1
|
Torban E, Sokol SY. Planar cell polarity pathway in kidney development, function and disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2021; 17:369-385. [PMID: 33547419 PMCID: PMC8967065 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-021-00395-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) refers to the coordinated orientation of cells in the tissue plane. Originally discovered and studied in Drosophila melanogaster, PCP is now widely recognized in vertebrates, where it is implicated in organogenesis. Specific sets of PCP genes have been identified. The proteins encoded by these genes become asymmetrically distributed to opposite sides of cells within a tissue plane and guide many processes that include changes in cell shape and polarity, collective cell movements or the uniform distribution of cell appendages. A unifying characteristic of these processes is that they often involve rearrangement of actomyosin. Mutations in PCP genes can cause malformations in organs of many animals, including humans. In the past decade, strong evidence has accumulated for a role of the PCP pathway in kidney development including outgrowth and branching morphogenesis of ureteric bud and podocyte development. Defective PCP signalling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of developmental kidney disorders of the congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract spectrum. Understanding the origins, molecular constituents and cellular targets of PCP provides insights into the involvement of PCP molecules in normal kidney development and how dysfunction of PCP components may lead to kidney disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Torban
- McGill University and McGill University Health Center Research Institute, 1001 Boulevard Decarie, Block E, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H4A3J1.,Corresponding authors: Elena Torban (); Sergei Sokol ()
| | - Sergei Y. Sokol
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA,Corresponding authors: Elena Torban (); Sergei Sokol ()
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hertenstein H, McMullen E, Weiler A, Volkenhoff A, Becker HM, Schirmeier S. Starvation-induced regulation of carbohydrate transport at the blood-brain barrier is TGF-β-signaling dependent. eLife 2021; 10:e62503. [PMID: 34032568 PMCID: PMC8149124 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During hunger or malnutrition, animals prioritize alimentation of the brain over other organs to ensure its function and, thus, their survival. This protection, also-called brain sparing, is described from Drosophila to humans. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms adapting carbohydrate transport. Here, we used Drosophila genetics to unravel the mechanisms operating at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) under nutrient restriction. During starvation, expression of the carbohydrate transporter Tret1-1 is increased to provide more efficient carbohydrate uptake. Two mechanisms are responsible for this increase. Similar to the regulation of mammalian GLUT4, Rab-dependent intracellular shuttling is needed for Tret1-1 integration into the plasma membrane; even though Tret1-1 regulation is independent of insulin signaling. In addition, starvation induces transcriptional upregulation that is controlled by TGF-β signaling. Considering TGF-β-dependent regulation of the glucose transporter GLUT1 in murine chondrocytes, our study reveals an evolutionarily conserved regulatory paradigm adapting the expression of sugar transporters at the BBB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Hertenstein
- Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Ellen McMullen
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, WWU MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Astrid Weiler
- Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Anne Volkenhoff
- Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Holger M Becker
- Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Division of General Zoology, Department of Biology, University of KaiserslauternKaiserslauternGermany
| | - Stefanie Schirmeier
- Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kohrs FE, Daumann IM, Pavlovic B, Jin EJ, Kiral FR, Lin SC, Port F, Wolfenberg H, Mathejczyk TF, Linneweber GA, Chan CC, Boutros M, Hiesinger PR. Systematic functional analysis of rab GTPases reveals limits of neuronal robustness to environmental challenges in flies. eLife 2021; 10:59594. [PMID: 33666175 PMCID: PMC8016483 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab GTPases are molecular switches that regulate membrane trafficking in all cells. Neurons have particular demands on membrane trafficking and express numerous Rab GTPases of unknown function. Here, we report the generation and characterization of molecularly defined null mutants for all 26 rab genes in Drosophila. In flies, all rab genes are expressed in the nervous system where at least half exhibit particularly high levels compared to other tissues. Surprisingly, loss of any of these 13 nervous system-enriched Rabs yielded viable and fertile flies without obvious morphological defects. However, all 13 mutants differentially affected development when challenged with different temperatures, or neuronal function when challenged with continuous stimulation. We identified a synaptic maintenance defect following continuous stimulation for six mutants, including an autophagy-independent role of rab26. The complete mutant collection generated in this study provides a basis for further comprehensive studies of Rab GTPases during development and function in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Friederike E Kohrs
- Division of Neurobiology, Institute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ilsa-Maria Daumann
- Division of Neurobiology, Institute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bojana Pavlovic
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics and Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eugene Jennifer Jin
- Division of Neurobiology, Institute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - F Ridvan Kiral
