1
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Iga T, Kobayashi H, Kusumoto D, Sanosaka T, Fujita N, Tai-Nagara I, Ando T, Takahashi T, Matsuo K, Hozumi K, Ito K, Ema M, Miyamoto T, Matsumoto M, Nakamura M, Okano H, Shibata S, Kohyama J, Kim KK, Takubo K, Kubota Y. Spatial heterogeneity of bone marrow endothelial cells unveils a distinct subtype in the epiphysis. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:1415-1425. [PMID: 37798545 PMCID: PMC10567563 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01240-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone marrow endothelial cells (BMECs) play a key role in bone formation and haematopoiesis. Although recent studies uncovered the cellular taxonomy of stromal compartments in the bone marrow (BM), the complexity of BMECs is not fully characterized. In the present study, using single-cell RNA sequencing, we defined a spatial heterogeneity of BMECs and identified a capillary subtype, termed type S (secondary ossification) endothelial cells (ECs), exclusively existing in the epiphysis. Type S ECs possessed unique phenotypic characteristics in terms of structure, plasticity and gene expression profiles. Genetic experiments showed that type S ECs atypically contributed to the acquisition of bone strength by secreting type I collagen, the most abundant bone matrix component. Moreover, these cells formed a distinct reservoir for haematopoietic stem cells. These findings provide the landscape for the cellular architecture in the BM vasculature and underscore the importance of epiphyseal ECs during bone and haematopoietic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Iga
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kobayashi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dai Kusumoto
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Sanosaka
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Fujita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ikue Tai-Nagara
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Ando
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Matsuo
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuto Hozumi
- Department of Immunology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanawaga, Japan
| | - Kosei Ito
- Department of Molecular Bone Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Ema
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takeshi Miyamoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Morio Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Shibata
- Division of Microscopic Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Jun Kohyama
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kevin K Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Keiyo Takubo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Kubota
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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2
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Akiyama T, Sadahiro T, Yamada Y, Fujita R, Abe Y, Nakano K, Honda S, Ema M, Kubota Y, Sakai S, Hizawa N, Ieda M. Flk1 Deficiency and Hypoxia Synergistically Promote Endothelial Dysfunction, Vascular Remodeling, and Pulmonary Hypertension. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:1668-1683. [PMID: 37534464 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.319266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms underlying pulmonary hypertension (PH) remain largely unknown; further, why advanced vascular remodeling preferentially occurs in arterioles is yet to be answered. VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) regulates angiogenesis through Flk1 (fetal liver kinase 1) and Flt1 (fms-like tyrosine kinase 1) on endothelial cells (ECs), which may be related to PH pathogenesis. However, spatiotemporal expression patterns of Flk1 and Flt1 in the pulmonary vascular system and the role of endothelial Flk1 in PH development remain poorly understood. METHODS We analyzed multiple reporter mice, including Flk1-GFP (green fluorescent protein) bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic (Tg), Flt1-DsRed bacterial artificial chromosome Tg, and Flk1-GFP/Flt1-DsRed double Tg mice, to determine the spatiotemporal expression of Flk1 and Flt1 in hypoxia-induced PH. We also used Cdh5CreERT2/Flk1f/f/Tomato (Flk1-KO [knockout]) mice to induce EC-specific Flk1 deletion and lineage tracing in chronic hypoxia. RESULTS Flk1 was specifically expressed in the ECs of small pulmonary vessels, including arterioles. Conversely, Flt1 was more broadly expressed in the ECs of large- to small-sized vessels in adult mouse lungs. Intriguingly, Flk1+ ECs were transiently increased in hypoxia with proliferation, whereas Flt1 expression was unchanged. Flk1-KO mice did not exhibit pulmonary vascular remodeling nor PH in normoxia; however, the arteriolar ECs changed to a cuboidal shape with protrusion. In hypoxia, Flk1 deletion exacerbated EC dysfunction and reduced their number via apoptosis. Additionally, Flk1 deletion promoted medial thickening and neointimal formation in arterioles and worsened PH. Mechanistically, lineage tracing revealed that neointimal cells were derived from Flk1-KO ECs. Moreover, RNA sequencing in pulmonary ECs demonstrated that Flk1 deletion and hypoxia synergistically activated multiple pathways, including cell cycle, senescence/apoptosis, and cytokine/growth factor, concomitant with suppression of cell adhesion and angiogenesis, to promote vascular remodeling. CONCLUSIONS Flk1 and Flt1 were differentially expressed in pulmonary ECs. Flk1 deficiency and hypoxia jointly dysregulated arteriolar ECs to promote vascular remodeling. Thus, dysfunction of Flk1+ ECs may contribute to the pathogenesis of advanced vascular remodeling in pulmonary arterioles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Akiyama
- Department of Cardiology (T.A., T.S., Y.Y., R.F., Y.A., K.N., S.H., S.S., M.I.), Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine (T.A., N.H.), Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Taketaro Sadahiro
- Department of Cardiology (T.A., T.S., Y.Y., R.F., Y.A., K.N., S.H., S.S., M.I.), Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yu Yamada
- Department of Cardiology (T.A., T.S., Y.Y., R.F., Y.A., K.N., S.H., S.S., M.I.), Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ryo Fujita
- Department of Cardiology (T.A., T.S., Y.Y., R.F., Y.A., K.N., S.H., S.S., M.I.), Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Transborder Medical Research Center (R.F.), Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuto Abe
- Department of Cardiology (T.A., T.S., Y.Y., R.F., Y.A., K.N., S.H., S.S., M.I.), Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Koji Nakano
- Department of Cardiology (T.A., T.S., Y.Y., R.F., Y.A., K.N., S.H., S.S., M.I.), Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Honda
- Department of Cardiology (T.A., T.S., Y.Y., R.F., Y.A., K.N., S.H., S.S., M.I.), Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Ema
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Transborder Medical Research Center (R.F.), Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kubota
- Departments of Anatomy (Y.K.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sakai
- Department of Cardiology (T.A., T.S., Y.Y., R.F., Y.A., K.N., S.H., S.S., M.I.), Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Faculty of Health Science, Tsukuba University of Technology, Japan (S.S.)
| | - Nobuyuki Hizawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine (T.A., N.H.), Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masaki Ieda
- Department of Cardiology (T.A., T.S., Y.Y., R.F., Y.A., K.N., S.H., S.S., M.I.), Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Cardiology (M.I.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Abstract
The bone marrow (BM) is home to numerous cell types arising from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and nonhematopoietic mesenchymal stem cells, as well as stromal cell components. Together they form the BM microenvironment or HSC niche. HSCs critically depend on signaling from these niches to function and survive in the long term. Significant advances in imaging technologies over the past decade have permitted the study of the BM microenvironment in mice, particularly with the development of intravital microscopy (IVM), which provides a powerful method to study these cells in vivo and in real time. Still, there is a lot to be learnt about the interactions of individual HSCs with their environment - at steady state and under various stresses - and whether specific niches exist for distinct developing hematopoietic lineages. Here, we describe our protocol and techniques used to visualize transplanted HSCs in the mouse calvarium, using combined confocal and two-photon IVM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam L R Haltalli
- Imperial College London, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Wellcome - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cristina Lo Celso
- Imperial College London, London, UK.
