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Dissection of Nidogen function in Drosophila reveals tissue-specific mechanisms of basement membrane assembly. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007483. [PMID: 30260959 PMCID: PMC6177204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Basement membranes (BMs) are thin sheet-like specialized extracellular matrices found at the basal surface of epithelia and endothelial tissues. They have been conserved across evolution and are required for proper tissue growth, organization, differentiation and maintenance. The major constituents of BMs are two independent networks of Laminin and Type IV Collagen in addition to the proteoglycan Perlecan and the glycoprotein Nidogen/entactin (Ndg). The ability of Ndg to bind in vitro Collagen IV and Laminin, both with key functions during embryogenesis, anticipated an essential role for Ndg in morphogenesis linking the Laminin and Collagen IV networks. This was supported by results from cultured embryonic tissue experiments. However, the fact that elimination of Ndg in C. elegans and mice did not affect survival strongly questioned this proposed linking role. Here, we have isolated mutations in the only Ndg gene present in Drosophila. We find that while, similar to C.elegans and mice, Ndg is not essential for overall organogenesis or viability, it is required for appropriate fertility. We also find, alike in mice, tissue-specific requirements of Ndg for proper assembly and maintenance of certain BMs, namely those of the adipose tissue and flight muscles. In addition, we have performed a thorough functional analysis of the different Ndg domains in vivo. Our results support an essential requirement of the G3 domain for Ndg function and unravel a new key role for the Rod domain in regulating Ndg incorporation into BMs. Furthermore, uncoupling of the Laminin and Collagen IV networks is clearly observed in the larval adipose tissue in the absence of Ndg, indeed supporting a linking role. In light of our findings, we propose that BM assembly and/or maintenance is tissue-specific, which could explain the diverse requirements of a ubiquitous conserved BM component like Nidogen. Basement membranes (BMs) are thin layers of specialized extracellular matrices present in every tissue of the human body. Its main constituents are two networks of laminin and Type IV Collagen linked by Nidogen (Ndg) and proteoglycans. They form an organized scaffold that regulates organ morphogenesis and function. Mutations affecting BM components are associated with organ dysfunction and several congenital diseases. Thus, a better comprehension of BM assembly and maintenance will not only help to learn more about organogenesis but also to a better understanding and, hopefully, treatment of these diseases. Here, we have used the fruit fly Drosophila to analyse the role of Ndg in BM formation in vivo. Elimination of Ndg in worms and mice does not affect survival, strongly questioning its proposed linking role, derived from in vitro experiments. Here, we show that in the fly, Ndg is dispensable for BM assembly and preservation in many tissues, but absolutely required in others. Furthermore, our functional study of the different Ndg domains challenges the significance of some interactions between BM components derived from in vitro experiments, while confirming others, and reveals a new key requirement for the Rod domain in Ndg function and incorporation into BMs.
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Aflorei ED, Klapholz B, Chen C, Radian S, Dragu AN, Moderau N, Prodromou C, Ribeiro PS, Stanewsky R, Korbonits M. In vivo bioassay to test the pathogenicity of missense human AIP variants. J Med Genet 2018; 55:522-529. [PMID: 29632148 PMCID: PMC6073908 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2017-105191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Heterozygous germline loss-of-function mutations in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein gene (AIP) predispose to childhood-onset pituitary tumours. The pathogenicity of missense variants may pose difficulties for genetic counselling and family follow-up. Objective To develop an in vivo system to test the pathogenicity of human AIP mutations using the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Methods We generated a null mutant of the Drosophila AIP orthologue, CG1847, a gene located on the Xchromosome, which displayed lethality at larval stage in hemizygous knockout male mutants (CG1847exon1_3). We tested human missense variants of ‘unknown significance’, with ‘pathogenic’ variants as positive control. Results We found that human AIP can functionally substitute for CG1847, as heterologous overexpression of human AIP rescued male CG1847exon1_3 lethality, while a truncated version of AIP did not restore viability. Flies harbouring patient-specific missense AIP variants (p.C238Y, p.I13N, p.W73R and p.G272D) failed to rescue CG1847exon1_3 mutants, while seven variants (p.R16H, p.Q164R, p.E293V, p.A299V, p.R304Q, p.R314W and p.R325Q) showed rescue, supporting a non-pathogenic role for these latter variants corresponding to prevalence and clinical data. Conclusion Our in vivo model represents a valuable tool to characterise putative disease-causing human AIP variants and assist the genetic counselling and management of families carrying AIP variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Daniela Aflorei
- Centre for Endocrinology, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Benjamin Klapholz
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chenghao Chen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Serban Radian
