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Hart KA, Kimura S. Pharmacologic Interventions to Immunologic and Immune-Mediated Conditions in Horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2024; 40:307-339. [PMID: 38852015 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2024.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulators can stimulate, suppress, or regulate one or many aspects of the immune response. Use of a variety of immunostimulants, immunosuppressors, and anti-inflammatory drugs are described in horses, but the evidence supporting their efficacy is variable. Corticosteroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the best characterized immunomodulators in horses, but further study is needed to fully define their ideal dosing protocols and indications and to characterize the efficacy of other immunomodulators in equine medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey A Hart
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Shune Kimura
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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2
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Xu X, Yang J, Liu Y, Shan C, Wang Q, Chen Z, Cheng Y. The Induction of Prolonged Myelopoietic Effects in Monkeys by GW003, A Recombinant Human Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Genetically Fused to Recombinant Human Albumin. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:760-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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3
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Recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) could be an effective adjuvant therapy for orthopedic implant-related infections (OIRI). Med Hypotheses 2011; 76:703-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 12/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Iordache C, Drozdowski LA, Clandinin MT, Wild G, Todd Z, Thomson ABR. Lipid malabsorption persists after weaning in rats whose dams were given GLP-2 and dexamethasone. Lipids 2006; 40:1141-8. [PMID: 16459926 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-005-1478-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) enhances intestinal growth and absorption in mature animals, and glucocorticosteroids (GC) increase the sugar and lipid uptake in adult animals. However, the role of GC and GLP-2 in the ontogeny of lipid absorption is unknown. We hypothesized that GLP-2 and the GC dexamethasone (DEX), when administrated to rat dams during pregnancy and lactation, would enhance lipid uptake in the offspring. Rat dams were treated in the last 10 d of pregnancy and during lactation with GLP-2 [0.1 microg/g/d subcutaneous (sc)], DEX (0.128 microg/g/d sc), GLP-2 + DEX, or a placebo. Sucklings were sacrificed at 19-21 d of age, and weanlings were sacrificed 4 wk later. Lipid uptake was assessed using an in vitro ring uptake method. Although DEX and GLP-2 + DEX increased the jejunal mass, the jejunal lipid uptake was unchanged. In contrast, GLP-2, DEX, and GLP-2 + DEX reduced the ileal lipid uptake in suckling and weanling rats. This reduction was not due to alterations in intestinal morphology or to changes in fatty acid-binding protein abundance, but it was partially explained by an increase in the effective resistance of the intestinal unstirred water layer. In sucklings, DEX dramatically reduced the jejunal lipid uptake to levels similar to those seen in weanlings, such that the normal ontogenic decline in lipid uptake was not observed. Giving dams GLP-2 or DEX during pregnancy and lactation reduced lipid uptake in the offspring, and this persisted for at least 1 mon. The impact this may have on the nutritional well-being of the animal in later life is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu Iordache
- Nutrition and Metabolism Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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6
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Shibata H, Yamane T, Aoyama Y, Nakamae H, Hasegawa T, Sakamoto C, Terada Y, Koh G, Hino M. Excretion of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor into human breast milk. Acta Haematol 2003; 110:200-1. [PMID: 14663166 DOI: 10.1159/000074226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2003] [Accepted: 06/10/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hisako Shibata
- Clinical Hematology and Clinical Diagnostics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Asahimachi, Abeno, Osaka, Japan
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7
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Kücüködük S, Sezer T, Yildiran A, Albayrak D. Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of early administration of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor to non-neutropenic preterm newborns between 33 and 36 weeks with presumed sepsis. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2003; 34:893-7. [PMID: 12587621 DOI: 10.1080/0036554021000026966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial was conducted of early administration of recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rGCSF) to 40 non-neutropenic, preterm infants between 33 and 36 weeks of gestational age with the diagnosis of presumed sepsis. The treatment group (n = 20) received 5 microg/kg per day of intravenous rGCSF once daily for 3 d and the control group (n = 20) received the same volume of physiological serum. Immediately before the first dose and on the 4th day, plasma levels of GCSF and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), absolute neutrophil counts (ANC), immature neutrophil count (INC), immature/total neutrophil (I/T) ratios and platelet counts were determined. At study entry, the plasma GCSF and TNF-alpha levels were similar. On day 4, there was no significant change in GCSF levels in either groups, whereas there was a significant decrease in TNF-alpha levels in the treatment group. ANC and INC of the treatment group also increased significantly. The I/T ratio continued at the same level in the treatment group, but decreased significantly on days 4 and 7 day in the control group. The length of time on the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) was significantly shorter in the treatment group. In conclusion, early administration of 3 daily doses of rGCSF (5 microg/kg per day) to non-neutropenic, preterm infants who had presumed sepsis increased circulating ANC and INC, decreased plasma TNF-alpha levels and shortened the length of time on the NICU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sükrü Kücüködük
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Ondokuz Mayis University of Medicine, Samsun, Turkey
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8
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Escande B, Kuhn P, Gaugler C, Messer J. [Neonatal neutropenia, nosocomial infection and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor]. Arch Pediatr 2003; 10:93-5. [PMID: 12829348 DOI: 10.1016/s0929-693x(03)00303-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Roseff
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0662, USA.