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
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4
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Matsubara T, Iga T, Sugiura Y, Kusumoto D, Sanosaka T, Tai-Nagara I, Takeda N, Fong GH, Ito K, Ema M, Okano H, Kohyama J, Suematsu M, Kubota Y. Coupling of angiogenesis and odontogenesis orchestrates tooth mineralization in mice. J Exp Med 2022; 219:213091. [PMID: 35319724 PMCID: PMC8952600 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20211789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeletal system consists of bones and teeth, both of which are hardened via mineralization to support daily physical activity and mastication. The precise mechanism for this process, especially how blood vessels contribute to tissue mineralization, remains incompletely understood. Here, we established an imaging technique to visualize the 3D structure of the tooth vasculature at a single-cell level. Using this technique combined with single-cell RNA sequencing, we identified a unique endothelial subtype specialized to dentinogenesis, a process of tooth mineralization, termed periodontal tip-like endothelial cells. These capillaries exhibit high angiogenic activity and plasticity under the control of odontoblasts; in turn, the capillaries trigger odontoblast maturation. Metabolomic analysis demonstrated that the capillaries perform the phosphate delivery required for dentinogenesis. Taken together, our data identified the fundamental cell-to-cell communications that orchestrate tooth formation, angiogenic–odontogenic coupling, a distinct mechanism compared to the angiogenic–osteogenic coupling in bones. This mechanism contributes to our understanding concerning the functional diversity of organotypic vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Matsubara
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahito Iga
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Sugiura
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dai Kusumoto
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Sanosaka
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikue Tai-Nagara
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihiko Takeda
- Division of Cardiology and Metabolism, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Guo-Hua Fong
- Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT
| | - Kosei Ito
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Ema
- Depart of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Kohyama
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Suematsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kubota
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Kido Y, Ando T, Iga T, Ema M, Kubota Y, Tai-Nagara I. Genetic Deletion of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 in Endothelial Cells Leads to Immediate Disruption of Tumor Vessels and Aggravation of Hypoxia. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:379-388. [PMID: 34861214 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) blockers are used widely in clinics to target various types of human cancer. Although VEGF blockers exert marked tumor suppressive effects, the therapeutic effects can be limited. Moreover, accumulating evidence shows that VEGF acts not just on endothelial cells but also on various nonendothelial cells, including tumor and immune cells, suggesting a need to revisit the bona fide action of VEGF on endothelial cells using specific genetic mouse models. Herein, tamoxifen-inducible endothelial-specific knockout mice lacking VEGF receptor 2 (Vegfr2), the major signal transducer for VEGF, were used. The initial event resulting from cessation of endothelial Vegfr2 signaling was vascular truncation and fragmentation, rather than maturation of abnormalized vessels. Although deletion of endothelial Vegfr2 suppressed intratumor hemorrhage, it enhanced hypoxia in tumor cells and reduced the number of infiltrating cytotoxic T cells, suggesting a profound reduction in intratumor blood flow. In various tissues, deletion of endothelial Vegfr2 induced regression of healthy capillaries in intestinal villi, substantiating intestinal perforation, which is one of the most common adverse effects of VEGF blockade in humans. Overall, the data suggest that some of the known effects of VEGF blockers on tumor vessels are caused by partial cessation of VEGF signaling, or by actions on nonendothelial cells. The results increase the understanding of the mechanisms underlying anti-angiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Kido
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Ando
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahito Iga
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Ema
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kubota
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Ikue Tai-Nagara
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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6
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Abe S, Murashima A, Kimura E, Ema M, Hitomi J. Early development of the pulmonary vascular system: An anatomical and histochemical reinvestigation of the pulmonary venous return development in mice. Acta Histochem 2022; 124:151840. [PMID: 35042002 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2021.151840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary venous return development establishes the fetal circulation and is critical for the formation of pulmonary circulation independent of systemic circulation at birth. Anomalous returns lead to inappropriate drainage of blood flow, sometimes resulting in neonatal cyanosis and cardiac failure. While many classical studies have discussed the anatomical features of the pulmonary venous system development, the cellular dynamics of the endothelia based on the molecular marker expression remain unknown. In the present study, we examined the expression of several endothelial markers during early pulmonary vascular system development of murine embryos. We show that Endomucin and CD31 are expressed early in endothelial cells of the splanchnic plexus, which is the precursor of the pulmonary vascular system. Three-dimensional analyses of the expression patterns revealed the spatiotemporal modification of the venous returns to systemic venous systems or sinoatrial canal during the formation of the pulmonary plexus. We herein report the results of spatiotemporal analyses of the early pulmonary venous system development with histochemistry as well as a delineation of the anatomical features of the tentative drainage pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuka Abe
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate 0283694, Japan.
| | - Aki Murashima
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate 0283694, Japan.
