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Turac IR, Porfire A, Iurian S, Crișan AG, Casian T, Iovanov R, Tomuță I. Expanding the Manufacturing Approaches for Gastroretentive Drug Delivery Systems with 3D Printing Technology. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:790. [PMID: 38931911 PMCID: PMC11207633 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastroretentive drug delivery systems (GRDDSs) have gained substantial attention in the last 20 years due to their ability to retain the drug in the stomach for an extended time, thus promoting an extended release and high bioavailability for a broad range of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) that are pH-sensitive and/or have a narrow absorption window. The currently existing GRDDSs include floating, expanding, mucoadhesive, magnetic, raft-forming, ion-exchanging, and high-density systems. Although there are seven types of systems, the main focus is on floating, expanding, and mucoadhesive systems produced by various techniques, 3D printing being one of the most revolutionary and currently studied ones. This review assesses the newest production technologies and briefly describes the in vitro and in vivo evaluation methods, with the aim of providing a better overall understanding of GRDDSs as a novel emerging strategy for targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alina Porfire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.-R.T.); (S.I.); (A.G.C.); (T.C.); (R.I.); (I.T.)
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Sarwinska D, Grimm M, Krause J, Schick P, Gollasch M, Mannaa M, Ritter CA, Weitschies W. Investigation of real-life drug intake behaviour in older adults and geriatric patients in Northern Germany - A biopharmaceutical perspective. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 200:106814. [PMID: 38815699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Dosing conditions (type and amount of accompanying fluid, the type of food, the time of administration, and dosage form modifications such as crushing tablets) are critical and affect the performance of oral dosage forms in the gastrointestinal tract and thus bioavailability. Because older adults are the primary users of medications and are more susceptible to adverse effects, it is important to understand how they take their medications in order to reduce risks and increase benefits of the pharmacotherapy. The aim of the study was to investigate the real-life drug intake behaviour in geriatric patients and older adults and discuss their influence on drug absorption after oral administration. The data from two settings home vs. hospital and genders women vs. men were presented. A questionnaire study was performed among people aged at least 65 years from two settings (hospital vs. home), recruited mostly from community pharmacies and a regional hospital in Mecklenburg - Western Pomerania. The obtained data demonstrates that older adults and geriatric patients take their medications in the same way regardless of the setting and gender. There were no significant differences. Interviewed participants were mostly adherent to the doctor's recommendations and mostly took their medications in the same way every day. Medications are most commonly taken with a small (100 mL) or large (200 mL) glass of noncarbonated water, after food (during or after breakfast 64 % of intakes in the morning and during or after dinner 81 % of intakes in the evening). Meal usually consisted of bread, either with jam or honey (breakfast), or ham and cheese (dinner). All reported dosage form modifications were made to tablets. In almost all cases it was splitting the tablet, which was performed due to doctor's indication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Sarwinska
- Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Grimm
- Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Julius Krause
- Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Philipp Schick
- Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Maik Gollasch
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marwan Mannaa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christoph A Ritter
- Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 17, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Werner Weitschies
- Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
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Firut A, Margaritescu DN, Turcu-Stiolica A, Bica M, Rotaru I, Patrascu AM, Radu RI, Marinescu D, Patrascu S, Streba CT, Surlin V. Preoperative Immunocyte-Derived Ratios Predict Postoperative Recovery of Gastrointestinal Motility after Colorectal Cancer Surgery. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6338. [PMID: 37834982 PMCID: PMC10573957 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12196338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the role of immunocyte-derived ratios (IDRs), such as the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), as markers for the postoperative recovery of gastrointestinal function following colorectal cancer surgery. A retrospective analysis was conducted on a consecutive cohort of 260 patients who underwent radical colorectal cancer surgery within the timeframe spanning from January 2016 to December 2022. Data concerning the postoperative recovery of gastrointestinal function included the I-FEED score, time to pass flatus, toleration for liquids in the first 48 h, and the need for nasogastric tube reinsertion in the immediate postoperative period. A special emphasis was allocated towards the examination of IDRs and their interrelation with the postoperative gastrointestinal functional parameters. The I-FEED score exhibited a positive correlation with the NLR, SII, and PLR. The univariate analysis indicated that all IDRs, multiorgan resection, hemoglobin and protein levels, regional nodal extent of the tumor (N), and obesity significantly affected nasogastric tube reinsertion. The multivariate analysis showed that the SII and N1 stages were risk factors for nasogastric tube reinsertion after colorectal cancer surgery. The SII and multiorgan resection were the only classifiers that remained significant in the multivariable analysis for the toleration for liquids. In summation, certain preoperative IDRs, such as the SII, PLR, and NLR, may hold potential as predictive determinants for postoperative gastrointestinal functional recovery following colorectal cancer surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Firut
- Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (A.F.); (D.N.M.); (M.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Dragos Nicolae Margaritescu
- Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (A.F.); (D.N.M.); (M.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Adina Turcu-Stiolica
- Pharmacoeconomics and Statistical Analysis in Clinical Trials and Pharmaceutical Research, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Marius Bica
- Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (A.F.); (D.N.M.); (M.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Ionela Rotaru
- Department of Hematology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (I.R.); (A.-M.P.)
| | - Ana-Maria Patrascu
- Department of Hematology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (I.R.); (A.-M.P.)
| | - Razvan Ilie Radu
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Prof. Dr. C. C. Iliescu Emergency Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases, 022328 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Daniela Marinescu
- Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (A.F.); (D.N.M.); (M.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Stefan Patrascu
- Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (A.F.); (D.N.M.); (M.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Costin Teodor Streba
- Department of Pulmonology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Valeriu Surlin
- Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (A.F.); (D.N.M.); (M.B.); (V.S.)
