1
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Zhang C, Xu M, Yang M, Liao A, Lv P, Liu X, Chen Y, Liu H, He Z. Efficient generation of cloned cats with altered coat colour by editing of the KIT gene. Theriogenology 2024; 222:54-65. [PMID: 38621344 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Coat colour largely determines the market demand for several cat breeds. The KIT proto-oncogene (KIT) gene is a key gene controlling melanoblast differentiation and melanogenesis. KIT mutations usually cause varied changes in coat colour in mammalian species. In this study, we used a pair of single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) to delete exon 17 of KIT in somatic cells isolated from two different Chinese Li Hua feline foetuses. Edited cells were used as donor nuclei for somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) to generate cloned embryos presenting an average cleavage rate exceeding 85%, and an average blastocyst formation rate exceeding 9.5%. 131 cloned embryos were transplanted into four surrogates, and all surrogates carried their pregnancies to term, and delivered 4.58% (6/131) alive cloned kittens, with 1.53% (2/131) being KIT-edited heterozygotes (KITD17/+). The KITD17/+ cats presented an obvious darkness reduction in the mackerel tabby coat. Immunohistochemical analysis (IHC) of skin tissues indicated impaired proliferation and differentiation of melanoblasts caused by the lack of exon17 in feline KIT. To our knowledge, this is the first report on coat colour modification of cats through gene editing. The findings could facilitate further understanding of the regulatory role of KIT on feline coat colour and provide a basis for the breeding of cats with commercially desired coat colour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Meina Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Min Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Alian Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Peiru Lv
- Henan Liosio Biotechnology Co., Ltd, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yaosheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- Henan Liosio Biotechnology Co., Ltd, PR China.
| | - Zuyong He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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2
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Awazu A, Takemoto D, Watanabe K, Sakamoto N. Possibilities of skin coat color-dependent risks and risk factors of squamous cell carcinoma and deafness of domestic cats inferred via RNA-seq data. Genes Cells 2023; 28:893-905. [PMID: 37864512 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.13076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptome data of skin cells from domestic cats with brown, orange, and white coats were analyzed using a public database to investigate the possible relationship between coat color-related gene expression and squamous cell carcinoma risk, as well as the mechanism of deafness in white cats. We found that the ratio of the expression level of genes suppressing squamous cell carcinoma to that of genes promoting squamous cell carcinoma might be considerably lower than the theoretical estimation in skin cells with orange and white coats in white-spotted cat. We also found the possibility of the frequent production of KIT lacking the first exon (d1KIT) in skin cells with white coats, and d1KIT production exhibited a substantial negative correlation with the expression of SOX10, which is essential for melanocyte formation and adjustment of hearing function. Additionally, the production of d1KIT was expected to be due to the insulating activity of the feline endogenous retrovirus 1 (FERV1) LTR in the first intron of KIT by its CTCF binding sequence repeat. These results contribute to basic veterinary research to understand the relationship between cat skin coat and disease risk, as well as the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Awazu
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Research Center for the Mathematics on Chromatin Live Dynamics, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Daigo Takemoto
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kaichi Watanabe
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naoaki Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Research Center for the Mathematics on Chromatin Live Dynamics, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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3
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Şenol E, Gündemir O, Duro S, Szara T, Demiraslan Y, Karadağ H. A pilot study: Can calcaneus radiographic image be used to determine sex and breed in cats? Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:1855-1861. [PMID: 35921402 PMCID: PMC9514496 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined whether radiographic images measurements of the calcaneus in cats are determinative of sex and breed. For this purpose, radiographic images of 70 cats (37 male and 33 females) of different ages (from one to 18 years) and different breeds (41 mix-breed, 18 Scottish Fold and 11 British Shorthair cats) without orthopaedic problems were used. Right tarsal joint radiographs of these orthopaedically healthy cats were taken. Four linear measurements and two angle values of the calcaneus were obtained from the radiographic images. The MANOVA result showed that the most determining factor between the three groups was the greatest width (p value = 0.001). Calcaneal body length, calcaneal greatest length and calcaneal shortest depth were higher in mix-breed cats. Calcaneal tuber length was higher in Scottish Fold cats. The only statistically significant difference between Scottish Fold and British Shorthair was in the calcaneal tuber length (p value = 0.04). In the comparison made between the sexes regardless of species, the linear measurements in males were higher than in females. It was determined that these parameters are statistically significant in terms of sex differentiation in cats. Dorsal and plantar calcaneal angles are not sex determinants in cats. The effect of age on other measurements was analysed by correlation test. However, the effect of age on the measurements was not statistically significant. Mix-breed cats were examined in four groups according to their colour (grey, black-white, yellow, tri-colour). No statistically significant difference was found between calcaneal measurements of cats with different skin colour genotypes. In this study, calcaneus measurements were both determinative between breeds and sexes in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Şenol