- Centre for Endocrinology, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,Department of Endocrinology, C.I. Parhon National Institute of Endocrinology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Neluta Dragu
- Centre for Endocrinology, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nina Moderau
- Protein Dynamics and Cell Signalling Laboratory, Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Paulo S Ribeiro
- Protein Dynamics and Cell Signalling Laboratory, Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ralf Stanewsky
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London, London, UK.,Institute of Neuro- and Behavioural Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms University, Münster, Germany
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Del Signore SJ, Biber SA, Lehmann KS, Heimler SR, Rosenfeld BH, Eskin TL, Sweeney ST, Rodal AA. dOCRL maintains immune cell quiescence by regulating endosomal traffic. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1007052. [PMID: 29028801 PMCID: PMC5656325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lowe Syndrome is a developmental disorder characterized by eye, kidney, and neurological pathologies, and is caused by mutations in the phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphatase OCRL. OCRL plays diverse roles in endocytic and endolysosomal trafficking, cytokinesis, and ciliogenesis, but it is unclear which of these cellular functions underlie specific patient symptoms. Here, we show that mutation of Drosophila OCRL causes cell-autonomous activation of hemocytes, which are macrophage-like cells of the innate immune system. Among many cell biological defects that we identified in docrl mutant hemocytes, we pinpointed the cause of innate immune cell activation to reduced Rab11-dependent recycling traffic and concomitantly increased Rab7-dependent late endosome traffic. Loss of docrl amplifies multiple immune-relevant signals, including Toll, Jun kinase, and STAT, and leads to Rab11-sensitive mis-sorting and excessive secretion of the Toll ligand Spåtzle. Thus, docrl regulation of endosomal traffic maintains hemocytes in a poised, but quiescent state, suggesting mechanisms by which endosomal misregulation of signaling may contribute to symptoms of Lowe syndrome. Lowe syndrome is a developmental disorder characterized by severe kidney, eye, and neurological symptoms, and is caused by mutations in the gene OCRL. OCRL has been shown to control many steps of packaging and transport of materials within cells, though it remains unclear which of these disrupted transport steps cause each of the many symptoms in Lowe syndrome patients. We found that in fruit flies, loss of OCRL caused transport defects at specific internal compartments in innate immune cells, resulting in amplification of multiple critical inflammatory signals. Similar inflammatory signals have been implicated in forms of epilepsy, which is a primary symptom in Lowe syndrome patients. Thus, our work uncovers a new function for OCRL in animals, and opens an exciting new avenue of investigation into how loss of OCRL causes the symptoms of Lowe syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Del Signore
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sarah A. Biber
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Katherine S. Lehmann
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephanie R. Heimler
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Benjamin H. Rosenfeld
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tania L. Eskin
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sean T. Sweeney
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Avital A. Rodal
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Majumdar S, Rio DC. P Transposable Elements in Drosophila and other Eukaryotic Organisms. Microbiol Spectr 2015; 3:MDNA3-0004-2014. [PMID: 26104714 PMCID: PMC4399808 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.mdna3-0004-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
P transposable elements were discovered in Drosophila as the causative agents of a syndrome of genetic traits called hybrid dysgenesis. Hybrid dysgenesis exhibits a unique pattern of maternal inheritance linked to the germline-specific small RNA piwi-interacting (piRNA) pathway. The use of P transposable elements as vectors for gene transfer and as genetic tools revolutionized the field of Drosophila molecular genetics. P element transposons have served as a useful model to investigate mechanisms of cut-and-paste transposition in eukaryotes. Biochemical studies have revealed new and unexpected insights into how eukaryotic DNA-based transposons are mobilized. For example, the P element transposase makes unusual 17nt-3' extended double-strand DNA breaks at the transposon termini and uses guanosine triphosphate (GTP) as a cofactor to promote synapsis of the two transposon ends early in the transposition pathway. The N-terminal DNA binding domain of the P element transposase, called a THAP domain, contains a C2CH zinc-coordinating motif and is the founding member of a large family of animal-specific site-specific DNA binding proteins. Over the past decade genome sequencing efforts have revealed the presence of P element-like transposable elements or P element transposase-like genes (called THAP9) in many eukaryotic genomes, including vertebrates, such as primates including humans, zebrafish and Xenopus, as well as the human parasite Trichomonas vaginalis, the sea squirt Ciona, sea urchin and hydra. Surprisingly, the human and zebrafish P element transposase-related THAP9 genes promote transposition of the Drosophila P element transposon DNA in human and Drosophila cells, indicating that the THAP9 genes encode active P element "transposase" proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donald C. Rio