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Rump A, Kromrey ML, Scheuch E, Jannin V, Rehenbrock L, Tzvetkov MV, Weitschies W, Grimm M. In Vivo Evaluation of a Gastro-Resistant HPMC-Based “Next Generation Enteric” Capsule. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14101999. [PMID: 36297435 PMCID: PMC9609816 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14101999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many orally dosed APIs are bioavailable only when formulated as an enteric dosage form to protect them from the harsh environment of the stomach. However, an enteric formulation is often accompanied with a higher development effort in the first place and the potential degradation of fragile APIs during the coating process. Ready-to-use enteric hard capsules would be an easily available alternative to test and develop APIs in enteric formulations, while decreasing the time and cost of process development. In this regard, Lonza Capsugel® Next Generation Enteric capsules offer a promising approach as functional capsules. The in vivo performance of these capsules was observed with two independent techniques (MRI and caffeine in saliva) in eight human volunteers. No disintegration or content release in the stomach was observed, even after highly variable individual gastric residence times (range 7.5 to 82.5 min), indicating the reliable enteric properties of these capsules. Seven capsules disintegrated in the distal part of the small intestine; one capsule showed an uncommonly fast intestinal transit (15 min) and disintegrated in the colon. The results for this latter capsule by MRI and caffeine appearance differed dramatically, whereas for all other capsules disintegrating in the small intestine, the results were very comparable, which highlights the necessity for reliable and complementary measurement methods. No correlation could be found between the gastric residence time and disintegration after gastric emptying, which confirms the robust enteric formulation of those capsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Rump
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Kromrey
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Eberhard Scheuch
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Vincent Jannin
- Lonza Capsules & Health Ingredients, 68000 Colmar, France
| | - Lara Rehenbrock
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Werner Weitschies
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Grimm
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3834-4204816
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Matsumoto M, Takemi S, Sakai T, Sakata I. Identification of motilin in Japanese fire bellied newt. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 323-324:114031. [PMID: 35331740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Motilin, a peptide hormone consisting of 22 amino acid residues, was identified in the duodenum of pigs in the 1970s. It is known to induce gastrointestinal contractions during the interdigestive state in mammals. Although the motilin gene has been identified in various animal species, it has not been studied in amphibians. Here, we identified the motilin gene in the Japanese fire bellied newt (Cynops pyrrhogaster), and conducted an analysis of tissue distribution, morphological observations, and physiological experiments. The deduced mature newt motilin comprises 22 amino acid residues, like in mammals and birds. The C-terminus of the newt motilin showed high homology with motilin from other species compared to the N-terminus region, which is considered the bioactive site. Motilin mRNA expression in newts was abundant in the upper small intestine, with notably high motilin mRNA expression found in the pancreas. Motilin-producing cells were found in the mucosal layer of the upper small intestine and existed as two cell types: open-and closed-type cells. Motilin-producing cells in the pancreas were also found to produce insulin but not glucagon. Newt motilin stimulated gastric contractions but not in other parts of the intestines in vitro, and motilin-induced gastric contraction was significantly inhibited by treatment with atropine, a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist. These results indicate that motilin is also present in amphibians, and that its gastrointestinal contractile effects are conserved in mammals, birds, and amphibians. Additionally, we demonstrated for the first time the existence of pancreatic motilin, suggesting that newt motilin has an additional unknown physiological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mio Matsumoto
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Shota Takemi
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sakai
- Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sakata
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; Area of Life-NanoBio, Division of Strategy Research, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
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Martínez-Herrero S, Martínez A. Adrenomedullin: Not Just Another Gastrointestinal Peptide. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020156. [PMID: 35204657 PMCID: PMC8961556 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM) and proadrenomedullin N-terminal 20 peptide (PAMP) are two bioactive peptides derived from the same precursor with several biological functions including vasodilation, angiogenesis, or anti-inflammation, among others. AM and PAMP are widely expressed throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract where they behave as GI hormones, regulating numerous physiological processes such as gastric emptying, gastric acid release, insulin secretion, bowel movements, or intestinal barrier function. Furthermore, it has been recently demonstrated that AM/PAMP have an impact on gut microbiome composition, inhibiting the growth of bacteria related with disease and increasing the number of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus or Bifidobacterium. Due to their wide functions in the GI tract, AM and PAMP are involved in several digestive pathologies such as peptic ulcer, diabetes, colon cancer, or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). AM is a key protective factor in IBD onset and development, as it regulates cytokine production in the intestinal mucosa, improves vascular and lymphatic regeneration and function and mucosal epithelial repair, and promotes a beneficial gut microbiome composition. AM and PAMP are relevant GI hormones that can be targeted to develop novel therapeutic agents for IBD, other GI disorders, or microbiome-related pathologies.
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Li H, Yang L, Jin Y, Jin C. Roles of Endothelial Motilin Receptor and Its Signal Transduction Pathway in Motilin-Induced Left Gastric Artery Relaxation in Dogs. Front Physiol 2021; 12:770430. [PMID: 34777026 PMCID: PMC8581264 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.770430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Motilin increases left gastric artery (LGA) blood flow in dogs via the endothelial motilin receptor (MLNR). This article investigates the signaling pathways of endothelial MLNR. Methods: Motilin-induced relaxation of LGA rings was assessed using wire myography. Nitric oxide (NO), and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels were measured using an NO assay kit and cGMP ELISA kit, respectively. Results: Motilin concentration-dependently (EC50=9.1±1.2×10−8M) relaxed LGA rings precontracted with U46619 (thromboxane A2 receptor agonist). GM-109 (MLNR antagonist) significantly inhibited motilin-induced LGA relaxation and the production of NO and cGMP. N-ethylmaleimide (NEM; G-protein antagonist), U73122 [phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor], and 2-aminoethyl diphenylborinate [2-APB; inositol trisphosphate (IP3) blocker] partially or completely blocked vasorelaxation. In contrast, chelerythrine [protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor] and H89 [protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor] had no such effect. Low-calcium or calcium-free Krebs solutions also reduced vasorelaxation. N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester [L-NAME; nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor] and ODQ [soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) inhibitor] completely abolished vasodilation and synthesis of NO and cGMP. Indomethacin (cyclooxygenase inhibitor), 18α-glycyrrhetinic acid [18α-GA; myoendothelial gap junction (MEGJ) inhibitor], and K+ channel inhibition through high K+ concentrations or tetraethylammonium (TEA-Cl; KCa channel blocker) partially decreased vasorelaxation, whereas glibenclamide (KATP channel blocker) had no such effect. Conclusion: The current study suggests that motilin-induced LGA relaxation is dependent on endothelial MLNR through the G protein-PLC-IP3 pathway and Ca2+ influx. The NOS-NO-sGC-cGMP pathway, prostacyclin, MEGJ, and K+ channels (especially KCa) are involved in endothelial-dependent relaxation of vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- HongYu Li
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Ultrasound, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - LanLan Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Jin
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - ChunXiang Jin
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Miyaue N, Hosokawa Y, Yoshida A, Yamanishi Y, Tada S, Ando R, Yabe H, Nagai M. Fasting state is one of the factors associated with plasma levodopa fluctuations during levodopa‒carbidopa intestinal gel treatment. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2021; 91:55-58. [PMID: 34509136 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Some patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) undergoing levodopa‒carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG) treatment experience motor fluctuations in the afternoon. The migrating motor complex, a specific periodic migrating contraction pattern occurring in the stomach and small intestine during the fasting state, can affect drug absorption. We aimed to compare the pharmacokinetic parameters between two conditions (with and without lunch) and assessed the influence of the fasting state on the levodopa pharmacokinetics in LCIG treatment. METHODS We evaluated the levodopa pharmacokinetics from 12:00 p.m. to 6:00 p.m. in 10 LCIG-treated PD patients in the presence and absence of lunch. RESULTS The maintenance dose of LCIG correlated strongly with the mean plasma concentration of levodopa in the absence (r = 0.94, coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.89, p < 0.001) or presence of lunch (r = 0.96, R2 = 0.93, p < 0.001). Comparison of the pharmacokinetic parameters revealed that the coefficient of variation was significantly greater in the condition without lunch than in the condition with lunch (p = 0.004): 16.73% (4.88%) without lunch and 9.22% (3.80%) with lunch. There were no significant differences in the mean plasma concentration of levodopa (p = 0.49) and area under the plasma concentration‒time curve (p = 0.27) between the two conditions. CONCLUSIONS Plasma concentrations of levodopa fluctuated more in patients undergoing LCIG treatment without than with lunch. Our results indicate that a small amount of food intake may be a better corrective approach for worsening of symptoms in the fasting state rather than additional levodopa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Miyaue
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Tohon, Ehime, Japan; Department of Neurology, Saiseikai Matsuyama Hospital, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan.
