLO6 and MLO12 not only restrict powdery mildew colonization, but also affect interactions with a number of other phytopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Acevedo-Garcia
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katrin Gruner
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anja Reinstädler
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ariane Kemen
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eric Kemen
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lingxue Cao
- University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Molecular Plant Pathology, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank L W Takken
- University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Molecular Plant Pathology, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco U Reitz
- University of Warwick, The School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Patrick Schäfer
- University of Warwick, The School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Richard J O'Connell
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Stefan Kusch
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hannah Kuhn
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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Genome reconstruction in Cynara cardunculus taxa gains access to chromosome-scale DNA variation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5617. [PMID: 28717205 PMCID: PMC5514137 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05085-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome sequence of globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus, 2n = 2x = 34) is now available for use. A survey of C. cardunculus genetic resources is essential for understanding the evolution of the species, carrying out genetic studies and for application of breeding strategies. We report on the resequencing analyses (~35×) of four globe artichoke genotypes, representative of the core varietal types, as well as a genotype of the related taxa cultivated cardoon. The genomes were reconstructed at a chromosomal scale and structurally/functionally annotated. Gene prediction indicated a similar number of genes, while distinctive variations in miRNAs and resistance gene analogues (RGAs) were detected. Overall, 23,5 M SNP/indel were discovered (range 6,34 M –14,50 M). The impact of some missense SNPs on the biological functions of genes involved in the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoid and sesquiterpene lactone secondary metabolites was predicted. The identified variants contribute to infer on globe artichoke domestication of the different varietal types, and represent key tools for dissecting the path from sequence variation to phenotype. The new genomic sequences are fully searchable through independent Jbrowse interfaces (www.artichokegenome.unito.it), which allow the analysis of collinearity and the discovery of genomic variants, thus representing a one-stop resource for C. cardunculus genomics.
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20
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Berkey R, Zhang Y, Ma X, King H, Zhang Q, Wang W, Xiao S. Homologues of the RPW8 Resistance Protein Are Localized to the Extrahaustorial Membrane that Is Likely Synthesized De Novo. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 173:600-613. [PMID: 27856916 PMCID: PMC5210751 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Upon penetration of the host cell wall, the powdery mildew fungus develops a feeding structure named the haustorium in the invaded host cell. Concomitant with haustorial biogenesis, the extrahaustorial membrane (EHM) is formed to separate the haustorium from the host cell cytoplasm. The Arabidopsis resistance protein RPW8.2 is specifically targeted to the EHM where it activates haustorium-targeted resistance against powdery mildew. RPW8.2 belongs to a small family with six members in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Whether Homologs of RPW8 (HR) 1 to HR4 are also localized to the EHM and contribute to resistance has not been determined. Here, we report that overexpression of HR1, HR2, or HR3 led to enhanced resistance to powdery mildew, while genetic depletion of HR2 or HR3 resulted in enhanced susceptibility, indicating that these RPW8 homologs contribute to basal resistance. Interestingly, we found that N-terminally YFP-tagged HR1 to HR3 are also EHM-localized. This suggests that EHM-targeting is an ancestral feature of the RPW8 family. Indeed, two RPW8 homologs from Brassica oleracea tested also exhibit EHM-localization. Domain swapping analysis between HR3 and RPW8.2 suggests that sequence diversification in the N-terminal 146 amino acids of RPW8.2 probably functionally distinguishes it from other family members. Moreover, we found that N-terminally YFP-tagged HR3 is also localized to the plasma membrane and the fungal penetration site (the papilla) in addition to the EHM. Using this unique feature of YFP-HR3, we obtained preliminary evidence to suggest that the EHM is unlikely derived from invagination of the plasma membrane, rather it may be mainly synthesized de novo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Berkey
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland (R.B., Y.Z., X.M., H.K., Q.Z., S.X.)
- The Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China (W.W.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland (S.X.)
| | - Yi Zhang
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland (R.B., Y.Z., X.M., H.K., Q.Z., S.X.)
- The Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China (W.W.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland (S.X.)
| | - Xianfeng Ma
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland (R.B., Y.Z., X.M., H.K., Q.Z., S.X.)
- The Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China (W.W.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland (S.X.)
| | - Harlan King
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland (R.B., Y.Z., X.M., H.K., Q.Z., S.X.)
- The Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China (W.W.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland (S.X.)
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland (R.B., Y.Z., X.M., H.K., Q.Z., S.X.)
- The Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China (W.W.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland (S.X.)
| | - Wenming Wang
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland (R.B., Y.Z., X.M., H.K., Q.Z., S.X.)
- The Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China (W.W.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland (S.X.)
| | - Shunyuan Xiao
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland (R.B., Y.Z., X.M., H.K., Q.Z., S.X.);
- The Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China (W.W.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland (S.X.)