- Division of Neurobiology, Institute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Filip Port
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics and Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heike Wolfenberg
- Division of Neurobiology, Institute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas F Mathejczyk
- Division of Neurobiology, Institute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerit A Linneweber
- Division of Neurobiology, Institute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Michael Boutros
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics and Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P Robin Hiesinger
- Division of Neurobiology, Institute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu G, Liu W, Zhao R, He J, Dong Z, Chen L, Wan W, Chang Z, Wang W, Li X. Genome-wide identification and gene-editing of pigment transporter genes in the swallowtail butterfly Papilio xuthus. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:120. [PMID: 33596834 PMCID: PMC7891156 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07400-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Insect body coloration often functions as camouflage to survive from predators or mate selection. Transportation of pigment precursors or related metabolites from cytoplasm to subcellular pigment granules is one of the key steps in insect pigmentation and usually executed via such transporter proteins as the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transmembrane transporters and small G-proteins (e.g. Rab protein). However, little is known about the copy numbers of pigment transporter genes in the butterfly genomes and about the roles of pigment transporters in the development of swallowtail butterflies. Results Here, we have identified 56 ABC transporters and 58 Rab members in the genome of swallowtail butterfly Papilio xuthus. This is the first case of genome-wide gene copy number identification of ABC transporters in swallowtail butterflies and Rab family in lepidopteran insects. Aiming to investigate the contribution of the five genes which are orthologous to well-studied pigment transporters (ABCG: white, scarlet, brown and ok; Rab: lightoid) of fruit fly or silkworm during the development of swallowtail butterflies, we performed CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing of these genes using P. xuthus as a model and sequenced the transcriptomes of their morphological mutants. Our results indicate that the disruption of each gene produced mutated phenotypes in the colors of larvae (cuticle, testis) and/or adult eyes in G0 individuals but have no effect on wing color. The transcriptomic data demonstrated that mutations induced by CRISPR/Cas9 can lead to the accumulation of abnormal transcripts and the decrease or dosage compensation of normal transcripts at gene expression level. Comparative transcriptomes revealed 606 ~ 772 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the mutants of four ABCG transporters and 1443 DEGs in the mutants of lightoid. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that DEGs in ABCG transporter mutants enriched to the oxidoreductase activity, heme binding, iron ion binding process possibly related to the color display, and DEGs in lightoid mutants are enriched in glycoprotein binding and protein kinases. Conclusions Our data indicated these transporter proteins play an important role in body color of P. xuthus. Our study provides new insights into the function of ABC transporters and small G-proteins in the morphological development of butterflies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07400-z.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guichun Liu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shanxi, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, China
| | - Ruoping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Jinwu He
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shanxi, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhiwei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Lei Chen
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shanxi, China
| | - Wenting Wan
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shanxi, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhou Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Wen Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shanxi, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China. .,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China.
| | - Xueyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Strutt H, Strutt D. How do the Fat-Dachsous and core planar polarity pathways act together and independently to coordinate polarized cell behaviours? Open Biol 2021; 11:200356. [PMID: 33561385 PMCID: PMC8061702 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Planar polarity describes the coordinated polarization of cells within the plane of a tissue. This is controlled by two main pathways in Drosophila: the Frizzled-dependent core planar polarity pathway and the Fat–Dachsous pathway. Components of both of these pathways become asymmetrically localized within cells in response to long-range upstream cues, and form intercellular complexes that link polarity between neighbouring cells. This review examines if and when the two pathways are coupled, focusing on the Drosophila wing, eye and abdomen. There is strong evidence that the pathways are molecularly coupled in tissues that express a specific isoform of the core protein Prickle, namely Spiny-legs. However, in other contexts, the linkages between the pathways are indirect. We discuss how the two pathways act together and independently to mediate a diverse range of effects on polarization of cell structures and behaviours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Strutt
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - David Strutt