- Institute of Graduate StudiesIstanbul University‐CerrahpasaIstanbulTurkey
| | - Ozan Gündemir
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of AnatomyIstanbul University‐CerrahpasaIstanbulTurkey
| | - Sokol Duro
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineAgricultural University of TiranaTiranaAlbania
| | - Tomasz Szara
- Department of Morphological SciencesInstitute of Veterinary MedicineWarsaw University of Life Sciences WarsawWarszawaPoland
| | - Yasin Demiraslan
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of AnatomyBurdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy UniversityBurdurTurkey
| | - Hüseyin Karadağ
- Faculty of DentistryDepartment of Basic SciencesIstanbul Gelisim UniversityIstanbulTurkey
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4
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Hernandez I, Hayward JJ, Brockman JA, White ME, Mouttham L, Wilcox EA, Garrison S, Castelhano MG, Loftus JP, Gomes FE, Balkman C, Brooks MB, Fiani N, Forman M, Kern T, Kornreich B, Ledbetter EC, Peralta S, Struble AM, Caligiuri L, Corey E, Lin L, Jordan J, Sack D, Boyko AR, Lyons LA, Todhunter RJ. Complex Feline Disease Mapping Using a Dense Genotyping Array. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:862414. [PMID: 35782544 PMCID: PMC9244801 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.862414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current feline genotyping array of 63 k single nucleotide polymorphisms has proven its utility for mapping within breeds, and its use has led to the identification of variants associated with Mendelian traits in purebred cats. However, compared to single gene disorders, association studies of complex diseases, especially with the inclusion of random bred cats with relatively low linkage disequilibrium, require a denser genotyping array and an increased sample size to provide statistically significant associations. Here, we undertook a multi-breed study of 1,122 cats, most of which were admitted and phenotyped for nine common complex feline diseases at the Cornell University Hospital for Animals. Using a proprietary 340 k single nucleotide polymorphism mapping array, we identified significant genome-wide associations with hyperthyroidism, diabetes mellitus, and eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis. These results provide genomic locations for variant discovery and candidate gene screening for these important complex feline diseases, which are relevant not only to feline health, but also to the development of disease models for comparative studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Hernandez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Jessica J. Hayward
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Jessica J. Hayward
| | - Jeff A. Brockman
- Pet Nutrition Center, Hill's Pet Nutrition, Topeka, KS, United States
| | - Michelle E. White
- Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
- Vertebrate Genomics Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Lara Mouttham
- Cornell Veterinary Biobank, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Wilcox
- Cornell Veterinary Biobank, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Susan Garrison
- Cornell Veterinary Biobank, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Marta G. Castelhano
- Cornell Veterinary Biobank, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - John P. Loftus
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Filipe Espinheira Gomes
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Cheryl Balkman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Marjory B. Brooks
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Services, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Nadine Fiani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Marnin Forman
- Cornell University Veterinary Specialists, Stamford, CT, United States
| | - Tom Kern
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Bruce Kornreich
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Eric C. Ledbetter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Santiago Peralta
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Angela M. Struble
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Lisa Caligiuri
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Elizabeth Corey
- Cornell Veterinary Biobank, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Lin Lin
- Cornell Veterinary Biobank, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Julie Jordan
- Cornell Veterinary Biobank, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Danny Sack
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Adam R. Boyko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Leslie A. Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Rory J. Todhunter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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5
