1
|
Quarta E, Chiappi M, Adamiano A, Tampieri A, Wang W, Tetley TD, Buttini F, Sonvico F, Catalucci D, Colombo P, Iafisco M, Degli Esposti L. Inhalable Microparticles Embedding Biocompatible Magnetic Iron-Doped Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:189. [PMID: 37103279 PMCID: PMC10145219 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14040189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been increasing interest in developing biocompatible inhalable nanoparticle formulations, as they have enormous potential for treating and diagnosing lung disease. In this respect, here, we have studied superparamagnetic iron-doped calcium phosphate (in the form of hydroxyapatite) nanoparticles (FeCaP NPs) which were previously proved to be excellent materials for magnetic resonance imaging, drug delivery and hyperthermia-related applications. We have established that FeCaP NPs are not cytotoxic towards human lung alveolar epithelial type 1 (AT1) cells even at high doses, thus proving their safety for inhalation administration. Then, D-mannitol spray-dried microparticles embedding FeCaP NPs have been formulated, obtaining respirable dry powders. These microparticles were designed to achieve the best aerodynamic particle size distribution which is a critical condition for successful inhalation and deposition. The nanoparticle-in-microparticle approach resulted in the protection of FeCaP NPs, allowing their release upon microparticle dissolution, with dimensions and surface charge close to the original values. This work demonstrates the use of spray drying to provide an inhalable dry powder platform for the lung delivery of safe FeCaP NPs for magnetically driven applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eride Quarta
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Michele Chiappi
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 0AZ, UK
| | - Alessio Adamiano
- Institute of Science, Technology and Sustainability for Ceramic Materials (ISSMC), National Research Council (CNR), Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, Italy
| | - Anna Tampieri
- Institute of Science, Technology and Sustainability for Ceramic Materials (ISSMC), National Research Council (CNR), Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, Italy
| | - Weijie Wang
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 0AZ, UK
| | - Teresa D. Tetley
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 0AZ, UK
| | - Francesca Buttini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for Innovation in Health Products, Biopharmanet_TEC, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Fabio Sonvico
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for Innovation in Health Products, Biopharmanet_TEC, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Daniele Catalucci
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), UOS Milan and IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Paolo Colombo
- PlumeStars srl, Parco Area Delle Scienze, 27/A, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Michele Iafisco
- Institute of Science, Technology and Sustainability for Ceramic Materials (ISSMC), National Research Council (CNR), Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Degli Esposti
- Institute of Science, Technology and Sustainability for Ceramic Materials (ISSMC), National Research Council (CNR), Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nowak-Jary J, Machnicka B. Pharmacokinetics of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for medical applications. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:305. [PMID: 35761279 PMCID: PMC9235206 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01510-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs) have been under intense investigation for at least the last five decades as they show enormous potential for many biomedical applications, such as biomolecule separation, MRI imaging and hyperthermia. Moreover, a large area of research on these nanostructures is concerned with their use as carriers of drugs, nucleic acids, peptides and other biologically active compounds, often leading to the development of targeted therapies. The uniqueness of MNPs is due to their nanometric size and unique magnetic properties. In addition, iron ions, which, along with oxygen, are a part of the MNPs, belong to the trace elements in the body. Therefore, after digesting MNPs in lysosomes, iron ions are incorporated into the natural circulation of this element in the body, which reduces the risk of excessive storage of nanoparticles. Still, one of the key issues for the therapeutic applications of magnetic nanoparticles is their pharmacokinetics which is reflected in the circulation time of MNPs in the bloodstream. These characteristics depend on many factors, such as the size and charge of MNPs, the nature of the polymers and any molecules attached to their surface, and other. Since the pharmacokinetics depends on the resultant of the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles, research should be carried out individually for all the nanostructures designed. Almost every year there are new reports on the results of studies on the pharmacokinetics of specific magnetic nanoparticles, thus it is very important to follow the achievements on this matter. This paper reviews the latest findings in this field. The mechanism of action of the mononuclear phagocytic system and the half-lives of a wide range of nanostructures are presented. Moreover, factors affecting clearance such as hydrodynamic and core size, core morphology and coatings molecules, surface charge and technical aspects have been described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Nowak-Jary
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Gora, Prof. Z. Szafrana 1, 65-516, Zielona Gora, Poland.