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gerondopoulos A, Strutt H, Stevenson NL, Sobajima T, Levine TP, Stephens DJ, Strutt D, Barr FA. Planar Cell Polarity Effector Proteins Inturned and Fuzzy Form a Rab23 GEF Complex. Curr Biol 2019; 29:3323-3330.e8. [PMID: 31564489 PMCID: PMC6864590 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A subset of Rab GTPases have been implicated in cilium formation in cultured mammalian cells [1-6]. Rab11 and Rab8, together with their GDP-GTP exchange factors (GEFs), TRAPP-II and Rabin8, promote recruitment of the ciliary vesicle to the mother centriole and its subsequent maturation, docking, and fusion with the cell surface [2-5]. Rab23 has been linked to cilium formation and membrane trafficking at mature cilia [1, 7, 8]; however, the identity of the GEF pathway activating Rab23, a member of the Rab7 subfamily of Rabs, remains unclear. Longin-domain-containing complexes have been shown to act as GEFs for Rab7 subfamily GTPases [9-12]. Here, we show that Inturned and Fuzzy, proteins previously implicated as planar cell polarity (PCP) effectors and in developmentally regulated cilium formation [13, 14], contain multiple longin domains characteristic of the Mon1-Ccz1 family of Rab7 GEFs and form a specific Rab23 GEF complex. In flies, loss of Rab23 function gave rise to defects in planar-polarized trichome formation consistent with this biochemical relationship. In cultured human and mouse cells, Inturned and Fuzzy localized to the basal body and proximal region of cilia, and cilium formation was compromised by depletion of either Inturned or Fuzzy. Cilium formation arrested after docking of the ciliary vesicle to the mother centriole but prior to axoneme elongation and fusion of the ciliary vesicle and plasma membrane. These findings extend the family of longin domain GEFs and define a molecular activity linking Rab23-regulated membrane traffic to cilia and planar cell polarity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Gerondopoulos
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Helen Strutt
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Nicola L Stevenson
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Tomoaki Sobajima
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Tim P Levine
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath St., London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - David J Stephens
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - David Strutt
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Francis A Barr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tower-Gilchrist C, Zlatic SA, Yu D, Chang Q, Wu H, Lin X, Faundez V, Chen P. Adaptor protein-3 complex is required for Vangl2 trafficking and planar cell polarity of the inner ear. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:2422-2434. [PMID: 31268833 PMCID: PMC6741063 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-08-0592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) regulates coordinated cellular polarity among neighboring cells to establish a polarity axis parallel to the plane of the tissue. Disruption in PCP results in a range of developmental anomalies and diseases. A key feature of PCP is the polarized and asymmetric localization of several membrane PCP proteins, which is essential to establish the polarity axis to orient cells coordinately. However, the machinery that regulates the asymmetric partition of PCP proteins remains largely unknown. In the present study, we show Van gogh-like 2 (Vangl2) in early and recycling endosomes as made evident by colocalization with diverse endosomal Rab proteins. Vangl2 biochemically interacts with adaptor protein-3 complex (AP-3). Using short hairpin RNA knockdown, we found that Vangl2 subcellular localization was modified in AP-3–depleted cells. Moreover, Vangl2 membrane localization within the cochlea is greatly reduced in AP-3–deficient mocha mice, which exhibit profound hearing loss. In inner ears from AP-3–deficient mocha mice, we observed PCP-dependent phenotypes, such as misorientation and deformation of hair cell stereociliary bundles and disorganization of hair cells characteristic of defects in convergent extension that is driven by PCP. These findings demonstrate a novel role of AP-3–mediated sorting mechanisms in regulating PCP proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie A Zlatic
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Dehong Yu
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital and Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200125, China
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.,Department of Otolaryngology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital and Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200125, China
| | - Xi Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.,Department of Otolaryngology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
The Drosophila homologue of MEGF8 is essential for early development. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8790. [PMID: 29884872 PMCID: PMC5993795 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27076-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the gene MEGF8 cause Carpenter syndrome in humans, and the mouse orthologue has been functionally associated with Nodal and Bmp4 signalling. Here, we have investigated the phenotype associated with loss-of-function of CG7466, a gene that encodes the Drosophila homologue of MEGF8. We generated three different frame-shift null mutations in CG7466 using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. Heterozygous flies appeared normal, but homozygous animals had disorganised denticle belts and died as 2nd or 3rd instar larvae. Larvae were delayed in transition to 3rd instars and showed arrested growth, which was associated with abnormal feeding behaviour and prolonged survival when yeast food was supplemented with sucrose. RNAi-mediated knockdown using the Gal4-UAS system resulted in lethality with ubiquitous and tissue-specific Gal4 drivers, and growth defects including abnormal bristle number and orientation in a subset of escapers. We conclude that CG7466 is essential for larval development and that diminished function perturbs denticle and bristle formation.