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Sullivan SE, Staba SL, Gersting JA, Hutson AD, Theriaque D, Christensen RD, Calhoun DA. Circulating concentrations of chemokines in cord blood, neonates, and adults. Pediatr Res 2002; 51:653-7. [PMID: 11978892 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-200205000-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are critical for the movement of leukocytes. Chemotaxis is deficient in neonates, particularly those delivered prematurely, and this likely contributes to their increased vulnerability to sepsis. The concentrations of circulating chemokines in neonates have not been reported, nor is it known whether low chemokine concentrations contribute to their defective chemotaxis. We hypothesized that serum concentrations of chemokines 1) would be lower in preterm than term neonates, and 2) would be lower in preterm and term neonates than adults. Samples were obtained from preterm and term neonates with normal neutrophil and eosinophil counts, umbilical cord blood samples from pregnancies without clinical evidence of intra-amniotic infection, and healthy adult volunteers. The concentrations of epithelial neutrophil activating peptide-78, growth-related oncogene-alpha, eotaxin, RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted), and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha were measured using specific ELISA. Serum concentrations from preterm infants were either similar to or higher than those measured in term neonates and adults. We conclude that the chemotactic defect observed in premature neonates is not the result of diminished circulating concentrations of any of the specific chemokines we measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra E Sullivan
- Division of Neonatology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0296, USA
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11
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Abstract
The fetus and the neonate are particularly vulnerable to injury caused directly by immunologic mechanisms or inflicted by infectious agents that take advantage of their relatively immature and inexperienced immune system. With increasing survival of high-risk neonates in the surfactant era, prevention/treatment of sepsis and chronic lung disease (CLD) has emerged as an area of priority in neonatal research. Considering the role of inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of sepsis and CLD, the clinical application of immunomodulator therapy to neonatology is perhaps more important at present than ever. Advances in molecular biology and immunology have led to development of newer immune modulator therapies that are directed towards specific cells or cytokines rather than resulting in a general suppression of the immune response. Failure of promising, newer immunomodulator therapies in sepsis trials in adults has, however, clearly documented the difficulties in diagnosing/correcting the imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory responses. As in the case of sepsis, development of a single magic bullet for prevention/management of a multi-factorial illness like CLD may be difficult, as prevention of prematurity - the single most important high-risk factor for CLD - is an unachievable goal at present. As new frontiers are being explored, older, well-established therapies like antenatal anti-D immunoglobulin prophylaxis continue to emphasize the tremendous potential of immunomodulator therapy in neonatology/perinatology. The current immunomodulators/immunotherapeutic agents with established/potential clinical applications in the perinatal period are reviewed.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Chronic Disease
- Cromolyn Sodium/immunology
- Cromolyn Sodium/therapeutic use
- Female
- Glucocorticoids/immunology
- Glucocorticoids/therapeutic use
- Hematopoietic Cell Growth Factors/immunology
- Hematopoietic Cell Growth Factors/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins/immunology
- Immunoglobulins/therapeutic use
- Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/immunology
- Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/therapeutic use
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/drug therapy
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/immunology
- Lung Diseases/drug therapy
- Lung Diseases/immunology
- Methylene Blue/therapeutic use
- Milk, Human/immunology
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/transplantation
- Pentoxifylline/immunology
- Pentoxifylline/therapeutic use
- Pregnancy
- Rho(D) Immune Globulin/immunology
- Rho(D) Immune Globulin/therapeutic use
- Sepsis/drug therapy
- Sepsis/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Patole
- Department of Neonatology, Kirwan Hospital for Women, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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Magi B, Ietta F, Romagnoli R, Liberatori S, Pallini V, Bini L, Tripodi SA, Cintorino M, Chellini F, Arcuri F, De Felice C, Paulesu L. Presence of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in human milk: evidence in the aqueous phase and milk fat globules. Pediatr Res 2002; 51:619-24. [PMID: 11978887 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-200205000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human milk is a source of bioactive substances regulating the development and activity of the newborn immune system. Human milk has been found to contain a number of cytokines, including interleukins, growth factors, and colony stimulating factors. In the present study, we assessed 10 specimens of human milk for the presence of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a cytokine recently described in several human reproductive organs and tissues. Using biochemical as well as immunologic techniques, we showed that MIF is abundantly present in human milk, mostly distributed in the lipid layer and in the aqueous phase. Fractionation of the lipid layer showed that MIF is highly concentrated inside milk fat globules. In view of its proinflammatory features, we speculate that milk MIF may protect the newborn against infection and play a role in preserving the functionality of the lactating mammary gland. Furthermore, the localization of MIF in lipid globules suggests a possible strategy for the protection of milk cytokines from the gastric barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Magi
