Reducing Germinal Matrix-Intraventricular Hemorrhage: Perinatal and Delivery Room Factors

Intraventricular hemorrhage among very low birth weight infants in a South African cohort: a retrospective study of trends & short-term outcomes

BACKGROUND

Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is one of the critical complications of prematurity with severe forms, associated with irreversible brain damage. We hypothesized that infants born in South Africa may have different modifiable risk factors and outcomes for severe IVH compared to that reported in studies in neonatal populations in higher resource settings. Our study aimed to define the prevalence of IVH with further characterization of risk factors based on IVH severity, with the goal of providing guidance on modification of protocols for the management and prevention of severe IVH.

METHODS

This was a retrospective cohort study of very low birth weight infants admitted to the NICU of Charlotte Maxeke Academic Hospital in Johannesburg (CMJAH) from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2020. Our study included all infants, weighing less than 1500 g, admitted to the hospital regardless of place of birth who had had at least one cranial ultrasound in the first week of life. Infants with other intracranial malformations than IVH, birth weights greater than 1500 g, and significant amount of missing data were excluded from the study. Maternal and neonatal information were extracted from an existing neonatal database and analyzed using R statistical software. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to investigate risk factors associated with increased odds of having IVH and its impact on mortality.

RESULTS

A total of 2,217 very low birthweight (VLBW) infants admitted to the NICU at CMJAH during the study period met eligibility criteria. Median gestational age (GA) and birth weight (BW) were 28 weeks and 900 g, respectively. IVH prevalence was 22.6% with high grade IVH (grade 3 or 4) accounting for 6.8% of the cases. Infants with high grade IVH had 4-fold increase odds of dying (OR = 4.843, 95% CI = 2.984; 7.86, p < 0.001). Acidosis was associated with increased odds of high grade IVH (OR = 2.27; 95%CI: 1.42; 3.64). Similarly, infants with early onset sepsis had higher odds of high grade IVH (OR = 2.22; 95%CI: 1.04; 4.75).

CONCLUSIONS

Acidosis and sepsis had a significant association with the occurrence of severe IVH. Antenatal steroids showed an association with occurrence and severity suggesting it may play an important role, but did not reach significance so must be further evaluated. Having severe IVH substantially increased the odds of death. Based on these findings, future directions could include collaborative QI projects with obstetricians to improve uptake of antenatal steroids and promotion of neonatology led QI projects to reduce risk factors associated with severe IVH.

Reforming early intervention for premature infants: insights into integrated nursing and medical care in Western China

Background

Premature births has imposed substantial burdens on medical resources. Consequently, a specialized team was established and a model focused on early intervention, namely the Delivery Room Intensive Care Unit (DICU) emphasizing "care, support, and treatment" was introduced and its impact on the morbidity and mortality outcomes of newborns was assessed. Additionally, we aimed to develop a nomogram model for predicting the risk of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in preterm infants.

Methods

A retrospective study involving 2,788 infants was conducted to compare the characteristics and outcomes of infants admitted following the transition from the previous "neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)-centered" approach to the current early "care, support, and treatment" model. Clinical and laboratory data were recorded from birth until their discharge. The primary outcome was IVH, with additional evaluation of mortality and morbidities related to the neurological, respiratory, circulatory, and digestive systems.

Results

The DICU approach significantly declined the incidence of IVH [OR: 0.16, 95% CrI (0.11,0.23)], hypothermia [OR: 0.33, 95% CrI (0.21,0.50)], apnea [OR: 0.60, 95% CrI (0.47,0.75)], perinatal respiratory diseases [OR: 0.63, 95% CrI (0.52,0.75)] and metabolic acidosis [OR: 0.24, 95% CrI (0.16,0.34)]. Five predictors were selected: DICU exposure, gestational age, birth weight, ventilation mode within seven days, and ibuprofen use (d). The model built by these predictors displayed good prediction ability with the area under the ROC curve of 0.793 in the training set and 0.803 in the validation set.