Collapse
|
9
|
Hor CH, Tang BL, Goh EL. Rab23 and developmental disorders. Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:849-860. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Rab23 is a conserved member of the Rab family of small GTPases that regulates membrane trafficking in eukaryotes. It is unique amongst the Rabs in terms of its implicated role in mammalian development, as originally illustrated by the embryonic lethality and open neural tube phenotype of a spontaneous mouse mutant that carries homozygous mutation of open brain, a gene encoding Rab23. Rab23 was initially identified to act as an antagonist of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling, and has since been implicated in a number of physiological and pathological roles, including oncogenesis. Interestingly, RAB23 null allele homozygosity in humans is not lethal, but instead causes the developmental disorder Carpenter’s syndrome (CS), which is characterized by craniofacial malformations, polysyndactyly, obesity and intellectual disability. CS bears some phenotypic resemblance to a spectrum of hereditary defects associated with the primary cilium, or the ciliopathies. Recent findings have in fact implicated Rab23 in protein traffic to the primary cilium, thus linking it with the primary cellular locale of Shh signaling. Rab23 also has Shh and cilia-independent functions. It is known to mediate the expression of Nodal at the mouse left lateral plate mesoderm and Kupffer’s vesicle, the zebrafish equivalent of the mouse node. It is thus important for the left-right patterning of vertebrate embryos. In this review, we discuss the developmental disorders associated with Rab23 and attempt to relate its cellular activities to its roles in development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine H.H. Hor
- Neuroscience Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School , 8 College Road , Singapore 169857 , Singapore
- Department of Research , National Neuroscience Institute , Singapore 308433 , Singapore
| | - Bor Luen Tang
- Department of Biochemistry , Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117597 , Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering , National University of Singapore, Medical Drive , Singapore 117456 , Singapore
| | - Eyleen L.K. Goh
- Neuroscience Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School , 8 College Road , Singapore 169857 , Singapore
- Department of Research , National Neuroscience Institute , Singapore 308433 , Singapore
- Department of Physiology , Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine , National University of Singapore , 8 Medical Drive , Singapore 117597 , Singapore
- KK Research Center, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital , Singapore 229899 , Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Cilia are microtubule-based organelles extending from a basal body at the surface of eukaryotic cells. Cilia regulate cell and fluid motility, sensation and developmental signaling, and ciliary defects cause human diseases (ciliopathies) affecting the formation and function of many tissues and organs. Over the past decade, various Rab and Rab-like membrane trafficking proteins have been shown to regulate cilia-related processes such as basal body maturation, ciliary axoneme extension, intraflagellar transport and ciliary signaling. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of Rab protein ciliary associations, drawing on findings from multiple model systems, including mammalian cell culture, mice, zebrafish, C. elegans, trypanosomes, and green algae. We also discuss several emerging mechanistic themes related to ciliary Rab cascades and functional redundancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver E Blacque
- a School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science , University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin , Ireland
| | - Noemie Scheidel
- a School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science , University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin , Ireland
| | - Stefanie Kuhns
- a School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science , University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin , Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Cilia are microtubule-based organelles extending from a basal body at the surface of eukaryotic cells. Cilia regulate cell and fluid motility, sensation and developmental signaling, and ciliary defects cause human diseases (ciliopathies) affecting the formation and function of many tissues and organs. Over the past decade, various Rab and Rab-like membrane trafficking proteins have been shown to regulate cilia-related processes such as basal body maturation, ciliary axoneme extension, intraflagellar transport and ciliary signaling. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of Rab protein ciliary associations, drawing on findings from multiple model systems, including mammalian cell culture, mice, zebrafish, C. elegans, trypanosomes, and green algae. We also discuss several emerging mechanistic themes related to ciliary Rab cascades and functional redundancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver E Blacque
- a School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science , University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin , Ireland
| | - Noemie Scheidel
- a School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science , University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin , Ireland
| | - Stefanie Kuhns
- a School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science , University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin , Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Caviglia S, Flores-Benitez D, Lattner J, Luschnig S, Brankatschk M. Rabs on the fly: Functions of Rab GTPases during development. Small GTPases 2017; 10:89-98. [PMID: 28118081 PMCID: PMC6380344 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2017.1279725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The organization of intracellular transport processes is adapted specifically to different cell types, developmental stages, and physiologic requirements. Some protein traffic routes are universal to all cells and constitutively active, while other routes are cell-type specific, transient, and induced under particular conditions only. Small GTPases of the Rab (Ras related in brain) subfamily are conserved across eukaryotes and regulate most intracellular transit pathways. The complete sets of Rab proteins have been identified in model organisms, and molecular principles underlying Rab functions have been uncovered. Rabs provide intracellular landmarks that define intracellular transport sequences. Nevertheless, it remains a challenge to systematically map the subcellular distribution of all Rabs and their functional interrelations. This task requires novel tools to precisely describe and manipulate the Rab machinery in vivo. Here we discuss recent findings about Rab roles during development and we consider novel approaches to investigate Rab functions in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Caviglia