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21
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Zhong Y, Cheng ZMM. A unique RPW8-encoding class of genes that originated in early land plants and evolved through domain fission, fusion, and duplication. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32923. [PMID: 27678195 PMCID: PMC5039405 DOI: 10.1038/srep32923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Duplication, lateral gene transfer, domain fusion/fission and de novo domain creation play a key role in formation of initial common ancestral protein. Abundant protein diversities are produced by domain rearrangements, including fusions, fissions, duplications, and terminal domain losses. In this report, we explored the origin of the RPW8 domain and examined the domain rearrangements that have driven the evolution of RPW8-encoding genes in land plants. The RPW8 domain first emerged in the early land plant, Physcomitrella patens, and it likely originated de novo from a non-coding sequence or domain divergence after duplication. It was then incorporated into the NBS-LRR protein to create a main sub-class of RPW8-encoding genes, the RPW8-NBS-encoding genes. They evolved by a series of genetic events of domain fissions, fusions, and duplications. Many species-specific duplication events and tandemly duplicated clusters clearly demonstrated that species-specific and tandem duplications played important roles in expansion of RPW8-encoding genes, especially in gymnosperms and species of the Rosaceae. RPW8 domains with greater Ka/Ks values than those of the NBS domains indicated that they evolved faster than the NBS domains in RPW8-NBSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhong
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zong-Ming Max Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,Department of Plant Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 37996, USA
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22
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Roux F, Bergelson J. The Genetics Underlying Natural Variation in the Biotic Interactions of Arabidopsis thaliana: The Challenges of Linking Evolutionary Genetics and Community Ecology. Curr Top Dev Biol 2016; 119:111-56. [PMID: 27282025 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the context of global change, predicting the responses of plant communities in an ever-changing biotic environment calls for a multipronged approach at the interface of evolutionary genetics and community ecology. However, our understanding of the genetic basis of natural variation involved in mediating biotic interactions, and associated adaptive dynamics of focal plants in their natural communities, is still in its infancy. Here, we review the genetic and molecular bases of natural variation in the response to biotic interactions (viruses, bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, herbivores, and plants) in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana as well as the adaptive value of these bases. Among the 60 identified genes are a number that encode nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR)-type proteins, consistent with early examples of plant defense genes. However, recent studies have revealed an extensive diversity in the molecular mechanisms of defense. Many types of genetic variants associate with phenotypic variation in biotic interactions, even among the genes of large effect that tend to be identified. In general, we found that (i) balancing selection rather than directional selection explains the observed patterns of genetic diversity within A. thaliana and (ii) the cost/benefit tradeoffs of adaptive alleles can be strongly dependent on both genomic and environmental contexts. Finally, because A. thaliana rarely interacts with only one biotic partner in nature, we highlight the benefit of exploring diffuse biotic interactions rather than tightly associated host-enemy pairs. This challenge would help to improve our understanding of coevolutionary quantitative genetics within the context of realistic community complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Roux
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan, France; CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
| | - J Bergelson
- University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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23
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Kuhn H, Kwaaitaal M, Kusch S, Acevedo-Garcia J, Wu H, Panstruga R. Biotrophy at Its Best: Novel Findings and Unsolved Mysteries of the Arabidopsis-Powdery Mildew Pathosystem. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2016; 14:e0184. [PMID: 27489521 PMCID: PMC4957506 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted in plant-microbe interactions research that disease is the exception rather than a common outcome of pathogen attack. However, in nature, plants with symptoms that signify colonization by obligate biotrophic powdery mildew fungi are omnipresent. The pervasiveness of the disease and the fact that many economically important plants are prone to infection by powdery mildew fungi drives research on this interaction. The competence of powdery mildew fungi to establish and maintain true biotrophic relationships renders the interaction a paramount example of a pathogenic plant-microbe biotrophy. However, molecular details underlying the interaction are in many respects still a mystery. Since its introduction in 1990, the Arabidopsis-powdery mildew pathosystem has become a popular model to study molecular processes governing powdery mildew infection. Due to the many advantages that the host Arabidopsis offers in terms of molecular and genetic tools this pathosystem has great capacity to answer some of the questions of how biotrophic pathogens overcome plant defense and establish a persistent interaction that nourishes the invader while in parallel maintaining viability of the plant host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Kuhn
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant
Molecular Cell Biology, Worringerweg 1, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
- Address correspondence to
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24
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Zhang Q, Berkey R, Pan Z, Wang W, Zhang Y, Ma X, King H, Xiao S. Dominant negative RPW8.2 fusion proteins reveal the importance of haustorium-oriented protein trafficking for resistance against powdery mildew in Arabidopsis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e989766. [PMID: 25830634 PMCID: PMC4623256 DOI: 10.4161/15592324.2014.989766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew fungi form feeding structures called haustoria inside epidermal cells of host plants to extract photosynthates for their epiphytic growth and reproduction. The haustorium is encased by an interfacial membrane termed the extrahaustorial membrane (EHM). The atypical resistance protein RPW8.2 from Arabidopsis is specifically targeted to the EHM where RPW8.2 activates haustorium-targeted (thus broad-spectrum) resistance against powdery mildew fungi. EHM-specific localization of RPW8.2 suggests the existence of an EHM-oriented protein/membrane trafficking pathway during EHM biogenesis. However, the importance of this specific trafficking pathway for host defense has not been evaluated via a genetic approach without affecting other trafficking pathways. Here, we report that expression of EHM-oriented, nonfunctional RPW8.2 chimeric proteins exerts dominant negative effect over functional RPW8.2 and potentially over other EHM-localized defense proteins, thereby compromising both RPW8.2-mediated and basal resistance to powdery mildew. Thus, our results highlight the importance of the EHM-oriented protein/membrane trafficking pathway for host resistance against haustorium-forming pathogens such as powdery mildew fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhang
