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Atajanova T, Kang EM, Postnikova A, Price AL, Doerr S, Du M, Ugenti A, Ragkousi K. Lateral cell polarization drives organization of epithelia in sea anemone embryos and embryonic cell aggregates. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.07.588493. [PMID: 38645007 PMCID: PMC11030385 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.07.588493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
One of the first organizing processes during animal development is the assembly of embryonic cells into epithelia. In certain animals, including Hydra and sea anemones, epithelia also emerge when cells from dissociated tissues are aggregated back together. Although cell adhesion is required to keep cells together, it is not clear whether cell polarization plays a role as epithelia emerge from disordered aggregates. Here, we demonstrate that lateral cell polarization is essential for epithelial organization in both embryos and aggregates of the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. Specifically, knock down of the lateral polarity protein Lgl disrupts epithelia in developing embryos and impairs the capacity of dissociated cells to epithelialize from aggregates. Cells in lgl mutant epithelia lose their columnar shape and have mispositioned mitotic spindles and ciliary basal bodies. Together, our data suggest that in Nematostella, Lgl is required to establish lateral cell polarity and position cytoskeletal organelles in cells of embryos and aggregates during de novo epithelial organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tavus Atajanova
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
- Present address: Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Anna Postnikova
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
| | | | - Sophia Doerr
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
- Present address: Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Michael Du
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
| | - Alicia Ugenti
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
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Garlic Extract Participates in the Proliferation and Apoptosis of Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer Cells Via Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2023; 2023:4025734. [PMID: 36793761 PMCID: PMC9925245 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4025734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effect of garlic extract (GE) on the proliferation and apoptosis of cell lines A549 and H1299 in lung cancer (LC). Methods A549 and H1299 cells with well-developed logarithmic growth were added with GE at a concentration of 0 μg/ml, 25 μg/ml, 50 μg/M, 75 μg/ml, and 100 μg/ml, respectively. The inhibition of A549 cell proliferation was detected using CCK-8 after cultured for 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. The apoptosis of A549 cells was analyzed via flow cytometry (FCM) after 24 h of cultivation. In vitro migration of A549 and H1299 cells was determined by cell wound scratch assay after 0 h and 24 h culture. The caspase-3 and caspase-9 protein expression levels in A549 and H1299 cells were evaluated through western blot after 24 h of cultivation. Results Colony formation and EdU assays revealed that Z-ajoene could inhibit cell viability and cell proliferation in NSCLC cells. After 24 h culture, there was no significant difference in the proliferation rate of A549 and H1299 cells with different GE concentrations (P > 0.05). A remarkable proliferation rate difference emerged between A549 and H1299 cells with different GE concentrations after 48 and 72 hours of cultivation. The proliferation rate of A549 and H1299 cells in the experiment group was significantly lower than that in the control group. With an elevated level of GE concentration, the proliferation rate of A549 and H1299 cells decreased (P < 0.05) while the apoptotic rate increased continuously. Conclusion GE could exert toxic effects on A549 and H1299 cells, inhibit cell proliferation, promote apoptosis, and attenuate cell migration. Meanwhile, it might induce apoptosis of A549 and H1299 cells through the caspase signal pathway, which is positively correlated with the mass action concentration and is expected to be a new drug for LC treatment.
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Campanale JP, Mondo JA, Montell DJ. A Scribble/Cdep/Rac pathway controls follower-cell crawling and cluster cohesion during collective border-cell migration. Dev Cell 2022; 57:2483-2496.e4. [PMID: 36347240 PMCID: PMC9725179 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Collective cell movements drive normal development and metastasis. Drosophila border cells move as a cluster of 6-10 cells, where the role of the Rac GTPase in migration was first established. In border cells, as in most migratory cells, Rac stimulates leading-edge protrusion. Upstream Rac regulators in leaders have been identified; however, the regulation and function of Rac in follower border cells is unknown. Here, we show that all border cells require Rac, which promotes follower-cell motility and is important for cluster compactness and movement. We identify a Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor, Cdep, which also regulates follower-cell movement and cluster cohesion. Scribble, Discs large, and Lethal giant larvae localize Cdep basolaterally and share phenotypes with Cdep. Relocalization of Cdep::GFP partially rescues Scribble knockdown, suggesting that Cdep is a major downstream effector of basolateral proteins. Thus, a Scrib/Cdep/Rac pathway promotes cell crawling and coordinated, collective migration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Campanale
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - James A Mondo
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Denise J Montell
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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Fasciclin 2 engages EGFR in an auto-stimulatory loop to promote imaginal disc cell proliferation in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010224. [PMID: 35666718 PMCID: PMC9203005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
How cell to cell interactions control local tissue growth to attain a species-specific organ size is a central question in developmental biology. The Drosophila Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule, Fasciclin 2, is expressed during the development of neural and epithelial organs. Fasciclin 2 is a homophilic-interaction protein that shows moderate levels of expression in the proliferating epithelia and high levels in the differentiating non-proliferative cells of imaginal discs. Genetic interactions and mosaic analyses reveal a cell autonomous requirement of Fasciclin 2 to promote cell proliferation in imaginal discs. This function is mediated by the EGFR, and indirectly involves the JNK and Hippo signaling pathways. We further show that Fasciclin 2 physically interacts with EGFR and that, in turn, EGFR activity promotes the cell autonomous expression of Fasciclin 2 during imaginal disc growth. We propose that this auto-stimulatory loop between EGFR and Fasciclin 2 is at the core of a cell to cell interaction mechanism that controls the amount of intercalary growth in imaginal discs. A key problem in developmental biology is how species-specific organ size is determined. Control of organ growth occurs at different levels of organization, from the systemic to the cell to cell interaction level. During nervous system development cell contact interactions regulate axon growth. Here, we show that one of the cell adhesion molecules involved in controlling axon growth, the Drosophila NCAM ortholog Fasciclin 2, also controls epithelial organ growth and size. Fasciclin 2 is expressed in highly dynamic but moderate levels during cell proliferation in imaginal discs (precursor epithelial organs of the adult epidermis), and at much higher level in pre-differentiating and differentiating cells in imaginal discs. During imaginal disc growth cell interactions mediated by Fasciclin 2 promote Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor function and cell proliferation. In turn, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor activity promotes Fasciclin 2 expression, creating a cell autonomous auto-stimulatory loop that maintains cell proliferation. This function of Fasciclin 2 is reciprocal to its reported function in pre-differentiating and differentiating cells in imaginal discs, where it acts as an Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor repressor. Our study suggests that the amount of Fasciclin 2 may determine a threshold to grow or stop growing during epithelial organ development.