- a Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem), University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.,c Institute of Molecular Life Sciences and Ph.D. Program in Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - David Flores-Benitez
- b Max Planck Institute for Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG) , Dresden , Germany
| | - Johanna Lattner
- b Max Planck Institute for Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG) , Dresden , Germany
| | - Stefan Luschnig
- c Institute of Molecular Life Sciences and Ph.D. Program in Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.,d Institute of Neurobiology and Cluster of Excellence Cells-in-Motion (EXC 1003 - CiM), University of Münster , Münster , Germany
| | - Marko Brankatschk
- e The Biotechnological Center of the TU Dresden (BIOTEC) , Dresden , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Schmid MR, Anderl I, Vo HTM, Valanne S, Yang H, Kronhamn J, Rämet M, Rusten TE, Hultmark D. Genetic Screen in Drosophila Larvae Links ird1 Function to Toll Signaling in the Fat Body and Hemocyte Motility. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159473. [PMID: 27467079 PMCID: PMC4965076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand how Toll signaling controls the activation of a cellular immune response in Drosophila blood cells (hemocytes), we carried out a genetic modifier screen, looking for deletions that suppress or enhance the mobilization of sessile hemocytes by the gain-of-function mutation Toll10b (Tl10b). Here we describe the results from chromosome arm 3R, where five regions strongly suppressed this phenotype. We identified the specific genes immune response deficient 1 (ird1), headcase (hdc) and possibly Rab23 as suppressors, and we studied the role of ird1 in more detail. An ird1 null mutant and a mutant that truncates the N-terminal kinase domain of the encoded Ird1 protein affected the Tl10b phenotype, unlike mutations that affect the C-terminal part of the protein. The ird1 null mutant suppressed mobilization of sessile hemocytes, but enhanced other Tl10b hemocyte phenotypes, like the formation of melanotic nodules and the increased number of circulating hemocytes. ird1 mutants also had blood cell phenotypes on their own. They lacked crystal cells and showed aberrant formation of lamellocytes. ird1 mutant plasmatocytes had a reduced ability to spread on an artificial substrate by forming protrusions, which may explain why they did not go into circulation in response to Toll signaling. The effect of the ird1 mutation depended mainly on ird1 expression in hemocytes, but ird1-dependent effects in other tissues may contribute. Specifically, the Toll receptor was translocated from the cell membrane to intracellular vesicles in the fat body of the ird1 mutant, and Toll signaling was activated in that tissue, partially explaining the Tl10b-like phenotype. As ird1 is otherwise known to control vesicular transport, we conclude that the vesicular transport system may be of particular importance during an immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ines Anderl
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Hoa T. M. Vo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Hairu Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jesper Kronhamn
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mika Rämet
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- PEDEGO Research Center, and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tor Erik Rusten
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Oslo University Hospital, Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dan Hultmark
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rab23 activities and human cancer—emerging connections and mechanisms. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:12959-12967. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5207-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
|
15
|
Hedgehog Signaling Strength Is Orchestrated by the mir-310 Cluster of MicroRNAs in Response to Diet. Genetics 2016; 202:1167-83. [PMID: 26801178 PMCID: PMC4788116 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.185371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) only two decades ago, they have emerged as an essential component of the gene regulatory machinery. miRNAs have seemingly paradoxical features: a single miRNA is able to simultaneously target hundreds of genes, while its presence is mostly dispensable for animal viability under normal conditions. It is known that miRNAs act as stress response factors; however, it remains challenging to determine their relevant targets and the conditions under which they function. To address this challenge, we propose a new workflow for miRNA function analysis, by which we found that the evolutionarily young miRNA family, the mir-310s (mir-310/mir-311/mir-312/mir-313), are important regulators of Drosophila metabolic status. mir-310s-deficient animals have an abnormal diet-dependent expression profile for numerous diet-sensitive components, accumulate fats, and show various physiological defects. We found that the mir-310s simultaneously repress the production of several regulatory factors (Rab23, DHR96, and Ttk) of the evolutionarily conserved Hedgehog (Hh) pathway to sharpen dietary response. As the mir-310s expression is highly dynamic and nutrition sensitive, this signal relay model helps to explain the molecular mechanism governing quick and robust Hh signaling responses to nutritional changes. Additionally, we discovered a new component of the Hh signaling pathway in Drosophila, Rab23, which cell autonomously regulates Hh ligand trafficking in the germline stem cell niche. How organisms adjust to dietary fluctuations to sustain healthy homeostasis is an intriguing research topic. These data are the first to report that miRNAs can act as executives that transduce nutritional signals to an essential signaling pathway. This suggests miRNAs as plausible therapeutic agents that can be used in combination with low calorie and cholesterol diets to manage quick and precise tissue-specific responses to nutritional changes.