| | - Eiji Kimura
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate 0283694, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Ema
- Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 5202192, Japan
| | - Jiro Hitomi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate 0283694, Japan
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7
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Mikaty G, Coullon H, Fiette L, Pizarro-Cerdá J, Carniel E. The invasive pathogen Yersinia pestis disrupts host blood vasculature to spread and provoke hemorrhages. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009832. [PMID: 34610007 PMCID: PMC8519436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pestis is a powerful pathogen with a rare invasive capacity. After a flea bite, the plague bacillus can reach the bloodstream in a matter of days giving way to invade the whole organism reaching all organs and provoking disseminated hemorrhages. However, the mechanisms used by this bacterium to cross and disrupt the endothelial vascular barrier remain poorly understood. In this study, an innovative model of in vivo infection was used to focus on the interaction between Y. pestis and its host vascular system. In the draining lymph nodes and in secondary organs, bacteria provoked the porosity and disruption of blood vessels. An in vitro model of endothelial barrier showed a role in this phenotype for the pYV/pCD1 plasmid that carries a Type Three Secretion System. This work supports that the pYV/pCD1 plasmid is responsible for the powerful tissue invasiveness capacity of the plague bacillus and the hemorrhagic features of plague. The plague bacillus, Yersinia pestis, is a powerful pathogen with a rare invasive capacity and is among the few bacteria capable to provoke disseminated hemorrhages. However, the mechanisms used by this bacterium to cross and disrupt the endothelial vascular barrier remain poorly understood. Recent technical progress in microscopy, associated with the use of original fluorescent mutant in mice, allowed us to develop an innovative model of infection in vivo. This model permitted to look directly into the interaction between Y. pestis and its host vascular system, in 3D reconstructed tissues without physical alteration. We were able to observe the degradation of blood vessels in the draining lymph nodes and to visualize the spreading of the bacteria into secondary organs directly through the vascular barrier. Classical in vitro experiments validated the in vivo observation and demonstrated the role of some of the bacterial components in this phenotype. This work shows an unprecedented visualization of the pathogenesis of Y. pestis and decipher part of the powerful invasiveness capacity of the plague bacillus and the hemorrhagic features of plague.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillain Mikaty
- Institut Pasteur, Yersinia Research Unit, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Laurence Fiette
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d’histopathologie humaine et modèles animaux, Paris, France
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8
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Mizutani KI. [Spatiotemporally Dependent Vascularization Regulates Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2021; 141:335-341. [PMID: 33642501 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.20-00198-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Blood vessels including arteries, veins, and capillaries, are densely spread throughout the body. One round of systemic blood circulation through these blood vessels occurs approximately every minute, and blood sent by the heart transports oxygen, nutrients, and fluid to cells throughout the body. This nourishes cells, tissues, and organs and maintains homeostasis. The relatively simple structure of blood vessels consists of endothelial cells surrounded by a basal lamina and pericytes covering the outer layer. However, blood vessels patterning markedly varies among tissues. The diversity and plasticity of vascular networks are considered vital for this system to facilitate distinct functions for each tissue. Recent studies revealed that blood vessels create a tissue-specific niche, thus attracting attention as biologically active sites for tissue development. This vascular niche establishes specialized microenvironments through both direct physical contact and secreted-soluble factors. Here, we review advances in our understanding of how the vascular niche is utilized by neural stem and progenitor cells during neocortical development, and describe future perspectives regarding new treatment strategies for neural diseases utilizing this vascular niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Mizutani
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University
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9
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Otsu K, Ida-Yonemochi H, Ikezaki S, Ema M, Hitomi J, Ohshima H, Harada H. Oxygen regulates epithelial stem cell proliferation via RhoA-actomyosin-YAP/TAZ signal in mouse incisor. Development 2021; 148:dev.194787. [PMID: 33472844 DOI: 10.1242/dev.194787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are maintained in specific niches that strictly regulate their proliferation and differentiation for proper tissue regeneration and renewal. Molecular oxygen (O2) is an important component of the niche microenvironment, but little is known about how O2 governs epithelial stem cell (ESC) behavior. Here, we demonstrate that O2 plays a crucial role in regulating the proliferation of ESCs using the continuously growing mouse incisors. We have revealed that slow-cycling cells in the niche are maintained under relatively hypoxic conditions compared with actively proliferating cells, based on the blood vessel distribution and metabolic status. Mechanistically, we have demonstrated that, during hypoxia, HIF1α upregulation activates the RhoA signal, thereby promoting cortical actomyosin and stabilizing the adherens junction complex, including merlin. This leads to the cytoplasmic retention of YAP/TAZ to attenuate cell proliferation. These results shed light on the biological significance of blood-vessel geometry and the signaling mechanism through microenvironmental O2 to orchestrate ESC behavior, providing a novel molecular basis for the microenvironmental O2-mediated stem cell regulation during tissue development and renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishi Otsu
- Division of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1, Idaidori, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Hiroko Ida-Yonemochi
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Shojiro Ikezaki
- Division of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1, Idaidori, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Ema
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Jiro Hitomi
- Division of Human Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1, Idaidori, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Hayato Ohshima
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Hidemitsu Harada
- Division of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1, Idaidori, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
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10
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Haltalli MLR, Lo Celso C. Intravital Imaging of Bone Marrow Niches. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2308:203-222. [PMID: 34057725 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1425-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are instrumental in driving the generation of mature blood cells, essential for various functions including immune defense and tissue remodeling. They reside within a specialised bone marrow (BM) microenvironment , or niche, composed of cellular and chemical components that play key roles in regulating long-term HSC function and survival. While flow cytometry methods have significantly advanced studies of hematopoietic cells, enabling their quantification in steady-state and perturbed situations, we are still learning about the specific BM microenvironments that support distinct lineages and how their niches are altered under stress and with age. Major advances in imaging technology over the last decade have permitted in-depth studies of HSC niches in mice. Here, we describe our protocol for visualizing and analyzing the localization, morphology, and function of niche components in the mouse calvarium, using combined confocal and two-photon intravital microscopy, and we present the specific example of measuring vascular permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam L R Haltalli
- Imperial College London, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cristina Lo Celso
- Imperial College London, London, UK.
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
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11
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Haltalli MLR, Watcham S, Wilson NK, Eilers K, Lipien A, Ang H, Birch F, Anton SG, Pirillo C, Ruivo N, Vainieri ML, Pospori C, Sinden RE, Luis TC, Langhorne J, Duffy KR, Göttgens B, Blagborough AM, Lo Celso C. Manipulating niche composition limits damage to haematopoietic stem cells during Plasmodium infection. Nat Cell Biol 2020; 22:1399-1410. [PMID: 33230302 PMCID: PMC7611033 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-020-00601-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Severe infections are a major stress on haematopoiesis, where the consequences for haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have only recently started to emerge. HSC function critically depends on the integrity of complex bone marrow (BM) niches; however, what role the BM microenvironment plays in mediating the effects of infection on HSCs remains an open question. Here, using a murine model of malaria and combining single-cell RNA sequencing, mathematical modelling, transplantation assays and intravital microscopy, we show that haematopoiesis is reprogrammed upon infection, whereby the HSC compartment turns over substantially faster than at steady-state and HSC function is drastically affected. Interferon is found to affect both haematopoietic and mesenchymal BM cells and we specifically identify a dramatic loss of osteoblasts and alterations in endothelial cell function. Osteo-active parathyroid hormone treatment abolishes infection-triggered HSC proliferation and-coupled with reactive oxygen species quenching-enables partial rescuing of HSC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam L R Haltalli
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK
| | - Samuel Watcham
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicola K Wilson
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kira Eilers
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alexander Lipien
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Heather Ang
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Flora Birch
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Sara Gonzalez Anton
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Chiara Pirillo
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Nicola Ruivo
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Maria L Vainieri
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- AO Research Institute, Davos Platz, Switzerland
| | - Constandina Pospori
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Robert E Sinden
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tiago C Luis
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Ken R Duffy
- Hamilton Institute, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Berthold Göttgens
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Cristina Lo Celso
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
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12