| | - Yuko Hosokawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Tohon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Akira Yoshida
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Tohon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamanishi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Tohon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Tohon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Rina Ando
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Tohon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hayato Yabe
- Department of Neurology, Saiseikai Matsuyama Hospital, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nagai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Tohon, Ehime, Japan
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Yang L, Li H, Jin Y, He Y, Mei L, Jin C. Differential expression of motilin receptors on the endothelium of dog gastrointestinal arteries and motilin-induced motilin receptor dependent relaxation of corresponding arteries. Peptides 2021; 143:170574. [PMID: 34082070 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motilin's role in the regulation of vascular tone and hemodynamic besides gastrointestinal motility is concerned. This study aimed to investigate the expression of motilin receptors in gastrointestinal arteries and motilin-induced relaxation. MATERIAL AND METHODS The expression of motilin receptors in the left gastric artery (LGA), superior mesenteric artery (SMA), and inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) of adult dogs (1.5-5 years old) were analyzed by immunochemistry, RT-PCR, and western blotting. Motilin's effects on the gastrointestinal arteries were evaluated in a multi-wire myograph system. RESULTS Immunohistochemical staining showed that motilin receptor was expressed on the membranes of endothelial cells with the fluorescence intensity LGA > SMA > IMA (P < 0.01). The motilin receptor's mRNA and protein expression levels shared the same distribution patterns as it in fluorescence intensity (P < 0.01). In isolated LGA preparations precontracted with U46619 (a thromboxaneA2 analog), motilin induced a concentration-dependent relaxation, and the EC50 was 8.8 × 10-8 ± 0.9 × 10-8 M. Motilin-induced relaxation on the three arteries also shared the same pattern as it in fluorescence intensity (P < 0.01) and inhibited by denuded-endothelium and GM-109 (a motilin receptor antagonist) but not by atropine (a muscarinic receptor antagonist). CONCLUSIONS Motilin receptors are expressed differentially on the membranes of endothelial cells in dog gastrointestinal arteries with a significantly high expression in the LGA. Motilin-induced relaxation is endothelium- and motilin receptor-dependent. The motilin receptor expressed on the endothelial cell membrane of the LGA is the molecular basis for motilin regulating gastric blood flow under physiological conditions in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Ultrasound, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Jin
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu He
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Mei
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Ultrasound, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunxiang Jin
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Kitazawa T, Kaiya H. Motilin Comparative Study: Structure, Distribution, Receptors, and Gastrointestinal Motility. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:700884. [PMID: 34497583 PMCID: PMC8419268 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.700884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Motilin, produced in endocrine cells in the mucosa of the upper intestine, is an important regulator of gastrointestinal (GI) motility and mediates the phase III of interdigestive migrating motor complex (MMC) in the stomach of humans, dogs and house musk shrews through the specific motilin receptor (MLN-R). Motilin-induced MMC contributes to the maintenance of normal GI functions and transmits a hunger signal from the stomach to the brain. Motilin has been identified in various mammals, but the physiological roles of motilin in regulating GI motility in these mammals are well not understood due to inconsistencies between studies conducted on different species using a range of experimental conditions. Motilin orthologs have been identified in non-mammalian vertebrates, and the sequence of avian motilin is relatively close to that of mammals, but reptile, amphibian and fish motilins show distinctive different sequences. The MLN-R has also been identified in mammals and non-mammalian vertebrates, and can be divided into two main groups: mammal/bird/reptile/amphibian clade and fish clade. Almost 50 years have passed since discovery of motilin, here we reviewed the structure, distribution, receptor and the GI motility regulatory function of motilin in vertebrates from fish to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takio Kitazawa
- Comparative Animal Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kaiya
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
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Zhang Y, Bian L, Long H, Zhang W, Hu Y. Efficacy evaluation of acupuncture combined with Liujunzi Decoction in the treatment of functional dyspepsia: A protocol of randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24528. [PMID: 33663059 PMCID: PMC7909152 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common and frequently-occurring disease in internal medicine. It is known that Liujunzi decoction and acupuncture are widely used in the treatment of FD, but there are few studies on the combination of Liujunzi decoction and acupuncture in the treatment of FD, and its safety and efficacy are still controversial. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of acupuncture combined with Liujunzi decoction in the treatment of FD. METHODS We designed a prospective randomized controlled trial. The study protocol was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of our hospital. Patients with FD were randomly assigned to the treatment group of acupuncture combined with Liujunzi Decoction (the experimental group) and the treatment group of Liujunzi Decoction (the control group) in a ratio of 1:1. Outcome indicators were Nepean Dyspepsia Index, the MOS item short from health survey, and adverse reactions. Finally, SPSS 18.0 software would be used for statistical analysis of the data. DISCUSSION This study will evaluate the efficacy and safety of acupuncture combined with Liujunzi Decoction in the treatment of FD and provide clinical basis for the use of acupuncture combined with Liujunzi Decoction in the treatment of FD. OSF REGISTRATION NUMBER DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/67GKN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lihong Bian
- Wuhan Children's Welfare Home, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | | | | | - Yuqiong Hu
- Wuhan Children's Welfare Home, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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İncetan K, Celik IO, Obeid A, Gokceler GI, Ozyoruk KB, Almalioglu Y, Chen RJ, Mahmood F, Gilbert H, Durr NJ, Turan M. VR-Caps: A Virtual Environment for Capsule Endoscopy. Med Image Anal 2021; 70:101990. [PMID: 33609920 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2021.101990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Current capsule endoscopes and next-generation robotic capsules for diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases are complex cyber-physical platforms that must orchestrate complex software and hardware functions. The desired tasks for these systems include visual localization, depth estimation, 3D mapping, disease detection and segmentation, automated navigation, active control, path realization and optional therapeutic modules such as targeted drug delivery and biopsy sampling. Data-driven algorithms promise to enable many advanced functionalities for capsule endoscopes, but real-world data is challenging to obtain. Physically-realistic simulations providing synthetic data have emerged as a solution to the development of data-driven algorithms. In this work, we present a comprehensive simulation platform for capsule endoscopy operations and introduce VR-Caps, a virtual active capsule environment that simulates a range of normal and abnormal tissue conditions (e.g., inflated, dry, wet etc.) and varied organ types, capsule endoscope designs (e.g., mono, stereo, dual and 360∘ camera), and the type, number, strength, and placement of internal and external magnetic sources that enable active locomotion. VR-Caps makes it possible to both independently or jointly develop, optimize, and test medical imaging and analysis software for the current and next-generation endoscopic capsule systems. To validate this approach, we train state-of-the-art deep neural networks to accomplish various medical image analysis tasks using simulated data from VR-Caps and evaluate the performance of these models on real medical data. Results demonstrate the usefulness and effectiveness of the proposed virtual platform in developing algorithms that quantify fractional coverage, camera trajectory, 3D map reconstruction, and disease classification. All of the code, pre-trained weights and created 3D organ models of the virtual environment with detailed instructions how to setup and use the environment are made publicly available at https://github.com/CapsuleEndoscope/VirtualCapsuleEndoscopy and a video demonstration can be seen in the supplementary videos (Video-I).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kağan İncetan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Omer Celik