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Wang Y, Li D, Dunzhu P, Liu W, Feng L, Jin K. Recognition of Coat Pattern Variation and Broken Tail Phenomenon in the Asiatic Golden Cat (Catopuma temminckii). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111420. [PMID: 35681884 PMCID: PMC9179876 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary A variety of new survey technologies are continuously being developed and used in wildlife monitoring. Rapidly advancing and widely used camera trap survey technology has helped to capture data and gain insights into many species. The Eastern Himalayas is a global biodiversity hotspot with exceptionally high species diversity. The Asian golden cat is widely distributed in the Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon National Nature Reserve. It inhabits seasonal rain forests from 100 m above sea level to the Rhododendron forest up to 3500 m above sea level. Coat pattern variation in the Asian golden cat is particularly prominent in this region. The common color type is the most widely distributed, followed by nine other types. We found 10 coat pattern variations and two coat patterns with a broken tail made up 0.32% of independent photos taken during a long-term nine-year monitoring program. The variation in coat patterns is indicative of the geography of the region. Environmental conditions regulate and activate the genetic diversity of Asian golden cat phenotypes. This study further strengthened the understanding of the basic knowledge of golden cat color types and lays the foundation for exploring the diversity of golden cat color types at the molecular level. Abstract The Asian golden cat (Catopuma temminckii) is the most varied wild cat species in terms of coat color. Understanding coat pattern variation will help to elucidate the mechanisms behind it as well as its relationship with the environment. We conducted long-term (2013–2021) monitoring of Asian golden cats in the Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon National Nature Reserve, Tibet, using camera traps at 283 points over 89,991 camera days. A total of 620 cat photos were recorded, including 344 (55.48%) with recognizable color patterns. Vector graphics of the coat patterns were extracted from the field image data, which revealed 10 color types in the ratio common: cinnamon: reddish-brown long hair: ocelot: blackening: melanistic: gray: brown: brown short hair: pure black = 123:76:57:35:22:8:7:7:5:4. The genes for coat pattern variation are widespread in the Asian golden cat population and are relatively stable. The increase in population size intraspecific competition has led to the tail break phenotype in individual cats. The gene encoding for tail breakage in Asian golden cats remains unknown. This study provides basic information for understanding faunal diversity in the Eastern Himalayan biodiversity hotspot and serves as a reference for studies on the formation mechanisms for feline color pattern diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China;
- Research Institute of Natural Protected Area, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100091, China
- Forestry Inventory and Planning Institute of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa 850000, China; (D.L.); (P.D.); (W.L.)
| | - Dajiang Li
- Forestry Inventory and Planning Institute of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa 850000, China; (D.L.); (P.D.); (W.L.)
| | - Pubu Dunzhu
- Forestry Inventory and Planning Institute of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa 850000, China; (D.L.); (P.D.); (W.L.)
| | - Wulin Liu
- Forestry Inventory and Planning Institute of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa 850000, China; (D.L.); (P.D.); (W.L.)
| | - Limin Feng
- Institute of Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China;
| | - Kun Jin
- Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China;
- Research Institute of Natural Protected Area, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100091, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-130-5181-0951
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6
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Jaraud A, Bossé P, Dufaure de Citres C, Tiret L, Gache V, Abitbol M. Feline chimerism revealed by DNA profiling. Anim Genet 2020; 51:631-633. [PMID: 32452546 DOI: 10.1111/age.12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In dogs and cats, unusual coat colour phenotypes may result from various phenomena, including chimerism. In the domestic cat, the tortoiseshell coat colour that combines red and non-red hairs is the most obvious way to identify chimeras in males. Several cases of tortoiseshell males have been reported, some of which were diagnosed as chimeras without any molecular confirmation. Here, we report the case of a female feline chimera identified thanks to its coat colour and confirmed through DNA profiling and a coat colour test. We ruled out the hypothesis of mosaicism and aneuploidy. All the data were consistent with a natural case of female chimerism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambre Jaraud
- U955 - IMRB - Team 10 - Biology of the neuromuscular system, Inserm, UPEC, EFS , École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Philippe Bossé
- U955 - IMRB - Team 10 - Biology of the neuromuscular system, Inserm, UPEC, EFS , École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Laurent Tiret
- U955 - IMRB - Team 10 - Biology of the neuromuscular system, Inserm, UPEC, EFS , École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Vincent Gache
- Univ Lyon, Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR5310, INSERM U1217, Faculté de Médecine Rockefeller, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon, France
| | - Marie Abitbol
- Univ Lyon, Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR5310, INSERM U1217, Faculté de Médecine Rockefeller, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon, France.,Univ Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Marcy-l'Etoile, France
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7