| | - Beata Machnicka
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Gora, Prof. Z. Szafrana 1, 65-516, Zielona Gora, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
|
4
|
Environmentally Relevant Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Produce Limited Acute Pulmonary Effects in Rats at Realistic Exposure Levels. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020556. [PMID: 33429876 PMCID: PMC7827273 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is typically the dominant metal in the ultrafine fraction of airborne particulate matter. Various studies have investigated the toxicity of inhaled nano-sized iron oxide particles (FeOxNPs) but their results have been contradictory, with some indicating no or minor effects and others finding effects including oxidative stress and inflammation. Most studies, however, did not use materials reflecting the characteristics of FeOxNPs present in the environment. We, therefore, analysed the potential toxicity of FeOxNPs of different forms (Fe3O4, α-Fe2O3 and γ-Fe2O3) reflecting the characteristics of high iron content nano-sized particles sampled from the environment, both individually and in a mixture (FeOx-mix). A preliminary in vitro study indicated Fe3O4 and FeOx-mix were more cytotoxic than either form of Fe2O3 in human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). Follow-up in vitro (0.003, 0.03, 0.3 µg/mL, 24 h) and in vivo (Sprague–Dawley rats, nose-only exposure, 50 µg/m3 and 500 µg/m3, 3 h/d × 3 d) studies therefore focused on these materials. Experiments in vitro explored responses at the molecular level via multi-omics analyses at concentrations below those at which significant cytotoxicity was evident to avoid detection of responses secondary to toxicity. Inhalation experiments used aerosol concentrations chosen to produce similar levels of particle deposition on the airway surface as were delivered in vitro. These were markedly higher than environmental concentrations. No clinical signs of toxicity were seen nor effects on BALF cell counts or LDH levels. There were also no significant changes in transcriptomic or metabolomic responses in lung or BEAS-2B cells to suggest adverse effects.
Collapse
|
5
|
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Environmental Pollutants on Hematopoiesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21196996. [PMID: 32977499 PMCID: PMC7583016 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21196996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is a complex and intricate process that aims to replenish blood components in a constant fashion. It is orchestrated mostly by hematopoietic progenitor cells (hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)) that are capable of self-renewal and differentiation. These cells can originate other cell subtypes that are responsible for maintaining vital functions, mediate innate and adaptive immune responses, provide tissues with oxygen, and control coagulation. Hematopoiesis in adults takes place in the bone marrow, which is endowed with an extensive vasculature conferring an intense flow of cells. A myriad of cell subtypes can be found in the bone marrow at different levels of activation, being also under constant action of an extensive amount of diverse chemical mediators and enzymatic systems. Bone marrow platelets, mature erythrocytes and leukocytes are delivered into the bloodstream readily available to meet body demands. Leukocytes circulate and reach different tissues, returning or not returning to the bloodstream. Senescent leukocytes, specially granulocytes, return to the bone marrow to be phagocytized by macrophages, restarting granulopoiesis. The constant high production and delivery of cells into the bloodstream, alongside the fact that blood cells can also circulate between tissues, makes the hematopoietic system a prime target for toxic agents to act upon, making the understanding of the bone marrow microenvironment vital for both toxicological sciences and risk assessment. Environmental and occupational pollutants, therapeutic molecules, drugs of abuse, and even nutritional status can directly affect progenitor cells at their differentiation and maturation stages, altering behavior and function of blood compounds and resulting in impaired immune responses, anemias, leukemias, and blood coagulation disturbances. This review aims to describe the most recently investigated molecular and cellular toxicity mechanisms of current major environmental pollutants on hematopoiesis in the bone marrow.