Conclusions

The standardized DICU model had significantly reduced the incidences of morbidities. The risk nomogram is useful for prediction of IVH risk in eligible infants, with a high accuracy, sensitivity, consistency, and practicability. This study emphasizes the shift in early intervention concepts and team collaboration sets "neonatologists, neonatal nurse practitioners, and respiratory therapists", which advocates for standardized decision-making for treatment from the delivery room to improve the success rate of resuscitation and enhance the prognosis of these infants.

Reducing severe intraventricular haemorrhage rates in <26-week preterm infants with bedside assessment and care bundle implementation

AIM

To assess staff adherence to a 'Preterm Brain Injury Prevention Bundle', and its effectiveness in reducing severe intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) rates and risk factors in extremely preterm infants born at <26 weeks' gestation.

METHODS

Adherence to the bundle was assessed using a novel bedside assessment tool, with immediate feedback to bedside staff post-assessment. Data on IVH rates and associated risk factors were stratified by IVH severity, and compared between pre- and post-bundle implementation.

RESULTS

Of 203 bedside assessments, good adherence was observed in 12/28 items (43%), while the remaining items required improvement. Rates of grade 3/4 IVH reduced (39.2% pre-bundle vs. 19.0% post-bundle, p = 0.13). Thermoregulation and base excess improved (p = 0.02 and p = 0.04 respectively) after bundle implementation.

CONCLUSION

Reduced severe IVH rates post-bundle implementation may be attributed to staff education and improved clinical parameters. Adherence to the bundle interventions varied which highlighted target areas for future education.

Trends in Gabapentin Use in Neonatal Intensive Care Units from 2005 to 2020

OBJECTIVE

 This study aimed to analyze trends in gabapentin use in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) and examine demographic characteristics, diagnoses, and concomitant medications associated with its use.

STUDY DESIGN

 Cohort study of 987,181 infants hospitalized in the NICU from 2005 to 2020.

RESULTS

 Eighty-five infants (<0.01%) received gabapentin. From 2009 to 2020, there was a 1,055% relative increase in gabapentin use (p < 0.01). The median birth weight was 2,160 g (25th, 75th percentiles: 875, 3,080 g) in gabapentin-exposed infants compared with 2,498 g (1,890, 3,210 g) in unexposed infants (p < 0.001). Over half (55%) of infants receiving gabapentin were born prematurely, 54% (n = 45) had chronic lung disease, 46% (n = 39) had gastrostomy tubes, and 34% (n = 29) had drug withdrawal syndrome; 49% (n = 42) and 27% (n = 23) received opioids and benzodiazepines, respectively.

CONCLUSION

 Use of gabapentin was rare but increased over time despite limited research on its safety and efficacy in infants, illuminating the need for further studies.

KEY POINTS

· Gabapentin safety in infants is not well understood.. · Gabapentin use increased despite limited safety research.. · Further studies on gabapentin use in infants are needed..

Delivery Mode and Neurological Complications in Very Low Birth Weight Infants

OBJECTIVE

The risk of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and periventricular leukomalacia is associated with low birth weight and gestational age. Caesarean section (CS) may reduce the risk of IVH, although it has been a matter of debate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the mode of delivery (MOD) on the development of IVH and cystic periventricular leukomalacia (cPVL).

STUDY DESIGN

We analyzed an initial cohort of 11,023 very low birth weight (VLBW) infants born between January 2010 and December 2019. Infants with major malformations and gestational age <23 weeks and ≥32 weeks were excluded. A final cohort of 8,251 newborns was analyzed. Data was collected from Portuguese National very low birth weight registry. Cases were classified as vaginal delivery (VD) or CS. Outcome was assessed in univariate and logistic regression analyses.

RESULTS

The median gestational age was 29 weeks (IQR 3.3) and the median weight was 1,100 g (IQR 555). The prevalence of IVH was significantly higher in the VD group versus the CS group, across all grading levels:1,144 newborns had grade I IVH (16% VD vs. 14% CS, p <0.01), 706 had grade II IVH (12% VD vs. 7.6% CS, p <0.01), and 777 had grade III IVH (14% VD vs. 7.9% CS, p <0.01). Post-hemorrhagic ventricular dilatation occurred in 457 newborns (8.3% VD vs. 4.6% CS, p <0.01) and 456 newborns had periventricular hemorrhagic infarction (8.4% VD vs. 4.5% CS, p <0.01). There was no association between MOD and cPVL. After applying a logistic regression analysis, including known risk factors for IVH and cPVL, VD was independently associated with an increased risk of IVH (odds ratio [OR] 1.600[1.423-1.799], p <0.001) and its complications (OR 1.440[1.195-1.735], p <0.001). MOD was not associated with an increased risk of cPVL.