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720-3204
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Gorczyca DA, Younger S, Meltzer S, Kim SE, Cheng L, Song W, Lee HY, Jan LY, Jan YN. Identification of Ppk26, a DEG/ENaC Channel Functioning with Ppk1 in a Mutually Dependent Manner to Guide Locomotion Behavior in Drosophila. Cell Rep 2014; 9:1446-58. [PMID: 25456135 PMCID: PMC4254518 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A major gap in our understanding of sensation is how a single sensory neuron can differentially respond to a multitude of different stimuli (polymodality), such as propio- or nocisensation. The prevailing hypothesis is that different stimuli are transduced through ion channels with diverse properties and subunit composition. In a screen for ion channel genes expressed in polymodal nociceptive neurons, we identified Ppk26, a member of the trimeric degenerin/epithelial sodium channel (DEG/ENaC) family, as being necessary for proper locomotion behavior in Drosophila larvae in a mutually dependent fashion with coexpressed Ppk1, another member of the same family. Mutants lacking Ppk1 and Ppk26 were defective in mechanical, but not thermal, nociception behavior. Mutants of Piezo, a channel involved in mechanical nociception in the same neurons, did not show a defect in locomotion, suggesting distinct molecular machinery for mediating locomotor feedback and mechanical nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Gorczyca
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Susan Younger
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Shan Meltzer
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sung Eun Kim
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Li Cheng
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Wei Song
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Hye Young Lee
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Lily Yeh Jan
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yuh Nung Jan
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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Palazzo A, Moschetti R, Caizzi R, Marsano RM. The Drosophila mojavensis Bari3 transposon: distribution and functional characterization. Mob DNA 2014; 5:21. [PMID: 25093043 PMCID: PMC4120734 DOI: 10.1186/1759-8753-5-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bari-like transposons belong to the Tc1-mariner superfamily, and they have been identified in several genomes of the Drosophila genus. This transposon's family has been used as paradigm to investigate the complex dynamics underlying the persistence and structural evolution of transposable elements (TEs) within a genome. Three structural Bari variants have been identified so far and can be distinguished based on the organization of their terminal inverted repeats. Bari3 is the last discovered member of this family identified in Drosophila mojavensis, a recently emerged species of the Repleta group of the genus Drosophila. RESULTS We studied the insertion pattern of Bari3 in different D. mojavensis populations and found evidence of recent transposition activity. Analysis of the transposase domains unveiled the presence of a functional nuclear localization signal, as well as a functional binding domain. Using luciferase-based assays, we investigated the promoter activity of Bari3 as well as the interaction of its transposase with its left terminus. The results suggest that Bari3 is transposition-competent. Finally we demonstrated transposase transcript processing when the transposase gene is overexpressed in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Bari3 displays very similar structural and functional features with its close relative, Bari1. Our results strongly suggest that Bari3 is an independent element that has generated genomic diversity in D. mojavensis. It can autonomously transcribe its transposase gene, which in turn can localize in the nucleus and bind the terminal inverted repeats of the transposon. Nevertheless, the identification of an unpredicted spliced form of the Bari3 transposase transcript allows us to hypothesize a control mechanism of its mobility based on mRNA processing. These results will aid the studies on the Bari family of transposons, which is intriguing for its widespread diffusion in Drosophilids coupled with a structural diversity generated during the evolution of Bari-like elements in their host genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Palazzo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Roberta Moschetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Ruggiero Caizzi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - René Massimiliano Marsano
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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Venken KJT, Bellen HJ. Chemical mutagens, transposons, and transgenes to interrogate gene function in Drosophila melanogaster. Methods 2014; 68:15-28. [PMID: 24583113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of genetics, genes, and chromosomal inheritance was initiated by Thomas Morgan in 1910, when the first visible mutations were identified in fruit flies. The field expanded upon the work initiated by Herman Muller in 1926 when he used X-rays to develop the first balancer chromosomes. Today, balancers are still invaluable to maintain mutations and transgenes but the arsenal of tools has expanded vastly and numerous new methods have been developed, many relying on the availability of the genome sequence and transposable elements. Forward genetic screens based on chemical mutagenesis or