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5
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Zhu YX, Li CH, Li G, Feng H, Xia T, Wong CH, Fung FKC, Tong JHM, To KF, Chen R, Chen Y. LLGL1 Regulates Gemcitabine Resistance by Modulating the ERK-SP1-OSMR Pathway in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 10:811-828. [PMID: 32615164 PMCID: PMC7505810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Gemcitabine resistance is rapidly acquired by pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients. Novel approaches that predict the gemcitabine response of patients and enhance gemcitabine chemosensitivity are important to improve patient survival. We aimed to identify genes as novel biomarkers to predict the gemcitabine response and the therapeutic targets to attenuate chemoresistance in PDAC cells. METHODS Genome-wide RNA interference screening was conducted to identify genes that regulated gemcitabine chemoresistance. A cell proliferation assay and a tumor formation assay were conducted to study the role of lethal giant larvae homolog 1 (LLGL1) in gemcitabine chemoresistance. Levels of LLGL1 and its regulating targets were measured by immunohistochemical staining in tumor tissues obtained from patients who received gemcitabine as a single therapeutic agent. A gene-expression microarray was conducted to identify the targets regulated by LLGL1. RESULTS Silencing of LLGL1 markedly reduced the gemcitabine chemosensitivity in PDAC cells. Patients had significantly shorter survival (6 months) if they bore tumors expressing low LLGL1 level than tumors with high LLGL1 level (20 months) (hazard ratio, 0.1567; 95% CI, 0.05966-0.4117). Loss of LLGL1 promoted cytokine receptor oncostatin M receptor (OSMR) expression in PDAC cells that led to gemcitabine resistance, while knockdown of OSMR effectively rescued the chemoresistance phenotype. The LLGL1-OSMR regulatory pathway showed great clinical importance because low LLGL1 and high OSMR expressions were observed frequently in PDAC tissues. Silencing of LLGL1 induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 and specificity protein 1 (Sp1), promoted Sp1 (pThr453) binding at the OSMR promoter, and enhanced OSMR transcription. CONCLUSIONS LLGL1 possessed a tumor-suppressor role as an inhibitor of chemoresistance by regulating OSMR-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2/Sp1 signaling. The data sets generated and analyzed during the current study are available in the Gene Expression Omnibus repository (ID: GSE64681).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Xin Zhu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Chi Han Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Guolin Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiyi Feng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Tian Xia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Chi Hin Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Frederic Khe Cheong Fung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Joanna Hung-Man Tong
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Ka-Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Rufu Chen
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Yangchao Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
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Khadilkar RJ, Tanentzapf G. Septate junction components control Drosophila hematopoiesis through the Hippo pathway. Development 2019; 146:dev.166819. [PMID: 30890573 DOI: 10.1242/dev.166819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoiesis requires coordinated cell signals to control the proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells. In Drosophila, blood progenitors, called prohemocytes, which are located in a hematopoietic organ called the lymph gland, are regulated by the Salvador-Warts-Hippo pathway. In epithelial cells, the Hippo pathway integrates diverse biological inputs, such as cell polarity and cell-cell contacts, but Drosophila blood cells lack the conspicuous polarity of epithelial cells. Here, we show that the septate-junction components Cora and NrxIV promote Hippo signaling in the lymph gland. Depletion of septate-junction components in hemocytes produces similar phenotypes to those observed in Hippo pathway mutants, including increased differentiation of immune cells. Our analysis places septate-junction components as upstream regulators of the Hippo pathway where they recruit Merlin to the membrane. Finally, we show that interactions of septate-junction components with the Hippo pathway are a key functional component of the cellular immune response following infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan J Khadilkar
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Guy Tanentzapf
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Wingless modulates activator protein-1-mediated tumor invasion. Oncogene 2019; 38:3871-3885. [PMID: 30683884 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0629-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis begins with a subset of local tumor cells acquiring the potential to invade into surrounding tissues, and remains to be a major obstacle for cancer treatments. More than 90% of cancer patients died from tumor metastasis, instead of primary tumor growth. The canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway plays essential roles in promoting tumor formation, yet its function in regulating tumor metastasis and the underlying mechanisms remain controversial. Here we employed well-established Drosophila tumor models to investigate the regulating mechanism of Wingless (Wg) pathway in tumor invasion. Our results showed that Wg signaling is necessary and sufficient for cell polarity disruption-induced cell migration and molecular changes reminiscent of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Moreover, reducing Wg signaling suppressed lgl-/-/RasV12-induced tumor invasion, and cooperation between Arm and RasV12 is sufficient to induce tumor invasion. Mechanistically, we found that cell polarity disruption activates JNK signaling, which in turn upregulate wg expression through transcription factor activator protein-1 (AP-1). We identified a consensus AP-1 binding site located in the 2nd intron of wg, and confirmed that it is essential for AP-1 induced wg transcription both in vitro and in vivo. Lastly, we confirmed that the transcriptional activation of WNT by AP-1 is conserved in human cancer cells. These evidences reveal a positive role of Wnt/β-catenin pathway in tumor invasion, and provide a conserved mechanism that connects JNK and Wnt signaling in regulating tumor progression.
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8
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The Hippo pathway acts downstream of the Hedgehog signaling to regulate follicle stem cell maintenance in the Drosophila ovary. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4480. [PMID: 28667262 PMCID: PMC5493701 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is conserved and plays important roles in organ size control. The core components of the Hippo pathway are two kinases Hippo (Hpo), Warts (Wts), and a transcription-co-activator Yorkie (Yki). Yki activity is regulated by phosphorylation, which affects its nuclear localization and stability. To determine the role of the Hippo pathway in stem cells, we examine follicle stem cells (FSCs) in the Drosophila ovary. Yki is detected in the nucleus of FSCs. Knockdown of yki in the follicle cell lineage leads to a disruption of the follicular epithelium. Mitotic clones of FSCs mutant for hpo or wts are maintained in the niche and tend to replace the other FSCs, and FSCs mutant for yki are rapidly lost, demonstrating that the Hippo pathway is both required and sufficient for FSC maintenance. Using genetic interaction analyses, we demonstrate that the Hedgehog pathway acts upstream of the Hippo pathway in regulating FSC maintenance. The nuclear localization of Yki is enhanced when the Hedgehog signaling is activated. Furthermore, a constitutively active but not a wild-type Yki promotes FSC maintenance as activation of the Hedgehog signaling does, suggesting that the Hedgehog pathway regulates Yki through a post-translational mechanism in maintaining FSCs.
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Duhart JC, Parsons TT, Raftery LA. The repertoire of epithelial morphogenesis on display: Progressive elaboration of Drosophila egg structure. Mech Dev 2017; 148:18-39. [PMID: 28433748 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial structures are foundational for tissue organization in all metazoans. Sheets of epithelial cells form lateral adhesive junctions and acquire apico-basal polarity perpendicular to the surface of the sheet. Genetic analyses in the insect model, Drosophila melanogaster, have greatly advanced our understanding of how epithelial organization is established, and how it is modulated during tissue morphogenesis. Major insights into collective cell migrations have come from analyses of morphogenetic movements within the adult follicular epithelium that cooperates with female germ cells to build a mature egg. Epithelial follicle cells progress through tightly choreographed phases of proliferation, patterning, reorganization and migrations, before they differentiate to form the elaborate structures of the eggshell. Distinct structural domains are organized by differential adhesion, within which lateral junctions are remodeled to further shape the organized epithelia. During collective cell migrations, adhesive interactions mediate supracellular organization of planar polarized macromolecules, and facilitate crawling over the basement membrane or traction against adjacent cell surfaces. Comparative studies with other insects are revealing the diversification of morphogenetic movements for elaboration of epithelial structures. This review surveys the repertoire of follicle cell morphogenesis, to highlight the coordination of epithelial plasticity with progressive differentiation of a secretory epithelium. Technological advances will keep this tissue at the leading edge for interrogating the precise spatiotemporal regulation of normal epithelial reorganization events, and provide a framework for understanding pathological tissue dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Duhart
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004, United States
| | - Travis T Parsons
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004, United States
| | - Laurel A Raftery
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004, United States.
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10
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Tissue growth and tumorigenesis in Drosophila: cell polarity and the Hippo pathway. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017; 48:1-9. [PMID: 28364663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell polarity regulation is critical for defining membrane domains required for the establishment and maintenance of the apical-basal axis in epithelial cells (apico-basal polarity), asymmetric cell divisions, planar organization of tissues (planar cell polarity), and the formation of the front-rear axis in cell migration (front-rear polarity). In the vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster, cell polarity regulators also interact with the Hippo tissue growth control signaling pathway. In this review we survey the recent Drosophila literature linking cell polarity regulators with the Hippo pathway in epithelial tissue growth, neural stem cell asymmetric divisions and in cell migration in physiological and tumorigenic settings.