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Garcia-Gonzalez I, Mühleder S, Fernández-Chacón M, Benedito R. Genetic Tools to Study Cardiovascular Biology. Front Physiol 2020; 11:1084. [PMID: 33071802 PMCID: PMC7541935 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.01084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in biomedical science is tightly associated with the improvement of methods and genetic tools to manipulate and analyze gene function in mice, the most widely used model organism in biomedical research. The joint effort of numerous individual laboratories and consortiums has contributed to the creation of a large genetic resource that enables scientists to image cells, probe signaling pathways activities, or modify a gene function in any desired cell type or time point, à la carte. However, as these tools significantly increase in number and become more sophisticated, it is more difficult to keep track of each tool's possibilities and understand their advantages and disadvantages. Knowing the best currently available genetic technology to answer a particular biological question is key to reach a higher standard in biomedical research. In this review, we list and discuss the main advantages and disadvantages of available mammalian genetic technology to analyze cardiovascular cell biology at higher cellular and molecular resolution. We start with the most simple and classical genetic approaches and end with the most advanced technology available to fluorescently label cells, conditionally target their genes, image their clonal expansion, and decode their lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rui Benedito
- Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
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13
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Mizutani KI. [Neuro-vascular Interactions during Neocortical Development-Systematic and Accurate Regulatory Mechanisms of VEGF Signaling]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2020; 140:521-527. [PMID: 32238635 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.19-00221-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Blood vessels supply oxygen and nutrients to all the cells in a living body, and provide essential transport routes for collecting waste products. For these functions, blood vessel networks should be appropriately formed in each tissue. Therefore, blood vessels are one of the earliest organs formed during the developmental process. Development of the blood vessel system promotes tissue differentiation and organ morphogenesis, allowing each organ to maintain its unique functions under changing metabolic conditions. Blood vessels have a relatively simple structure, consisting of endothelial cells covering the inner layer, and pericytes or smooth muscle cells surrounding the outside. The structure of the vascular network is extremely diverse, with blood vessels uniquely organized depending on the tissues they serve, to create tissue-specific microenvironments. How are such tissue-specific vascular environments generated? Over the years, anatomical findings have accumulated to confirm this vascular diversity. However, the molecular basis for this diversity has remained unclear. In the present article, we review the mechanisms of coordinated developmental control of the vascular and neural systems in the cerebral cortex from the viewpoint of the accurate expression control of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling, and describe future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Mizutani
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University
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14
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Macrophages fine-tune pupil shape during development. Dev Biol 2020; 464:137-144. [PMID: 32565279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tissue macrophages, which are ubiquitously present innate immune cells, play versatile roles in development and organogenesis. During development, macrophages prune transient or unnecessary synapses in neuronal development, and prune blood vessels in vascular development, facilitating appropriate tissue remodeling. In the present study, we identified that macrophages contributed to the development of pupillary morphology. Csf1op/op mutant mice, in which ocular macrophages are nearly absent, exhibited abnormal pupillary edges, with abnormal protrusions of excess iris tissue into the pupillary space. Macrophages located near the pupillary edge engulfed pigmented debris, which likely consisted of unnecessary iris protrusions that emerge during smoothening of the pupillary edge. Indeed, pupillary edge macrophages phenotypically possessed some features of M2 macrophages, consistent with robust tissue engulfment and remodeling activities. Interestingly, protruding irises in Csf1op/op mice were only detected in gaps between regressing blood vessels. Taken together, our findings uncovered a new role for ocular macrophages, demonstrating that this cell population is important for iris pruning during development.
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15
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Hu D, Zhang L, Yang F, Chen F, Li D, Cai CL. Generation of Pecam1 endothelial specific dual reporter mouse model. Genesis 2020; 58:e23384. [PMID: 32618127 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells are specialized epithelium lining the interior surface of vessels and play fundamental roles in angiogenesis, vascular permeability, and immune response. To identify endothelial cells in vivo, we constructed a Pecam1nlacZ-H2B-GFP/+ knock-in mouse model in which the endothelial cells are labeled by nuclear LacZ (nlacZ) expression. When Pecam1nlacZ-H2B-GFP/+ mice are bred with germline Cre deleter mice, Pecam1H2B-GFP/+ line is created with native nuclear GFP (H2B-GFP) expression in the endothelium of various organs. This dual reporter mouse provides us with a powerful genetic tool for definitive identification of endothelial cells and monitoring this important cell population throughout development, homeostasis, and disease conditions in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghua Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Fuxue Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Deqiang Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Chen-Leng Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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16
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Okabe K, Fukada H, Tai-Nagara I, Ando T, Honda T, Nakajima K, Takeda N, Fong GH, Ema M, Kubota Y. Neuron-derived VEGF contributes to cortical and hippocampal development independently of VEGFR1/2-mediated neurotrophism. Dev Biol 2020; 459:65-71. [PMID: 31790655 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent mitogen critical for angiogenesis and organogenesis. Deletion or inhibition of VEGF during development not only profoundly suppresses vascular outgrowth, but significantly affects the development and function of various organs. In the brain, VEGF is thought to not only promote vascular growth, but also directly act on neurons as a neurotrophic factor by activating VEGF receptors. In the present study, we demonstrated that deletion of VEGF using hGfap-Cre line, which recombines genes specifically in cortical and hippocampal neurons, severely impaired brain organization and vascularization of these regions. The mutant mice had motor deficits, with lethality around the time of weaning. Multiple reporter lines indicated that VEGF was highly expressed in neurons, but that its cognate receptors, VEGFR1 and 2 were exclusive to endothelial cells in the brain. In accordance, mice lacking neuronal VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 did not exhibit neuronal deformities or lethality. Taken together, our data suggest that neuron-derived VEGF contributes to cortical and hippocampal development likely through angiogenesis independently of direct neurotrophic effects mediated by VEGFR1 and 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Okabe
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Plastic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Hugh Fukada
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ikue Tai-Nagara
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Ando
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takao Honda
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nakajima
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Norihiko Takeda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Guo-Hua Fong
- Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Masatsugu Ema
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kubota
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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17
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Batsivari A, Haltalli MLR, Passaro D, Pospori C, Lo Celso C, Bonnet D. Dynamic responses of the haematopoietic stem cell niche to diverse stresses. Nat Cell Biol 2020; 22:7-17. [PMID: 31907409 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0444-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Adult haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) mainly reside in the bone marrow, where stromal and haematopoietic cells regulate their function. The steady state HSC niche has been extensively studied. In this Review, we focus on how bone marrow microenvironment components respond to different insults including inflammation, malignant haematopoiesis and chemotherapy. We highlight common and unique patterns among multiple cell types and their environment and discuss current limitations in our understanding of this complex and dynamic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoniana Batsivari
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute , London, UK
| | - Myriam Luydmila Rachelle Haltalli
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington campus, London, UK
- Lo Celso Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Diana Passaro
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute , London, UK
| | - Constandina Pospori
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute , London, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington campus, London, UK
- Lo Celso Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Cristina Lo Celso
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute , London, UK.
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington campus, London, UK.
- Lo Celso Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
| | - Dominique Bonnet
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute , London, UK.
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18
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Komabayashi-Suzuki M, Yamanishi E, Watanabe C, Okamura M, Tabata H, Iwai R, Ajioka I, Matsushita J, Kidoya H, Takakura N, Okamoto T, Kinoshita K, Ichihashi M, Nagata KI, Ema M, Mizutani KI. Spatiotemporally Dependent Vascularization Is Differently Utilized among Neural Progenitor Subtypes during Neocortical Development. Cell Rep 2019; 29:1113-1129.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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19
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Generating Vegfr3 reporter transgenic mouse expressing membrane-tagged Venus for visualization of VEGFR3 expression in vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210060. [PMID: 30601868 PMCID: PMC6314617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (Vegfr3) has been widely used as a marker for lymphatic and vascular endothelial cells during mouse embryonic development and in adult mouse, making it valuable for studying angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis under normal and pathological conditions. Here, we report the generation of a novel transgenic (Tg) mouse that expresses a membrane-localized fluorescent reporter protein, Gap43-Venus, under the control of the Vegfr3 regulatory sequence. Vegfr3-Gap43-Venus BAC Tg recapitulated endogenous Vegfr3 expression in vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells during embryonic development and tumor development. Thus, this Tg mouse line contributes a valuable model to study angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in physiological and pathological contexts.