- Department of Computer Engineering, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdulhamid Obeid
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | | | - Richard J Chen
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Faisal Mahmood
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Cancer Data Science, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hunter Gilbert
- Deparment of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA USA
| | - Nicholas J Durr
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mehmet Turan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Zhang S, Teraoka H, Kaiya H, Kitazawa T. Motilin- and ghrelin-induced contractions in isolated gastrointestinal strips from three species of frogs. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 300:113649. [PMID: 33153968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin (GHRL) and motilin (MLN), gut peptides isolated from the mucosa of the stomach and duodenum, respectively, stimulate gastrointestinal (GI) motility in mammals and birds. However, the functions of MLN and GHRL in amphibian GI tracts have not been examined in detail. To clarify the regulation of GI motility by the two peptides, the effects of human MLN and rat GHRL on contractility of isolated GI strips from three species of frogs, the black-spotted pond frog (pond frog; Pelophylax nigromaculata), bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeiana) and Western clawed frog (Xenopus; Xenopus tropicalis), were examined in in vitro experiments. The GI tract of each frog was divided into the stomach, upper intestine, middle intestine and lower intestine. Human MLN caused contractions of the stomach in the pond frog and upper intestine in the bullfrog and Xenopus, but other GI regions were insensitive to human MLN. Erythromycin did not cause contraction of the upper intestine of the bullfrog and Xenopus. Rat GHRL did not cause contraction of the stomach and small intestines in the pond frog and bullfrog, but it caused a concentration-dependent contraction in the stomach and upper intestine of Xenopus, while des-acyl rat GHRL did not cause any contraction of them. In conclusion, human MLN caused the contraction of the stomach or upper intestine in the three species of frogs, but GHRL was effective only in the stomach and upper intestine of Xenopus. On the basis of these data, MLN but not GHRL causes the GI region-dependent contractions in the frogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyi Zhang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Teraoka
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kaiya
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan
| | - Takio Kitazawa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.
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14
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The biorelevant simulation of gastric emptying and its impact on model drug dissolution and absorption kinetics. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 149:113-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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15
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Al Hillan A, Curras-Martin D, Carson M, Gor S, Ezeume A, Gupta V, Copcaalvarez A, Beri G, Bermann M, Asif A. Capsule Endoscopy Transit Time to Duodenum: Relation to Patient Demographics. Cureus 2020; 12:e6894. [PMID: 32064217 PMCID: PMC7003722 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.6894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anesthesia guidelines recommend fasting for at least two hours to minimize aspiration risk related to endoscopic procedures, and the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE) states that the final oral preparation liquid can be administered three to eight hours before the procedure. We have observed the cancellation of endoscopy procedures if liquids were consumed within four, six, or eight hours of the start time. Objectively, documenting gastric transit time via a review of pill endoscopy data could address clinician concerns, prevent delays in patient care, and improve the rate at which our clinicians practice within national guidelines. The objective was to utilize capsule endoscopy data from our center to report the relationship between patient factors that could affect gastric transit time (GTT) and small bowel transit time (SBTT) such as chronic kidney disease (CKD), diabetes mellitus (DM), nutritional status, and obesity. Methods This retrospective review obtained data on adult pill endoscopy (PillCam™ SB 3) (Medtronic, Minneapolis MN) studies on in- and outpatients. Past medical history and laboratory data were abstracted from electronic medical records. Mean GTT and SBTT are reported in minutes + standard deviation (SD) and times were compared accounting for conditions that could prolong transit, such as diabetes mellitus or chronic kidney disease (CKD). Results One hundred and sixty-three records reviewed. Four patients were excluded as the pill did not pass out of the stomach. The mean age was 66 years, 57% were female, and 26% were evaluated for gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. The mean GTT for all patients (n = 159) was 35 + 49 with a median of 19 minutes. There were no statistically significant differences in GTT between the following subgroups: CKD0 (n = 100) 40 + 58 versus CKD5 (n = 11) 35 + 39, albumin > 3.0 (n = 123) 37 + 53 versus albumin < 3.0 (n = 36) 27 + 30, diabetes mellitus (DM) (n = 40) 51 + 71 vs. non-DM (n = 119) 42 + 79, body mass index (BMI) > 30, or aspirin use. The SBTT results in all patients (n = 124) was 238 + 88 minutes. Similarly, there was no relation between SBTT and albumin, any CKD, CKD0 versus CKD5, DM status, or BMI. The patients with the capsule stuck in the stomach did not have any other clinical history to explain this occurrence. Conclusions This analysis of objective data regarding pill endoscopy found that the mean GTT was 44 minutes, and it was < 60 minutes for 85% of the cohort. Patient factors were not associated with longer transit times, and this is the first report to document PillCam times in relation to CKD. These data support recommendations that endoscopic procedures, in accordance with anesthesia and ASGE guidelines, can be safely conducted in the majority of patients within 60 minutes of ingesting liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alsadiq Al Hillan
- Internal Medicine, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, USA
| | | | - Michael Carson
- Internal Medicine, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, USA
| | - Shreya Gor
- Internal Medicine, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, USA
| | - Adaeze Ezeume
- Internal Medicine, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, USA
| | - Varsha Gupta
- Internal Medicine, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, USA
| | | | - Gagan Beri
- Gastroenterology, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, USA
| | - Mordechai Bermann
- Internal Medicine, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, USA
| | - Arif Asif
- Internal Medicine, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, USA
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16
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Simulated migrating motor complex and its impact on the release properties of hydrophilic matrix systems. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Horita T, Koyama K, Takemi S, Tanaka T, Sakai T, Sakata I. GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons in the brain regulate phase II of migrating motor contractions in the Suncus murinus. J Smooth Muscle Res 2019; 54:91-99. [PMID: 30787212 PMCID: PMC6380905 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.54.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric contractions exhibit characteristic motor patterns in the fasted state, known as
migrating motor contractions (MMC). MMC consist of three periodically repeated phases
(phase I, II and III) and are known to be regulated by hormones and the autonomic and
enteric nervous systems. However, the central regulation of gastric contractions in the
fasted state is not completely understood. Here, we have examined the central effects of
motilin, ghrelin, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and L-glutamate signaling on gastric MMC by
using suncus (Suncus murinus) as an animal model, because of their
similar gastric motor patterns to those observed in humans and dogs.
Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of motilin and ghrelin had no effect on
phase I and II contractions, respectively. Conversely, i.c.v. administration of
GABAA receptor antagonist, during phase I of the MMC, evoked phase II-like
contractions and significantly increased the motility index (MI). This was compared with
the i.c.v. administration of GABA which inhibited spontaneous phase II contractions with a
significantly decreased MI. In addition, i.c.v. administration of L-glutamate during phase
I also induced phase II-like irregular contractions with a significant increase in the MI.