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11
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Wu D, Liu G, Liu Y, Saiyin H, Wang C, Wei Z, Zen W, Liu D, Chen Q, Zhao Z, Zou L, Huang H, Jiang S, Yu L. Zinc finger protein 191 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis through discs large 1-mediated yes-associated protein inactivation. Hepatology 2016; 64:1148-62. [PMID: 27358034 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Interplay between cell polarity module Scribble-Lethal Giant Larvae-Discs Large 1 (DLG1) and Yes-associated protein (YAP) appears critical in tumor metastasis. We identified zinc finger protein 191 (ZNF191) as a metastasis suppressor acting through DLG-YAP crosstalk in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Overexpression of ZNF191 in HCC cells impaired cell motility, while ZNF191 depletion promoted cell migration in vitro and metastasis in vivo through triggering YAP signaling. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing revealed that ZNF191 specifically bound to the promoter of DLG1, a cell polarity maintainer and a negative regulator of YAP. The binding sequence of ZNF191 at the DLG1 promoter is a seven-repeat of TCAT motif. Double-knockdown experiments inferred that DLG1 was not only the mediator of the function of ZNF191 to suppress migration but also a link between ZNF191 and YAP signaling. Decreased expression of ZNF191 in human metastatic HCC specimens correlated positively with DLG1 levels but inversely with YAP activation. Our findings illustrate a YAP-targeting, antimetastasis function of ZNF191, thereby representing a possible prognostic marker and a potential target for metastasis therapy. CONCLUSION ZNF191 directly binds to the DLG1 promoter at a typical TCAT repeating motif and activates the expression of DLG1; through up-regulating DLG1, ZNF191 inhibits cell migration and YAP activation in HCC cells and eventually inhibits metastasis. (Hepatology 2016;64:1148-1162).
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Guoyuan Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Yufeng Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hexige Saiyin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chenji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhen Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Wenjiao Zen
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Danyang Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhonghua Zhao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Liping Zou
- Department of Pathology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Haojie Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN.
| | - Songmin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Long Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.
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12
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Saadin A, Starz-Gaiano M. Circuitous Genetic Regulation Governs a Straightforward Cell Migration. Trends Genet 2016; 32:660-673. [PMID: 27600524 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila border cells undergo a straightforward and stereotypical collective migration during egg development. However, a complex genetic program underlies this process. A variety of approaches, including biochemical, genetic, and imaging strategies have identified many regulatory components, revealing layers of control. This complexity suggests that the active processes of evaluating the environment, remodeling the cytoskeleton, and coordinating movements among cells, demand rapid systems for modulating cell behaviors. Multiple signaling inputs, nodes of integration, and feedback loops act as molecular rheostats to fine-tune gene expression levels and physical responses. Since key genetic regulators of border cell migration have been shown to be required in other types of cell migration, this model system continues to provide an important avenue for genetic discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsoon Saadin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Michelle Starz-Gaiano
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
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13
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Control of organ growth by patterning and hippo signaling in Drosophila. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015; 7:7/6/a019224. [PMID: 26032720 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a019224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Control of organ size is of fundamental importance and is controlled by genetic, environmental, and mechanical factors. Studies in many species have pointed to the existence of both organ-extrinsic and -intrinsic size-control mechanisms, which ultimately must coordinate to regulate organ size. Here, we discuss organ size control by organ patterning and the Hippo pathway, which both act in an organ-intrinsic fashion. The influence of morphogens and other patterning molecules couples growth and patterning, whereas emerging evidence suggests that the Hippo pathway controls growth in response to mechanical stimuli and signals emanating from cell-cell interactions. Several points of cross talk have been reported between signaling pathways that control organ patterning and the Hippo pathway, both at the level of membrane receptors and transcriptional regulators. However, despite substantial progress in the past decade, key questions in the growth-control field remain, including precisely how and when organ patterning and the Hippo pathway communicate to control size, and whether these communication mechanisms are organ specific or general. In addition, elucidating mechanisms by which organ-intrinsic cues, such as patterning factors and the Hippo pathway, interface with extrinsic cues, such as hormones to control organ size, remain unresolved.
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The Hippo pathway controls border cell migration through distinct mechanisms in outer border cells and polar cells of the Drosophila ovary. Genetics 2014; 198:1087-99. [PMID: 25161211 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.114.167346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is a key signaling cascade in controlling organ size. The core components of this pathway are two kinases, Hippo (Hpo) and Warts (Wts), and a transcriptional coactivator, Yorkie (Yki). Yes-associated protein (YAP, a Yki homolog in mammals) promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cell migration in vitro. Here, we use border cells in the Drosophila ovary as a model to study Hippo pathway functions in cell migration in vivo. During oogenesis, polar cells secrete Unpaired (Upd), which activates JAK/STAT signaling of neighboring cells and specifies them into outer border cells. The outer border cells form a cluster with polar cells and undergo migration. We find that hpo and wts are required for migration of the border cell cluster. In outer border cells, overexpression of hpo disrupts polarization of the actin cytoskeleton and attenuates migration. In polar cells, knockdown of hpo and wts or overexpression of yki impairs border cell induction and disrupts migration. These manipulations in polar cells reduce JAK/STAT activity in outer border cells. Expression of upd-lacZ is increased and decreased in yki and hpo mutant polar cells, respectively. Furthermore, forced expression of upd in polar cells rescues defects of border cell induction and migration caused by wts knockdown. These results suggest that Yki negatively regulates border cell induction by inhibiting JAK/STAT signaling. Together, our data elucidate two distinct mechanisms of the Hippo pathway in controlling border cell migration: (1) in outer border cells, it regulates polarized distribution of the actin cytoskeleton; (2) in polar cells, it regulates upd expression to control border cell induction and migration.
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15
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Kronen MR, Schoenfelder KP, Klein AM, Nystul TG. Basolateral junction proteins regulate competition for the follicle stem cell niche in the Drosophila ovary. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101085. [PMID: 24991805 PMCID: PMC4084627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial stem cells are routinely lost or damaged during adult life and must therefore be replaced to maintain homeostasis. Recent studies indicate that stem cell replacement occurs through neutral competition in many types of epithelial tissues, but little is known about the factors that determine competitive outcome. The epithelial follicle stem cells (FSCs) in the Drosophila ovary are regularly lost and replaced during normal homeostasis, and we show that FSC replacement conforms to a model of neutral competition. In addition, we found that FSCs mutant for the basolateral junction genes, lethal giant larvae (lgl) or discs large (dlg), undergo a biased competition for niche occupancy characterized by increased invasion of neighboring FSCs and reduced loss. Interestingly, FSCs mutant for a third basolateral junction gene, scribble (scrib), do not exhibit biased competition, suggesting that Lgl and Dlg regulate niche competition through a Scrib-independent process. Lastly, we found that FSCs have a unique cell polarity characterized by broadly distributed adherens junctions and the lack of a mature apical domain. Collectively, these observations indicate that Lgl and Dlg promote the differentiation of FSC progeny to a state in which they are less prone to invade the neighboring niche. In addition, we demonstrate that the neutral drift model can be adapted to quantify non-neutral behavior of mutant clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R. Kronen
- University of California, San Francisco, Center for Reproductive Sciences, Departments of Anatomy and OB/GYN-RS, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin P. Schoenfelder
- University of California, San Francisco, Center for Reproductive Sciences, Departments of Anatomy and OB/GYN-RS, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Allon M. Klein
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TGN); (AMK)
| | - Todd G. Nystul
- University of California, San Francisco, Center for Reproductive Sciences, Departments of Anatomy and OB/GYN-RS, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TGN); (AMK)
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16