Collapse
|
6
|
Vishnyakov A, Udavliev D, Timofeev D, Kvan O. Evaluation of bone marrow hemopoiesis and the elemental status of the red bone marrow of chickens under introduction of copper to the organism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:17393-17400. [PMID: 32157530 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08161-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The role of chemical elements in an organism is versatile and multifunctional. However, you should pay attention to the reaction of the organism on the introduction of chemical elements with different biological roles, which is predetermined by the physiological role of organs and body systems. These include the red bone marrow, which primarily responds to endogenous and exogenous factors by its functional significance. Analyzing the myelogram of birds after the various ways of copper NP introduction into the body and the different dosages, we found that, by the end of the experiment, the total numbers of bone marrow cells in all groups were lower than the initial values: in the second group-12.54% lower (p < 0.05), in third-26.32% lower (p < 0.001), for the fourth-14.75% lower (p < 0.05), with exception for the first experimental group where this index was 45.51% higher (р < 0.001). We revealed the following changes in the peripheral blood: the hemoglobin content by the end of the experiment was significantly higher than the initial values: by 18.63% for the first group (p < 0.01); 28.61% higher in the third group (p < 0.001); and 15.76% higher for the fourth (p < 0.01), except the animals of the second group (3.23% lower). The concentration of erythrocytes in all groups was higher than that of the background: by 24.56% (p < 0.001), by 3.37%, by 26.18% (p < 0.001), and by 14.85% (p < 0.01), respectively; the leukocyte concentration in the first group was 39.63% higher (p < 0.001), it remained at the level of the initial values in the other groups. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate in all groups increased by 2.4, 4.0, 2.01, and 1.86 times (p < 0.001), respectively. We revealed that the introduction of copper into an organism in the form of nanopowder both with feed and intramuscularly significantly caused an increase of the content of such elements as arsenic, copper, and silicon and a decrease of calcium, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, boron, cobalt, iodine, lithium, sodium, zinc, tin, and strontium in the marrowy aspirate. Moreover, compared with the first group (p < 0.01), increasing doses of nanopowders caused a significant rise in the arsenic and tin concentrations and a decline of iodine and strontium. We found that copper nanoparticles ambiguously affect the bone marrow hemopoiesis of poultry; increasing the dose and changing the type of introduction activating the bone marrow hematopoietic function, in particular, granulocyto-, megakaryocyto-, and erythropoiesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Damir Udavliev
- Moscow State University of Food Production, 11, Volokolamskoe shosse, Moscow, 125080, Russia
| | - Dmitriy Timofeev
- Moscow State University of Food Production, 11, Volokolamskoe shosse, Moscow, 125080, Russia
| | - Olga Kvan
- Federal Research Center of Biological Systems and Agro-technologies, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29, 9 Yanvarya, Orenburg, 460000, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Magnetic nanocarriers: Emerging tool for the effective targeted treatment of lung cancer. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
8
|
Jiang Z, Shan K, Song J, Liu J, Rajendran S, Pugazhendhi A, Jacob JA, Chen B. Toxic effects of magnetic nanoparticles on normal cells and organs. Life Sci 2019; 220:156-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
9
|
Arami H, Khandhar A, Liggitt D, Krishnan KM. In vivo delivery, pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and toxicity of iron oxide nanoparticles. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:8576-607. [PMID: 26390044 PMCID: PMC4648695 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00541h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 492] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have been extensively used during the last two decades, either as effective bio-imaging contrast agents or as carriers of biomolecules such as drugs, nucleic acids and peptides for controlled delivery to specific organs and tissues. Most of these novel applications require elaborate tuning of the physiochemical and surface properties of the IONPs. As new IONPs designs are envisioned, synergistic consideration of the body's innate biological barriers against the administered nanoparticles and the short and long-term side effects of the IONPs become even more essential. There are several important criteria (e.g. size and size-distribution, charge, coating molecules, and plasma protein adsorption) that can be effectively tuned to control the in vivo pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of the IONPs. This paper reviews these crucial parameters, in light of biological barriers in the body, and the latest IONPs design strategies used to overcome them. A careful review of the long-term biodistribution and side effects of the IONPs in relation to nanoparticle design is also given. While the discussions presented in this review are specific to IONPs, some of the information can be readily applied to other nanoparticle systems, such as gold, silver, silica, calcium phosphates and various polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Arami
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195
| | - Amit Khandhar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195