Taken together with previous findings, these results suggest that central GABAergic and
glutamatergic signaling, with the coordination of both peripheral motilin and ghrelin,
regulate phase II contractions of MMC in the fasted state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Horita
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Kouhei Koyama
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Shota Takemi
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Toru Tanaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keiyaki dai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sakai
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.,Area of Life-NanoBio, Division of Strategy Research, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sakata
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
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18
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Gastric dysmotility in Parkinson's disease is not caused by alterations of the gastric pacemaker cells. NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2019; 5:15. [PMID: 31372495 PMCID: PMC6659650 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-019-0087-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system is involved in the pathology of Parkinson´s disease and patients frequently have symptoms related to delayed gastric emptying. However, the pathophysiology of gastric dysmotility is yet not well understood. The objective of this study was to assess interdigestive gastric motility in Parkinson´s disease. Using an electromagnetic capsule system, the dominant gastric contraction frequency (primary outcome measure) and the gastric transit time were assessed in 16 patients with Parkinson´s disease and 15 young healthy controls after a fasting period of 8 h. Motor and non-motor symptoms were assessed using the Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson´s Disease Rating Scale III (MDS-UPDRS III), the Non-Motor Symptoms Questionnaire (NMS-Quest), and Hoehn & Yahr staging. The Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index was used to record symptoms related to delayed gastric emptying. In healthy controls and patients with Parkinson's disease, the dominant contraction frequency was 3.0 cpm indicating normal function of interstitial cells of Cajal. In patients with Parkinson's disease, the gastric transit time was longer than in younger controls (56 vs. 21 min). The dominant contraction frequency and gastric transit time did not correlate with age, disease duration, Hoehn & Yahr stage, levodopa equivalent daily dose, MDS-UPDRS III, NMS-Quest, and Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index. Changes of gastric motility in Parkinson´s disease are not caused by functional deficits of the gastric pacemaker cells, the interstitial cells of Cajal. Therefore, gastroparesis in Parkinson's disease can be attributed to disturbances in neurohumoral signals via the vagus nerve and myenteric plexus.
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Kitazawa T, Kaiya H. Regulation of Gastrointestinal Motility by Motilin and Ghrelin in Vertebrates. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:278. [PMID: 31156548 PMCID: PMC6533539 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The energy balance of vertebrates is regulated by the difference in energy input and energy expenditure. Generally, most vertebrates obtain their energy from nutrients of foods through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Therefore, food intake and following food digestion, including motility of the GI tract, secretion and absorption, are crucial physiological events for energy homeostasis. GI motility changes depending on feeding, and GI motility is divided into fasting (interdigestive) and postprandial (digestive) contraction patterns. GI motility is controlled by contractility of smooth muscles of the GI tract, extrinsic and intrinsic neurons (motor and sensory) and some hormones. In mammals, ghrelin (GHRL) and motilin (MLN) stimulate appetite and GI motility and contribute to the regulation of energy homeostasis. GHRL and MLN are produced in the mucosal layer of the stomach and upper small intestine, respectively. GHRL is a multifunctional peptide and is involved in glucose metabolism, endocrine/exocrine functions and cardiovascular and reproductive functions, in addition to feeding and GI motility in mammals. On the other hand, the action of MLN is restricted and species such as rodentia, including mice and rats, lack MLN peptide and its receptor. From a phylogenetic point of view, GHRL and its receptor GHS-R1a have been identified in various vertebrates, and their structural features and various physiological functions have been revealed. On the other hand, MLN or MLN-like peptide (MLN-LP) and its receptors have been found only in some fish, birds and mammals. Here, we review the actions of GHRL and MLN with a focus on contractility of the GI tract of species from fish to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takio Kitazawa
- Comparative Animal Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
- *Correspondence: Takio Kitazawa
| | - Hiroyuki Kaiya
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
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Du X, Allwood G, Webberley KM, Osseiran A, Marshall BJ. Bowel Sounds Identification and Migrating Motor Complex Detection with Low-Cost Piezoelectric Acoustic Sensing Device. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E4240. [PMID: 30513934 PMCID: PMC6308494 DOI: 10.3390/s18124240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Interpretation of bowel sounds (BS) provides a convenient and non-invasive technique to aid in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal (GI) conditions. However, the approach's potential is limited by variation between BS and their irregular occurrence. A short, manual auscultation is sufficient to aid in diagnosis of only a few conditions. A longer recording has the potential to unlock additional understanding of GI physiology and clinical utility. In this paper, a low-cost and straightforward piezoelectric acoustic sensing device was designed and used for long BS recordings. The migrating motor complex (MMC) cycle was detected using this device and the sound index as the biomarker for MMC phases. This cycle of recurring motility is typically measured using expensive and invasive equipment. We also used our recordings to develop an improved categorization system for BS. Five different types of BS were extracted: the single burst, multiple bursts, continuous random sound, harmonic sound, and their combination. Their acoustic characteristics and distribution are described. The quantities of different BS during two-hour recordings varied considerably from person to person, while the proportions of different types were consistent. The sensing devices provide a useful tool for MMC detection and study of GI physiology and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhao Du
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training (M504), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Gary Allwood
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training (M504), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Katherine Mary Webberley
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training (M504), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Adam Osseiran
- School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia.