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20
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Winkler F, Herz K, Rieck S, Kimura K, Hu T, Röll W, Hesse M, Fleischmann BK, Wenzel D. PECAM/eGFP transgenic mice for monitoring of angiogenesis in health and disease. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17582. [PMID: 30514882 PMCID: PMC6279819 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For the monitoring of vascular growth as well as adaptive or therapeutic (re)vascularization endothelial-specific reporter mouse models are valuable tools. However, currently available mouse models have limitations, because not all endothelial cells express the reporter in all developmental stages. We have generated PECAM/eGFP embryonic stem (ES) cell and mouse lines where the reporter gene labels PECAM+ endothelial cells and vessels with high specificity. Native eGFP expression and PECAM staining were highly co-localized in vessels of various organs at embryonic stages E9.5, E15.5 and in adult mice. Expression was found in large and small arteries, capillaries and in veins but not in lymphatic vessels. Also in the bone marrow arteries and sinusoidal vessel were labeled, moreover, we could detect eGFP in some CD45+ hematopoietic cells. We also demonstrate that this labeling is very useful to monitor sprouting in an aortic ring assay as well as vascular remodeling in a murine injury model of myocardial infarction. Thus, PECAM/eGFP transgenic ES cells and mice greatly facilitate the monitoring and quantification of endothelial cells ex vivo and in vivo during development and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Winkler
- Institute of Physiology I, Life&Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katia Herz
- Institute of Physiology I, Life&Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sarah Rieck
- Institute of Physiology I, Life&Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kenichi Kimura
- Institute of Physiology I, Life&Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tianyuan Hu
- Institute of Physiology I, Life&Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Röll
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Hesse
- Institute of Physiology I, Life&Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernd K Fleischmann
- Institute of Physiology I, Life&Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniela Wenzel
- Institute of Physiology I, Life&Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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21
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Shimauchi-Ohtaki H, Kurachi M, Naruse M, Shibasaki K, Sugio S, Matsumoto K, Ema M, Yoshimoto Y, Ishizaki Y. The dynamics of revascularization after white matter infarction monitored in Flt1-tdsRed and Flk1-GFP mice. Neurosci Lett 2018; 692:70-76. [PMID: 30389418 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Subcortical white matter infarction causes ischemic demyelination and loss of brain functions, as the result of disturbances of the blood flow. Although angiogenesis is one of the recovery processes after cerebral infarction, the dynamics of revascularization after white matter infarction still remains unclear. We induced white matter infarction in the internal capsule of Flk1-GFP::Flt1-tdsRed double transgenic mice by injection of endothelin-1 (ET-1), a vasoconstrictor peptide, together with N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, and followed the changes in Flk1 and Flt1 expression in the vascular system in the infarct area. Reduction of Flt1-tdsRed-positive blood vessels 1 day after the injection and increase of Flk1-GFP-strongly-positive blood vessels 3 days after the injection were apparent. PDGFRβ-strongly-positive (PDGFRβ+) cells appeared in the infarct area 3 days after the injection and increased their number thereafter. Three days after the injection, most of these cells were in close contact with Flk1-GFP-positive endothelial cells, indicating these cells are bona fide pericytes. Seven days after the injection, the number of PDGFRβ+ cells increased dramatically, and the vast majority of these cells were not in close contact with Flk1-GFP-positive endothelial cells. Taken together, our results suggest revascularization begins early after the ischemic insult, and the emerging pericytes first ensheath blood vessels and then produce fibroblast-like cells not directly associated with blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Shimauchi-Ohtaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan; Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Masashi Kurachi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Masae Naruse
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Koji Shibasaki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Shouta Sugio
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Ken Matsumoto
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Ema
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yuhei Yoshimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yasuki Ishizaki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.
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22
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Doh SJ, Yamakawa M, Santosa SM, Montana M, Guo K, Sauer JR, Curran N, Han KY, Yu C, Ema M, Rosenblatt MI, Chang JH, Azar DT. Fluorescent reporter transgenic mice for in vivo live imaging of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Angiogenesis 2018; 21:677-698. [PMID: 29971641 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-018-9629-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The study of lymphangiogenesis is an emerging science that has revealed the lymphatic system as a central player in many pathological conditions including cancer metastasis, lymphedema, and organ graft rejection. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms of lymphatic growth will play a key role in the development of therapeutic strategies against these conditions. Despite the known potential of this field, the study of lymphatics has historically lagged behind that of hemangiogenesis. Until recently, significant strides in lymphatic studies were impeded by a lack of lymphatic-specific markers and suitable experimental models compared to those of the more immediately visible blood vasculature. Lymphangiogenesis has also been shown to be a key phenomenon in developmental biological processes, such as cell proliferation, guided migration, differentiation, and cell-to-cell communication, making lymphatic-specific visualization techniques highly desirable and desperately needed. Imaging modalities including immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization are limited by the need to sacrifice animal models for tissue harvesting at every experimental time point. Moreover, the processes of mounting and staining harvested tissues may introduce artifacts that can confound results. These traditional methods for investigating lymphatic and blood vasculature are associated with several problems including animal variability (e.g., between mice) when replicating lymphatic growth environments and the cost concerns of prolonged, labor-intensive studies, all of which complicate the study of dynamic lymphatic processes. With the discovery of lymphatic-specific markers, researchers have been able to develop several lymphatic and blood vessel-specific, promoter-driven, fluorescent-reporter transgenic mice for visualization of lymphatics in vivo and in vitro. For instance, GFP, mOrange, tdTomato, and other fluorescent proteins can be expressed under control of a lymphatic-specific marker like Prospero-related homeobox 1 (Prox1), which is a highly conserved transcription factor for determining embryonic organogenesis in vertebrates that is implicated in lymphangiogenesis as well as several human cancers. Importantly, Prox1-null mouse embryos develop without lymphatic vessels. In human adults, Prox1 maintains lymphatic endothelial cells and upregulates proteins associated with lymphangiogenesis (e.g., VEGFR-3) and downregulates angiogenesis-associated gene expression (e.g., STAT6). To visualize lymphatic development in the context of angiogenesis, dual fluorescent-transgenic reporters, like Prox1-GFP/Flt1-DsRed mice, have been bred to characterize lymphatic and blood vessels simultaneously in vivo. In this review, we discuss the trends in lymphatic visualization and the potential usage of transgenic breeds in hemangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis research to understand spatial and temporal correlations between vascular development and pathological progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Doh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael Yamakawa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Samuel M Santosa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mario Montana
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kai Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joseph R Sauer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas Curran
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kyu-Yeon Han
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Charles Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Masatsugu Ema