CONCLUSION

Our study suggests that CS is associated with a reduced risk of IVH and its complications in preterm VLBW infants < 32 weeks of gestational age. A CS should be considered in this group of infants to prevent the development of IVH and its complications.

KEY POINTS

· IVH and cPVL are risk factors for neurological disabilities.. · CS may decrease the risk of IVH in preterms <32 weeks GA.. · There is no association between the MOD and cPVL..

The performance of the practices associated with the occurrence of severe intraventricular hemorrhage in the very premature infants: data analysis from the Chinese neonatal network

BACKGROUND

The occurrence of severe intraventricular hemorrhage (sIVH) was high in the very preterm infants (VPIs) in China. The management strategies significantly contributed to the occurrence of sIVH in VPIs. However, the status of the perinatal strategies associated with sIVH for VPIs was rarely described across the multiple neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in China. We aim to investigate the characteristics of the perinatal strategies associated with sIVH for VPIs across the multiple NICUs in China.

METHODS

This was a retrospective analysis of data from a prospective cohort of Chinese Neonatal Network (CHNN) dataset, enrolling infants born at 24+0-31+6 from 2019 to 2021. Eleven perinatal practices performed within the first 3 days of life were investigated including antenatal corticosteroids use, antenatal magnesium sulphate therapy, intubation at birth, placental transfusion, need for advanced resuscitation, initial inhaled gas of 100% FiO2 in delivery room, initial invasive respiratory support, surfactant and caffeine administration, early enteral feeding, and inotropes use. The performances of these practices across the multiple NICUs were investigated using the standard deviations of differences between expected probabilities and observations. The occurrence of sIVH were compared among the NICUs.

RESULTS

A total of 24,226 infants from 55 NICUs with a mean (SD) gestational age of 29.5 (1.76) and mean (SD) birthweight of 1.31(0.32) were included. sIVH was detected in 5.1% of VPIs. The rate of the antenatal corticosteroids, MgSO4 therapy, and caffeine was 80.0%, 56.4%, and 31.5%, respectively. We observed significant relationships between sIVH and intubation at birth (AOR 1.52, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.75) and initial invasive respiratory support (AOR 2.47, 95% CI 2.15 to 2.83). The lower occurrence of sIVH (4.8%) was observed corresponding with the highest utility of standard antenatal care, the lowest utility of invasive practices, and early enteral feeding administration.

CONCLUSIONS

The current evidence-based practices were not performed in each VPI as expected among the studied Chinese NICUs. The higher utility of the invasive practices could be related to the occurrence of sIVH.

Risk factors associated with intraventricular hemorrhage in very-low-birth-weight premature infants

PURPOSE

To analyze the association between risk factors and severe intraventricular hemorrhage (grade II-IV) in PNB under 1500 g.

METHODS

Multicenter, retrospective, analytical, case-control study in PNB under 34 weeks and under 1500 g admitted to the NICU.

CASE

PNB with severe intraventricular hemorrhage (grade II-IV). Logistic regression analysis was used to adjust for IVH-associated variables and odds ratios (OR).

RESULTS

A total of 90 PNB files were analyzed, 45 cases and 45 controls. The highest risk factors for severe IVH were lower gestational age (OR 1.3, p < 0.001), perinatal asphyxia (OR 12, p < 0.001), Apgar < 6 at minute 1 and 5 (OR 6.3, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Lower gestational age, birth asphyxia, Apgar score lower of 6, and respiratory-type factors are associated with increased risk for severe IVH.

Trends in neonatal morbidity and mortality for very low birthweight infants: a 20-year single-center experience

OBJECTIVE

To describe trends in mortality and morbidity rates of very low birth weight infants as well as their pre-, peri- and postnatal characteristics over a period of 20 years' time.