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research; University of Maryland; Rockville, MD USA
| | - Robert Berkey
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research; University of Maryland; Rockville, MD USA
| | - Zhiyong Pan
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research; University of Maryland; Rockville, MD USA
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology; College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan, China
| | - Wenming Wang
- Rice Research Institute; Sichuan Agricultural University; Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research; University of Maryland; Rockville, MD USA
| | - Xianfeng Ma
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research; University of Maryland; Rockville, MD USA
- Rice Research Institute; Sichuan Agricultural University; Chengdu, China
| | - Harlan King
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research; University of Maryland; Rockville, MD USA
| | - Shunyuan Xiao
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research; University of Maryland; Rockville, MD USA
- Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture; University of Maryland; College Park, MD USA
- Correspondence to: Shunyuan Xiao;
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25
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Shao ZQ, Zhang YM, Hang YY, Xue JY, Zhou GC, Wu P, Wu XY, Wu XZ, Wang Q, Wang B, Chen JQ. Long-term evolution of nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat genes: understanding gained from and beyond the legume family. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:217-34. [PMID: 25052854 PMCID: PMC4149708 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.243626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Proper utilization of plant disease resistance genes requires a good understanding of their short- and long-term evolution. Here we present a comprehensive study of the long-term evolutionary history of nucleotide-binding site (NBS)-leucine-rich repeat (LRR) genes within and beyond the legume family. The small group of NBS-LRR genes with an amino-terminal RESISTANCE TO POWDERY MILDEW8 (RPW8)-like domain (referred to as RNL) was first revealed as a basal clade sister to both coiled-coil-NBS-LRR (CNL) and Toll/Interleukin1 receptor-NBS-LRR (TNL) clades. Using Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) as an outgroup, this study explicitly recovered 31 ancestral NBS lineages (two RNL, 21 CNL, and eight TNL) that had existed in the rosid common ancestor and 119 ancestral lineages (nine RNL, 55 CNL, and 55 TNL) that had diverged in the legume common ancestor. It was shown that, during their evolution in the past 54 million years, approximately 94% (112 of 119) of the ancestral legume NBS lineages experienced deletions or significant expansions, while seven original lineages were maintained in a conservative manner. The NBS gene duplication pattern was further examined. The local tandem duplications dominated NBS gene gains in the total number of genes (more than 75%), which was not surprising. However, it was interesting from our study that ectopic duplications had created many novel NBS gene loci in individual legume genomes, which occurred at a significant frequency of 8% to 20% in different legume lineages. Finally, by surveying the legume microRNAs that can potentially regulate NBS genes, we found that the microRNA-NBS gene interaction also exhibited a gain-and-loss pattern during the legume evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu-Qing Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China (Z.-Q.S., Y.-M.Z., J.-Y.X., G.-C.Z., P.W., X.-Y.W., X.-Z.W., Q.W., B.W., J.-Q.C.); andJiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Science, Institute of Botany, Nanjing 210014, China (Y.-M.Z., Y.-Y.H., J.-Y.X.)
| | - Yan-Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China (Z.-Q.S., Y.-M.Z., J.-Y.X., G.-C.Z., P.W., X.-Y.W., X.-Z.W., Q.W., B.W., J.-Q.C.); andJiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Science, Institute of Botany, Nanjing 210014, China (Y.-M.Z., Y.-Y.H., J.-Y.X.)
| | - Yue-Yu Hang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China (Z.-Q.S., Y.-M.Z., J.-Y.X., G.-C.Z., P.W., X.-Y.W., X.-Z.W., Q.W., B.W., J.-Q.C.); andJiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Science, Institute of Botany, Nanjing 210014, China (Y.-M.Z., Y.-Y.H., J.-Y.X.)
| | - Jia-Yu Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China (Z.-Q.S., Y.-M.Z., J.-Y.X., G.-C.Z., P.W., X.-Y.W., X.-Z.W., Q.W., B.W., J.-Q.C.); andJiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Science, Institute of Botany, Nanjing 210014, China (Y.-M.Z., Y.-Y.H., J.-Y.X.)
| | - Guang-Can Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China (Z.-Q.S., Y.-M.Z., J.-Y.X., G.-C.Z., P.W., X.-Y.W., X.-Z.W., Q.W., B.W., J.-Q.C.); andJiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Science, Institute of Botany, Nanjing 210014, China (Y.-M.Z., Y.-Y.H., J.-Y.X.)
| | - Ping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China (Z.-Q.S., Y.-M.Z., J.-Y.X., G.-C.Z., P.W., X.-Y.W., X.-Z.W., Q.W., B.W., J.-Q.C.); andJiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Science, Institute of Botany, Nanjing 210014, China (Y.-M.Z., Y.-Y.H., J.-Y.X.)
| | - Xiao-Yi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China (Z.-Q.S., Y.-M.Z., J.-Y.X., G.-C.Z., P.W., X.-Y.W., X.-Z.W., Q.W., B.W., J.-Q.C.); andJiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Science, Institute of Botany, Nanjing 210014, China (Y.-M.Z., Y.-Y.H., J.-Y.X.)
| | - Xun-Zong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China (Z.-Q.S., Y.-M.Z., J.-Y.X., G.-C.Z., P.W., X.-Y.W., X.-Z.W., Q.W., B.W., J.-Q.C.); andJiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Science, Institute of Botany, Nanjing 210014, China (Y.-M.Z., Y.-Y.H., J.-Y.X.)
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China (Z.-Q.S., Y.-M.Z., J.-Y.X., G.-C.Z., P.W., X.-Y.W., X.-Z.W., Q.W., B.W., J.-Q.C.); andJiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Science, Institute of Botany, Nanjing 210014, China (Y.-M.Z., Y.-Y.H., J.-Y.X.)
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China (Z.-Q.S., Y.-M.Z., J.-Y.X., G.-C.Z., P.W., X.-Y.W., X.-Z.W., Q.W., B.W., J.-Q.C.); andJiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Science, Institute of Botany, Nanjing 210014, China (Y.-M.Z., Y.-Y.H., J.-Y.X.)
| | - Jian-Qun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China (Z.-Q.S., Y.-M.Z., J.-Y.X., G.-C.Z., P.W., X.-Y.W., X.-Z.W., Q.W., B.W., J.-Q.C.); andJiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Science, Institute of Botany, Nanjing 210014, China (Y.-M.Z., Y.-Y.H., J.-Y.X.)