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Mark I Rosenblatt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jin-Hong Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Dimitri T Azar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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De Niz M, Meibalan E, Mejia P, Ma S, Brancucci NMB, Agop-Nersesian C, Mandt R, Ngotho P, Hughes KR, Waters AP, Huttenhower C, Mitchell JR, Martinelli R, Frischknecht F, Seydel KB, Taylor T, Milner D, Heussler VT, Marti M. Plasmodium gametocytes display homing and vascular transmigration in the host bone marrow. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaat3775. [PMID: 29806032 PMCID: PMC5966192 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat3775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Transmission of Plasmodium parasites to the mosquito requires the formation and development of gametocytes. Studies in infected humans have shown that only the most mature forms of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes are present in circulation, whereas immature forms accumulate in the hematopoietic environment of the bone marrow. We used the rodent model Plasmodium berghei to study gametocyte behavior through time under physiological conditions. Intravital microscopy demonstrated preferential homing of early gametocyte forms across the intact vascular barrier of the bone marrow and the spleen early during infection and subsequent development in the extravascular environment. During the acute phase of infection, we observed vascular leakage resulting in further parasite accumulation in this environment. Mature gametocytes showed high deformability and were found entering and exiting the intact vascular barrier. We suggest that extravascular gametocyte localization and mobility are essential for gametocytogenesis and transmission of Plasmodium to the mosquito.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana De Niz
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 4, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA Scotland, UK
| | - Elamaran Meibalan
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pedro Mejia
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Siyuan Ma
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nicolas M. B. Brancucci
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA Scotland, UK
| | - Carolina Agop-Nersesian
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Rebecca Mandt
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Priscilla Ngotho
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA Scotland, UK
| | - Katie R. Hughes
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA Scotland, UK
| | - Andrew P. Waters
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA Scotland, UK
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - James R. Mitchell
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Roberta Martinelli
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Friedrich Frischknecht
- Parasitology Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Heidelberg Medical School, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karl B. Seydel
- Blantyre Malaria Project, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre 3, Malawi
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Terrie Taylor
- Blantyre Malaria Project, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre 3, Malawi
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Danny Milner
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Volker T. Heussler
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 4, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Marti
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA Scotland, UK
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Kurotsu S, Osakabe R, Isomi M, Tamura F, Sadahiro T, Muraoka N, Kojima H, Haginiwa S, Tani H, Nara K, Kubota Y, Ema M, Fukuda K, Suzuki T, Ieda M. Distinct expression patterns of Flk1 and Flt1 in the coronary vascular system during development and after myocardial infarction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 495:884-891. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Muscle-Bone Crosstalk: Emerging Opportunities for Novel Therapeutic Approaches to Treat Musculoskeletal Pathologies. Biomedicines 2017; 5:biomedicines5040062. [PMID: 29064421 PMCID: PMC5744086 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5040062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis and sarcopenia are age-related musculoskeletal pathologies that often develop in parallel. Osteoporosis is characterized by a reduced bone mass and an increased fracture risk. Sarcopenia describes muscle wasting with an increasing risk of injuries due to falls. The medical treatment of both diseases costs billions in health care per year. With the impact on public health and economy, and considering the increasing life expectancy of populations, more efficient treatment regimens are sought. The biomechanical interaction between both tissues with muscle acting on bone is well established. Recently, both tissues were also determined as secretory endocrine organs affecting the function of one another. New exciting discoveries on this front are made each year, with novel signaling molecules being discovered and potential controversies being described. While this review does not claim completeness, it will summarize the current knowledge on both the biomechanical and the biochemical link between muscle and bone. The review will highlight the known secreted molecules by both tissues affecting the other and finish with an outlook on novel therapeutics that could emerge from these discoveries.
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26
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Sato Y, Uchida Y, Hu J, Young-Pearse TL, Niikura T, Mukouyama YS. Soluble APP functions as a vascular niche signal that controls adult neural stem cell number. Development 2017; 144:2730-2736. [PMID: 28694255 DOI: 10.1242/dev.143370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism by which NSC number is controlled in the neurogenic regions of the adult brain is not fully understood but it has been shown that vascular niche signals regulate neural stem cell (NSC) quiescence and growth. Here, we have uncovered a role for soluble amyloid precursor protein (sAPP) as a vascular niche signal in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle of the adult mouse brain. sAPP suppresses NSC growth in culture. Further in vivo studies on the role of APP in regulating NSC number in the SVZ clearly demonstrate that endothelial deletion of App causes a significant increase in the number of BrdU label-retaining NSCs in the SVZ, whereas NSC/astrocyte deletion of App has no detectable effect on the NSC number. Taken together, these results suggest that endothelial APP functions as a vascular niche signal that negatively regulates NSC growth to control the NSC number in the SVZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Sato
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Neuro-Vascular Biology, Genetics and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10/6C103, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yutaka Uchida
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Neuro-Vascular Biology, Genetics and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10/6C103, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jingqiong Hu
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Neuro-Vascular Biology, Genetics and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10/6C103, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Stem Cell Center, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Tracy L Young-Pearse
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Takako Niikura
- Department of Information and Communication Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Yoh-Suke Mukouyama
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Neuro-Vascular Biology, Genetics and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10/6C103, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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27
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Fluorescence and Bioluminescence Imaging of Angiogenesis in Flk1-Nano-lantern Transgenic Mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46597. [PMID: 28425492 PMCID: PMC5397864 DOI: 10.1038/srep46597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is important for normal development as well as for tumour growth. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying angiogenesis are not fully understood, partly because of the lack of a good animal model for imaging. Here, we report the generation of a novel transgenic (Tg) mouse that expresses a bioluminescent reporter protein, Nano-lantern, under the control of Fetal liver kinase 1 (Flk1). Flk1-Nano-lantern BAC Tg mice recapitulated endogenous Flk1 expression in endothelial cells and lymphatic endothelial cells during development and tumour growth. Importantly, bioluminescence imaging of endothelial cells from the aortic rings of Flk1-Nano-lantern BAC Tg mice enabled us to observe endothelial sprouting for 18 hr without any detectable phototoxicity. Furthermore, Flk1-Nano-lantern BAC Tg mice achieved time-lapse luminescence imaging of tumour angiogenesis in freely moving mice with implanted tumours. Thus, this transgenic mouse line contributes a unique model to study angiogenesis within both physiological and pathological contexts.