METHODS

Retrospective study in all very low birth weight infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of the University Hospitals Ghent from 1 January 2000, to 31 December 2020. Mortality was the primary outcome variable with major morbidities being co-primary outcome variables. Pre-, peri- and postnatal characteristics are secondary outcome variables. We compared pre-, peri- and postnatal characteristics, as well as major morbidities between different groups with comparable rates of mortality.

RESULTS

We included a total of 2037 very low birth weight infants and divided them in 3 epochs based on stepwise reductions in mortality in 2008 and 2013: 2000-2007 (n = 718), 2008-2012 (n = 506) and 2013-2020 (n = 813). Mortality decreased significantly over the years in all gestational ages, but predominantly in those with the youngest gestational age. Changes in obstetric and neonatal care were observed over time. Most significant changes were the increased use of antenatal corticosteroids, magnesium sulfate and surfactant. Intraventricular hemorrhage grade III/IV decreased significantly in all gestational ages. Significant increase in retinopathy of prematurity was observed. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia at 36 weeks and discharge home with oxygen is increasing in the total group. In those born below 26 weeks a slight increase in all major morbidities was observed especially of patent ductus arteriosus and retinopathy of prematurity. Increase of all other major morbidities seems to stabilize in epoch 3. The number of infants surviving without any major morbidity increases to almost 1/2 in all very low birth weight infants and to 1/10 in those born 24-25 weeks gestation.

CONCLUSION

Analysis of the real-life experience showed that survival in very low birth weight infants significantly increased over time. Evolution of major morbidities will have to be carefully watched in the future.

Reducing Severe Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Preterm Infants With Improved Care Bundle Adherence

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Intraventricular hemorrhage prevention bundles (IVHPBs) can decrease the incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in premature infants. Our center had a high rate of severe (grade III/IV) IVH (9.8%), and poor adherence (24%) to an IVHPB in neonates born ≤1250 g or ≤30 gestational weeks. Improvement initiatives were planned to decrease the incidence of severe IVH by 30% over 2 years.

METHODS

A multidisciplinary team undertook interventions including in-service training, prompt initiation of IVHPB, revision of guidelines, and process standardization. Baseline data were collected from May 2016 to June 2018, with interventions occurring from July 2018 to May 2020. Adherence to the IVHPB was the primary process measure, and incidence of severe IVH the primary outcome measure. Control charts were used to analyze the effect of interventions on outcome. Balancing measures included use of breast milk at discharge, use of mechanical ventilation after initial resuscitation, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

RESULTS

A total of 240 infants were assessed preintervention, and 185 during interventions. Adherence to the IVHPB improved from 24% to 88%. During this period, the incidence of severe IVH decreased from 9.8% to 2.4%, a 76% reduction from baseline. A higher adherence score was associated with reduced odds of IVH (odds ratio 0.30; 95% confidence interval 0.10-0.90, P = .03).

CONCLUSIONS

Interventions focused on enhancing adherence to an IVHPB were associated with a reduced rate of severe IVH in high-risk neonates, highlighting the importance of assessing adherence to clinical guidelines.

Impact of maternal age on neonatal outcomes among very preterm infants admitted to Chinese neonatal intensive care units: a multi-center cohort study

BACKGROUND

The percentage of advanced maternal age (aged over 35 years) mothers has been rising across the world, the evidence of maternal age on neonatal outcomes from low- and middle-income countries is scarce. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of maternal age on mortality and major morbidity among very preterm infants admitted to Chinese neonatal intensive care units.

METHODS

Data from a retrospective multi-center cohort of all complete care very preterm infants admitted to 57 neonatal intensive care units that participated in the Chinese Neonatal Network from January 1st to December 31st, 2019 were analyzed. Neonatal outcomes including mortality or any major morbidity, defined as necrotizing enterocolitis stage 2 or 3, moderate & severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia, severe intraventricular hemorrhage, cystic periventricular leukomalacia, severe retinopathy of prematurity, or sepsis. A multiple logistic regression model was constructed to analyze the independent association between maternal age and neonatal outcome.