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Szczerbal I, Switonski M. Genetic disorders of sex development in cats: An update. Anim Reprod Sci 2020; 216:106353. [PMID: 32414464 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2020.106353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Disorders of sex development (DSD) are rarely reported in cats, but this does not mean these occurrences are an insignificant reproductive and health problem in this species. The DSD condition affects reproduction and can be associated with an increased risk of gonadal tumorigenesis. In this review, an overview of findings since 2012 are presented that focus on cytogenetic and molecular genetic studies of cats with abnormal external genitalia. Results from advanced cytogenetic analysis of sex chromosomes indicate there is a range of abnormalities, including aneuploidies, structural rearrangements and freemartinism, which manifests as leukocyte XX/XY chimerism. The molecular abnormalities that result in feline monogenic and multifactorial DSD (such as hypospadias and cryptorchidism) are very few. There are only two mutations of genes (CYP11B1 and TAC3) which are known to be responsible for syndromes associated with abnormal sexual development. Several candidate genes (SRY, AR, SRD5A2, MAMLD1, DHH, HSD3B2, and HSD17B3) have also been examined, but no associations were identified between these polymorphisms and DSD phenotypes. The findings in developing the present review indicate sex chromosome abnormalities are quite common causes of feline DSD. The study of the molecular disorders that lead to the development of DSD in cats with normal XX or XY sex chromosome complements is still in its infancy, and further research is needed into this topic. It can be anticipated that the use of next generation sequencing technologies to study the genetic disorders that result in the DSD condition in cats will lead to an increase the detection of several causative mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Szczerbal
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - M Switonski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
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8
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Sauther ML, Bertolini F, Dollar LJ, Pomerantz J, Alves PC, Gandolfi B, Kurushima JD, Mattucci F, Randi E, Rothschild MF, Cuozzo FP, Larsen RS, Moresco A, Lyons LA, Jacky IAY. Taxonomic identification of Madagascar’s free-ranging “forest cats”. CONSERV GENET 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-020-01261-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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9
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Bychkova EO, Golubeva NA, Filippova EA, Sangina LO, Markov AV. A New Mutation in the MC1R Gene Leads to Unique Carnelian Color in Kurilian Bobtails. RUSS J GENET+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795420010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Abitbol M, Gache V. Copal, a new
MC
1R
allele in the domestic cat. Anim Genet 2019; 50:553-554. [DOI: 10.1111/age.12829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Abitbol
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup 1 avenue Bourgelat, 69280 Marcy‐l'Etoile France
- Université de Lyon, CNRS UMR5310 INSERM U1217, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I Institut NeuroMyoGène, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69008Lyon France
| | - Vincent Gache
- Université de Lyon, CNRS UMR5310 INSERM U1217, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I Institut NeuroMyoGène, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69008Lyon France
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11
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Gandolfi B, Alhaddad H, Abdi M, Bach LH, Creighton EK, Davis BW, Decker JE, Dodman NH, Ginns EI, Grahn JC, Grahn RA, Haase B, Haggstrom J, Hamilton MJ, Helps CR, Kurushima JD, Lohi H, Longeri M, Malik R, Meurs KM, Montague MJ, Mullikin JC, Murphy WJ, Nilson SM, Pedersen NC, Peterson CB, Rusbridge C, Saif R, Shelton GD, Warren WC, Wasim M, Lyons LA. Applications and efficiencies of the first cat 63K DNA array. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7024. [PMID: 29728693 PMCID: PMC5935720 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25438-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of high throughput SNP genotyping technologies has improved the genetic dissection of simple and complex traits in many species including cats. The properties of feline 62,897 SNPs Illumina Infinium iSelect DNA array are described using a dataset of over 2,000 feline samples, the most extensive to date, representing 41 cat breeds, a random bred population, and four wild felid species. Accuracy and efficiency of the array’s genotypes and its utility in performing population-based analyses were evaluated. Average marker distance across the array was 37,741 Kb, and across the dataset, only 1% (625) of the markers exhibited poor genotyping and only 0.35% (221) showed Mendelian errors. Marker polymorphism varied across cat breeds and the average minor allele frequency (MAF) of all markers across domestic cats was 0.21. Population structure analysis confirmed a Western to Eastern structural continuum of cat breeds. Genome-wide linkage disequilibrium ranged from 50–1,500 Kb for domestic cats and 750 Kb for European wildcats (Felis silvestris silvestris). Array use in trait association mapping was investigated under different modes of inheritance, selection and population sizes. The efficient array design and cat genotype dataset continues to advance the understanding of cat breeds and will support monogenic health studies across feline breeds and populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gandolfi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Hasan Alhaddad
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait.