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28
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Ogura S, Kurata K, Hattori Y, Takase H, Ishiguro-Oonuma T, Hwang Y, Ahn S, Park I, Ikeda W, Kusuhara S, Fukushima Y, Nara H, Sakai H, Fujiwara T, Matsushita J, Ema M, Hirashima M, Minami T, Shibuya M, Takakura N, Kim P, Miyata T, Ogura Y, Uemura A. Sustained inflammation after pericyte depletion induces irreversible blood-retina barrier breakdown. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e90905. [PMID: 28194443 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.90905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system, endothelial cells (ECs) and pericytes (PCs) of blood vessel walls cooperatively form a physical and chemical barrier to maintain neural homeostasis. However, in diabetic retinopathy (DR), the loss of PCs from vessel walls is assumed to cause breakdown of the blood-retina barrier (BRB) and subsequent vision-threatening vascular dysfunctions. Nonetheless, the lack of adequate DR animal models has precluded disease understanding and drug discovery. Here, by using an anti-PDGFRβ antibody, we show that transient inhibition of the PC recruitment to developing retinal vessels sustained EC-PC dissociations and BRB breakdown in adult mouse retinas, reproducing characteristic features of DR such as hyperpermeability, hypoperfusion, and neoangiogenesis. Notably, PC depletion directly induced inflammatory responses in ECs and perivascular infiltration of macrophages, whereby macrophage-derived VEGF and placental growth factor (PlGF) activated VEGFR1 in macrophages and VEGFR2 in ECs. Moreover, angiopoietin-2 (Angpt2) upregulation and Tie1 downregulation activated FOXO1 in PC-free ECs locally at the leaky aneurysms. This cycle of vessel damage was shut down by simultaneously blocking VEGF, PlGF, and Angpt2, thus restoring the BRB integrity. Together, our model provides new opportunities for identifying the sequential events triggered by PC deficiency, not only in DR, but also in various neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuntaro Ogura
- Department of Retinal Vascular Biology.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Yuki Hattori
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takase
- Core Laboratory, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshina Ishiguro-Oonuma
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Yoonha Hwang
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, and
| | - Soyeon Ahn
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, and
| | - Inwon Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sentaro Kusuhara
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoko Fukushima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nara
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hideto Sakai
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takashi Fujiwara
- Faculty of Nursing, Hiroshima Bunka Gakuen University, Kure, Japan
| | - Jun Matsushita
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Ema
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Masanori Hirashima
- Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takashi Minami
- Division of Phenotype Disease Analysis, Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masabumi Shibuya
- Institute of Physiology and Medicine, Jobu University, Takasaki, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takakura
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Pilhan Kim
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, and
| | - Takaki Miyata
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Ogura
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Uemura
- Department of Retinal Vascular Biology.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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Laviña B. Brain Vascular Imaging Techniques. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 18:ijms18010070. [PMID: 28042833 PMCID: PMC5297705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent major improvements in a number of imaging techniques now allow for the study of the brain in ways that could not be considered previously. Researchers today have well-developed tools to specifically examine the dynamic nature of the blood vessels in the brain during development and adulthood; as well as to observe the vascular responses in disease situations in vivo. This review offers a concise summary and brief historical reference of different imaging techniques and how these tools can be applied to study the brain vasculature and the blood-brain barrier integrity in both healthy and disease states. Moreover, it offers an overview on available transgenic animal models to study vascular biology and a description of useful online brain atlases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bàrbara Laviña
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Yoshikawa Y, Yamada T, Tai-Nagara I, Okabe K, Kitagawa Y, Ema M, Kubota Y. Developmental regression of hyaloid vasculature is triggered by neurons. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1175-83. [PMID: 27325890 PMCID: PMC4925022 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular development involves not only vascular growth, but also regression of transient or unnecessary vessels. Hyaloid vasculature is the temporary circulatory system in fetal eyes, which spontaneously degenerates when the retinal blood vessels start to grow. Failure of the hyaloid vessels to regress leads to disease in humans, persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, which causes severe intraocular hemorrhage and impairs visual function. However, the mechanism underlying the endogenous program that mediates spontaneous regression of the hyaloid vessels is not well understood. In this study, we identify a robust switch triggering this program directed by neurons in mice. Marked up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor 2 (VEGFR2) occurs in retinal neurons just after birth via distal-multipotent-mesodermal enhancer, a hemangioblast-specific enhancer of VEGFR2. Genetic deletion of neuronal VEGFR2 interrupts this program, resulting in massive hyaloid vessels that persist even during late postnatal days. This abnormality is caused by excessive VEGF proteins in the vitreous cavity as a result of impairment in the neuronal sequestration of VEGF. Collectively, our data indicate that neurons trigger transition from the fetal to the postnatal circulatory systems in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Yoshikawa
- Department of Vascular Biology, The Sakaguchi Laboratory, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Toru Yamada
- Department of Vascular Biology, The Sakaguchi Laboratory, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ikue Tai-Nagara
- Department of Vascular Biology, The Sakaguchi Laboratory, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Keisuke Okabe
- Department of Vascular Biology, The Sakaguchi Laboratory, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan Department of Plastic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yuko Kitagawa
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Ema
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu 520-2192, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kubota
- Department of Vascular Biology, The Sakaguchi Laboratory, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Throughout history, development of novel microscopy techniques has been of fundamental importance to advance the vascular biology field.This review offers a concise summary of the most recently developed imaging techniques and discusses how they can be applied to vascular biology. In addition, we reflect upon the most important fluorescent reporters for vascular research that are currently available. RECENT FINDINGS Recent advances in light sheet-based imaging techniques now offer the ability to live image the vascular system in whole organs or even in whole animals during development and in pathological conditions with a satisfactory spatial and temporal resolution. Conversely, super resolution microscopy now allows studying cellular processes at a near-molecular resolution. SUMMARY Major recent improvements in a number of imaging techniques now allow study of vascular biology in ways that could not be considered previously. Researchers now have well-developed tools to specifically examine the dynamic nature of vascular development during angiogenic sprouting, remodeling and regression as well as the vascular responses in disease situations in vivo. In addition, open questions in endothelial and lymphatic cell biology that require subcellular resolution such as actin dynamics, junctional complex formation and stability, vascular permeability and receptor trafficking can now be approached with high resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bàrbara Laviña
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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32
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Masuda T, Otsu K, Kumakami-Sakano M, Fujiwara N, Ema M, Hitomi J, Sugiyama Y, Harada H. Combined Administration of BMP-2 and HGF Facilitate Bone Regeneration through Angiogenic Mechanisms. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2015. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.24.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Masuda
- Division of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Iwate Medical University
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Reconstructive Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Iwate Medical University
| | - Keishi Otsu
- Division of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Iwate Medical University
| | - Mika Kumakami-Sakano
- Division of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Iwate Medical University
| | - Naoki Fujiwara