RESULTS

Among 7,698 eligible newborns, 80.5% of very preterm infants were born to mothers between the ages of 21 and 35 years, with 18.0% born to mothers >35 years and 1.5% born to mothers <21 years. Higher rates of maternal hypertension, maternal diabetes, cesarean deliveries, antenatal steroid usage were noted as maternal age increased. The proportion of prenatal care, cesarean section, antenatal steroid usage and inborn for very preterm infants born to mothers <21 years was lower than those of mothers of other ages. Compared to the ages of 21-35 years group, the odds of severe intraventricular hemorrhage (adjusted odd ratio: 2.00, 95% CI: 1.08-3.71) was significantly higher in the ages of 15-20 years group. Increasing maternal age was associated with higher rates of small for gestational age and lower birth weight of very preterm infants, but no correlation between advanced maternal age and very preterm infants mortality or major morbidity.

CONCLUSIONS

Among very preterm infants, increasing maternal age was associated with higher rates of small for gestational age but not neonatal mortality or major morbidity. Young maternal age may increase the risk of severe intraventricular hemorrhage of very preterm infants.

Dose completion of antenatal corticosteroids and neonatal outcomes in non-small-for-gestational age or small-for-gestational age very-low-birthweight infants: A Korean population-based cohort study

BACKGROUND

The protective effect of antenatal corticosteroids (ACS) in preterm infants has been well established but it remains unclear in growth-restricted fetuses. Furthermore, a substantial number of pregnant women receive only incomplete ACS treatment because of late presentation or imminent delivery at arrival to the delivery site. How this affects neonatal outcomes in small for gestational age (SGA) infants is not rigorously described. We evaluated the influence of ACS completion on in-hospital neonatal outcomes in very low birthweight (VLBW) infants, depending on appropriately or inappropriately grown singletons.

METHODS

Electronic data were retrieved from the Korean Neonatal Network database between 2013 and 2017. We assessed perinatal and neonatal characteristics and neonatal mortality and morbidities. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate neonatal outcome variables influenced by an incomplete as compared to a complete course of ACS in non-SGA and SGA infants.

RESULTS

In total, 4441 VLBW infants were included in the study. Complete ACS treatment significantly reduced the risk for death before 28 days of life [odds ratio (OR) = 0.525, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.414-0.666], death before neonatal intensive care unit discharge (OR = 0.606, 95% CI = 0.489-0.750), respiratory distress syndrome (OR = 0.634, 95% CI = 0.507-0.793), severe intraventricular hemorrhage (OR = 0.539, 95% CI = 0.424-0.684)], and necrotizing enterocolitis (OR = 0.720, 95% CI = 0.561-0.924) in non-SGA infants. ACS completion did not change the risk for neonatal outcomes in SGA infants.

CONCLUSIONS

This study suggests that a complete course of ACS has a favorable effect on several neonatal outcomes in non-SGA VLBW infants. There were no significant differences between the complete exposure and incomplete exposure group in SGA infants.

Reduction of Severe Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Preterm Infants: A Quality Improvement Project

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this quality improvement project was to reduce the rate of severe intraventricular hemorrhage (sIVH) by 50% within 3 years for extremely preterm infants born at a children's teaching hospital.

METHODS

A multidisciplinary team developed key drivers for the development of intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants. Targeted interventions included the development of potentially better practice guidelines, promoting early noninvasive ventilation, consistent use of rescue antenatal betamethasone, and risk-based indomethacin prophylaxis. The outcome measure was the rate of sIVH. Process measures included the rate of intubation within 24 hours and receipt of rescue betamethasone and risk-based indomethacin prophylaxis. Common markers of morbidity were balancing measures. Data were collected from a quarterly chart review and analyzed with statistical process control charts. The preintervention period was from January 2012 to March 2016, implementation period was from April 2016 to December 2018, and sustainment period was through June 2020.

RESULTS

During the study period, there were 268 inborn neonates born at <28 weeks' gestation or <1000 g (127 preintervention and 141 postintervention). The rate of sIVH decreased from 14% to 1.2%, with sustained improvement over 2 and a half years. Mortality also decreased by 50% during the same time period. This was associated with adherence to process measures and no change in balancing measures.