| | - Mona Abdi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Leslie H Bach
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Erica K Creighton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Brian W Davis
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jared E Decker
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Nicholas H Dodman
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Edward I Ginns
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer C Grahn
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Robert A Grahn
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bianca Haase
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jens Haggstrom
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael J Hamilton
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of California - Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | | | - Jennifer D Kurushima
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Foothill College, Los Altos Hills, CA, USA
| | - Hannes Lohi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, and The Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Longeri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kathryn M Meurs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Michael J Montague
- Department of Neuroscience, Parelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James C Mullikin
- NIH Intramural Sequencing Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William J Murphy
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sara M Nilson
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Niels C Pedersen
- Center for Companion Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Carlyn B Peterson
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Clare Rusbridge
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Rashid Saif
- Institute of Biotechnology, Gulab Devi Educational Complex, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - G Diane Shelton
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wesley C Warren
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Muhammad Wasim
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Leslie A Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA.
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12
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Wilhelmy J, Serpell J, Brown D, Siracusa C. Behavioral associations with breed, coat type, and eye color in single-breed cats. J Vet Behav 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Balogh O, Berger A, Pieńkowska-Schelling A, Willmitzer F, Grest P, Janett F, Schelling C, Reichler IM. 37,X/38,XY Mosaicism in a Cryptorchid Bengal Cat with Müllerian Duct Remnants. Sex Dev 2016; 9:327-32. [DOI: 10.1159/000443233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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14
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Li G, Davis BW, Eizirik E, Murphy WJ. Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae). Genome Res 2016; 26:1-11. [PMID: 26518481 PMCID: PMC4691742 DOI: 10.1101/gr.186668.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Inter-species hybridization has been recently recognized as potentially common in wild animals, but the extent to which it shapes modern genomes is still poorly understood. Distinguishing historical hybridization events from other processes leading to phylogenetic discordance among different markers requires a well-resolved species tree that considers all modes of inheritance and overcomes systematic problems due to rapid lineage diversification by sampling large genomic character sets. Here, we assessed genome-wide phylogenetic variation across a diverse mammalian family, Felidae (cats). We combined genotypes from a genome-wide SNP array with additional autosomal, X- and Y-linked variants to sample ∼150 kb of nuclear sequence, in addition to complete mitochondrial genomes generated using light-coverage Illumina sequencing. We present the first robust felid time tree that accounts for unique maternal, paternal, and biparental evolutionary histories. Signatures of phylogenetic discordance were abundant in the genomes of modern cats, in many cases indicating hybridization as the most likely cause. Comparison of big cat whole-genome sequences revealed a substantial reduction of X-linked divergence times across several large recombination cold spots, which were highly enriched for signatures of selection-driven post-divergence hybridization between the ancestors of the snow leopard and lion lineages. These results highlight the mosaic origin of modern felid genomes and the influence of sex chromosomes and sex-biased dispersal in post-speciation gene flow. A complete resolution of the tree of life will require comprehensive genomic sampling of biparental and sex-limited genetic variation to identify and control for phylogenetic conflict caused by ancient admixture and sex-biased differences in genomic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Brian W Davis
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA; Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Eduardo Eizirik
- Faculdade de Biociências, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS 90619-900, Brazil
| | - William J Murphy
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA; Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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15
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Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE The health of the cat is a complex interaction between its environment (nurture) and its genetics (nature). Over 70 genetic mutations (variants) have been defined in the cat, many involving diseases, structural abnormalities and clinically relevant health concerns. As more of the cat's genome is deciphered, less commonly will the term 'idiopathic' be used regarding the diagnosis of diseases and unique health conditions. State-of-the-art health care will include DNA profiling of the individual cat, and perhaps its tumor, to establish the best treatment approaches. Genetic testing and eventually whole genome sequencing should become routine diagnostics for feline health care. GLOBAL IMPORTANCE Cat breeds have disseminated around the world. Thus, practitioners should be aware of the breeds common to their region and the mutations found in those regional populations. Specific random-bred populations can also have defined genetic characteristics and mutations. AUDIENCE This review of 'the good, the bad and the ugly' DNA variants provides the current state of knowledge for genetic testing and genetic health management for cats. It is aimed at feline and general practitioners wanting to update and review the basics of genetics, what tests are available for cats and sources for genetic testing. The tables are intended to be used as references in the clinic. Practitioners with a high proportion of cat breeder clientele will especially benefit from the review. EVIDENCE BASE The data presented is extracted from peer-reviewed publications pertaining to mutation identification, and relevant articles concerning the heritable trait and/or disease. The author also draws upon personal experience and expertise in feline genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