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Johnson R, Halder G. The two faces of Hippo: targeting the Hippo pathway for regenerative medicine and cancer treatment. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2013; 13:63-79. [PMID: 24336504 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 701] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo signalling pathway is an emerging growth control and tumour suppressor pathway that regulates cell proliferation and stem cell functions. Defects in Hippo signalling and hyperactivation of its downstream effectors Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) contribute to the development of cancer, which suggests that pharmacological inhibition of YAP and TAZ activity may be an effective anticancer strategy. Conversely, YAP and TAZ can also have beneficial roles in stimulating tissue repair and regeneration following injury, so their activation may be therapeutically useful in these contexts. A complex network of intracellular and extracellular signalling pathways that modulate YAP and TAZ activities have recently been identified. Here, we review the regulation of the Hippo signalling pathway, its functions in normal homeostasis and disease, and recent progress in the identification of small-molecule pathway modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy Johnson
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. [2] Genes and Development Program, and Cancer Biology Program, Graduate School for Biological Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. [3] Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Georg Halder
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, KU Leuven Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven 3000, Belgium
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17
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Tipping M, Perrimon N. Drosophila as a model for context-dependent tumorigenesis. J Cell Physiol 2013; 229:27-33. [PMID: 23836429 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila can exhibit classic hallmarks of cancer, such as evasion of apoptosis, sustained proliferation, metastasis, prolonged survival, genome instability, and metabolic reprogramming, when cancer-related genes are perturbed. In the last two decades, studies in flies have identified several tumor suppressor and oncogenes. However, the greatest strength of the fly lies in its ability to model cancer hallmarks in a variety of tissue types, which enables the study of context-dependent tumorigenesis. We review the organs and tissues that have been used to model tumor formation, and propose new strategies to maximize the potential of Drosophila in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marla Tipping
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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18
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Yamben IF, Rachel RA, Shatadal S, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Warming S, Griep AE. Scrib is required for epithelial cell identity and prevents epithelial to mesenchymal transition in the mouse. Dev Biol 2013; 384:41-52. [PMID: 24095903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The integrity and function of epithelial tissues depend on the establishment and maintenance of defining characteristics of epithelial cells, cell-cell adhesion and cell polarity. Disruption of these characteristics can lead to the loss of epithelial identity through a process called epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), which can contribute to pathological conditions such as tissue fibrosis and invasive cancer. In invertebrates, the epithelial polarity gene scrib plays a critical role in establishing and maintaining cell adhesion and polarity. In this study we asked if the mouse homolog, Scrib, is required for establishment and/or maintenance of epithelial identity in vivo. To do so, we conditionally deleted Scrib in the head ectoderm tissue that gives rise to both the ocular lens and the corneal epithelium. Deletion of Scrib in the lens resulted in a change in epithelial cell shape from cuboidal to flattened and elongated. Early in the process, the cell adhesion protein, E-cadherin, and apical polarity protein, ZO-1, were downregulated and the myofibroblast protein, αSMA, was upregulated, suggesting EMT was occurring in the Scrib deficient lenses. Correlating temporally with the upregulation of αSMA, Smad3 and Smad4, TGFβ signaling intermediates, accumulated in the nucleus and Snail, a TGFβ target and transcriptional repressor of the gene encoding E-cadherin, was upregulated. Pax6, a lens epithelial transcription factor required to maintain lens epithelial cell identity also was downregulated. Loss of Scrib in the corneal epithelium also led to molecular changes consistent with EMT, suggesting that the effect of Scrib deficiency was not unique to the lens. Together, these data indicate that mammalian Scrib is required to maintain epithelial identity and that loss of Scrib can culminate in EMT, mediated, at least in part, through TGFβ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idella F Yamben
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
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19
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Said NABM, Simpson KJ, Williams ED. Strategies and challenges for systematically mapping biologically significant molecular pathways regulating carcinoma epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cells Tissues Organs 2013; 197:424-34. [PMID: 23774256 DOI: 10.1159/000351717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enormous progress has been made towards understanding the role of specific factors in the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT); however, the complex underlying pathways and the transient nature of the transition continues to present significant challenges. Targeting tumour cell plasticity underpinning EMT is an attractive strategy to combat metastasis. Global gene expression profiling and high-content analyses are among the strategies employed to identify novel EMT regulators. In this review, we highlight several approaches to systematically interrogate key pathways involved in EMT, with particular emphasis on the features of multiparametric, high-content imaging screening strategies that lend themselves to the systematic discovery of highly significant modulators of tumour cell plasticity.
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20
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Bernascone I, Martin-Belmonte F. Crossroads of Wnt and Hippo in epithelial tissues. Trends Cell Biol 2013; 23:380-9. [PMID: 23607968 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial tissues undergo constant growth and differentiation during embryonic development and to replace damaged tissue in adult organs. These processes are governed by different signaling pathways that ultimately control the expression of genes associated with cell proliferation, patterning, and death. One essential pathway is Wnt, which controls tubulogenesis in several epithelial organs. Recently, Wnt has been closely linked to other signaling pathways, such as Hippo, that orchestrate proliferation and apoptosis to control organ size. There is evidence that epithelial cell junctions may sequester the transcription factors that act downstream of these signaling pathways, which would represent an important aspect of their functional regulation and their influence on cell behavior. Here, we review the transcriptional control exerted by the Wnt and Hippo signaling pathways during epithelial growth, patterning, and differentiation and recent advances in understanding of the regulation and crosstalk of these pathways in epithelial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Bernascone
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, Madrid 28049, Spain
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21
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Abstract
The Hippo pathway controls organ size in diverse species, whereas pathway deregulation can induce tumours in model organisms and occurs in a broad range of human carcinomas, including lung, colorectal, ovarian and liver cancer. Despite this, somatic or germline mutations in Hippo pathway genes are uncommon, with only the upstream pathway gene neurofibromin 2 (NF2) recognized as a bona fide tumour suppressor gene. In this Review, we appraise the evidence for the Hippo pathway as a cancer signalling network, and discuss cancer-relevant biological functions, potential mechanisms by which Hippo pathway activity is altered in cancer and emerging therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran F Harvey
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 7 St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia.
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22
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Nelson WJ, Dickinson DJ, Weis WI. Roles of cadherins and catenins in cell-cell adhesion and epithelial cell polarity. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 116:3-23. [PMID: 23481188 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394311-8.00001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A simple epithelium is the building block of all metazoans and a multicellular stage of a nonmetazoan. It comprises a closed monolayer of quiescent cells that surround a luminal space. Cells are held together by cell-cell adhesion complexes and surrounded by extracellular matrix. These extracellular contacts are required for the formation of a polarized organization of plasma membrane proteins that regulate the directional absorption and secretion of ions, proteins, and other solutes. While advances have been made in understanding how proteins are sorted to different plasma membrane domains, less is known about how cell-cell adhesion is regulated and linked to the development of epithelial cell polarity and regulation of homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W James Nelson
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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23
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The Scribble-Dlg-Lgl polarity module in development and cancer: from flies to man. Essays Biochem 2012; 53:141-68. [PMID: 22928514 DOI: 10.1042/bse0530141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Scribble, Par and Crumbs modules were originally identified in the vinegar (fruit) fly, Drosophila melanogaster, as being critical regulators of apico-basal cell polarity. In the present chapter we focus on the Scribble polarity module, composed of Scribble, discs large and lethal giant larvae. Since the discovery of the role of the Scribble polarity module in apico-basal cell polarity, these proteins have also been recognized as having important roles in other forms of polarity, as well as regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, cell signalling and vesicular trafficking. In addition to these physiological roles, an important role for polarity proteins in cancer progression has also been uncovered, with loss of polarity and tissue architecture being strongly correlated with metastatic disease.