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Siena, Italy
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13
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MESH Headings
- Anemia, Aplastic/complications
- Anemia, Aplastic/drug therapy
- Bacterial Infections/prevention & control
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Chronic Disease
- Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/therapeutic use
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/therapeutic use
- Hematopoietic Cell Growth Factors/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Low Birth Weight
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Premature
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/drug therapy
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/prevention & control
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/complications
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/drug therapy
- Neutropenia/complications
- Neutropenia/drug therapy
- Patient Selection
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/complications
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/drug therapy
- Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
- Recombinant Proteins
- Retrospective Studies
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lehrnbecher
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, University of Frankfurt, Germany.
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14
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Calhoun DA, Rimsza LM, Burchfield DJ, Millsaps M, Christensen RD, Budania J, McCullough J. Congenital autoimmune neutropenia in two premature neonates. Pediatrics 2001; 108:181-4. [PMID: 11433074 DOI: 10.1542/peds.108.1.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune neutropenia (AIN) has been reported in infants and children, but not in neonates. AIN is caused by antibodies produced by the patient against their own neutrophils; therefore, it differs from the more common alloimmune neonatal neutropenia and the neonatal neutropenia because of a maternal autoimmune disease in which antineutrophil antibodies of maternal origin cross the placenta. We observed 2 cases of congenital AIN in premature neonates. These are the youngest reported cases, and indicate that AIN can have a prenatal onset. Examination of the bone marrow biopsies revealed an increase in B lymphocytes and myeloperoxidase-positive cells with a maturation arrest at the myelocyte stage. Recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor effectively treated the neutropenia, as it does in infantile AIN. Ten months after the diagnosis, 1 of the patients still requires recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating administration.
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15
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Bianco C, Wechselberger C, Ebert A, Khan NI, Sun Y, Salomon DS. Identification of Cripto-1 in human milk. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2001; 66:1-7. [PMID: 11368405 DOI: 10.1023/a:1010648923432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cripto-1 (CR-1) is an epidermal growth factor (EGF)-related peptide that plays an important role in normal mammary gland development. CR-1 is expressed in the growing terminal end buds in the virgin mouse mammary gland and its expression increases during pregnancy and lactation. Furthermore, CR-I is involved in the early stages of mouse mammary tumorigenesis and in the pathogenesis of human breast cancer. Since CR-1 is expressed in the mouse mammary gland at high levels during pregnancy and lactation, we have evaluated whether this protein is present in human milk. In the present study we demonstrate that a 28 kDa immunoreactive CR-1 protein is present in 24 human milk samples as assessed by western blot analysis and that by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay the concentration of CR-1 ranges between 62 and 118 ng/ml. In addition, CR-1 that had been purified from human milk is able to stimulate the phosphorylation of mitogen activated protein kinase in nontransformed NMuMG mouse mammary epithelial cells. These results suggest that CR-1 in human milk may be important in regulating mammary gland development during pregnancy and lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bianco
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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16