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16
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Jackson IJ. How the leopard gets its spots: a transmembrane peptidase specifies feline pigmentation patterns. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013; 26:438-9. [PMID: 23923821 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Abstract
Color variation in companion animals has long been of interest to the breeding and scientific communities. Simple traits, like black versus brown or yellow versus black, have helped to explain principles of transmission genetics and continue to serve as models for studying gene action and interaction. We present a molecular genetic review of pigmentary variation in dogs and cats using a nomenclature and logical framework established by early leaders in the field. For most loci in which molecular variants have been identified (nine in dogs and seven in cats), homologous mutations exist in laboratory mice and/or humans. Exceptions include the K locus in dogs and the Tabby locus in cats, which give rise to alternating stripes or marks of different color, and which illustrate the continued potential of coat color genetics to provide insight into areas that transcend pigment cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B. Kaelin
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama 35806 and Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305;,
| | - Gregory S. Barsh
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama 35806 and Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305;,
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18
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Lyons LA. Genetic testing in domestic cats. Mol Cell Probes 2012; 26:224-30. [PMID: 22546621 PMCID: PMC3541004 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Varieties of genetic tests are currently available for the domestic cat that support veterinary health care, breed management, species identification, and forensic investigations. Approximately thirty-five genes contain over fifty mutations that cause feline health problems or alterations in the cat's appearance. Specific genes, such as sweet and drug receptors, have been knocked-out of Felidae during evolution and can be used along with mtDNA markers for species identification. Both STR and SNP panels differentiate cat race, breed, and individual identity, as well as gender-specific markers to determine sex of an individual. Cat genetic tests are common offerings for commercial laboratories, allowing both the veterinary clinician and the private owner to obtain DNA test results. This article will review the genetic tests for the domestic cat, and their various applications in different fields of science. Highlighted are genetic tests specific to the individual cat, which are a part of the cat's genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Lyons
- Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Kim MJ, Oh HJ, Kim GA, Park JE, Park EJ, Jang G, Ra JC, Kang SK, Lee BC. Lessons Learned from Cloning Dogs. Reprod Domest Anim 2012; 47 Suppl 4:115-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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A composite six bp in-frame deletion in the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene is associated with the Japanese brindling coat colour in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). BMC Genet 2010; 11:59. [PMID: 20594318 PMCID: PMC3236303 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-11-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), classical genetic studies have identified five alleles at the Extension locus: ED (dominant black), ES (steel, weaker version of ED), E (wild type, normal extension of black), eJ(Japanese brindling, mosaic distribution of black and yellow) and e (non-extension of black, yellow/red with white belly). Sequencing almost the complete coding sequence (CDS) of the rabbit MC1R gene, we recently identified two in-frame deletions associated with dominant black (c.280_285del6; alleles ED or ES) and recessive red (c.304_333del30; allele e) coat colours. It remained to characterize the eJallele whose phenotypic effect is similar to the Orange and Sex-linked yellow loci of cat and Syrian hamster. Results We sequenced the whole CDS in 25 rabbits of different coat colours including 10 Japanese and 10 Rhinelander (tricolour) rabbits and identified another 6 bp-in frame deletion flanked by a G > A transition in 5' (c.[124G>A;125_130del6]) that was present in all animals with Japanese brindling coat colour and pattern. These mutations eliminate two amino acids in the first transmembrane domain and, in addition, cause an amino acid substitution at position 44 of the wild type sequence. Genotyping 371 rabbits of 31 breeds with different coat colour this allele (eJ) was present in homozygous state in Japanese, Rhinelander and Dutch tricolour rabbits only (except one albino rabbit). Rabbits with eJ/eJ genotype were non fixed at the non-agouti mutation we previously identified in the ASIP gene. Segregation in F1 and F2 families confirmed the order of dominance already determined by classical genetic experiments with a possible dose effect evident comparing eJ/eJ and eJ/e animals. MC1R mRNA was expressed in black hair skin regions only. Conclusions The c.[124A;125_130del6] allele may be responsible for a MC1R variant determining eumelanin production in the black areas. However, the mechanism determining the presence of both red and black hairs in the same animal seems more complex. Expression analyses of the c.[124A;125_130del6] allele suggest that MC1R transcription may be regulated epigenetically in rabbits with the Japanese brindling phenotype. Further studies are needed to clarify this issue.