| | - Barry J Marshall
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training (M504), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
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Bülbül M, Sinen O, İzgüt‐Uysal VN, Akkoyunlu G, Öztürk S, Uysal F. Peripheral apelin mediates stress‐induced alterations in gastrointestinal motor functions depending on the nutritional status. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 46:29-39. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Bülbül
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine Akdeniz University AntalyaTurkey
| | - Osman Sinen
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine Akdeniz University AntalyaTurkey
| | | | - Gökhan Akkoyunlu
- Department of Histology and Embryology Faculty of Medicine Akdeniz University Antalya Turkey
| | - Saffet Öztürk
- Department of Histology and Embryology Faculty of Medicine Akdeniz University Antalya Turkey
| | - Fatma Uysal
- Department of Histology and Embryology Faculty of Medicine Akdeniz University Antalya Turkey
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Sakurai T, Fujimori S, Hayashida M, Hanada R, Akiyama J, Sakamoto C. Repeatability of small bowel transit time in capsule endoscopy in healthy subjects. Biomed Mater Eng 2018; 29:839-848. [PMID: 30282338 DOI: 10.3233/bme-181027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are no reports to prove the repeatability of gastric transit time (GTT) and small bowel transit time (SBTT) in capsule endoscopy (CE). OBJECTIVE To clarify the repeatability and factors that affect GTT/SBTT in CE. METHODS We analyzed the data of 150 healthy subjects from our previous randomized controlled trial that compared small intestinal injuries between two 14-day treatment groups: 1) celecoxib and 2) loxoprofen + lansoprazole. Correlation of GTT/SBTT with pre- and post-treatment CE was analyzed. In addition, the associations of pre-treatment CE SBTT with physical factors, post-treatment CE SBTT and the presence of small intestinal mucosal injuries were analyzed. RESULTS Analyses of 148 subjects pre-treatment CE and 146 subjects post-treatment CE were performed. There were no significant differences between mean GTT and SBTT before and after treatment. Both GTT (𝜌 = 0.22, p < 0.01) and SBTT (𝜌 = 0.47, p < 0.0001) showed positive correlations between pre- and post-treatment CE. In pre-treatment CE, physical factors and the presence of small intestinal mucosal injury had no associations with SBTT. CONCLUSIONS Moderate correlation in SBTT and slight correlation in GTT were shown on repeated CE. The factors affecting SBTT were not clarified in this analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Sakurai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Shunji Fujimori
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
| | - Mari Hayashida
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2, Shinkawa, Mitaka City, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Ryuzo Hanada
- SOUEIKAI, Sumida Hospital, 1-29-1, Honjo, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, 130-0004, Japan
| | - Junichi Akiyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Choitsu Sakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
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Mikami T, Ito K, Diaz-Tartera HO, Hellström PM, Mochiki E, Takemi S, Tanaka T, Tsuda S, Jogahara T, Sakata I, Sakai T. Study of termination of postprandial gastric contractions in humans, dogs and Suncus murinus: role of motilin- and ghrelin-induced strong contraction. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 222. [PMID: 28786555 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM Stomach contractions show two types of specific patterns in many species, that is migrating motor contraction (MMC) and postprandial contractions (PPCs), in the fasting and fed states respectively. We found gastric PPCs terminated with migrating strong contractions in humans, dogs and suncus. In this study, we reveal the detailed characteristics and physiological implications of these strong contractions of PPC. METHODS Human, suncus and canine gastric contractions were recorded with a motility-monitoring ingestible capsule and a strain-gauge force transducer. The response of motilin and ghrelin and its receptor antagonist on the contractions were studied by using free-moving suncus. RESULTS Strong gastric contractions were observed at the end of a PPC in human, dog and suncus models, and we tentatively designated this contraction to be a postprandial giant contraction (PPGC). In the suncus, the PPGC showed the same property as those of a phase III contraction of MMC (PIII-MMC) in the duration, motility index and response to motilin or ghrelin antagonist administration. Ghrelin antagonist administration in the latter half of the PPC (LH-PPC) attenuated gastric contraction prolonged the duration of occurrence of PPGC, as found in PII-MMC. CONCLUSION It is thought that the first half of the PPC changed to PII-MMC and then terminated with PIII-MMC, suggesting that PPC consists of a digestive phase (the first half of the PPC) and a discharge phase (LH-PPC) and that LH-PPC is coincident with MMC. In this study, we propose a new approach for the understanding of postprandial contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Mikami
- Area of Regulatory Biology; Division of Life Science; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Saitama University; Saitama Japan
| | - K. Ito
- Area of Regulatory Biology; Division of Life Science; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Saitama University; Saitama Japan
| | | | - P. M. Hellström
- Department of Medical Sciences; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - E. Mochiki
- Department of Digestive Tract and General Surgery; Saitama Medical Center; Saitama Medical University; Kawagoe Japan
| | - S. Takemi
- Area of Regulatory Biology; Division of Life Science; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Saitama University; Saitama Japan
| | - T. Tanaka
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Josai University; Saitama Japan
| | - S. Tsuda
- Area of Regulatory Biology; Division of Life Science; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Saitama University; Saitama Japan
| | - T. Jogahara
- Laboratory of Animal Management and Resources; Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; Okayama University of Science; Okayama Japan
| | - I. Sakata
- Area of Regulatory Biology; Division of Life Science; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Saitama University; Saitama Japan
| | - T. Sakai
- Area of Life-NanoBio; Division of Strategy Research, Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Saitama University; Saitama Japan
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Takahashi N, Take Y. Tegoprazan, a Novel Potassium-Competitive Acid Blocker to Control Gastric Acid Secretion and Motility. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 364:275-286. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.244202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Romański KW. Importance of the enteric nervous system in the control of the migrating motility complex. Physiol Int 2017; 104:97-129. [PMID: 28665193 DOI: 10.1556/2060.104.2017.2.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The migrating motility complex (MMC), a cyclical phenomenon, represents rudimentary motility pattern in the gastrointestinal tract. The MMC is observed mostly in the stomach and gut of man and numerous animal species. It contains three or four phases, while its phase III is the most characteristic. The mechanisms controlling the pattern are unclear in part, although the neural control of the MMC seems crucial. The main goal of this article was to discuss the importance of intrinsic innervation of the gastrointestinal tract in MMC initiation, migration, and cessation to emphasize that various MMC-controlling mechanisms act through the enteric nervous system. Two main neural regions, central and peripheral, are able to initiate the MMC. However, central regulation of the MMC may require cooperation with the enteric nervous system. When central mechanisms are not active, the MMC can be initiated peripherally in any region of the small bowel. The enteric nervous system affects the MMC in response to the luminal stimuli which can contribute to the initiation and cessation of the cycle, and it may evoke irregular phasic contractions within the pattern. The hormonal regulators released from the endocrine cells may exert a modulatory effect upon the MMC mostly through the enteric nervous system. Their central action could also be considered. It can be concluded that the enteric nervous system is involved in the great majority of the MMC-controlling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Romański
- 1 Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences , Wrocław, Poland