| | - Denny Liggitt
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, 98195
| | - Kannan M. Krishnan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shah SA, Yoon GH, Ahmad A, Ullah F, Ul Amin F, Kim MO. Nanoscale-alumina induces oxidative stress and accelerates amyloid beta (Aβ) production in ICR female mice. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:15225-37. [PMID: 26315713 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr03598h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The adverse effects of nanoscale-alumina (Al2O3-NPs) have been previously demonstrated in both in vitro and in vivo studies, whereas little is known about their mechanism of neurotoxicity. It is the goal of this research to determine the toxic effects of nano-alumina on human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y and mouse hippocampal HT22 cells in vitro and on ICR female mice in vivo. Nano-alumina displayed toxic effects on SH-SY5Y cell lines in three different concentrations also increased aluminium abundance and induced oxidative stress in HT22 cells. Nano-alumina peripherally administered to ICR female mice for three weeks increased brain aluminium and ROS production, disturbing brain energy homeostasis, and led to the impairment of hippocampus-dependent memory. Most importantly, these nano-particles induced Alzheimer disease (AD) neuropathology by enhancing the amyloidogenic pathway of Amyloid Beta (Aβ) production, aggregation and implied the progression of neurodegeneration in the cortex and hippocampus of these mice. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that nano-alumina is toxic to both cells and female mice and that prolonged exposure may heighten the chances of developing a neurodegenerative disease, such as AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Ali Shah
- Department of Biology and Applied Life Science (BK 21), College of Natural Sciences (RINS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tishevskaya NV, Golubotovsky EV, Pharizova KO, Omarova DM. Effects of fullerenol C60(OH)24 on physiological and compensatory erythropoiesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995078015040199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
12
|
Stocke NA, Meenach SA, Arnold SM, Mansour HM, Hilt JZ. Formulation and characterization of inhalable magnetic nanocomposite microparticles (MnMs) for targeted pulmonary delivery via spray drying. Int J Pharm 2014; 479:320-8. [PMID: 25542988 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Targeted pulmonary delivery facilitates the direct application of bioactive materials to the lungs in a controlled manner and provides an exciting platform for targeting magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to the lungs. Iron oxide MNPs remotely heat in the presence of an alternating magnetic field (AMF) providing unique opportunities for therapeutic applications such as hyperthermia. In this study, spray drying was used to formulate magnetic nanocomposite microparticles (MnMs) consisting of iron oxide MNPs and d-mannitol. The physicochemical properties of these MnMs were evaluated and the in vitro aerosol dispersion performance of the dry powders was measured by the Next Generation Impactor(®). For all powders, the mass median aerosol diameter (MMAD) was <5μm and deposition patterns revealed that MnMs could deposit throughout the lungs. Heating studies with a custom AMF showed that MNPs retain excellent thermal properties after spray drying into composite dry powders, with specific absorption ratios (SAR)>200W/g, and in vitro studies on a human lung cell line indicated moderate cytotoxicity of these materials. These inhalable composites present a class of materials with many potential applications and pose a promising approach for thermal treatment of the lungs through targeted pulmonary administration of MNPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael A Stocke
- College of Engineering, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Samantha A Meenach
- College of Engineering, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Susanne M Arnold
- College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Heidi M Mansour
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
| | - J Zach Hilt
- College of Engineering, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang Y, Bai Y, Jia J, Gao N, Li Y, Zhang R, Jiang G, Yan B. Perturbation of physiological systems by nanoparticles. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:3762-809. [PMID: 24647382 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60338e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is having a tremendous impact on our society. However, societal concerns about human safety under nanoparticle exposure may derail the broad application of this promising technology. Nanoparticles may enter the human body via various routes, including respiratory pathways, the digestive tract, skin contact, intravenous injection, and implantation. After absorption, nanoparticles are carried to distal organs by the bloodstream and the lymphatic system. During this process, they interact with biological molecules and perturb physiological systems. Although some ingested or absorbed nanoparticles are eliminated, others remain in the body for a long time. The human body is composed of multiple systems that work together to maintain physiological homeostasis. The unexpected invasion of these systems by nanoparticles disturbs normal cell signaling, impairs cell and organ functions, and may even cause pathological disorders. This review examines the comprehensive health risks of exposure to nanoparticles by discussing how nanoparticles perturb various physiological systems as revealed by animal studies. The potential toxicity of nanoparticles to each physiological system and the implications of disrupting the balance among systems are emphasized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mrakovcic M, Meindl C, Roblegg E, Fröhlich E. Reaction of monocytes to polystyrene and silica nanoparticles in short-term and long-term exposures. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2014; 3:86-97. [PMID: 26005565 PMCID: PMC4441011 DOI: 10.1039/c3tx50112d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly used in industrial, health and consumer products. In addition to the intended effects, NPs may also cause cell damage. Typical cytotoxicity assays assess short-term effects in adherent cells but do not evaluate longer exposure times and do not focus on cells in suspension. Since NPs are not removed easily from the organism, non-biodegradable NPs may persist in the systemic circulation and affect monocyte function at low concentrations. To mimic this situation, THP-1 monocytes were exposed to low concentrations of plain polystyrene particles (PPP) in different sizes for short (24 h) and prolonged (16 d) time periods. CELLine CL350, a small two-chamber bioreactor, and sub-culturing in flasks were compared regarding prolonged cytotoxicity testing. Uptake rates of the particles, cytotoxicity screening assays, and interleukin secretion were used for the identification of adverse effects. After 24 h, 50 μg ml-1 20 nm PPP did not affect cellular viability and interleukin secretion, while at higher concentrations the cytotoxicity of PPP (20 nm-500 nm) was correlated to surface area. After 16 d of exposure at 50 μg ml-1 20 nm PPP, the decrease in cell number and the increase in interleukins were significant. 200 nm PPP, by contrast, caused only minimal effects. Due to lower reproducibility, CELLine proved to be less suitable for the assessment as compared to sub-culturing in flasks. After prolonged exposure, silica Aerosil OX50 particles also were more cytotoxic towards THP-1 monocytes. The data suggest that prolonged exposure to NPs leads to cytotoxicity at low doses and that induction of cell death may be involved in the observed pro-inflammatory action of NPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mrakovcic
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstr. 24, Graz, Austria
| | - Claudia Meindl
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstr. 24, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Roblegg
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Karl-Franzens-University of Graz, Helmholtzstr. 46, Graz, Austria
| | - Eleonore Fröhlich
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstr. 24, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Morsy GM, El-Ala KSA, Ali AA. Studies on fate and toxicity of nanoalumina in male albino rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2013; 32:634-55. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233713504022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The work aimed to evaluate the nanoalumina toxicity on the histological architecture, some haematological and biochemical aspects in male albino rats, during acute and sublethal experiments. Rats, in acute experiments, were injected with a single-acute dose of 3.9 g or 6.4 g or 8.5 g of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) kg−1, whereas those of sublethal were injected with 1.3 g of Al2O3 kg−1 2 days−1. One-way analysis of variance indicated that injected doses and the experimental periods were significantly affected by haemoglobin (Hb) content; haematocrit value (Hct); white blood cell (WBC) count; blood platelet (Plt) count; mean corpuscular volume (MCV); mean corpuscular Hb (MCH) and MCH concentration (MCHC). In acute experiments, Hct, WBC count, MCV and Plt were significantly higher than the corresponding controls, whereas Hb, MCH and MCHC markedly decreased. In comparison with the related controls after 1, 3 and 7 days post-injection, red blood cell count, Hb, Hct, WBC count, Plt and MCV were significantly increased, but begun to decrease after 14 or/and 28 days and were associated with a marked decrease in MCH and MCHC. In serum of rats injected with acute or sublethal dose, the concentrations of total protein (TP) and total lipid (TL) were significantly lesser than the corresponding controls, whereas the levels of urea, uric acid, creatinine and the activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were markedly increased. The injected doses were directly proportional with all the studied biochemical parameter, except the TL and TP that exhibited a negative correlation. Histologically, the highest acute and sublethal doses of nanoalumina caused hepatic irregular disarray, necrosis to the hepatic and Kupffer cells that are associated with congested blood sinusoids. The renal tissues characterized by the appearance of inter-tubular congestion that is accompanied by the dilation of the vascular glomeruli that completely occupied Bowman’s capsule and accompanied with partial disappearance of the renal tubule’s brush border. The brain showed a progressive degeneration of neurons in both the experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gamal M Morsy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Atef A Ali