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24
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Verghese S, Waghmare I, Kwon H, Hanes K, Kango-Singh M. Scribble acts in the Drosophila fat-hippo pathway to regulate warts activity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47173. [PMID: 23144804 PMCID: PMC3489842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells are the major cell-type for all organs in multicellular organisms. In order to achieve correct organ size, epithelial tissues need mechanisms that limit their proliferation, and protect tissues from damage caused by defective epithelial cells. Recently, the Hippo signaling pathway has emerged as a major mechanism that orchestrates epithelial development. Hippo signaling is required for cells to stop proliferation as in the absence of Hippo signaling tissues continue to proliferate and produce overgrown organs or tumors. Studies in Drosophila have led the way in providing a framework for how Hippo alters the pattern of gene transcription in target cells, leading to changes in cell proliferation, survival, and other behaviors. Scribble (Scrib) belongs to a class of neoplastic tumor suppressor genes that are required to establish apical-basal cell polarity. The disruption of apical-basal polarity leads to uncontrolled cell proliferation of epithelial cells. The interaction of apical basal polarity genes with the Hippo pathway has been an area of intense investigation. Loss of scrib has been known to affect Hippo pathway targets, however, its functions in the Hippo pathway still remain largely unknown. We investigated the interactions of Scrib with the Hippo pathway. We present data suggesting that Drosophila scrib acts downstream of the Fat (Ft) receptor, and requires Hippo signaling for its growth regulatory functions. We show that Ft requires Scrib to interact with Expanded (Ex) and Dachs (D), and for regulating Warts (Wts) levels and stability, thus placing Scrib in the Hippo pathway network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Verghese
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Indrayani Waghmare
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Hailey Kwon
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Katelin Hanes
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Madhuri Kango-Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
- Pre-Medical Programs, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Tepass U. The apical polarity protein network in Drosophila epithelial cells: regulation of polarity, junctions, morphogenesis, cell growth, and survival. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2012; 28:655-85. [PMID: 22881460 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial tissue formation and function requires the apical-basal polarization of individual epithelial cells. Apical polarity regulators (APRs) are an evolutionarily conserved group of key factors that govern polarity and several other aspects of epithelial differentiation. APRs compose a diverse set of molecules including a transmembrane protein (Crumbs), a serine/threonine kinase (aPKC), a lipid phosphatase (PTEN), a small GTPase (Cdc42), FERM domain proteins (Moesin, Yurt), and several adaptor or scaffolding proteins (Bazooka/Par3, Par6, Stardust, Patj). These proteins form a dynamic cooperative network that is engaged in negative-feedback regulation with basolateral polarity factors to set up the epithelial apical-basal axis. APRs support the formation of the apical junctional complex and the segregation of the junctional domain from the apical membrane. It is becoming increasingly clear that APRs interact with the cytoskeleton and vesicle trafficking machinery, regulate morphogenesis, and modulate epithelial cell growth and survival. Not surprisingly, APRs have multiple fundamental links to human diseases such as cancer and blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Tepass
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada.
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26
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A comparison of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and re-epithelialization. Semin Cancer Biol 2012; 22:471-83. [PMID: 22863788 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing and cancer metastasis share a common starting point, namely, a change in the phenotype of some cells from stationary to motile. The term, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) describes the changes in molecular biology and cellular physiology that allow a cell to transition from a sedentary cell to a motile cell, a process that is relevant not only for cancer and regeneration, but also for normal development of multicellular organisms. The present review compares the similarities and differences in cellular response at the molecular level as tumor cells enter EMT or as keratinocytes begin the process of re-epithelialization of a wound. Looking toward clinical interventions that might modulate these processes, the mechanisms and outcomes of current and potential therapies are reviewed for both anti-cancer and pro-wound healing treatments related to the pathways that are central to EMT. Taken together, the comparison of re-epithelialization and tumor EMT serves as a starting point for the development of therapies that can selectively modulate different forms of EMT.
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27
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Thomson TC, Schneemann A, Johnson J. Oocyte destruction is activated during viral infection. Genesis 2012; 50:453-65. [PMID: 22173880 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Viral infection has been associated with a starvation-like state in Drosophila melanogaster. Because starvation and inhibiting TOR kinase activity in vivo result in blocked oocyte production, we hypothesized that viral infection would also result in compromised oogenesis. Wild-type flies were injected with flock house virus (FHV) and survival and embryo production were monitored. Infected flies had a dose-responsive loss of fecundity that corresponded to a global reduction in Akt/TOR signaling. Highly penetrant egg chamber destruction mid-way through oogenesis was noted and FHV coat protein was detected within developing egg chambers. As seen with in vivo TOR inhibition, oogenesis was partially rescued in loss of function discs large and merlin mutants. As expected, mutants in genes known to be involved in virus internalization and trafficking [Clathrin heavy chain (chc) and synaptotagmin] survive longer during infection. However, oogenesis was rescued only in chc mutants. This suggests that viral response mechanisms that control fly survival and egg chamber survival are separable. The genetic and signaling requirements for oocyte destruction delineated here represent a novel host-virus interaction with implications for the control of both fly and virus populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis C Thomson
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences/Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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28
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Abstract
After years of extensive scientific discovery much has been learned about the networks that regulate epithelial homeostasis. Loss of expression or functional activity of cell adhesion and cell polarity proteins (including the PAR, crumbs (CRB) and scribble (SCRIB) complexes) is intricately related to advanced stages of tumour progression and invasiveness. But the key roles of these proteins in crosstalk with the Hippo and liver kinase B1 (LKB1)-AMPK pathways and in epithelial function and proliferation indicate that they may also be associated with the early stages of tumorigenesis. For example, deregulation of adhesion and polarity proteins can cause misoriented cell divisions and increased self-renewal of adult epithelial stem cells. In this Review, we highlight some advances in the understanding of how loss of epithelial cell polarity contributes to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Martin-Belmonte
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid 28049, Spain.
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29
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McLaughlin M, Patrizio P, Kayisli U, Luk J, Thomson TC, Anderson RA, Telfer EE, Johnson J. mTOR kinase inhibition results in oocyte loss characterized by empty follicles in human ovarian cortical strips cultured in vitro. Fertil Steril 2011; 96:1154-9.e1. [PMID: 22036052 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether oocyte loss is induced by mTOR kinase inhibition in human cortical strips as seen in model organisms in vivo and in vitro. DESIGN Ovarian cortex was collected at two centers and cut into small strips. Strips were cultured for 6 days with or without the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin (RAP; 100 nM). Strips were then embedded in paraffin, and serial sections were prepared. SETTING Samples were collected in general obstetric (Edinburgh), gynecologic surgery (New Haven), and fertility preservation assisted reproductive technology (ART) (New Haven) practices. PATIENT(S) Ovarian cortex collected from patients (15-34 years of age) during cesarean section (donated tissue) was removed for the purposes of fertility preservation or was prepared after oophorectomy. INTERVENTION(S) Tissue was used for research purposes only, with no subsequent patient intervention. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Follicles were counted and assessed in each serial section. Caspase activity was monitored to determine whether mTOR inhibition activated apoptosis. RESULT(S) The RAP inclusion in cultures results in significantly fewer follicles compared with ethanol vehicle-treated controls. Furthermore, RAP treatment resulted in the induction of follicles that lacked an oocyte in any serial section (30/161 follicles vs. 1/347 ethanol vehicle-treated follicles). Caspase activity was not elevated by RAP treatment. CONCLUSION(S) mTOR inhibition results in a conserved destruction of the oocyte by adjacent granulosa cells (GC) in the absence of increased caspase activity. This model of oocyte loss is not consistent with classic apoptosis/atresia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie McLaughlin
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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30
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Marygold SJ, Walker C, Orme M, Leevers S. Genetic characterization of ebi reveals its critical role in Drosophila wing growth. Fly (Austin) 2011; 5:291-303. [PMID: 22041576 DOI: 10.4161/fly.5.4.18276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The ebi gene of Drosophila melanogaster has been implicated in diverse signalling pathways, cellular functions and developmental processes. However, a thorough genetic analysis of this gene has been lacking and the true extent of its biological roles is unclear. Here, we characterize eleven ebi mutations and find that ebi has a novel role in promoting growth of the wing imaginal disc: viable combinations of mutant alleles give rise to adults with small wings. Wing discs with reduced EBI levels are correspondingly small and exhibit down-regulation of Notch target genes. Furthermore, we show that EBI colocalizes on polytene chromosomes with Smrter (SMR), a transcriptional corepressor, and Suppressor of Hairless (SU(H)), the primary transcription factor involved in Notch signalling. Interestingly, the mammalian orthologs of ebi, transducin β-like 1 (TBL1) and TBL-related 1 (TBLR1), function as corepressor/coactivator exchange factors and are required for transcriptional activation of Notch target genes. We hypothesize that EBI acts to activate (de-repress) transcription of Notch target genes important for Drosophila wing growth by functioning as a corepressor/coactivator exchange factor for SU(H).