- Division of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Iwate Medical University
| | - Masatsugu Ema
- Research Center for Animal Life Science, Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Shiga University of Medical Science
| | - Jiro Hitomi
- Division of Human Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Iwate Medical University
| | - Yoshiki Sugiyama
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Reconstructive Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Iwate Medical University
| | - Hidemitsu Harada
- Division of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Iwate Medical University
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33
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Okabe K, Kobayashi S, Yamada T, Kurihara T, Tai-Nagara I, Miyamoto T, Mukouyama YS, Sato T, Suda T, Ema M, Kubota Y. Neurons Limit Angiogenesis by Titrating VEGF in Retina. Cell 2014; 159:584-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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34
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Matsumoto K, Ema M. Roles of VEGF-A signalling in development, regeneration, and tumours. J Biochem 2014; 156:1-10. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvu031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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35
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Esquibies AE, Karihaloo A, Quaggin SE, Bazzy-Asaad A, Cantley LG. Heparin binding VEGF isoforms attenuate hyperoxic embryonic lung growth retardation via a FLK1-neuropilin-1-PKC dependent pathway. Respir Res 2014; 15:32. [PMID: 24641672 PMCID: PMC4004166 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-15-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous work in our laboratory demonstrated that hyperoxia suppressed the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by the embryonic lung, leading to increased epithelial cell apoptosis and failure of explant airway growth and branching that was rescued by the addition of Vegf165. The aims of this study were to determine protective pathways by which VEGF isoforms attenuate hyperoxic lung growth retardation and to identify the target cell for VEGF action. Methods Timed pregnant CD-1 or fetal liver kinase (FLK1)-eGFP lung explants cultured in 3% or 50% oxygen were treated ± Vegf121, VEGF164/Vegf165 or VEGF188 in the presence or absence of anti-rat neuropilin-1 (NRP1) antibody or GO6983 (protein kinase C (PKC) pan-inhibitor) and lung growth and branching quantified. Immunofluorescence studies were performed to determine apoptosis index and location of FLK1 phosphorylation and western blot studies of lung explants were performed to define the signaling pathways that mediate the protective effects of VEGF. Results Heparin-binding VEGF isoforms (VEGF164/Vegf165 and VEGF188) but not Vegf121 selectively reduced epithelial apoptosis and partially rescued lung bud branching and growth. These protective effects required NRP1-dependent FLK1 activation in endothelial cells. Analysis of downstream signaling pathways demonstrated that the VEGF-mediated anti-apoptotic effects were dependent on PKC activation. Conclusions Vegf165 activates FLK1-NRP1 signaling in endothelial cells, leading to a PKC-dependent paracrine signal that in turn inhibits epithelial cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Americo E Esquibies
- Department of Pediatrics Section of Respiratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, P,O, Box 208064, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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36
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Takase Y, Tadokoro R, Takahashi Y. Low cost labeling with highlighter ink efficiently visualizes developing blood vessels in avian and mouse embryos. Dev Growth Differ 2013; 55:792-801. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Takase
- Department of Zoology; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kitashirakawa Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences; Nara Institute of Science and Technology; Takayama Ikoma Nara 630-0192
| | - Ryosuke Tadokoro
- Department of Zoology; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kitashirakawa Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Yoshiko Takahashi
- Department of Zoology; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kitashirakawa Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST); Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST); Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 102-0076 Japan
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Shyam K Sharan KB, Sharan SK. Manipulating the Mouse Genome Using Recombineering. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2013; 2. [PMID: 31404315 DOI: 10.4172/2169-0111.1000108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered mouse models are indispensable for understanding the biological function of genes, understanding the genetic basis of human diseases and for preclinical testing of novel therapies. Generation of such mouse models has been possible because of our ability to manipulate the mouse genome. Recombineering is a highly efficient recombination-based method of genetic engineering that has revolutionized our ability to generate mouse models. Since recombineering technology is not dependent on the availability of restriction enzyme recognition sites, it allows us to modify the genome with great precision. It requires homology arms as short as 40 bases for recombination, which makes it relatively easy to generate targeting constructs to insert, change or delete either a single nucleotide or a DNA fragment several kb in size; insert selectable markers, reporter genes or add epitope tags to any gene of interest. In this review, we focus on the development of recombineering technology and its application in the generation of transgenic and knockout or knock-in mouse models. High throughput generation of gene targeting vectors, used to construct knockout alleles in mouse embryonic stem cells, is now feasible because of this technology. The challenge now is to use the "designer" mice to develop novel therapies to prevent, cure or effectively manage some the most debilitating human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shyam K Sharan
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
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Matsumoto K, Azami T, Otsu A, Takase H, Ishitobi H, Tanaka J, Miwa Y, Takahashi S, Ema M. Study of normal and pathological blood vessel morphogenesis in Flt1-tdsRed BAC Tg mice. Genesis 2012; 50:561-71. [PMID: 22489010 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Blood vessel development and network patterning are controlled by several signaling molecules, including VEGF, FGF, TGF-ß, and Ang-1,2. Among these, the role of VEGF-A signaling in vessel morphogenesis is best understood. The biological activity of VEGF-A depends on its reaction with specific receptors Flt1 and Flk1. Roles of VEGF-A signaling in endothelial cell proliferation, migration, survival, vascular permeability, and induction of tip cell filopodia have been reported. In this study, we have generated Flt1-tdsRed BAC transgenic (Tg) mice to monitor Flt1 gene expression during vascular development. We show that tdsRed fluorescence is observed within blood vessels of adult mice and embryos, indicative of retinal angiogenesis and tumor angiogenesis. Flt1 expression recapitulated by Flt1-tdsRed BAC Tg mice overlapped well with Flk1, while Flt1 was expressed more abundantly in endothelial cells of large blood vessels such as dorsal aorta and presumptive stalk cells in retina, providing a unique model to study blood vessel development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Matsumoto
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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Ishitobi H, Wakamatsu A, Liu F, Azami T, Hamada M, Matsumoto K, Kataoka H, Kobayashi M, Choi K, Nishikawa SI, Takahashi S, Ema M. Molecular basis for Flk1 expression in hemato-cardiovascular progenitors in the mouse. Development 2011; 138:5357-68. [PMID: 22071109 DOI: 10.1242/dev.065565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The mouse Flk1 gene is expressed in various mesodermal progenitor cells of developing embryos. Recent studies have shown that Flk1 expression marks multipotent mesodermal progenitors, giving rise to various hemato-cardiovascular cell lineages during development. Flk1 expression also marks hemato-cardiovascular cell lineages in differentiating embryonic stem (ES) cells, which may be used in transplantation decisions to treat cardiovascular diseases. Despite its developmental and clinical importance in cardiovascular tissues, the transcriptional regulatory system of Flk1 has remained unclear. Here, we report a novel enhancer of the mouse Flk1 gene directing early mesodermal expression during development as well as ES differentiation. The enhancer enriches various mesodermal progenitors, such as primitive erythropoietic progenitors, hemangioblast (BL-CFC) and cardiovascular progenitors (CV-CFC). The enhancer is activated by Bmp, Wnt and Fgf, and it contains Gata-, Cdx-, Tcf/Lef-, ER71/Etv2- and Fox-binding sites, some of which are bound specifically by each of these transcription factors. As these transcription factors are known to act under the control of the Bmp, Wnt and Fgf families, early Flk1 expression may be induced by cooperative interactions between Gata, Tcf/Lef, Cdx and ER71/Etv2 under the control of Bmp, Wnt and Fgf signaling. The enhancer is required for early Flk1 expression and for hemangioblast development during ES differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ishitobi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai,Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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