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Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor in Preterm and Term Pregnancy, Parturition, and Intra-amniotic Infection. Obstet Gynecol 2001. [DOI: 10.1097/00006250-200102000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Miura E, Procianoy RS, Bittar C, Miura CS, Miura MS, Mello C, Christensen RD. A randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial of recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor administration to preterm infants with the clinical diagnosis of early-onset sepsis. Pediatrics 2001; 107:30-5. [PMID: 11134430 DOI: 10.1542/peds.107.1.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We performed a randomized, double-masked, parallel-groups, placebo-controlled trial of recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rG-CSF) administration to 44 preterm neonates who had blood cultures obtained and antibiotics begun because of the clinical diagnosis of early-onset sepsis. Two primary outcome variables were tested 1) mortality and 2) development of nosocomial infections over the 2-week period after dosing. DESIGN AND METHODS The treatment group (n = 22) received 10 microgram/kg/day of intravenous rG-CSF once daily for 3 days and the placebo group (n = 22) received the same volume of a visually indistinguishable vehicle. Mortality and culture-proven nosocomial infections were recorded. Immediately before the first, second, and third doses, and again 10 days after the first dose, serum concentrations were determined for tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 6, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, and G-CSF, and blood leukocyte counts, absolute neutrophil counts, immature/total neutrophil ratios, platelet counts, and hemoglobin concentrations were measured. RESULTS The treatment and placebo groups were of similar gestational age (29 +/- 3 vs 31 +/- 3 weeks) and birth weight (1376 +/- 491 vs 1404 +/- 508 g), and had similar Apgar scores and 24-hour Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology scores. The mortality rate was not different between treatment and placebo groups. However, the occurrence of a subsequent nosocomial infection was lower in the rG-CSF recipients (relative risk:.19; 95% confidence interval:.05-.78). rG-CSF treatment did not alter the serum concentrations of the cytokines measured (except for G-CSF). Serum G-CSF levels and blood neutrophil counts were higher in the treatment than in the placebo group 24 hours and 48 hours after dosing. CONCLUSIONS Administration of 3 daily doses of rG-CSF (10 microgram/kg/day) to premature neonates with the clinical diagnosis of early-onset sepsis did not improve mortality but was associated with acquiring fewer nosocomial infections over the subsequent 2 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Miura
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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18
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Christensen RD, Calhoun DA, Rimsza LM. A practical approach to evaluating and treating neutropenia in the neonatal intensive care unit. Clin Perinatol 2000; 27:577-601. [PMID: 10986630 DOI: 10.1016/s0095-5108(05)70040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Neutropenia is a relatively common problem in the NICU, recognized in as many as 8% of patients at some time during their hospital stay. In most instances, neutropenia among NICU patients is of short duration and has little influence on outcome. In other cases it is prolonged and severe, and constitutes a serious antimicrobial defense deficiency. When a neonatologist discovers a low blood neutrophil count, choices must be made regarding further evaluation and treatment. The authors hope that the information provided in this article is useful in making these choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Christensen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, USA.
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19
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Abstract
The availability of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has influenced the management of neonates with neutropenia. Since the first use of G-CSF in a neonate with neutropenia, much has been learned about the cellular sources and physiologic roles of G-CSF. This article reviews our present understanding of G-CSF and its cognate receptor in the fetus and neonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Calhoun
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Alloimmune neonatal neutropenia (ANN) is an uncommon but potentially life-threatening disorder of the neonate and young infant. Hematologically, the mother's peripheral neutrophil count is normal. However, the passive transfer of maternal immunoglobulin G neutrophil-specific antibodies and the subsequent sensitization of fetal neutrophils can result in severe neutropenia in the neonate. Generally, ANN is a self-limiting condition, but with severe bacterial infection, mortality can be high. We present the clinical features of monozygous twins delivered at 33 weeks' postconception with this condition. This case report is unique in that it occurred in twins born prematurely and was attributable to antibodies against 2 neutrophil-specific antigens, NA1 and NB1. A brief review of the diagnosis, management, and treatment of ANN is presented.
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MESH Headings
- Antibody Specificity/genetics
- Antibody Specificity/immunology
- Blood Group Incompatibility/genetics
- Blood Group Incompatibility/immunology
- Blood Group Incompatibility/therapy
- Diseases in Twins/genetics
- Female
- GPI-Linked Proteins
- Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Immunization, Passive
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/genetics
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/genetics
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/immunology
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/therapy
- Isoantibodies/blood
- Isoantibodies/genetics
- Isoantigens/genetics
- Isoantigens/immunology
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Neutropenia/genetics
- Neutropenia/immunology
- Neutropenia/therapy
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Pregnancy
- Receptors, Cell Surface
- Recombinant Proteins
- Twins, Monozygotic
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Felix
- Pediatrix Medical Group, Inc., Arnot Ogden Medical Center, Elmira, NY 14905, USA
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