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Menotti-Raymond M, Deckman KH, David V, Myrkalo J, O'Brien SJ, Narfström K. Mutation discovered in a feline model of human congenital retinal blinding disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51:2852-9. [PMID: 20053974 PMCID: PMC2891453 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-4261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 12/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To elucidate the gene defect in a pedigree of cats segregating for autosomal dominant rod-cone dysplasia (Rdy), a retinopathy characterized extensively from a clinical perspective. Disease expression in Rdy cats is comparable to that in young patients with congenital blindness (Leber congenital amaurosis [LCA] or retinitis pigmentosa [RP]). METHODS A pedigree segregating for Rdy was generated and phenotyped by clinical ophthalmic examination methods including ophthalmoscopy and full-field flash electroretinography. Short tandem repeat loci tightly linked to candidate genes for autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa in humans were genotyped in the pedigree. RESULTS Significant linkage was established to the candidate gene CRX (LOD = 5.56, = 0) on cat chromosome E2. A single base pair deletion was identified in exon 4 (n.546delC) in affected individuals but not in unaffected littermates. This mutation generates a frame shift in the transcript, introducing a premature stop codon truncating the putative CRX peptide, which would eliminate the critical transcriptional activation region. Clinical observations corroborate previously reported clinical reports about Rdy. Results show that the cone photoreceptor system was more severely affected than the rods in the early disease process. CONCLUSIONS A putative mutation causative of the Rdy phenotype has been described as a single base pair deletion in exon 4 of the CRX gene, thus identifying the first animal model for CRX-linked disease that closely resembles the human disease. As such, it will provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying these diseases and their variable presentation, as well as providing a suitable model for testing therapies for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Menotti-Raymond
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.
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22
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Walker WP, Gunn TM. Shades of meaning: the pigment-type switching system as a tool for discovery. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2010; 23:485-95. [PMID: 20465596 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2010.00721.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The pigment-type switching system, which controls whether melanocytes produce black/brown eumelanin or yellow/red pheomelanin, is responsible for many familiar coat coloration patterns in both domestic and wild mammals. In conjunction with the accessory proteins attractin and mahogunin ring finger 1, endogenous agonists and antagonists modulate signaling by the melanocortin 1 receptor to determine pigment type. Mutations in pigment-type switching genes can cause a variety of pleiotropic phenotypes, and these are often similar between mutants at different loci because the proteins encoded by these genes act together as part of conserved molecular pathways that are deployed in multiple biological contexts. When this is the case, pigment-type switching provides a powerful model system for elucidating the shared molecular mechanisms underlying the pigmentary and non-pigmentary phenotypes. This review outlines the current understanding of the pigment-type switching pathway and discusses the opportunities that exist for exploring the molecular basis of pleiotropic phenotypes using this model system.
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23
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Eizirik E, David VA, Buckley-Beason V, Roelke ME, Schäffer AA, Hannah SS, Narfström K, O'Brien SJ, Menotti-Raymond M. Defining and mapping mammalian coat pattern genes: multiple genomic regions implicated in domestic cat stripes and spots. Genetics 2010; 184:267-75. [PMID: 19858284 PMCID: PMC2815922 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.109.109629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian coat patterns (e.g., spots, stripes) are hypothesized to play important roles in camouflage and other relevant processes, yet the genetic and developmental bases for these phenotypes are completely unknown. The domestic cat, with its diversity of coat patterns, is an excellent model organism to investigate these phenomena. We have established three independent pedigrees to map the four recognized pattern variants classically considered to be specified by a single locus, Tabby; in order of dominance, these are the unpatterned agouti form called "Abyssinian" or "ticked" (T(a)), followed by Spotted (T(s)), Mackerel (T(M)), and Blotched (t(b)). We demonstrate that at least three different loci control the coat markings of the domestic cat. One locus, responsible for the Abyssinian form (herein termed the Ticked locus), maps to an approximately 3.8-Mb region on cat chromosome B1. A second locus controls the Tabby alleles T(M) and t(b), and maps to an approximately 5-Mb genomic region on cat chromosome A1. One or more additional loci act as modifiers and create a spotted coat by altering mackerel stripes. On the basis of our results and associated observations, we hypothesize that mammalian patterned coats are formed by two distinct processes: a spatially oriented developmental mechanism that lays down a species-specific pattern of skin cell differentiation and a pigmentation-oriented mechanism that uses information from the preestablished pattern to regulate the synthesis of melanin profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Eizirik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.