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26
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Ma XF, Li Y, Sun JL, Wang TT, Fan J, Lei Y, Huang YY, Xu YJ, Zhao JQ, Xiao S, Wang WM. Ectopic Expression of RESISTANCE TO POWDERY MILDEW8.1 Confers Resistance to Fungal and Oomycete Pathogens in Arabidopsis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 55:1484-96. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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27
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Huang YY, Shi Y, Lei Y, Li Y, Fan J, Xu YJ, Ma XF, Zhao JQ, Xiao S, Wang WM. Functional identification of multiple nucleocytoplasmic trafficking signals in the broad-spectrum resistance protein RPW8.2. PLANTA 2014; 239:455-68. [PMID: 24218059 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1994-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear localization signals (NLSs) and nuclear export signals (NESs) are important intramolecular regulatory elements for protein nucleocytoplasmic trafficking. This regulation confers spatial specificity to signal initiation and transduction in eukaryotic cells and thus is fundamental to the viability of all eukaryotic organisms. Here, we developed a simple and rapid method in which activity of putative NLSs or NESs was reported by subcellular localization of two tandem fluorescent proteins in fusion with the respective NLSs or NESs after agroinfiltration-mediated transient expression in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana (Nb). We further demonstrated that the predicted NES from amino acid residue (aa) 9 to 22 and the NLS from aa91 to 101 in the broad-spectrum disease resistance protein RPW8.2 possess nuclear export and import activity, respectively. Additionally, by testing overlapping fragments covering the full length of RPW8.2, we identified another NLS from aa65 to 74 with strong nuclear import activity and two tandem non-canonical NESs in the C-terminus with strong nuclear export activity. Taken together, our results demonstrated the utility of a simple method to evaluate potential NLSs and NESs in plant cells and suggested that RPW8.2 may be subject to opposing nucleocytoplasmic trafficking forces for its subcellular localization and functional execution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Huang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
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28
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Wang W, Zhang Y, Wen Y, Berkey R, Ma X, Pan Z, Bendigeri D, King H, Zhang Q, Xiao S. A comprehensive mutational analysis of the Arabidopsis resistance protein RPW8.2 reveals key amino acids for defense activation and protein targeting. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:4242-61. [PMID: 24151293 PMCID: PMC3877822 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.117226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis thaliana resistance to powdery mildew8.2 (RPW8.2) protein is specifically targeted to the extrahaustorial membrane (EHM) encasing the haustorium, or fungal feeding structure, where RPW8.2 activates broad-spectrum resistance against powdery mildew pathogens. How RPW8.2 activates defenses at a precise subcellular locale is not known. Here, we report a comprehensive mutational analysis in which more than 100 RPW8.2 mutants were functionally evaluated for their defense and trafficking properties. We show that three amino acid residues (i.e., threonine-64, valine-68, and aspartic acid-116) are critical for RPW8.2-mediated cell death and resistance to powdery mildew (Golovinomyces cichoracearum UCSC1). Also, we reveal that two arginine (R)- or lysine (K)-enriched short motifs (i.e., R/K-R/K-x-R/K) make up the likely core EHM-targeting signals, which, together with the N-terminal transmembrane domain, define a minimal sequence of 60 amino acids that is necessary and sufficient for EHM localization. In addition, some RPW8.2 mutants localize to the nucleus and/or to a potentially novel membrane that wraps around plastids or plastid-derived stromules. Results from this study not only reveal critical amino acid elements in RPW8.2 that enable haustorium-targeted trafficking and defense, but also provide evidence for the existence of a specific, EHM-oriented membrane trafficking pathway in leaf epidermal cells invaded by powdery mildew.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenming Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Yi Zhang
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Yingqiang Wen
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Robert Berkey
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Xianfeng Ma
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Zhiyong Pan
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dipti Bendigeri
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Harlan King
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Shunyuan Xiao
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
- Address correspondence to
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Molecular diversity in rice blast resistance gene Pi-ta makes it highly effective against dynamic population of Magnaporthe oryzae. Funct Integr Genomics 2013; 13:309-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-013-0325-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Fabro G, Alvarez ME. Loss of compatibility might explain resistance of the Arabidopsis thaliana accession Te-0 to Golovinomyces cichoracearum. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:143. [PMID: 22883024 PMCID: PMC3546952 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The establishment of compatibility between plants and pathogens requires compliance with various conditions, such as recognition of the right host, suppression of defence mechanisms, and maintenance of an environment allowing pathogen reproduction. To date, most of the plant factors required to sustain compatibility remain unknown, with the few best characterized being those interfering with defence responses. A suitable system to study host compatibility factors is the interaction between Arabidopsis thaliana and the powdery mildew (PM) Golovinomyces cichoracearum. As an obligate biotrophic pathogen, this fungus must establish compatibility in order to perpetuate. In turn, A. thaliana displays natural variation for susceptibility to this invader, with some accessions showing full susceptibility (Col-0), and others monogenic dominant resistance (Kas-1). Interestingly, Te-0, among other accessions, displays recessive partial resistance to this PM. RESULTS In this study, we characterized the interaction of G. cichoracearum with Te-0 plants to investigate the basis of this plant resistance. We found that Te-0's incompatibility was not associated with hyper-activation of host inducible defences. Te-0 plants allowed germination of conidia and development of functional haustoria, but could not support the formation of mature conidiophores. Using a suppressive subtractive hybridization technique, we identified plant genes showing differential expression between resistant Te-0 and susceptible Col-0 plants at the fungal pre-conidiation stage. CONCLUSIONS Te-0 resistance is likely caused by loss of host compatibility and not by stimulation of inducible defences. Conidiophores formation is the main constraint for completion of fungal life cycle in Te-0 plants. The system here described allowed the identification of genes proposed as markers for susceptibility to this PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Fabro
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba CIQUIBIC, UNC-CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - María Elena Alvarez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba CIQUIBIC, UNC-CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, X5000HUA, Argentina