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Asano H, Tomita T, Nakamura K, Yamasaki T, Okugawa T, Kondo T, Kono T, Tozawa K, Ohda Y, Oshima T, Fukui H, Fukushima K, Hirota S, Watari J, Miwa H. Prevalence of Gastric Motility Disorders in Patients with Functional Dyspepsia. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 23:392-399. [PMID: 28423481 PMCID: PMC5503289 DOI: 10.5056/jnm16173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Gastric motility abnormalities have been considered to be pathophysiological features of functional dyspepsia (FD) that are closely related to dyspepsia symptoms, especially postprandial distress syndrome (PDS). The aims of this study are to (1) investigate the prevalence of gastric motility disorders and (2) evaluate the association between gastric motility abnormalities and dyspeptic symptoms using gastric scintigraphy in the PDS type of FD. Methods Forty healthy subjects and 94 PDS type FD patients were enrolled in the study. The volunteers and patients ingested a radiolabeled (technetium-99m) solid test meal, and scintigraphic images were recorded. Gastric accommodation and emptying were assessed by scintigraphic imaging. The patients’ dyspeptic symptoms were also explored using self-completed symptom questionnaires with 10 variables (4 scales, 0–3 points) at the same time. Results In 94 Japanese FD patients, the prevalence of impaired gastric accommodation and delayed emptying were 14.9% (14/94) and 10.6% (10/94), respectively. Gastric motility abnormalities were seen in 25.5% (24/94) of FD patients. There was no association between gastric motility abnormalities and dyspeptic symptoms. Conclusions Gastric motility abnormalities were seen in 25.5% of Japanese PDS type FD patients. However, there was no association between gastric motility abnormalities and dyspeptic symptoms on gastric scintigraphy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Asano
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Tomita
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kumiko Nakamura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takahisa Yamasaki
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takuya Okugawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kondo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Kono
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Tozawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Ohda
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tadayuki Oshima
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Fukui
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Fukushima
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shozo Hirota
- Department of Radiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Jiro Watari
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiroto Miwa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
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Takemi S, Sakata I, Kuroda K, Miyano Y, Mondal A, Sakai T. The important role of ghrelin on gastric contraction in Suncus murinus. Endocr J 2017; 64:S11-S14. [PMID: 28652536 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.64.s11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, a peptide hormone produced in the stomach, has been known to be involved in the regulation of gastric contraction in humans and rodents. To elucidate the detailed mechanisms of ghrelin on gastric contractions, we used Suncus murinus, a recently established small animal model for gastrointestinal motility. S. murinus produces motilin, a family peptide of ghrelin, and its stomach anatomy and physiological patterns of gastric contractions, in fed and fasted states, are closely similar to humans. Ghrelin administration in phase II, and latter half of phase I, of the migrating motor contractions (MMC) enhanced gastric motility in S. murinus. In addition, we showed that ghrelin and motilin coordinately stimulated strong gastric contractions in vitro and in vivo. We also demonstrated that a pretreatment with a ghrelin antagonist, D-Lys3-GHRP6, inhibited the effects of motilin-induced gastric contractions, and a γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist reversed this inhibition. Our results suggest that ghrelin is essential for motilin-induced gastric contractions and that ghrelin-mediated GABAergic neurons are involved in this neural pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Takemi
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sakata
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Kayuri Kuroda
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Yuki Miyano
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Anupon Mondal
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sakai
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Area of Life-Nanobio, Division of Strategy Research, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
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Apu AS, Mondal A, Kitazawa T, Takemi S, Sakai T, Sakata I. Molecular cloning of motilin and mechanism of motilin-induced gastrointestinal motility in Japanese quail. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 233:53-62. [PMID: 27179882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Motilin, a peptide hormone produced in the upper intestinal mucosa, plays an important role in the regulation of gastrointestinal (GI) motility. In the present study, we first determined the cDNA and amino acid sequences of motilin in the Japanese quail and studied the distribution of motilin-producing cells in the gastrointestinal tract. We also examined the motilin-induced contractile properties of quail GI tracts using an in vitro organ bath, and then elucidated the mechanisms of motilin-induced contraction in the proventriculus and duodenum of the quail. Mature quail motilin was composed of 22 amino acid residues, which showed high homology with chicken (95.4%), human (72.7%), and dog (72.7%) motilin. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that motilin-immunopositive cells were present in the mucosal layer of the duodenum (23.4±4.6cells/mm(2)), jejunum (15.2±0.8cells/mm(2)), and ileum (2.5±0.7cells/mm(2)), but were not observed in the crop, proventriculus, and colon. In the organ bath study, chicken motilin induced dose-dependent contraction in the proventriculus and small intestine. On the other hand, chicken ghrelin had no effect on contraction in the GI tract. Motilin-induced contraction in the duodenum was not inhibited by atropine, hexamethonium, ritanserin, ondansetron, or tetrodotoxin. However, motilin-induced contractions in the proventriculus were significantly inhibited by atropine and tetrodotoxin. These results suggest that motilin is the major stimulant of GI contraction in quail, as it is in mammals and the site of action of motilin is different between small intestine and proventriculus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auvijit Saha Apu
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Anupom Mondal
- Area of Life-NanoBio, Division of Strategy Research, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Takio Kitazawa
- Comparative Animal Pharmacology Department of Veterinary Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Shota Takemi
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sakai
- Area of Life-NanoBio, Division of Strategy Research, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sakata
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
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Martínez-Herrero S, Martínez A. Adrenomedullin regulates intestinal physiology and pathophysiology. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2016; 56 Suppl:S66-83. [PMID: 27345325 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM) and proadrenomedullin N-terminal 20 peptide (PAMP) are 2 biologically active peptides produced by the same gene, ADM, with ubiquitous distribution and many physiological functions. Adrenomedullin is composed of 52 amino acids, has an internal molecular ring composed by 6 amino acids and a disulfide bond, and shares structural similarities with calcitonin gene-related peptide, amylin, and intermedin. The AM receptor consists of a 7-transmembrane domain protein called calcitonin receptor-like receptor in combination with a single transmembrane domain protein known as receptor activity-modifying protein. Using morphologic techniques, it has been shown that AM and PAMP are expressed throughout the gastrointestinal tract, being specially abundant in the neuroendocrine cells of the gastrointestinal mucosa; in the enterochromaffin-like and chief cells of the gastric fundus; and in the submucosa of the duodenum, ileum, and colon. This wide distribution in the gastrointestinal tract suggests that AM and PAMP may act as gut hormones regulating many physiological and pathologic conditions. To date, it has been proven that AM and PAMP act as autocrine/paracrine growth factors in the gastrointestinal epithelium, play key roles in the protection of gastric mucosa from various kinds of injury, and accelerate healing in diseases such as gastric ulcer and inflammatory bowel diseases. In addition, both peptides are potent inhibitors of gastric acid secretion and gastric emptying; they regulate the active transport of sugars in the intestine, regulate water and ion transport in the colon, modulate colonic bowel movements and small-intestine motility, improve endothelial barrier function, and stabilize circulatory function during gastrointestinal inflammation. Furthermore, AM and PAMP are antimicrobial peptides, and they contribute to the mucosal host defense system by regulating gut microbiota. To get a formal demonstration of the effects that endogenous AM and PAMP may have in gut microbiota, we developed an inducible knockout of the ADM gene. Using this model, we have shown, for the first time, that lack of AM/PAMP leads to changes in gut microbiota composition in mice. Further studies are needed to investigate whether this lack of AM/PAMP may have an impact in the development and/or progression of intestinal diseases through their effect on microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Martínez-Herrero
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, La Rioja 26006, Spain
| | - A Martínez
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, La Rioja 26006, Spain.