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31
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Doggett K, Grusche FA, Richardson HE, Brumby AM. Loss of the Drosophila cell polarity regulator Scribbled promotes epithelial tissue overgrowth and cooperation with oncogenic Ras-Raf through impaired Hippo pathway signaling. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2011; 11:57. [PMID: 21955824 PMCID: PMC3206446 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-11-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Background Epithelial neoplasias are associated with alterations in cell polarity and excessive cell proliferation, yet how these neoplastic properties are related to one another is still poorly understood. The study of Drosophila genes that function as neoplastic tumor suppressors by regulating both of these properties has significant potential to clarify this relationship. Results Here we show in Drosophila that loss of Scribbled (Scrib), a cell polarity regulator and neoplastic tumor suppressor, results in impaired Hippo pathway signaling in the epithelial tissues of both the eye and wing imaginal disc. scrib mutant tissue overgrowth, but not the loss of cell polarity, is dependent upon defective Hippo signaling and can be rescued by knockdown of either the TEAD/TEF family transcription factor Scalloped or the transcriptional coactivator Yorkie in the eye disc, or reducing levels of Yorkie in the wing disc. Furthermore, loss of Scrib sensitizes tissue to transformation by oncogenic Ras-Raf signaling, and Yorkie-Scalloped activity is required to promote this cooperative tumor overgrowth. The inhibition of Hippo signaling in scrib mutant eye disc clones is not dependent upon JNK activity, but can be significantly rescued by reducing aPKC kinase activity, and ectopic aPKC activity is sufficient to impair Hippo signaling in the eye disc, even when JNK signaling is blocked. In contrast, warts mutant overgrowth does not require aPKC activity. Moreover, reducing endogenous levels of aPKC or increasing Scrib or Lethal giant larvae levels does not promote increased Hippo signaling, suggesting that aPKC activity is not normally rate limiting for Hippo pathway activity. Epistasis experiments suggest that Hippo pathway inhibition in scrib mutants occurs, at least in part, downstream or in parallel to both the Expanded and Fat arms of Hippo pathway regulation. Conclusions Loss of Scrib promotes Yorkie/Scalloped-dependent epithelial tissue overgrowth, and this is also important for driving cooperative tumor overgrowth with oncogenic Ras-Raf signaling. Whether this is also the case in human cancers now warrants investigation since the cell polarity function of Scrib and its capacity to restrain oncogene-mediated transformation, as well as the tissue growth control function of the Hippo pathway, are conserved in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Doggett
- Cell Cycle and Development Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 7 St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, 3002, Victoria, Australia
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32
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Enomoto M, Igaki T. Deciphering tumor-suppressor signaling in flies: genetic link between Scribble/Dlg/Lgl and the Hippo pathways. J Genet Genomics 2011; 38:461-70. [PMID: 22035867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Loss of apico-basal polarity is one of the crucial factors that drives epithelial tumor progression. scribble/discs large/lethal giant larvae (scrib/dlg/lgl), a group of apico-basal polarity genes, were initially identified as members of "neoplastic" tumor-suppressors in flies. The components of the Hippo signaling pathway, which is crucial for organ size control and cancer development, were also identified through Drosophila genetic screens as members of "hyperplastic" tumor-suppressors. Accumulating evidence in recent studies implies that these two tumor-suppressor signaling pathways are not mutually exclusive but rather cooperatively act to give rise to highly malignant tumors. The interaction of these tumor-suppressor pathways could include deregulations of actin cytoskeleton, cell-cell contact, and apical-domain size of the epithelial cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Enomoto
- Department of Cell Biology, G-COE, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Japan
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33
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Staley BK, Irvine KD. Hippo signaling in Drosophila: recent advances and insights. Dev Dyn 2011; 241:3-15. [PMID: 22174083 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway emerged from studies of Drosophila tumor suppressor genes, and is now appreciated as a major growth control pathway in vertebrates as well as arthropods. As a recently discovered pathway, key components of the pathway are continually being identified, and new insights into how the pathway is regulated and deployed are arising at a rapid pace. Over the past year and a half, significant advances have been made in our understanding of upstream regulatory inputs into Hippo signaling, key negative regulators of Hippo pathway activity have been identified, and important roles for the pathway in regeneration have been described. This review describes these and other advances, focusing on recent progress in our understanding of Hippo signaling that has come from continued studies in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binnaz Kucuk Staley
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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Klusza S, Deng WM. At the crossroads of differentiation and proliferation: precise control of cell-cycle changes by multiple signaling pathways in Drosophila follicle cells. Bioessays 2011; 33:124-34. [PMID: 21154780 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201000089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Here, we discuss the findings to date about genes and pathways required for regulation of somatic follicle-cell proliferation and differentiation during Drosophila oogenesis and demonstrate how loss of these genes contributes to the tumorigenic potential of mutant cells. Follicle cells undergo cell-fate determination through stepwise activation of multiple signaling pathways, including the Notch, Hedgehog, Wingless, janus kinase/STAT, and JNK pathways. In addition, changes in DNA replication and cellular growth depend on the spatial and temporal activation of the mitotic cycle-endocycle and endocycle-gene amplification cell-cycle switches and insulin-dependent monitoring of cellular health; systemic loss of these pathways contributes to loss of controlled cellular proliferation, loss of differentiation/growth, and aberrant cell polarity in follicle cells. We also highlight the effects of the neoplastic and Hippo pathways on the cell cycle and cellular proliferation in promoting normal development and conclude that lack of coordination of multiple signaling pathways promotes conditions favorable for tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Klusza
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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Happé H, de Heer E, Peters DJM. Polycystic kidney disease: the complexity of planar cell polarity and signaling during tissue regeneration and cyst formation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1812:1249-55. [PMID: 21640821 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) is an inherited systemic disease with intrarenal cystogenesis as its primary characteristic. A variety of mouse models provided information on the requirement of loss of balanced polycystin levels for initiation of cyst formation, the role of proliferation in cystogenesis and the signaling pathways involved in cyst growth and expansion. Here we will review the involvement of different signaling pathways during renal development, renal epithelial regeneration and cyst formation in ADPKD, focusing on planar cell polarity (PCP) and oriented cell division (OCD). This will be discussed in context of the hypothesis that aberrant PCP signaling causes cyst formation. In addition, the role of the Hippo pathway, which was recently found to be involved in cyst growth and tissue regeneration, and well-known for regulating organ size control, will be reviewed. The fact that Hippo signaling is linked to PCP signaling makes the Hippo pathway a novel cascade in cystogenesis. The newly gained understanding of the complex signaling network involved in cystogenesis and disease progression, not only necessitates refining of the current hypothesis regarding initiation of cystogenesis, but also has implications for therapeutic intervention strategies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Polycystic Kidney Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hester Happé
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The establishment and maintenance of apico–basal cell polarity is a pre-requisite for the formation of a functioning epithelial tissue. Many lines of evidence suggest that cell polarity perturbations favour cancer formation, even though the mechanistic basis for this link remains unclear. Studies in Drosophila have uncovered complex interactions between the conserved Hpo (Hippo) tumour suppressor pathway and apico–basal polarity determinants. The Hpo pathway is a crucial growth regulatory network whose inactivation in Drosophila epithelial tissues induces massive overproliferation. Its core consists of a phosphorylation cascade (comprising the kinases Hpo and Warts) that mediates the inactivation of the pro-growth transcriptional co-activator Yki [Yorkie; YAP (Yes-associated protein) in mammals]. Several apically located proteins, such as Merlin, Expanded or Kibra, have been identified as upstream regulators of the Hpo pathway, leading to the notion that an apical multi-molecular complex modulates core kinase activity and promotes Yki/YAP inactivation. In the present review, we explore the links between apico–basal polarity and Hpo signalling. We focus on the regulation of Yki/YAP by apical proteins, but also on how the Hpo pathway might in turn influence apical domain size as part of a regulatory feedback loop.