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Sáenz-Mata J, Jiménez-Bremont JF. HR4 gene is induced in the Arabidopsis-Trichoderma atroviride beneficial interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:9110-9128. [PMID: 22942755 PMCID: PMC3430286 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13079110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are constantly exposed to microbes, for this reason they have evolved sophisticated strategies to perceive and identify biotic interactions. Thus, plants have large collections of so-called resistance (R) proteins that recognize specific microbe factors as signals of invasion. One of these proteins is codified by the Arabidopsis thaliana HR4 gene in the Col-0 ecotype that is homologous to RPW8 genes present in the Ms-0 ecotype. In this study, we investigated the expression patterns of the HR4 gene in Arabidopsis seedlings interacting with the beneficial fungus Trichoderma atroviride. We observed the induction of the HR4 gene mainly at 96 hpi when the fungus interaction was established. Furthermore, we found that the HR4 gene was differentially regulated in interactions with the beneficial bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens and the pathogenic bacterium P. syringae. When hormone treatments were applied to A. thaliana (Col-0), each hormone treatment induced changes in HR4 gene expression. On the other hand, the expression of the RPW8.1 and RPW8.2 genes of Arabidopsis ecotype Ms-0 in interaction with T. atroviride was assessed. Interestingly, these genes are interaction-responsive; in particular, the RPW8.1 gene shows a very high level of expression in the later stages of interaction. These results indicate that HR4 and RPW8 genes could play a role in the establishment of Arabidopsis interactions with beneficial microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Sáenz-Mata
- Division of Molecular Biology, Institute Potosino of Scientific and Technological Research, Camino a la Presa de San José 2055, Col. Lomas 4 sección, C.P. 78216, Apartado Postal 3-74 Tangamanga, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78395, Mexico; E-Mail:
| | - Juan Francisco Jiménez-Bremont
- Division of Molecular Biology, Institute Potosino of Scientific and Technological Research, Camino a la Presa de San José 2055, Col. Lomas 4 sección, C.P. 78216, Apartado Postal 3-74 Tangamanga, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78395, Mexico; E-Mail:
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Jorgensen TH. The effect of environmental heterogeneity on RPW8-mediated resistance to powdery mildews in Arabidopsis thaliana. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 109:833-42. [PMID: 22234559 PMCID: PMC3286285 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The biotic and abiotic environment of interacting hosts and parasites may vary considerably over small spatial and temporal scales. It is essential to understand how different environments affect host disease resistance because this determines frequency of disease and, importantly, heterogeneous environments can retard direct selection and potentially maintain genetic variation for resistance in natural populations. METHODS The effect of different temperatures and soil nutrient conditions on the outcome of infection by a pathogen was quantified in Arabidopsis thaliana. Expression levels of a gene conferring resistance to powdery mildews, RPW8, were compared with levels of disease to test a possible mechanism behind variation in resistance. KEY RESULTS Most host genotypes changed from susceptible to resistant across environments with the ranking of genotypes differing between treatments. Transcription levels of RPW8 increased after infection and varied between environments, but there was no tight association between transcription and resistance levels. CONCLUSIONS There is a strong potential for a heterogeneous environment to change the resistance capacity of A. thaliana genotypes and hence the direction and magnitude of selection in the presence of the pathogen. Possible causative links between resistance gene expression and disease resistance are discussed in light of the present results on RPW8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tove H Jorgensen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, UK.
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Tellier A, Brown JKM. Spatial heterogeneity, frequency-dependent selection and polymorphism in host-parasite interactions. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11:319. [PMID: 22044632 PMCID: PMC3273489 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genomic and pathology analysis has revealed enormous diversity in genes involved in disease, including those encoding host resistance and parasite effectors (also known in plant pathology as avirulence genes). It has been proposed that such variation may persist when an organism exists in a spatially structured metapopulation, following the geographic mosaic of coevolution. Here, we study gene-for-gene relationships governing the outcome of plant-parasite interactions in a spatially structured system and, in particular, investigate the population genetic processes which maintain balanced polymorphism in both species. RESULTS Following previous theory on the effect of heterogeneous environments on maintenance of polymorphism, we analysed a model with two demes in which the demes have different environments and are coupled by gene flow. Environmental variation is manifested by different coefficients of natural selection, the costs to the host of resistance and to the parasite of virulence, the cost to the host of being diseased and the cost to an avirulent parasite of unsuccessfully attacking a resistant host. We show that migration generates negative direct frequency-dependent selection, a condition for maintenance of stable polymorphism in each deme. Balanced polymorphism occurs preferentially if there is heterogeneity for costs of resistance and virulence alleles among populations and to a lesser extent if there is variation in the cost to the host of being diseased. We show that the four fitness costs control the natural frequency of oscillation of host resistance and parasite avirulence alleles. If demes have different costs, their frequencies of oscillation differ and when coupled by gene flow, there is amplitude death of the oscillations in each deme. Numerical simulations show that for a multiple deme island model, costs of resistance and virulence need not to be present in each deme for stable polymorphism to occur. CONCLUSIONS Our theoretical results confirm the importance of empirical studies for measuring the environmental heterogeneity for genetic costs of resistance and virulence alleles. We suggest that such studies should be developed to investigate the generality of this mechanism for the long-term maintenance of genetic diversity at host and parasite genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Tellier
- Section of Evolutionary Biology, Biocenter, University of Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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Alcázar R, Reymond M, Schmitz G, de Meaux J. Genetic and evolutionary perspectives on the interplay between plant immunity and development. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 14:378-84. [PMID: 21561797 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
There is now ample evidence that plant development, responses to abiotic environments, and immune responses are tightly intertwined in their physiology. Thus optimization of the immune system during evolution will occur in coordination with that of plant development. Two alternative and possibly complementary forces are at play: genetic constraints due to the pleiotropic action of players in both systems, and coevolution, if developmental changes modulate the cost-benefit balance of immunity. A current challenge is to elucidate the ecological forces driving evolution of quantitative variation for defense at molecular level. The analysis of natural co-variation for developmental and immunity traits in Arabidopsis thaliana promises to bring important insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Alcázar