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kwon JT, Seo GB, Jo, Lee M, Kim HM, Shim I, Lee BW, Yoon BI, Kim P, Choi K. Aluminum Nanoparticles Induce ERK and p38MAPK Activation in Rat Brain. Toxicol Res 2013; 29:181-5. [PMID: 24386518 PMCID: PMC3877997 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2013.29.3.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aluminum nanoparticles (Al-NPs) are one of the most widely used nanomaterial in cosmetics and medical materials. For this reason, Al-NP exposure is very likely to occur via inhalation in the environment and the workplace. Nevertheless, little is known about the mechanism of Al-NP neurotoxicity via inhalation exposure. In this study, we investigated the effect AL-NPs on the brain. Rats were exposed to Al-NPs by nasal instillation at 1 mg/kg body weight (low exposure group), 20 mg/kg body weight (moderate exposure group), and 40 mg/kg body weight (high exposure group), for a total of 3 times, with a 24-hr interval after each exposure. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis indicated that the presence of aluminum was increased in a dose-dependent manner in the olfactory bulb (OFB) and the brain. In microarray analysis, the regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) activity (GO: 0043405), including Ptprc, P2rx7, Map2k4, Trib3, Trib1, and Fgd4 was significantly over-expressed in the treated mice than in the controls (p = 0.0027). Moreover, Al-NPs induced the activation of ERK1 and p38 MAPK protein expression in the brain, but did not alter the protein expression of JNK, when compared to the control. These data demonstrate that the nasal exposure of Al-NPs can permeate the brain via the olfactory bulb and modulate the gene and protein expression of MAPK and its activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Taek Kwon
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Korea
| | - Gyun-Baek Seo
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jo
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Korea
| | - Mimi Lee
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hyun-Mi Kim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Korea
| | - Ilseob Shim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Korea
| | - Byung-Woo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Byung-Il Yoon
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Pilje Kim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Korea
| | - Kyunghee Choi
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lewinski N, Graczyk H, Riediker M. Human inhalation exposure to iron oxide particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1515/bnm-2013-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn the past decade, many studies have been conducted to determine the health effects induced by exposure to engineered nanomaterials (NMs). Specifically for exposure via inhalation, numerous in vitro and animal in vivo inhalation toxicity studies on several types of NMs have been published. However, these results are not easily extrapolated to judge the effects of inhaling NMs in humans, and few published studies on the human response to inhalation of NMs exist. Given the emergence of more industries utilizing iron oxide nanoparticles as well as more nanomedicine applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), this review presents an overview of the inhalation studies that have been conducted in humans on iron oxides. Both occupational exposure studies on complex iron oxide dusts and fumes, as well as human clinical studies on aerosolized, micron-size iron oxide particles are discussed. Iron oxide particles have not been described to elicit acute inhalation response nor promote lung disease after chronic exposure. The few human clinical studies comparing inhalation of fine and ultrafine metal oxide particles report no acute changes in the health parameters measured. Taken together existing evidence suggests that controlled human exposure to iron oxide nanoparticles, such as SPIONs, could be conducted safely.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nastassja Lewinski
- 1Institute for Work and Health, University of Lausanne and Geneva, 1066 Epalinges-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Halshka Graczyk
- 1Institute for Work and Health, University of Lausanne and Geneva, 1066 Epalinges-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Riediker
- 1Institute for Work and Health, University of Lausanne and Geneva, 1066 Epalinges-Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Acute toxicity of amorphous silica nanoparticles in intravenously exposed ICR mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61346. [PMID: 23593469 PMCID: PMC3625170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the acute toxicity of intravenously administrated amorphous silica nanoparticles (SNPs) in mice. The lethal dose, 50 (LD50), of intravenously administrated SNPs was calculated in mice using Dixon's up-and-down method (262.45±33.78 mg/kg). The acute toxicity was evaluated at 14 d after intravenous injection of SNPs at 29.5, 103.5 and 177.5 mg/kg in mice. A silicon content analysis using ICP-OES found that SNPs mainly distributed in the resident macrophages of the liver (10.24%ID/g), spleen (34.78%ID/g) and lung (1.96%ID/g). TEM imaging showed only a small amount in the hepatocytes of the liver and in the capillary endothelial cells of the lung and kidney. The levels of serum LDH, AST and ALT were all elevated in the SNP treated groups. A histological examination showed lymphocytic infiltration, granuloma formation, and hydropic degeneration in liver hepatocytes; megakaryocyte hyperplasia in the spleen; and pneumonemia and pulmonary interstitial thickening in the lung of the SNP treated groups. A CD68 immunohistochemistry stain indicated SNPs induced macrophage proliferation in the liver and spleen. The results suggest injuries induced by the SNPs in the liver, spleen and lungs. Mononuclear phagocytic cells played an important role in the injury process.