CONCLUSIONS

A multipronged quality improvement approach to intraventricular hemorrhage prevention, including evidence-based practice guidelines, consistent receipt of rescue betamethasone and indomethacin prophylaxis, and decreasing early intubation was associated with a sustained reduction in sIVH in extremely preterm infants.

The impact of initial hematocrit values after birth on peri-/intraventricular hemorrhage in extremely low birth weight neonates

AIM

Peri-/intaventricular hemorrhage (P/IVH) is a common condition in preterm neonates and is responsible for substantial adverse neurological outcome especially in extremely low birth weight infants. As hematocrit after birth is a surrogate marker for blood volume, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of initial hematocrit values after birth on P/IVH development in extreme low birth weight (ELBW) neonates.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A prospective cohort analysis of 92 eligible ELBW neonates was performed. The relationship between initial hematocrit values in ELBW neonates after birth and subsequent development of P/IVH was examined.

RESULTS

Twenty-nine of 92 infants developed P/IVH. There were significant differences in initial Hct and maximum carbon dioxide (max PCO₂) in the first 3 days levels in the P/IVH group compared with no P/IVH group. Initial Hct level at birth in the P/IVH group were significantly lower than the no P/IVH group while max PCO₂ in the first 3 days were found to be significantly high in the P/IVH group. There were no significant differences in other baseline demographic, perinatal, and neonatal characteristics while in univariate analysis, higher gestational age and initial Hct were associated with decreased likelihood of P/IVH. In multiple regression analysis after adjustment, only initial Hct remained significantly associated with P/IVH. There was no difference between the population by subgroups of IVH (IVH I-II and IVH III-IV) according to hematocrit and the severity of IVH.

CONCLUSION

Higher initial Hct at birth is associated with decreased P/IVH in ELBW infants. We hypothesized the argument that ELBW infants who have lower initial Hct at birth have less suboptimal volume status that predisposing lower cerebral blood flow and the resultant decrease in cerebral blood flow precede the development of P/IVH.

Assessment of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Practices, Morbidity, and Mortality Among Very Preterm Infants in China

IMPORTANCE

The Chinese Neonatal Network was established in 2018 and maintains a standardized national clinical database of very preterm or very low-birth-weight infants in tertiary neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) throughout China. National-level data on outcomes and care practices of very preterm infants (VPIs) in China are lacking.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the care practices in NICUs and outcomes among VPIs in China.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS

A cohort study was conducted comprising 57 tertiary hospitals from 25 provinces throughout China. All infants with gestational age (GA) less than 32 weeks who were admitted to the 57 NICUs between January 1 and December 31, 2019, were included.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES

Care practices, morbidities, and survival were the primary outcomes of the study. Major morbidities included bronchopulmonary dysplasia, severe intraventricular hemorrhage (grade ≥3) and/or periventricular leukomalacia, necrotizing enterocolitis (stage ≥2), sepsis, and severe retinopathy of prematurity (stage ≥3).

RESULTS

A total of 9552 VPIs were included, with mean (SD) GA of 29.5 (1.7) weeks and mean (SD) birth weight of 1321 (321) g; 5404 infants (56.6%) were male. Antenatal corticosteroids were used in 75.6% (6505 of 8601) of VPIs, and 54.8% (5211 of 9503)were born through cesarean delivery. In the delivery room, 12.1% of VPIs received continuous positive airway pressure and 26.7% (2378 or 8923) were intubated. Surfactant was prescribed for 52.7% of the infants, and postnatal dexamethasone was prescribed to 9.5% (636 of 6675) of the infants. A total of 85.5% (8171) of the infants received complete care, and 14.5% (1381) were discharged against medical advice. The incidences of the major morbidities were bronchopulmonary dysplasia, 29.2% (2379 of 8148); severe intraventricular hemorrhage and/or periventricular leukomalacia, 10.4% (745 of 7189); necrotizing enterocolitis, 4.9% (403 of 8171 ); sepsis, 9.4% (764 of 8171); and severe retinopathy of prematurity, 4.3% (296 of 6851) among infants who received complete care. Among VPIs with complete care, 95.4% (7792 of 8171) survived: 65.6% (155 of 236) at 25 weeks' or less GA, 89.0% (880 of 988) at 26 to 27 weeks' GA, 94.9% (2635 of 2755)at 28 to 29 weeks' GA, and 98.3% (4122 of 4192) at 30 to 31 weeks' GA. Only 57.2% (4677 of 8171) of infants survived without major morbidity: 10.5% (25 of 236) at 25 weeks' or less GA, 26.8% (48 of 179) at 26 to 27 weeks' GA, 51.1% (1409 of 2755) at 28 to 29 weeks' GA, and 69.3% (2904 of 4192) at 30 to 31 weeks' GA. Among all infants admitted, the survival rate was 87.6% (8370 of 9552)and survival without major morbidities was 51.8% (4947 of 9552).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