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg, 10. 50829 Cologne, Germany
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Wen Y, Wang W, Feng J, Luo MC, Tsuda K, Katagiri F, Bauchan G, Xiao S. Identification and utilization of a sow thistle powdery mildew as a poorly adapted pathogen to dissect post-invasion non-host resistance mechanisms in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:2117-29. [PMID: 21193574 PMCID: PMC3060691 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
To better dissect non-host resistance against haustorium-forming powdery mildew pathogens, a sow thistle powdery mildew isolate designated Golovinomyces cichoracearum UMSG1 that has largely overcome penetration resistance but is invariably stopped by post-invasion non-host resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana was identified. The post-invasion non-host resistance is mainly manifested as the formation of a callosic encasement of the haustorial complex (EHC) and hypersensitive response (HR), which appears to be controlled by both salicylic acid (SA)-dependent and SA-independent defence pathways, as supported by the susceptibility of the pad4/sid2 double mutant to the pathogen. While the broad-spectrum resistance protein RPW8.2 enhances post-penetration resistance against G. cichoracearum UCSC1, a well-adapted powdery mildew pathogen, RPW8.2, is dispensable for post-penetration resistance against G. cichoracearum UMSG1, and its specific targeting to the extrahaustorial membrane is physically blocked by the EHC, resulting in HR cell death. Taken together, the present work suggests an evolutionary scenario for the Arabidopsis-powdery mildew interaction: EHC formation is a conserved subcellular defence evolved in plants against haustorial invasion; well-adapted powdery mildew has evolved the ability to suppress EHC formation for parasitic growth and reproduction; RPW8.2 has evolved to enhance EHC formation, thereby conferring haustorium-targeted, broad-spectrum resistance at the post-invasion stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqiang Wen
- College of Horticulture and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Shady Grove, Maryland, USA
| | - Wenming Wang
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Shady Grove, Maryland, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Jiayue Feng
- College of Horticulture and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Shady Grove, Maryland, USA
| | - Ming-Cheng Luo
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Fumiaki Katagiri
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gary Bauchan
- Electron and Confocal Microscopy Unit, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Shunyuan Xiao
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Shady Grove, Maryland, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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Padmanabhan MS, Dinesh-Kumar SP. All hands on deck—the role of chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, and the nucleus in driving plant innate immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2010; 23:1368-80. [PMID: 20923348 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-10-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant innate immunity is mediated by cell membrane and intracellular immune receptors that function in distinct and overlapping cell-signaling pathways to activate defense responses. It is becoming increasingly evident that immune receptors rely on components from multiple organelles for the generation of appropriate defense responses. This review analyzes the defense-related functions of the chloroplast, nucleus, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) during plant innate immunity. It details the role of the chloroplasts in synthesizing defense-specific second messengers and discusses the retrograde signal transduction pathways that exist between the chloroplast and nucleus. Because the activities of immune modulators are regulated, in part, by their subcellular localization, the review places special emphasis on the dynamics and nuclear–cytoplasmic transport of immune receptors and regulators and highlights the importance of this process in generating orderly events during an innate immune response. The review also covers the recently discovered contributions of the ER quality-control pathways in ensuring the signaling competency of cell surface immune receptors or immune regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenu S Padmanabhan
- Department of Plant Biology and the Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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Wang T, Picard JC, Tian X, Darmency H. A herbicide-resistant ACCase 1781 Setaria mutant shows higher fitness than wild type. Heredity (Edinb) 2010; 105:394-400. [PMID: 20087387 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2009.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is often alleged that mutations conferring herbicide resistance have a negative impact on plant fitness. A mutant ACCase1781 allele endowing resistance to the sethoxydim herbicide was introgressed from a resistant green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv) population into foxtail millet (S. italica (L.) Beauv.). (1) Better and earlier growth of resistant plants was observed in a greenhouse cabinet. (2) Resistant plants of the advanced BC7 backcross generation showed more vigorous juvenile growth in the field, earlier flowering, more tillers and higher numbers of grains than susceptible plants did, especially when both genotypes were grown in mixture, but their seeds were lighter than susceptible seeds. (3) Field populations originating from segregating hybrids had the expected allele frequencies under normal growth conditions, but showed a genotype shift toward an excess of homozygous resistant plants within 3 years in stressful conditions. Lower seed size, lower germination rate and perhaps unexplored differences in seed longevity and predation could explain how the resistant plants have the same field fitness over the whole life cycle as the susceptible ones although they produce more seeds. More rapid growth kinetics probably accounted for higher fitness of the resistant plants in adverse conditions. The likelihood of a linkage with a beneficial gene is discussed versus the hypothesis of a pleiotropic effect of the ACCase resistance allele. It is suggested that autogamous species like Setaria could not develop a resistant population without the help of a linkage with a gene producing a higher fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wang
- UMR 1210 Biologie et Gestion des Adventices, INRA, 17 rue Sully, BP86510, Dijon, France