transposable elements have resulted in the unbiased identification of many novel players involved in processes probed by specific phenotypic assays. Reverse genetic approaches have relied on the availability of a carefully selected set of transposon insertions spread throughout the genome to allow the manipulation of the region in the vicinity of each insertion. Lastly, the ability to transform Drosophila with single copy transgenes using transposons or site-specific integration using the ΦC31 integrase has allowed numerous manipulations, including the ability to create and integrate genomic rescue constructs, generate duplications, RNAi knock-out technology, binary expression systems like the GAL4/UAS system as well as other methods. Here, we will discuss the most useful methodologies to interrogate the fruit fly genome in vivo focusing on chemical mutagenesis, transposons and transgenes. Genome engineering approaches based on nucleases and RNAi technology are discussed in following chapters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen J T Venken
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, TX 77030, United States.
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Program in Developmental Biology, Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics, Department of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
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St Johnston D. Using mutants, knockdowns, and transgenesis to investigate gene function in Drosophila. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 2:587-613. [PMID: 24014449 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The sophisticated genetic techniques available in Drosophila are largely responsible for its success as a model organism. One of the most important of these is the ability to disrupt gene function in vivo and observe the resulting phenotypes. This review considers the ever-increasing repertoire of approaches for perturbing the functions of specific genes in flies, ranging from classical and transposon-mediated mutageneses to newer techniques, such as homologous recombination and RNA interference. Since most genes are used over and over again in different contexts during development, many important advances have depended on being able to interfere with gene function at specific times or places in the developing animal, and a variety of approaches are now available to do this. Most of these techniques rely on being able to create genetically modified strains of Drosophila and the different methods for generating lines carrying single copy transgenic constructs will be described, along with the advantages and disadvantages of each approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel St Johnston
- The Gurdon Institute and the Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK.
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Bajzek C, Rice AM, Andreazza S, Dushay MS. Coagulation and survival in Drosophila melanogaster fondue mutants. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 58:1376-1381. [PMID: 22885376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila larval coagulation factors have been identified in vitro. Better understanding of insect hemolymph coagulation calls for experiments in vivo. We have characterized a fondue (fon) mutation and null alleles isolated by imprecise excision of a transposable element. Loss of fon was pupal lethal, but adults could be recovered by expressing the UAS::fonGFP construct of Lindgren et al. (2008). Despite their lethality, fon mutations did not affect larval survival after wounding either when tested alone or in combination with a mutation in the hemolectin clotting factor gene. This reinforces the idea of redundant hemostatic mechanisms in Drosophila larvae, and independent pleiotropic functions of the fondue protein in coagulation and a vital process in metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Bajzek
- Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3101 S Dearborn St., Chicago, IL 60616, USA
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Kane DP, Shusterman M, Rong Y, McVey M. Competition between replicative and translesion polymerases during homologous recombination repair in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002659. [PMID: 22532806 PMCID: PMC3330096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In metazoans, the mechanism by which DNA is synthesized during homologous recombination repair of double-strand breaks is poorly understood. Specifically, the identities of the polymerase(s) that carry out repair synthesis and how they are recruited to repair sites are unclear. Here, we have investigated the roles of several different polymerases during homologous recombination repair in Drosophila melanogaster. Using a gap repair assay, we found that homologous recombination is impaired in Drosophila lacking DNA polymerase zeta and, to a lesser extent, polymerase eta. In addition, the Pol32 protein, part of the polymerase delta complex, is needed for repair requiring extensive synthesis. Loss of Rev1, which interacts with multiple translesion polymerases, results in increased synthesis during gap repair. Together, our findings support a model in which translesion polymerases and the polymerase delta complex compete during homologous recombination repair. In addition, they establish Rev1 as a crucial factor that regulates the extent of repair synthesis. DNA polymerases are required during both DNA replication and various types of DNA repair. DNA double-strand breaks are frequently repaired by homologous recombination, a conservative process in which DNA is copied into the break site from a similar template. The specific