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Abstract
The Hippo pathway has emerged as a conserved signaling pathway that is essential for the proper regulation of organ growth in Drosophila and vertebrates. Although the mechanisms of signal transduction of the core kinases Hippo/Mst and Warts/Lats are relatively well understood, less is known about the upstream inputs of the pathway and about the downstream cellular and developmental outputs. Here, we review recently discovered mechanisms that contribute to the dynamic regulation of Hippo signaling during Drosophila and vertebrate development. We also discuss the expanding diversity of Hippo signaling functions during development, discoveries that shed light on a complex regulatory system and provide exciting new insights into the elusive mechanisms that regulate organ growth and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Halder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA., Program in Genes and Development, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA., Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA., Authors for correspondence (; )
| | - Randy L. Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA., Program in Genes and Development, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA., Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA., Authors for correspondence (; )
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Shaw RL, Kohlmaier A, Polesello C, Veelken C, Edgar BA, Tapon N. The Hippo pathway regulates intestinal stem cell proliferation during Drosophila adult midgut regeneration. Development 2010; 137:4147-58. [PMID: 21068063 DOI: 10.1242/dev.052506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) in the adult Drosophila midgut proliferate to self-renew and to produce differentiating daughter cells that replace those lost as part of normal gut function. Intestinal stress induces the activation of Upd/Jak/Stat signalling, which promotes intestinal regeneration by inducing rapid stem cell proliferation. We have investigated the role of the Hippo (Hpo) pathway in the Drosophila intestine (midgut). Hpo pathway inactivation in either the ISCs or the differentiated enterocytes induces a phenotype similar to that observed under stress situations, including increased stem cell proliferation and expression of Jak/Stat pathway ligands. Hpo pathway targets are induced by stresses such as bacterial infection, suggesting that the Hpo pathway functions as a sensor of cellular stress in the differentiated cells of the midgut. In addition, Yki, the pro-growth transcription factor target of the Hpo pathway, is required in ISCs to drive the proliferative response to stress. Our results suggest that the Hpo pathway is a mediator of the regenerative response in the Drosophila midgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael L Shaw
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3LY, UK
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Hall CA, Wang R, Miao J, Oliva E, Shen X, Wheeler T, Hilsenbeck SG, Orsulic S, Goode S. Hippo pathway effector Yap is an ovarian cancer oncogene. Cancer Res 2010; 70:8517-25. [PMID: 20947521 PMCID: PMC2970655 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway regulates organ size and tumorigenesis in Drosophila and mammals and is altered in a variety of human cancers, yet it remains unclear if the Hippo pathway is of prognostic significance to cancer patients. Here we show that the key targets of Hippo signaling, transcriptional coactivators Yki and Yap, play a conserved role in promoting ovarian cancer in flies and humans, respectively. Whereas studies linking Yap to cancer in other tissues have focused on overall Yap levels, we show for the first time that subcellular levels of Yap show an exceptionally strong association with poor patient survival. Specifically, high levels of nuclear Yap (nYap), or low levels of cytoplasmic phosphorylated Yap (cpYap), associated with poor survival from ovarian cancer. Patients with both high nYap and low cpYap had ∼50% lower 5-year survival, and this combination is an independent prognostic marker for survival, with an exceptionally high hazard ratio of 7.8. We find that Yap2 is the predominantly expressed Yap isoform in both the ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) and epithelial ovarian cancers. Overexpression of Yap2 and phosphorylation-defective Yap2-5SA in immortalized OSE cells resulted in increased cell proliferation, resistance to cisplatin-induced apoptosis, faster cell migration, and anchorage-independent growth, whereas Yap knockdown resulted in increased sensitivity to cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Findings argue that the Hippo signaling pathway defines an important pathway in progression of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad A. Hall
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Runsheng Wang
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Jiangyong Miao
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Esther Oliva
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Xiaoyun Shen
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Thomas Wheeler
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Susan G. Hilsenbeck
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Sandra Orsulic
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Scott Goode
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Program in Development, Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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Nelson WJ. Remodeling epithelial cell organization: transitions between front-rear and apical-basal polarity. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2010; 1:a000513. [PMID: 20066074 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a000513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polarized epithelial cells have a distinctive apical-basal axis of polarity for vectorial transport of ions and solutes across the epithelium. In contrast, migratory mesenchymal cells have a front-rear axis of polarity. During development, mesenchymal cells convert to epithelia by coalescing into aggregates that undergo epithelial differentiation. Signaling networks and protein complexes comprising Rho family GTPases, polarity complexes (Crumbs, PAR, and Scribble), and their downstream effectors, including the cytoskeleton and the endocytic and exocytic vesicle trafficking pathways, together regulate the distributions of plasma membrane and cytoskeletal proteins between front-rear and apical-basal polarity. The challenge is to understand how these regulators and effectors are adapted to regulate symmetry breaking processes that generate cell polarities that are specialized for different cellular activities and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- W James Nelson
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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A new resource for characterizing X-linked genes in Drosophila melanogaster: systematic coverage and subdivision of the X chromosome with nested, Y-linked duplications. Genetics 2010; 186:1095-109. [PMID: 20876560 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.110.123265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Interchromosomal duplications are especially important for the study of X-linked genes. Males inheriting a mutation in a vital X-linked gene cannot survive unless there is a wild-type copy of the gene duplicated elsewhere in the genome. Rescuing the lethality of an X-linked mutation with a duplication allows the mutation to be used experimentally in complementation tests and other genetic crosses and it maps the mutated gene to a defined chromosomal region. Duplications can also be used to screen for dosage-dependent enhancers and suppressors of mutant phenotypes as a way to identify genes involved in the same biological process. We describe an ongoing project in Drosophila melanogaster to generate comprehensive coverage and extensive breakpoint subdivision of the X chromosome with megabase-scale X segments borne on Y chromosomes. The in vivo method involves the creation of X inversions on attached-XY chromosomes by FLP-FRT site-specific recombination technology followed by irradiation to induce large internal X deletions. The resulting chromosomes consist of the X tip, a medial X segment placed near the tip by an inversion, and a full Y. A nested set of medial duplicated segments is derived from each inversion precursor. We have constructed a set of inversions on attached-XY chromosomes that enable us to isolate nested duplicated segments from all X regions. To date, our screens have provided a minimum of 78% X coverage with duplication breakpoints spaced a median of nine genes apart. These duplication chromosomes will be valuable resources for rescuing and mapping X-linked mutations and identifying dosage-dependent modifiers of mutant phenotypes.