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Lee S, Costanzo S, Jia Y, Olsen KM, Caicedo AL. Evolutionary dynamics of the genomic region around the blast resistance gene Pi-ta in AA genome Oryza species. Genetics 2009; 183:1315-25. [PMID: 19822730 PMCID: PMC2787423 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.109.108266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The race-specific resistance gene Pi-ta has been effectively used to control blast disease, one of the most destructive plant diseases worldwide. A single amino acid change at the 918 position of the Pi-ta protein was known to determine resistance specificity. To understand the evolutionary dynamics present, we examined sequences of the Pi-ta locus and its flanking regions in 159 accessions composed of seven AA genome Oryza species: O. sativa, O. rufipogon, O. nivara, O. meridionalis, O. glaberrima, O. barthii, and O. glumaepatula. A 3364-bp fragment encoding a predicted transposon was found in the proximity of the Pi-ta promoter region associated with the resistance phenotype. Haplotype network analysis with 33 newly identified Pi-ta haplotypes and 18 newly identified Pi-ta protein variants demonstrated the evolutionary relationships of Pi-ta haplotypes between O. sativa and O. rufipogon. In O. rufipogon, the recent directional selection was found in the Pi-ta region, while significant deviation from neutral evolution was not found in all O. sativa groups. Results of sequence variation in flanking regions around Pi-ta in O. sativa suggest that the size of the resistant Pi-ta introgressed block was at least 5.4 Mb in all elite resistant cultivars but not in the cultivars without Pi-ta. These findings demonstrate that the Pi-ta region with transposon and additional plant modifiers has evolved under an extensive selection pressure during crop breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghee Lee
- Rice Research and Extension Center, University of Arkansas, Stuttgart, Arkansas 72160, U. S. Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center, Stuttgart, Arkansas 72160, Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 and Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Stefano Costanzo
- Rice Research and Extension Center, University of Arkansas, Stuttgart, Arkansas 72160, U. S. Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center, Stuttgart, Arkansas 72160, Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 and Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Yulin Jia
- Rice Research and Extension Center, University of Arkansas, Stuttgart, Arkansas 72160, U. S. Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center, Stuttgart, Arkansas 72160, Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 and Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Kenneth M. Olsen
- Rice Research and Extension Center, University of Arkansas, Stuttgart, Arkansas 72160, U. S. Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center, Stuttgart, Arkansas 72160, Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 and Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Ana L. Caicedo
- Rice Research and Extension Center, University of Arkansas, Stuttgart, Arkansas 72160, U. S. Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center, Stuttgart, Arkansas 72160, Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 and Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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Wang W, Wen Y, Berkey R, Xiao S. Specific targeting of the Arabidopsis resistance protein RPW8.2 to the interfacial membrane encasing the fungal Haustorium renders broad-spectrum resistance to powdery mildew. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:2898-913. [PMID: 19749153 PMCID: PMC2768920 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.067587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew fungal pathogens penetrate the plant cell wall and develop a feeding structure called the haustorium to steal photosynthetate from the host cell. Here, we report that the broad-spectrum mildew resistance protein RPW8.2 from Arabidopsis thaliana is induced and specifically targeted to the extrahaustorial membrane (EHM), an enigmatic interfacial membrane believed to be derived from the host cell plasma membrane. There, RPW8.2 activates a salicylic acid (SA) signaling-dependent defense strategy that concomitantly enhances the encasement of the haustorial complex and onsite accumulation of H(2)O(2), presumably for constraining the haustorium while reducing oxidative damage to the host cell. Targeting of RPW8.2 to the EHM, however, is SA independent and requires function of the actin cytoskeleton. Natural mutations that impair either defense activation or EHM targeting of RPW8.2 compromise the efficacy of RPW8.2-mediated resistance. Thus, the interception of haustoria is key for RPW8-mediated broad-spectrum mildew resistance.
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Jorgensen TH, Emerson BC. RPW8 and resistance to powdery mildew pathogens in natural populations of Arabidopsis lyrata. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 182:984-993. [PMID: 19383106 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02787.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
It is not clear to what extent the orthologues of genes that are adaptively important in one species also contribute to adaptive variation in others. Here, we examine Arabidopsis lyrata to assess the functional and evolutionary significance of natural variation in an orthologue of the gene RPW8 known to be a major determinant of powdery mildew resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. We assessed the sequence variation at RPW8 and the associated resistance reaction in populations of A. lyrata ssp. petraea. Neutrality tests were performed to understand the importance of local adaptation in maintaining variation at the locus. Highly truncated RPW8 proteins were frequent in all populations and were associated with an increased risk of susceptibility. Haplotypes encoding full-length proteins were highly significantly associated with resistance. There were no signatures of selection at the species-wide level, but some evidence for positive selection in two populations. RPW8 in A. lyrata appears to have a role in powdery mildew resistance, similar to its orthologue in A. thaliana. Unlike A. thaliana, A. lyrata contains a genetic component that can act independently of RPW8 to confer resistance to powdery mildew pathogens. Infrequent local selective sweeps may favour different alleles in different populations, and thereby contribute to the maintenance of species-wide variation at the locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Jorgensen
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - B C Emerson
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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Blanco F, Salinas P, Cecchini NM, Jordana X, Van Hummelen P, Alvarez ME, Holuigue L. Early genomic responses to salicylic acid in Arabidopsis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 70:79-102. [PMID: 19199050 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-009-9458-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a stress-induced hormone involved in the activation of defense genes. Here we analyzed the early genetic responses to SA of wild type and npr1-1 mutant Arabidopsis seedlings, using Complete Arabidopsis Transcriptome MicroArray (CATMAv2) chip. We identified 217 genes rapidly induced by SA (early SAIGs); 193 by a NPR1-dependent and 24 by a NPR1-independent pathway. These two groups of genes also differed in their functional classification, expression profiles and over-representation of cis-elements, supporting differential pathways for their activation. Examination of the expression patterns for selected early SAIGs from both groups indicated that their activation by SA required TGA2/5/6 subclass of transcription factors. These genes were also activated by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato AvrRpm1, suggesting that they might play a role in defense against bacteria. This study gives a global idea of the early response to SA in Arabidopsis seedlings, expanding our knowledge about SA function in plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Blanco
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, P.O. Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile
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JORGENSEN TH, EMERSON BC. Functional variation in a disease resistance gene in populations ofArabidopsis thaliana. Mol Ecol 2008; 17:4912-23. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03960.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wang W, Yang X, Tangchaiburana S, Ndeh R, Markham JE, Tsegaye Y, Dunn TM, Wang GL, Bellizzi M, Parsons JF, Morrissey D, Bravo JE, Lynch DV, Xiao S. An inositolphosphorylceramide synthase is involved in regulation of plant programmed cell death associated with defense in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2008; 20:3163-79. [PMID: 19001565 PMCID: PMC2613663 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.108.060053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2008] [Revised: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis thaliana resistance gene RPW8 triggers the hypersensitive response (HR) to restrict powdery mildew infection via the salicylic acid-dependent signaling pathway. To further understand how RPW8 signaling is regulated, we have conducted a genetic screen to identify mutations enhancing RPW8-mediated HR-like cell death (designated erh). Here, we report the isolation and characterization of the Arabidopsis erh1 mutant, in which the At2g37940 locus is knocked out by a T-DNA insertion. Loss of function of ERH1 results in salicylic acid accumulation, enhanced transcription of RPW8 and RPW8-dependent spontaneous HR-like cell death in leaf tissues, and reduction in plant stature. Sequence analysis suggests that ERH1 may encode the long-sought Arabidopsis functional homolog of yeast and protozoan inositolphosphorylceramide synthase (IPCS), which converts ceramide to inositolphosphorylceramide. Indeed, ERH1 is able to rescue the yeast aur1 mutant, which lacks the IPCS, and the erh1 mutant plants display reduced ( approximately 53% of wild type) levels of leaf IPCS activity, indicating that ERH1 encodes a plant IPCS. Consistent with its biochemical function, the erh1 mutation causes ceramide accumulation in plants expressing RPW8. These data reinforce the concept that sphingolipid metabolism (specifically, ceramide accumulation) plays an important role in modulating plant programmed cell death associated with defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenming Wang
- Center for Biosystems Research, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
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Salvaudon L, Giraud T, Shykoff JA. Genetic diversity in natural populations: a fundamental component of plant-microbe interactions. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 11:135-43. [PMID: 18329329 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2008.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2007] [Revised: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Genetic diversity for plant defense against microbial pathogens has been studied either by analyzing sequences of defense genes or by testing phenotypic responses to pathogens under experimental conditions. These two approaches give different but complementary information but, till date, only rare attempts at their integration have been made. Here we discuss the advances made, because of the two approaches, in understanding plant-pathogen coevolution and propose ways of integrating the two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Salvaudon
- Univ Paris-Sud, Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, UMR 8079, Orsay Cedex F-91405, France
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Micali C, Göllner K, Humphry M, Consonni C, Panstruga R. The Powdery Mildew Disease of Arabidopsis: A Paradigm for the Interaction between Plants and Biotrophic Fungi. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2008; 6:e0115. [PMID: 22303240 PMCID: PMC3243333 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The powdery mildew diseases, caused by fungal species of the Erysiphales, have an important economic impact on a variety of plant species and have driven basic and applied research efforts in the field of phytopathology for many years. Although the first taxonomic reports on the Erysiphales date back to the 1850's, advances into the molecular biology of these fungal species have been hampered by their obligate biotrophic nature and difficulties associated with their cultivation and genetic manipulation in the laboratory. The discovery in the 1990's of a few species of powdery mildew fungi that cause disease on Arabidopsis has opened a new chapter in this research field. The great advantages of working with a model plant species have translated into remarkable progress in our understanding of these complex pathogens and their interaction with the plant host. Herein we summarize advances in the study of Arabidopsis-powdery mildew interactions and discuss their implications for the general field of plant pathology. We provide an overview of the life cycle of the pathogens on Arabidopsis and describe the structural and functional changes that occur during infection in the host and fungus in compatible and incompatible interactions, with special emphasis on defense signaling, resistance pathways, and compatibility factors. Finally, we discuss the future of powdery mildew research in anticipation of the sequencing of multiple powdery mildew genomes. The cumulative body of knowledge on powdery mildews of Arabidopsis provides a valuable tool for the study and understanding of disease associated with many other obligate biotrophic pathogen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Micali
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Katharina Göllner
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Matt Humphry
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Chiara Consonni
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
- Address correspondence to
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Ameline-Torregrosa C, Wang BB, O'Bleness MS, Deshpande S, Zhu H, Roe B, Young ND, Cannon SB. Identification and characterization of nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat genes in the model plant Medicago truncatula. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 146:5-21. [PMID: 17981990 PMCID: PMC2230567 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.104588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/19/2007] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding site (NBS)-Leucine-rich repeat (LRR) gene family accounts for the largest number of known disease resistance genes, and is one of the largest gene families in plant genomes. We have identified 333 nonredundant NBS-LRRs in the current Medicago truncatula draft genome (Mt1.0), likely representing 400 to 500 NBS-LRRs in the full genome, or roughly 3 times the number present in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Although many characteristics of the gene family are similar to those described on other plant genomes, several evolutionary features are particularly pronounced in M. truncatula, including a high degree of clustering, evidence of significant numbers of ectopic translocations from clusters to other parts of the genome, a small number of more evolutionarily stable NBS-LRRs, and numerous truncations and fusions leading to novel domain compositions. The gene family clearly has had a large impact on the structure of the genome, both through ectopic translocations (potentially, a means of seeding new NBS-LRR clusters), and through two extraordinarily large superclusters. Chromosome 6 encodes approximately 34% of all TIR-NBS-LRRs, while chromosome 3 encodes approximately 40% of all coiled-coil-NBS-LRRs. Almost all atypical domain combinations are in the TIR-NBS-LRR subfamily, with many occurring within one genomic cluster. This analysis shows the gene family not only is important functionally and agronomically, but also plays a structural role in the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Ameline-Torregrosa
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, UMR CNRS-INRA 442-2594, 31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
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