Collapse
|
19
|
Kwon JT, Seo GB, Lee M, Kim HM, Shim I, Jo E, Kim P, Choi K. Pulmonary Toxicity Assessment of Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles via Nasal Instillation Exposure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.5668/jehs.2013.39.1.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
20
|
Mrakovcic M, Absenger M, Riedl R, Smole C, Roblegg E, Fröhlich LF, Fröhlich E. Assessment of long-term effects of nanoparticles in a microcarrier cell culture system. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56791. [PMID: 23457616 PMCID: PMC3573004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Nano-sized materials could find multiple applications in medical diagnosis and therapy. One main concern is that engineered nanoparticles, similar to combustion-derived nanoparticles, may cause adverse effects on human health by accumulation of entire particles or their degradation products. Chronic cytotoxicity must therefore be evaluated. In order to perform chronic cytotoxicity testing of plain polystyrene nanoparticles on the endothelial cell line EAhy 926, we established a microcarrier cell culture system for anchorage-dependent cells (BioLevitator(TM)). Cells were cultured for four weeks and exposed to doses, which were not cytotoxic upon 24 hours of exposure. For comparison, these particles were also studied in regularly sub-cultured cells, a method that has traditionally been used to assess chronic cellular effects. Culturing on basal membrane coated microcarriers produced very high cell densities. Fluorescent particles were mainly localized in the lysosomes of the exposed cells. After four weeks of exposure, the number of cells exposed to 20 nm polystyrene particles decreased by 60% as compared to untreated controls. When tested in sub-cultured cells, the same particles decreased cell numbers to 80% of the untreated controls. Dose-dependent decreases in cell numbers were also noted after exposure of microcarrier cultured cells to 50 nm short multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Our findings support that necrosis, but not apoptosis, contributed to cell death of the exposed cells in the microcarrier culture system. In conclusion, the established microcarrier model appears to be more sensitive for the identification of cellular effects upon prolonged and repeated exposure to nanoparticles than traditional sub-culturing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mrakovcic
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Absenger
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Regina Riedl
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Claudia Smole
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Roblegg
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Karl-Franzens-University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Eleonore Fröhlich
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mei Q, Ding X, Chen Y, Hong J, Koh K, Lee J, Chen H, Yin Y. Comparative SPR study on the effect of nanomaterials on the biological activity of adsorbed proteins. Mikrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-012-0837-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
22
|
Wang J, Liu Y, Hou Y, Chen Z, Gu N. Near-infrared fluorescence labeling of iron nanoparticles and applications for cell labeling and in vivo imaging. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 906:221-237. [PMID: 22791436 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-953-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) labeled iron nanoparticles were synthesized and applied to labeling human cells for monitoring the engraftment process, imaging tumors, testing intracellular molecular environment surrounding the nanoparticles, and tracing biodistribution of nanoparticles in vivo. These studies demonstrated that the NIRF-labeled iron nanoparticles provided an excellent method not only for cell labeling but also for in vivo monitoring and tracing of iron nanoparticles due to the excellent in vivo imaging performance of the NIR fluorophores. However, the availability of commercial iron nanoparticles labeled with suitable NIRF dyes is limited. Optimal wavelength for in vivo imaging is centered at 800 nm, where tissue autofluorescence is minimal. Here we describe the manufacture of 12-nm 3-dimercaptosuccinic acid-coated Fe(3)O(4) magnetic nanoparticles, their labeling with a new near-infrared fluorophore, IRDye800CW (excitation/emission: 778/806 nm), and their applications for cell labeling and in vivo imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinke Wang
- Experimental Center of Biotechnology and Biomaterials, BME, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kim JE, Shin JY, Cho MH. Magnetic nanoparticles: an update of application for drug delivery and possible toxic effects. Arch Toxicol 2011; 86:685-700. [PMID: 22076106 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0773-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) represent a subclass within the overall category of nanomaterials and are widely used in many applications, particularly in the biomedical sciences such as targeted delivery of drugs or genes, in magnetic resonance imaging, and in hyperthermia (treating tumors with heat). Although the potential benefits of MNPs are considerable, there is a distinct need to identify any potential toxicity associated with these MNPs. The potential of MNPs in drug delivery stems from the intrinsic properties of the magnetic core combined with their drug loading capability and the biomedical properties of MNPs generated by different surface coatings. These surface modifications alter the particokinetics and toxicity of MNPs by changing protein-MNP or cell-MNP interactions. This review contains current advances in MNPs for drug delivery and their possible organ toxicities associated with disturbance in body iron homeostasis. The importance of protein-MNP interactions and various safety considerations relating to MNP exposure are also addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Kim