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Hejazi RA, Bashashati M, Saadi M, Mulla ZD, Sarosiek I, McCallum RW, Zuckerman MJ. Video Capsule Endoscopy: A Tool for the Assessment of Small Bowel Transit Time. Front Med (Lausanne) 2016; 3:6. [PMID: 26904544 PMCID: PMC4748027 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2016.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Video capsule endoscopy (VCE) is a procedure that uses a wireless camera to take pictures of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. A wireless motility capsule (WMC) of a similar size has been developed, which measures pH, pressure, and temperature and can be used to assess regional and total GI transit times. VCE could also potentially be used as a tool for measuring small bowel transit time (SBTT). Methods This study was designed to obtain SBTT from VCE and compare it with historical data generated by WMC. Gastric transit time (GTT) was also measured. Patients were included if the indication for VCE was either iron deficiency anemia (IDA) or overt obscure GI bleed (OOGIB), and they did not have any known motility disorder. Results from VCE were also compared in diabetic vs. non-diabetic patients. Results There were a total of 147 VCE studies performed, including 42 for OOGIB and 105 for IDA. Median GTT and SBTT were 0.3 and 3.6 h, respectively. The overall median GTT and SBTT were 0.3 and 3.6 h, respectively, in the IDA group compared with 0.3 and 3.4 h in the OOGIB group. When compared with WMC, the GTT and SBTT were significantly faster in both groups (GTT: 3.6 h and SBTT: 4.6 h). The median GTT and SBTT were not significantly different in diabetics vs. non-diabetics [GTT: 17.5 vs. 18.0 min (P = 0.86) and SBTT: 3.9 h (237 min) vs. 3.8 h (230 min), respectively (P = 0.90)]. Conclusion SBTT as measured using VCE is not significantly different in OOGIB compared with IDA. Both GTT and SBTT are significantly faster as assessed by VCE, which is initiated in the fasting state, compared with WMC measurement, which is initiated after a standard meal. In summary, VCE could potentially be used for measuring SBTT in the fasting state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza A Hejazi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Jacksonville, FL , USA
| | - Mohammad Bashashati
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , El Paso, TX , USA
| | - Mohammed Saadi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Temple University , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Zuber D Mulla
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA; Department of Public Health, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Irene Sarosiek
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , El Paso, TX , USA
| | - Richard W McCallum
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , El Paso, TX , USA
| | - Marc J Zuckerman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , El Paso, TX , USA
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Kuroda K, Hequing H, Mondal A, Yoshimura M, Ito K, Mikami T, Takemi S, Jogahara T, Sakata I, Sakai T. Ghrelin Is an Essential Factor for Motilin-Induced Gastric Contraction in Suncus murinus. Endocrinology 2015; 156:4437-47. [PMID: 26441238 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Motilin was discovered in the 1970s as the most important hormone for stimulating strong gastric contractions; however, the mechanisms by which motilin causes gastric contraction are not clearly understood. Here, we determined the coordinated action of motilin and ghrelin on gastric motility during fasted and postprandial contractions by using house musk shrew (Suncus murinus; order: Insectivora, suncus named as the laboratory strain). Motilin-induced gastric contractions at phases I and II of the migrating motor complex were inhibited by pretreatment with (D-Lys(3))-GHRP-6 (6 mg/kg/h), a ghrelin receptor antagonist. Administration of the motilin receptor antagonist MA-2029 (0.1 mg/kg) and/or (D-Lys(3))-GHRP-6 (0.6 mg/kg) at the peak of phase III abolished the spontaneous gastric phase III contractions in vivo. Motilin did not stimulate gastric contractions in the postprandial state. However, in the presence of a low dose of ghrelin, motilin evoked phase III-like gastric contractions even in the postprandial state, and postprandial gastric emptying was accelerated. In addition, pretreatment with (D-Lys(3))-GHRP-6 blocked the motilin-induced gastric contraction in vitro and in vivo, and a γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist reversed this block in gastric contraction. These results indicate that blockade of the GABAergic pathway by ghrelin is essential for motilin-induced gastric contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayuri Kuroda
- Area of Regulatory Biology (K.K., H.H., A.M., M.Y., K.I., T.M., S.T., I.S., T.S.), Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; and Laboratory of Animal Management and Resources (T.J.), Department of Zoology, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Huang Hequing
- Area of Regulatory Biology (K.K., H.H., A.M., M.Y., K.I., T.M., S.T., I.S., T.S.), Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; and Laboratory of Animal Management and Resources (T.J.), Department of Zoology, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Anupom Mondal
- Area of Regulatory Biology (K.K., H.H., A.M., M.Y., K.I., T.M., S.T., I.S., T.S.), Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; and Laboratory of Animal Management and Resources (T.J.), Department of Zoology, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Makoto Yoshimura
- Area of Regulatory Biology (K.K., H.H., A.M., M.Y., K.I., T.M., S.T., I.S., T.S.), Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; and Laboratory of Animal Management and Resources (T.J.), Department of Zoology, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Kazuma Ito
- Area of Regulatory Biology (K.K., H.H., A.M., M.Y., K.I., T.M., S.T., I.S., T.S.), Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; and Laboratory of Animal Management and Resources (T.J.), Department of Zoology, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Takashi Mikami
- Area of Regulatory Biology (K.K., H.H., A.M., M.Y., K.I., T.M., S.T., I.S., T.S.), Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; and Laboratory of Animal Management and Resources (T.J.), Department of Zoology, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Shota Takemi
- Area of Regulatory Biology (K.K., H.H., A.M., M.Y., K.I., T.M., S.T., I.S., T.S.), Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; and Laboratory of Animal Management and Resources (T.J.), Department of Zoology, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Takamichi Jogahara
- Area of Regulatory Biology (K.K., H.H., A.M., M.Y., K.I., T.M., S.T., I.S., T.S.), Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; and Laboratory of Animal Management and Resources (T.J.), Department of Zoology, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sakata
- Area of Regulatory Biology (K.K., H.H., A.M., M.Y., K.I., T.M., S.T., I.S., T.S.), Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; and Laboratory of Animal Management and Resources (T.J.), Department of Zoology, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sakai
- Area of Regulatory Biology (K.K., H.H., A.M., M.Y., K.I., T.M., S.T., I.S., T.S.), Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; and Laboratory of Animal Management and Resources (T.J.), Department of Zoology, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
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Thombre AG, Shamblin SL, Malhotra BK, Connor AL, Wilding IR, Caldwell WB. Pharmacoscintigraphy studies to assess the feasibility of a controlled release formulation of ziprasidone. J Control Release 2015; 213:10-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Gastroparesis is a heterogeneous disorder defined by delay in gastric emptying. Symptoms of gastroparesis are nonspecific, including nausea, vomiting, early satiety, bloating, and/or abdominal pain. Normal gastric motor function and sensory function depend on a complex coordination between the enteric and central nervous system. This article discusses the pathophysiology of delayed gastric emptying and the symptoms of gastroparesis, including antropyloroduodenal dysmotility, impaired gastric accommodation, visceral hypersensitivity, and autonomic dysfunction. The underlying pathophysiology of gastroparesis is complex and multifactorial. The article discusses how a combination of these factors leads to symptoms of gastroparesis.
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Bassotti G, Bologna S, Ottaviani L, Russo M, Dore MP. Intestinal manometry: who needs it? GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY FROM BED TO BENCH 2015; 8:246-52. [PMID: 26468344 PMCID: PMC4600514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The use of manometry, i.e. the recording of pressures within hollow viscera, after being successfully applied to the study of esophageal and anorectal motor dysfunctions, has also been used to investigate physiological and pathological conditions of the small bowel. By means of this technique, it has been possible to understand better the normal motor functions of the small intestine, and their relationship and variations following physiologic events, such as food ingestion. Moreover, intestinal manometry has proved useful to document motor abnormalities of the small bowel, although recognition of altered patterns specific for a determinate pathologic condition is still unavailable. However, this technique often permits the detection of abnormal gut motility in patients with abdominal symptoms such as unexplained vomiting and diarrhea, and it is sometimes also useful to address therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrio Bassotti
- Gastroenterology & Hepatology Section, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy
| | - Sara Bologna
- Gastroenterology & Hepatology Section, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy
| | - Laura Ottaviani
- Gastroenterology & Hepatology Section, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy
| | - Michele Russo
- Gastroenterology Section, Perugia General Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Dore
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Italy ,Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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