Collapse
|
16
|
Dunst S, Kazimiers T, von Zadow F, Jambor H, Sagner A, Brankatschk B, Mahmoud A, Spannl S, Tomancak P, Eaton S, Brankatschk M. Endogenously tagged rab proteins: a resource to study membrane trafficking in Drosophila. Dev Cell 2015; 33:351-65. [PMID: 25942626 PMCID: PMC4431667 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Membrane trafficking is key to the cell biological mechanisms underlying development. Rab GTPases control specific membrane compartments, from core secretory and endocytic machinery to less-well-understood compartments. We tagged all 27 Drosophila Rabs with YFP(MYC) at their endogenous chromosomal loci, determined their expression and subcellular localization in six tissues comprising 23 cell types, and provide this data in an annotated, searchable image database. We demonstrate the utility of these lines for controlled knockdown and show that similar subcellular localization can predict redundant functions. We exploit this comprehensive resource to ask whether a common Rab compartment architecture underlies epithelial polarity. Strikingly, no single arrangement of Rabs characterizes the five epithelia we examine. Rather, epithelia flexibly polarize Rab distribution, producing membrane trafficking architectures that are tissue- and stage-specific. Thus, the core machinery responsible for epithelial polarization is unlikely to rely on polarized positioning of specific Rab compartments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Dunst
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Tom Kazimiers
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden 01307, Germany; HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Felix von Zadow
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Helena Jambor
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Andreas Sagner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden 01307, Germany; MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Beate Brankatschk
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden 01307, Germany; Paul Langerhans Institute, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Ali Mahmoud
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Stephanie Spannl
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Pavel Tomancak
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden 01307, Germany.
| | - Suzanne Eaton
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden 01307, Germany.
| | - Marko Brankatschk
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden 01307, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Carvajal-Gonzalez JM, Balmer S, Mendoza M, Dussert A, Collu G, Roman AC, Weber U, Ciruna B, Mlodzik M. The clathrin adaptor AP-1 complex and Arf1 regulate planar cell polarity in vivo. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6751. [PMID: 25849195 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A key step in generating planar cell polarity (PCP) is the formation of restricted junctional domains containing Frizzled/Dishevelled/Diego (Fz/Dsh/Dgo) or Van Gogh/Prickle (Vang/Pk) complexes within the same cell, stabilized via Flamingo (Fmi) across cell membranes. Although models have been proposed for how these complexes acquire and maintain their polarized localization, the machinery involved in moving core PCP proteins around cells remains unknown. We describe the AP-1 adaptor complex and Arf1 as major regulators of PCP protein trafficking in vivo. AP-1 and Arf1 disruption affects the accumulation of Fz/Fmi and Vang/Fmi complexes in the proximo-distal axis, producing severe PCP phenotypes. Using novel tools, we demonstrate a direct and specific Arf1 involvement in Fz trafficking in vivo. Moreover, we uncover a conserved Arf1 PCP function in vertebrates. Our data support a model whereby the trafficking machinery plays an important part during PCP establishment, promoting formation of polarized PCP-core complexes in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Maria Carvajal-Gonzalez
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York City, New York 10029, USA
| | - Sophie Balmer
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York City, New York 10029, USA
| | - Meg Mendoza
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Aurore Dussert
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York City, New York 10029, USA
| | - Giovanna Collu
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York City, New York 10029, USA
| | | | - Ursula Weber
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York City, New York 10029, USA
| | - Brian Ciruna
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Marek Mlodzik
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York City, New York 10029, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fuller K, O'Connell JT, Gordon J, Mauti O, Eggenschwiler J. Rab23 regulates Nodal signaling in vertebrate left-right patterning independently of the Hedgehog pathway. Dev Biol 2014; 391:182-95. [PMID: 24780629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric fluid flow in the node and Nodal signaling in the left lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) drive left-right patterning of the mammalian body plan. However, the mechanisms linking fluid flow to asymmetric gene expression in the LPM remain unclear. Here we show that the small GTPase Rab23, known for its role in Hedgehog signaling, plays a separate role in Nodal signaling and left-right patterning in the mouse embryo. Rab23 is not required for initial symmetry breaking in the node, but it is required for expression of Nodal and Nodal target genes in the LPM. Microinjection of Nodal protein and transfection of Nodal cDNA in the embryo indicate that Rab23 is required for the production of functional Nodal signals, rather than the response to them. Using gain- and loss-of function approaches, we show that Rab23 plays a similar role in zebrafish, where it is required in the teleost equivalent of the mouse node, Kupffer׳s vesicle. Collectively, these data suggest that Rab23 is an essential component of the mechanism that transmits asymmetric patterning information from the node to the LPM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Fuller