The findings of this study suggest that survival and survival without major morbidity of VPIs in Chinese NICUs have improved but remain lower than in high-income countries. Comprehensive and targeted quality improvement efforts are needed to provide complete care for all VPIs, optimize obstetrical and neonatal care practices, and improve outcomes.

Association of antenatal steroids with neonatal mortality and morbidity in preterm infants born to mothers with diabetes mellitus and hypertension

BACKGROUND

Randomized trials of antenatal steroids (ANS) included women at 24-33 weeks gestational age (GA); however, few women had preeclampsia and women with diabetes mellitus (DM) were excluded.

METHODS

Cohort study including preterm births at 230/7-286/7 weeks GA before (Epoch-1) and after (Epoch-2) expansion of ANS administration to women with DM and hypertensive disorders (HTN). We compared Group-A (neither DM nor HTN) and Group-B (DM and/or HTN).

RESULTS

Among 747 neonates the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for surfactant administration, in-hospital mortality, severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and death or severe IVH were lower in ANS-exposed neonates than unexposed neonates. In Group-B, ANS administration was independently associated with less severe IVH and less death or severe IVH, but not less surfactant use or mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

Increased ANS administration in women with DM and/or HTN was independently associated with less severe IVH and less death or severe IVH but without decrease in surfactant administration.

Germinal Matrix-Intraventricular Hemorrhage: A Tale of Preterm Infants

Germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage (GM-IVH) is a common intracranial complication in preterm infants, especially those born before 32 weeks of gestation and very-low-birth-weight infants. Hemorrhage originates in the fragile capillary network of the subependymal germinal matrix of the developing brain and may disrupt the ependymal lining and progress into the lateral cerebral ventricle. GM-IVH is associated with increased mortality and abnormal neurodevelopmental outcomes such as posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, severe cognitive impairment, and visual and hearing impairment. Most affected neonates are asymptomatic, and thus, diagnosis is usually made using real-time transfontanellar ultrasound. The present review provides a synopsis of the pathogenesis, grading, incidence, risk factors, and diagnosis of GM-IVH in preterm neonates. We explore brief literature related to outcomes, management interventions, and pharmacological and nonpharmacological prevention strategies for GM-IVH and posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus.

Ventilation, oxidative stress and risk of brain injury in preterm newborn

Preterm infants have an increased risk of cognitive and behavioral deficits and cerebral palsy compared to term born babies. Especially before 32 weeks of gestation, infants may require respiratory support, but at the same time, ventilation is known to induce oxidative stress, increasing the risk of brain injury. Ventilation may cause brain damage through two pathways: localized cerebral inflammatory response and hemodynamic instability. During ventilation, the most important causes of pro-inflammatory cytokine release are oxygen toxicity, barotrauma and volutrauma. The purpose of this review was to analyze the mechanism of ventilation-induced lung injury (VILI) and the relationship between brain injury and VILI in order to provide the safest possible respiratory support to a premature baby. As gentle ventilation from the delivery room is needed to reduce VILI, it is recommended to start ventilation with 21–30% oxygen, prefer a non-invasive respiratory approach and, if mechanical ventilation is required, prefer low Positive End-Expiratory Pressure and tidal volume.