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Thomson TC, Fitzpatrick KE, Johnson J. Intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms of oocyte loss. Mol Hum Reprod 2010; 16:916-27. [PMID: 20651035 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaq066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A great deal of evolutionary conservation has been found in the control of oocyte development, from invertebrates to women. However, little is known of mechanisms that control oocyte loss over time. Oocyte loss is often assumed to be a result of oocyte-intrinsic deficiencies or damage. In fruit flies, starvation results in halted oocyte production by germline stem cells and induces oocyte loss midway through development. When we fed wild-type flies the bacterial compound Rapamycin (RAP) to mimic starvation, production of new oocytes continued, but mid-stage loss sterilized the animals. Surprisingly, follicle cell invasion and phagocytosis of the oocyte preceded any signs of germ cell death. RAP-induced egg chamber loss was prevented when RAP receptor FKBP12 was knocked down specifically in follicle cells. Oogenesis continued past the mid-stages, and these mutants continued to lay embryos that could develop into normal adults. Hence, intact healthy oocytes can be destroyed by somatic cells responding to extrinsic stimuli. We termed this process inducible somatic oocyte destruction. RAP treatment of mouse follicles in vitro resulted in phagocytic uptake of the oocyte by granulosa cells as seen in flies. We hypothesize that extrinsic modes of oocyte loss occur in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis C Thomson
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street FMB 329F, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Grusche FA, Richardson HE, Harvey KF. Upstream Regulation of the Hippo Size Control Pathway. Curr Biol 2010; 20:R574-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2010.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Thomson TC, Johnson J. Inducible somatic oocyte destruction in response to rapamycin requires wild-type regulation of follicle cell epithelial polarity. Cell Death Differ 2010; 17:1717-27. [PMID: 20448642 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2010.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We show here that similar to starvation, ingestion of the bacterial product rapamycin (RAP) interferes with egg production in female Drosophila. RAP ingestion results in posterior follicle cells (PFC) in stage 8/9 egg chambers losing epithelial polarity, after which PFC invade and phagocytose the oocyte. Nurse cell apoptosis then occurs, followed by total egg chamber destruction. Knockdown of the RAP receptor FKBP12 specifically in PFC rescues oogenesis and also the laying of embryos that develop into normal offspring in flies fed RAP. Thus, somatic cells can be induced to destroy intact oocytes without a requirement for earlier oocyte compromise. Genes that control apicobasal epithelial polarity were found to be involved in egg chamber destruction. In flies bearing heterozygous mutations for discs large, merlin, or warts, PFC epithelia fail to lose polarity on RAP treatment. Embryo laying and offspring development to adulthood are rescued in all of these mutants when housed on RAP concentrations that block oogenesis in wild-type flies. The response to RAP was found to be conserved in mammals, as mouse ovarian follicles cultured in vitro with RAP show the rapid destruction of the oocyte by adjacent granulosa cells. Inducible somatic oocyte destruction is thus implicated in controlling egg survival in insects and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Thomson
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical event in embryogenesis and plays a fundamental role in cancer progression and metastasis. Numb has been shown to play an important role in the proper functions of Par protein complex and in cell-cell junctions, both of which are associated with EMT. However, the role of Numb in EMT has not been fully elucidated. Recently, we showed that Numb is capable of binding to both Par3 and E-cadherin. Intriguingly, the interaction of Numb with E-cadherin or the Par protein complex is dynamically regulated by tyrosine phosphorylation induced by HGF or Src. Knockdown of Numb by shRNA in MDCK cells led to a lateral to apical translocation of E-cadherin and beta-catenin, active F-actin polymerization, mis-localization of Par3 and aPKC, a decrease in cell-cell adhesion and an increase in cell migration and proliferation. These data suggest a diverse role for Numb in regulating cell-cell adhesion, polarity and migration during EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zezhou Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and the Siebens-Drake Medical Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, CA
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Robinson BS, Huang J, Hong Y, Moberg KH. Crumbs regulates Salvador/Warts/Hippo signaling in Drosophila via the FERM-domain protein Expanded. Curr Biol 2010; 20:582-90. [PMID: 20362445 PMCID: PMC2855393 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2010.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered expression of apicobasal polarity factors is associated with cancer in vertebrates and tissue overgrowth in invertebrates, yet the mechanisms by which these factors affect growth-regulatory pathways are not well defined. We have tested the basis of an overgrowth phenotype driven by the Drosophila protein Crumbs (Crb), which nucleates an apical membrane complex that functionally interacts with the Par6/Par3/aPKC and Scrib/Dlg/Lgl apicobasal polarity complexes. RESULTS We find that Crb-driven growth is dependent upon the Salvador/Warts/Hippo (SWH) pathway and its transcriptional effector Yorkie (Yki). Expression of the Crb intracellular domain elevates Yki activity, and this correlates in tissues and cultured cells with loss of Expanded (Ex), an apically localized SWH component that inhibits Yki. Reciprocally, loss of crb elevates Ex levels, although this excess Ex does not concentrate to its normal location at apical junctions. The Ex-regulatory domain of Crb maps to the juxtamembrane FERM-binding motif (JM), a cytoskeletal interaction domain distinct from the PDZ-binding motif (PBM) through which Crb binds polarity factors. Expression of Crb-JM drives Yki activity and organ growth with little effect on tissue architecture, while Crb-PBM reciprocally produces tissue architectural defects without significant effect on Yki activity. CONCLUSIONS These studies identify Crb as a novel SWH regulator via JM-dependent effects on Ex levels and localization and suggest that discrete domains within Crb may allow it to integrate junctional polarity signals with a conserved growth pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S. Robinson
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, GA
| | - Juang Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Yang Hong
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Kenneth H. Moberg
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, GA
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Froldi F, Ziosi M, Garoia F, Pession A, Grzeschik NA, Bellosta P, Strand D, Richardson HE, Pession A, Grifoni D. The lethal giant larvae tumour suppressor mutation requires dMyc oncoprotein to promote clonal malignancy. BMC Biol 2010; 8:33. [PMID: 20374622 PMCID: PMC2877678 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-8-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neoplastic overgrowth depends on the cooperation of several mutations ultimately leading to major rearrangements in cellular behaviour. Precancerous cells are often removed by cell death from normal tissues in the early steps of the tumourigenic process, but the molecules responsible for such a fundamental safeguard process remain in part elusive. With the aim to investigate the molecular crosstalk occurring between precancerous and normal cells in vivo, we took advantage of the clonal analysis methods that are available in Drosophila for studying the phenotypes due to lethal giant larvae (lgl) neoplastic mutation induced in different backgrounds and tissues. Results We observed that lgl mutant cells growing in wild-type imaginal wing discs show poor viability and are eliminated by Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK)-dependent cell death. Furthermore, they express very low levels of dMyc oncoprotein compared with those found in the surrounding normal tissue. Evidence that this is a cause of lgl mutant cells elimination was obtained by increasing dMyc levels in lgl mutant clones: their overgrowth potential was indeed re-established, with mutant cells overwhelming the neighbouring tissue and forming tumourous masses displaying several cancer hallmarks. Moreover, when lgl mutant clones were induced in backgrounds of slow-dividing cells, they upregulated dMyc, lost apical-basal cell polarity and were able to overgrow. Those phenotypes were abolished by reducing dMyc levels in the mutant clones, thereby confirming its key role in lgl-induced tumourigenesis. Furthermore, we show that the eiger-dependent Intrinsic Tumour Suppressor pathway plays only a minor role in eliminating lgl mutant cells in the wing pouch; lgl-/- clonal death in this region is instead driven mainly by dMyc-induced Cell Competition. Conclusions Our results provide the first evidence that dMyc oncoprotein is required in lgl tumour suppressor mutant tissue to promote invasive overgrowth in larval and adult epithelial tissues. Moreover, we show that dMyc abundance inside versus outside the mutant clones plays a key role in driving neoplastic overgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Froldi
- Alma Mater Studiorum, Dipartimento di Patologia Sperimentale, Via S, Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Grzeschik NA, Parsons LM, Allott ML, Harvey KF, Richardson HE. Lgl, aPKC, and Crumbs Regulate the Salvador/Warts/Hippo Pathway through Two Distinct Mechanisms. Curr Biol 2010; 20:573-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2010.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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The planar cell polarity protein Van Gogh-Like 2 regulates tumor cell migration and matrix metalloproteinase-dependent invasion. Cancer Lett 2010; 287:54-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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50
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Li Q, Shen L, Xin T, Xiang W, Chen W, Gao Y, Zhu M, Yu L, Li M. Role of Scrib and Dlg in anterior-posterior patterning of the follicular epithelium during Drosophila oogenesis. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2009; 9:60. [PMID: 19948068 PMCID: PMC2810132 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-9-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Proper patterning of the follicle cell epithelium over the egg chamber is essential for the Drosophila egg development. Differentiation of the epithelium into several distinct cell types along the anterior-posterior axis requires coordinated activities of multiple signaling pathways. Previously, we reported that lethal(2)giant larvae (lgl), a Drosophila tumor suppressor gene, is required in the follicle cells for the posterior follicle cell (PFC) fate induction at mid-oogenesis. Here we explore the role of another two tumor suppressor genes, scribble (scrib) and discs large (dlg), in the epithelial patterning. Results We found that removal of scrib or dlg function from the follicle cells at posterior terminal of the egg chamber causes a complete loss of the PFC fate. Aberrant specification and differentiation of the PFCs in the mosaic clones can be ascribed to defects in coordinated activation of the EGFR, JAK and Notch signaling pathways in the multilayered cells. Meanwhile, the clonal analysis revealed that loss-of-function mutations in scrib/dlg at the anterior domains result in a partially penetrant phenotype of defective induction of the stretched and centripetal cell fate, whereas specification of the border cell fate can still occur in the most anterior region of the mutant clones. Further, we showed that scrib genetically interacts with dlg in regulating posterior patterning of the epithelium. Conclusion In this study we provide evidence that scrib and dlg function differentially in anterior and posterior patterning of the follicular epithelium at oogenesis. Further genetic analysis indicates that scrib and dlg act in a common pathway to regulate PFC fate induction. This study may open another window for elucidating role of scrib/dlg in controlling epithelial polarity and cell proliferation during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- MoE Key Laboratory of Developmental Genetics and Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Bio-X Center, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, PR
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