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States
| | - Joyce T O'Connell
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States
| | - Julie Gordon
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Olivier Mauti
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gallegos ME, Balakrishnan S, Chandramouli P, Arora S, Azameera A, Babushekar A, Bargoma E, Bokhari A, Chava SK, Das P, Desai M, Decena D, Saramma SDD, Dey B, Doss AL, Gor N, Gudiputi L, Guo C, Hande S, Jensen M, Jones S, Jones N, Jorgens D, Karamchedu P, Kamrani K, Kolora LD, Kristensen L, Kwan K, Lau H, Maharaj P, Mander N, Mangipudi K, Menakuru H, Mody V, Mohanty S, Mukkamala S, Mundra SA, Nagaraju S, Narayanaswamy R, Ndungu-Case C, Noorbakhsh M, Patel J, Patel P, Pendem SV, Ponakala A, Rath M, Robles MC, Rokkam D, Roth C, Sasidharan P, Shah S, Tandon S, Suprai J, Truong TQN, Uthayaruban R, Varma A, Ved U, Wang Z, Yu Z. The C. elegans rab family: identification, classification and toolkit construction. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49387. [PMID: 23185324 PMCID: PMC3504004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab monomeric GTPases regulate specific aspects of vesicle transport in eukaryotes including coat recruitment, uncoating, fission, motility, target selection and fusion. Moreover, individual Rab proteins function at specific sites within the cell, for example the ER, golgi and early endosome. Importantly, the localization and function of individual Rab subfamily members are often conserved underscoring the significant contributions that model organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans can make towards a better understanding of human disease caused by Rab and vesicle trafficking malfunction. With this in mind, a bioinformatics approach was first taken to identify and classify the complete C. elegans Rab family placing individual Rabs into specific subfamilies based on molecular phylogenetics. For genes that were difficult to classify by sequence similarity alone, we did a comparative analysis of intron position among specific subfamilies from yeast to humans. This two-pronged approach allowed the classification of 30 out of 31 C. elegans Rab proteins identified here including Rab31/Rab50, a likely member of the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA). Second, a molecular toolset was created to facilitate research on biological processes that involve Rab proteins. Specifically, we used Gateway-compatible C. elegans ORFeome clones as starting material to create 44 full-length, sequence-verified, dominant-negative (DN) and constitutive active (CA) rab open reading frames (ORFs). Development of this toolset provided independent research projects for students enrolled in a research-based molecular techniques course at California State University, East Bay (CSUEB).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Gallegos
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University East Bay, Hayward, CA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gault WJ, Olguin P, Weber U, Mlodzik M. Drosophila CK1-γ, gilgamesh, controls PCP-mediated morphogenesis through regulation of vesicle trafficking. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 196:605-21. [PMID: 22391037 PMCID: PMC3307696 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201107137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
CK1-γ/gilgamesh spatially limits the planar cell polarity–regulated process of trichome formation in Drosophila through its effect on polarized vesicle recycling. Cellular morphogenesis, including polarized outgrowth, promotes tissue shape and function. Polarized vesicle trafficking has emerged as a fundamental mechanism by which protein and membrane can be targeted to discrete subcellular domains to promote localized protrusions. Frizzled (Fz)/planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling orchestrates cytoskeletal polarization and drives morphogenetic changes in such contexts as the vertebrate body axis and external Drosophila melanogaster tissues. Although regulation of Fz/PCP signaling via vesicle trafficking has been identified, the interplay between the vesicle trafficking machinery and downstream terminal PCP-directed processes is less established. In this paper, we show that Drosophila CK1-γ/gilgamesh (gish) regulates the PCP-associated process of trichome formation through effects on Rab11-mediated vesicle recycling. Although the core Fz/PCP proteins dictate prehair formation broadly, CK1-γ/gish restricts nucleation to a single site. Moreover, CK1-γ/gish works in parallel with the Fz/PCP effector multiple wing hairs, which restricts prehair formation along the perpendicular axis to Gish. Our findings suggest that polarized Rab11-mediated vesicle trafficking regulated by CK1-γ is required for PCP-directed processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William J Gault