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24
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Menotti-Raymond M, David VA, Eizirik E, Roelke ME, Ghaffari H, O'Brien SJ. Mapping of the domestic cat "SILVER" coat color locus identifies a unique genomic location for silver in mammals. J Hered 2009; 100 Suppl 1:S8-13. [PMID: 19398491 PMCID: PMC3307065 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esp018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2008] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The SILVER locus has been mapped in the domestic cat, identifying a unique genomic location distinct from that of any known reported gene associated with silver or hypopigmentation in mammals. A demonstrated lack of linkage to SILV, the strong candidate gene for silver, led to the initiation of a genome scan utilizing 2 pedigrees segregating for silver coat color. Linkage mapping defined a genomic region for SILVER as a 3.3-Mb region, (95.87-99.21 Mb) on chromosome D2, (peak logarithm of the odds = 10.5, = 0), which displays conserved synteny to a genomic interval between 118.58 and 121.85 Mb on chromosome 10 in the human genome. In the domestic cat, mutations at the SILVER locus suppress the development of pigment in the hair, but in contrast to other mammalian silver variants, there is an apparently greater influence on the production of pheomelanin than eumelanin pigment. The mapping of a novel locus for SILVER offers much promise in identifying a gene that may help elucidate aspects of pheomelanogenesis, a pathway that has been very elusive, and illustrates the promise of the cat genome project in increasing our understanding of basic biological processes of general relevance for mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Menotti-Raymond
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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25
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Menotti-Raymond M, David VA, Schäffer AA, Tomlin JF, Eizirik E, Phillip C, Wells D, Pontius JU, Hannah SS, O'Brien SJ. An autosomal genetic linkage map of the domestic cat, Felis silvestris catus. Genomics 2009; 93:305-13. [PMID: 19059333 PMCID: PMC2656606 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We report on the completion of an autosomal genetic linkage (GL) map of the domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus). Unlike two previous linkage maps of the cat constructed with a hybrid pedigree between the domestic cat and the Asian leopard cat, this map was generated entirely with domestic cats, using a large multi-generational pedigree (n=256) maintained by the Nestlé Purina PetCare Company. Four hundred eighty-three simple tandem repeat (STR) loci have been assigned to linkage groups on the cat's 18 autosomes. A single linkage group spans each autosome. The length of the cat map, estimated at 4370 cM, is long relative to most reported mammalian maps. A high degree of concordance in marker order was observed between the third-generation map and the 1.5 Mb-resolution radiation hybrid (RH) map of the cat. Using the cat 1.9x whole-genome sequence, we identified map coordinates for 85% of the loci in the cat assembly, with high concordance observed in marker order between the linkage map and the cat sequence assembly. The present version represents a marked improvement over previous cat linkage maps as it (i) nearly doubles the number of markers that were present in the second-generation linkage map in the cat, (ii) provides a linkage map generated in a domestic cat pedigree which will more accurately reflect recombination distances than previous maps generated in a hybrid pedigree, and (iii) provides single linkage groups spanning each autosome. Marker order was largely consistent between this and the previous maps, though the use of a hybrid pedigree in the earlier versions appears to have contributed to some suppression of recombination. The improved linkage map will provide an added resource for the mapping of phenotypic variation in the domestic cat and the use of this species as a model system for biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Menotti-Raymond
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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Abstract
Alternating patches of black and yellow pigment are a ubiquitous feature of mammalian color variation that contributes to camouflage, species recognition, and morphologic diversity. X-linked determinants of this pattern--recognized by variegation in females but not in males--have been described in the domestic cat as Orange, and in the Syrian hamster as Sex-linked yellow (Sly), but are curiously absent from other vertebrate species. Using a comparative genomic approach, we develop molecular markers and a linkage map for the euchromatic region of the Syrian hamster X chromosome that places Sly in a region homologous to the centromere-proximal region of human Xp. Comparison to analogous work carried out for Orange in domestic cats indicates, surprisingly, that the cat and hamster mutations lie in nonhomologous regions of the X chromosome. We also identify the molecular cause of recessively inherited black coat color in hamsters (historically referred to as nonagouti) as a Cys115Tyr mutation in the Agouti gene. Animals doubly mutant for Sly and nonagouti exhibit a Sly phenotype. Our results indicate that Sly represents a melanocortin pathway component that acts similarly to, but is genetically distinct from, Mc1r and that has implications for understanding both the evolutionary history and the mutational mechanisms of pigment-type switching.
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