polymerases that operate during homologous recombination repair of DNA double-strand breaks have not been fully characterized in multicellular organisms. In this study, we created mutant strains of Drosophila lacking one or more DNA polymerases and determined their ability to synthesize large amounts of DNA during homologous recombination. We found that the error-prone translesion polymerases eta and zeta play overlapping roles during the initiation of synthesis, while the Pol32 subunit of the replicative polymerase delta complex is required for repair involving large amounts of synthesis. In addition, we showed that flies lacking the Rev1 translesion polymerase synthesize more DNA during gap repair than their normal counterparts. Our results demonstrate that both replicative and translesion polymerases are involved in homologous recombination and identify Rev1 as a protein that may regulate the access of various polymerases to double-strand break repair intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Kane
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael Shusterman
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yikang Rong
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mitch McVey
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Genetics, Tufts Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mutagenesis by imprecise excision of the piggyBac transposon in Drosophila melanogaster. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 417:335-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.11.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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MiMIC: a highly versatile transposon insertion resource for engineering Drosophila melanogaster genes. Nat Methods 2011; 8:737-43. [PMID: 21985007 PMCID: PMC3191940 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 483] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the versatility of a collection of insertions of the transposon Minos mediated integration cassette (MiMIC), in Drosophila melanogaster. MiMIC contains a gene-trap cassette and the yellow+ marker flanked by two inverted bacteriophage ΦC31 attP sites. MiMIC integrates almost at random in the genome to create sites for DNA manipulation. The attP sites allow the replacement of the intervening sequence of the transposon with any other sequence through recombinase mediated cassette exchange (RMCE). We can revert insertions that function as gene traps and cause mutant phenotypes to wild type by RMCE and modify insertions to control GAL4 or QF overexpression systems or perform lineage analysis using the Flp system. Insertions within coding introns can be exchanged with protein-tag cassettes to create fusion proteins to follow protein expression and perform biochemical experiments. The applications of MiMIC vastly extend the Drosophila melanogaster toolkit.
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Venken KJ, Simpson JH, Bellen HJ. Genetic manipulation of genes and cells in the nervous system of the fruit fly. Neuron 2011; 72:202-30. [PMID: 22017985 PMCID: PMC3232021 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Research in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has led to insights in neural development, axon guidance, ion channel function, synaptic transmission, learning and memory, diurnal rhythmicity, and neural disease that have had broad implications for neuroscience. Drosophila is currently the eukaryotic model organism that permits the most sophisticated in vivo manipulations to address the function of neurons and neuronally expressed genes. Here, we summarize many of the techniques that help assess the role of specific neurons by labeling, removing, or altering their activity. We also survey genetic manipulations to identify and characterize neural genes by mutation, overexpression, and protein labeling. Here, we attempt to acquaint the reader with available options and contexts to apply these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen J.T. Venken
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Neurological Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Julie H. Simpson
- Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, 20147
| | - Hugo J. Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Neurological Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030
- Program in Developmental Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030
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Identification and mapping of induced chromosomal deletions using sequence polymorphisms. Biotechniques 2010; 48:53-60. [PMID: 20078428 DOI: 10.2144/000113348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the many advantages of Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism is the relative ease with which gene deletions can be generated by imprecise excision of transposon insertions. Here, we describe a simple, fast, and efficient method of screening for single-gene excision events that is not biased by prior assumptions of the mutant phenotype. DNA sequence polymorphisms were used as co-dominant electrophoretic markers to identify candidate deletions in a single generation, and to delimit the breakpoints to within 0.5-1 kb, thereby rapidly identifying deficiencies that affect only the gene of interest. In addition, we used polymorphism profiling to map existing deficiencies. The method can also be applied to map the extent of deletions generated by x-rays and to identify targeted mutations generated by engineered zinc-finger nucleases in Drosophila and other polymorphic model organisms (e.g., zebrafish, mouse, Caenorhabditis elegans).
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