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sundberg TB, Darricarrere N, Cirone P, Li X, McDonald L, Mei X, Westlake CJ, Slusarski DC, Beynon RJ, Crews CM. Disruption of Wnt planar cell polarity signaling by aberrant accumulation of the MetAP-2 substrate Rab37. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 18:1300-11. [PMID: 22035799 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Identification of methionine aminopeptidase-2 (MetAP-2) as the molecular target of the antiangiogenic compound TNP-470 has sparked interest in N-terminal Met excision's (NME) role in endothelial cell biology. In this regard, we recently demonstrated that MetAP-2 inhibition suppresses Wnt planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling and that endothelial cells depend on this pathway for normal function. Despite this advance, the substrate(s) whose activity is altered upon MetAP-2 inhibition, resulting in loss of Wnt PCP signaling, is not known. Here we identify the small G protein Rab37 as a MetAP-2-specific substrate that accumulates in the presence of TNP-470. A functional role for aberrant Rab37 accumulation in TNP-470's mode of action is demonstrated using a Rab37 point mutant that is resistant to NME, because expression of this mutant phenocopies the effects of MetAP-2 inhibition on Wnt PCP signaling-dependent processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Sundberg
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Drosophila has been the key model system for studies on planar cell polarity (PCP). The rich morphology of the insect exoskeleton contains many structures that display PCP. Among these are the trichomes (cuticular hairs) that cover much of the exoskeleton, sensory bristles, and ommatidia. Many genes have been identified that must function for the development of normal PCP. Among these are the genes that comprise the frizzled/starry night (fz/stan) and dachsous/fat pathways. The mechanisms that underlie the function of the fz/stan pathway are best understood. All of the protein products of these genes accumulate asymmetrically in wing cells and there is good evidence that this involves local intercellular signaling between protein complexes on the distal edge of one cell and the juxtaposed proximal edge of its neighbor. It is thought that a feedback system, directed transport, and stabilizing protein-protein interactions mediate the formation of distal and proximal protein complexes. These complexes appear to recruit downstream proteins that function to spatially restrict the activation of the cytoskeleton in wing cells. This leads to the formation of the array of distally pointing hairs found on wings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Adler
- Biology Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mink1 regulates β-catenin-independent Wnt signaling via Prickle phosphorylation. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 32:173-85. [PMID: 22037766 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.06320-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Catenin-independent Wnt signaling pathways have been implicated in the regulation of planar cell polarity (PCP) and convergent extension (CE) cell movements. Prickle, one of the core proteins of these pathways, is known to asymmetrically localize proximally at the adherens junction of Drosophila melanogaster wing cells and to locally accumulate within plasma membrane subdomains in cells undergoing CE movements during vertebrate development. Using mass spectrometry, we have identified the Ste20 kinase Mink1 as a Prickle-associated protein and found that they genetically interact during the establishment of PCP in the Drosophila eye and CE in Xenopus laevis embryos. We show that Mink1 phosphorylates Prickle on a conserved threonine residue and regulates its Rab5-dependent endosomal trafficking, a process required for the localized plasma membrane accumulation and function of Prickle. Mink1 also was found to be important for the clustering of Vangl within plasma membrane puncta. Our results provide a link between Mink and the Vangl-Prickle complex and highlight the importance of Prickle phosphorylation and endosomal trafficking for its function during Wnt-PCP signaling.
Collapse
|
24
|
Huang TH, Ka SM, Hsu YJ, Shui HA, Tang BL, Hu KY, Chang JL, Chen A. Rab23 plays a role in the pathophysiology of mesangial cells--a proteomic analysis. Proteomics 2011; 11:380-94. [PMID: 21268268 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Rab23, a novel member of the Rab family of small GTPases, has recently been identified in mesangial cells (MCs). Although Rab23 levels in MCs are associated with glomerular nephropathies, the exact physiological and pathological roles of Rab23 in MCs are unknown. In the present study, its roles in MCs were explored by performing proteomics and systems biology analyses in MCs after knockdown or overexpression of Rab23. Knockdown of Rab23 was achieved by transfecting MCs with a plasmid expressing short hairpin RNA against Rab23, while overexpression of Rab23 was accomplished by transfection with the wild-type, dominant negative, and constitutively active Rab23 gene constructs. The effects of different levels of Rab23 activity on proteome of various biological pathways were investigated. Gel-based proteomic approaches and systems biology tools, respectively, were used to identify the Rab23-regulated proteins and the functional pathways. Proteomic analysis revealed the potential roles for Rab23 in multiple processes, including G-protein signal transduction, transcription modulation, RNA stabilization, protein synthesis and degradation, cytoskeleton reorganization, anti-oxidation and detoxification, circadian rhythm regulation and phagocytosis. Bioinformatics analyses showed that Rab23 impacts on multiple biological networks in MCs. These data may shed light on the roles of Rab23 in mesangiopathy or MC damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Hao Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|