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Morimoto Y, Oyabu T, Ogami A, Myojo T, Kuroda E, Hirohashi M, Shimada M, Lenggoro W, Okuyama K, Tanaka I. Investigation of gene expression of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 mRNA in rat lung in inhaled nickel oxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2011; 49:344-352. [PMID: 21372438 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.ms1218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate whether or not dispersed nanoparticles have an effect of inflammation and fibrosis on animals, we developed a nanoparticle generation system and examined the gene expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and tissue inhibitor matrix proteinase (TIMP) in rat lung containing inhaled nickel oxide (NiO) or titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) nanoparticles. In both experiments, Wistar male rats were exposed to NiO or TiO(2) nanoparticles for 4 wk (6 h/day). The geometric mean diameters of NiO and TiO(2) in the chamber were 139 ± 12 nm and 51 ± 9 nm, respectively. The average concentration of the particle number of NiO and TiO(2) was 1.0E+05 /cm(3) and 2.8E+05 /cm(3), respectively. At 4 d, 1 and 3 months after the end of the inhalation, the rats exposed to these particles were sacrificed and the gene expressions of MMP-2, TIMP-2 and type I collagen were measured using RT-PCR. Pathological finding revealed that there was minimum inflammation with nickel oxide only at 4 d and no change with titanium oxide. However, there were no changes of the gene expression of MMP-2, TIMP-2, and type I collagen in either the NiO or TiO(2) exposure groups. In this study, inhalation of nickel oxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles did not induce the gene expression of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 mRNA in rat lungs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Morimoto
- Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hou Y, Liu Y, Chen Z, Gu N, Wang J. Manufacture of IRDye800CW-coupled Fe3O4 nanoparticles and their applications in cell labeling and in vivo imaging. J Nanobiotechnology 2010; 8:25. [PMID: 21034487 PMCID: PMC2984479 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-8-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF)-labeled iron nanoparticles have been synthesized and applied in a number of applications, including the labeling of human cells for monitoring the engraftment process, imaging tumors, sensoring the in vivo molecular environment surrounding nanoparticles and tracing their in vivo biodistribution. These studies demonstrate that NIRF-labeled iron nanoparticles provide an efficient probe for cell labeling. Furthermore, the in vivo imaging studies show excellent performance of the NIR fluorophores. However, there is a limited selection of NIRF-labeled iron nanoparticles with an optimal wavelength for imaging around 800 nm, where tissue autofluorescence is minimal. Therefore, it is necessary to develop additional alternative NIRF-labeled iron nanoparticles for application in this area. RESULTS This study manufactured 12-nm DMSA-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles labeled with a near-infrared fluorophore, IRDye800CW (excitation/emission, 774/789 nm), to investigate their applicability in cell labeling and in vivo imaging. The mouse macrophage RAW264.7 was labeled with IRDye800CW-labeled Fe3O4 nanoparticles at concentrations of 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80 and 100 μg/ml for 24 h. The results revealed that the cells were efficiently labeled by the nanoparticles, without any significant effect on cell viability. The nanoparticles were injected into the mouse via the tail vein, at dosages of 2 or 5 mg/kg body weight, and the mouse was discontinuously imaged for 24 h. The results demonstrated that the nanoparticles gradually accumulated in liver and kidney regions following injection, reaching maximum concentrations at 6 h post-injection, following which they were gradually removed from these regions. After tracing the nanoparticles throughout the body it was revealed that they mainly distributed in three organs, the liver, spleen and kidney. Real-time live-body imaging effectively reported the dynamic process of the biodistribution and clearance of the nanoparticles in vivo. CONCLUSION IRDye800CW-labeled Fe3O4 nanoparticles provide an effective probe for cell-labeling and in vivo imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hou
- State key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Morimoto Y, Kobayashi N, Shinohara N, Myojo T, Tanaka I, Nakanishi J. Hazard assessments of manufactured nanomaterials. J Occup Health 2010; 52:325-34. [PMID: 20972355 DOI: 10.1539/joh.r10003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been difficult to make reliable hazard assessments of manufactured nanomaterials, because the nanomaterials form large agglomerations in both in vitro and in vivo studies. OBJECTIVE In the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) Project of Japan, the physicochemical properties of many manufactured nanomaterials are being measured, and in vitro and in vivo studies are being performed to determine which endpoints are correspond to the hazards and risks of nanomaterials. Focusing on titanium dioxide, fullerenes and carbon nanotubes, we introduce findings made in inhalation and intratracheal installation studies overseas, and together with the findings made in the NEDO project, and also assess the hazards presented by manufactured nanomaterials. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION A project by NEDO has succeeded in ensuring the stability of dispersion (nanoscale <100 nm) of manufactured nanomaterials, and is developing hazard assessments of manufactured nanomaterials. In these interim reports, the acceptable exposure concentration of titanium dioxide and fullerene was proposed to be 1.2 mg/m(3) and 0.8 mg/m(3) respirable dust in working environment, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Morimoto
- Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Yahatanishiku, Iseigaoka 1-1, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|