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Moseley GA, Lincoln AE, Drezner JA, DeLong R, Shore E, Walker N, Register-Mihalik JK, Cantu RC, Kucera KL. Catastrophic injuries and exertional medical events in lacrosse among youth, high school and collegiate athletes: longitudinal surveillance over four decades (1982-2020). Ann Med 2024; 56:2311223. [PMID: 38335556 PMCID: PMC10860437 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2024.2311223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence rates (IRs) of catastrophic injuries and exertional medical events in lacrosse athletes. METHODS Catastrophic injuries and exertional medical events in lacrosse in the US among youth or amateur, high school and college athletes were analysed from the National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research (NCCSIR) database from 1982/83 to 2019/20. Frequencies, IRs per 100,000 athlete-seasons (AS) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% CIs were calculated. Participation data were gathered from the National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS), National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and USA Lacrosse. RESULTS Sixty-nine catastrophic events (16 youth or amateur, 36 high school and 17 college; 84% male) occurred in US lacrosse from 7/1/1982 to 6/30/2020. Thirty-six percent of all incidents were fatal. The overall IR was 0.5 per 100,000 AS (95% CI: 0.4-0.7). There were 15 cases of non-traumatic sudden cardiac arrests (SCAs) and 15 incidents of commotio cordis. Fatality rates from SCA and commotio cordis decreased 95% (IRR = 0.05; 95% CI: 0, 0.2) from 1982/83-2006/07 to 2007/08-2019/20. Incidence rates were higher for collegiate versus high school 1982/83-2019/20 (IRR = 3.2; 95% CI: 1.8, 5.7) and collegiate versus youth 2005/06-2019/20 (IRR = 8.0; 95% CI: 3.0, 21.4) level. Contact with a stick or ball (41%) and contact with another player (20%) were the primary mechanisms of injury. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of catastrophic events during lacrosse was higher among collegiate than high school or youth athletes. SCA from an underlying cardiac condition or from commotio cordis was the most common catastrophic event. Fatality rates from catastrophic injuries have declined significantly over the study period, perhaps driven by protective measures adopted by lacrosse governing bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett A. Moseley
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, National Center for Catastrophic Sports Injury Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Jonathan A. Drezner
- Department of Family Medicine, Center for Sports Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Randi DeLong
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, National Center for Catastrophic Sports Injury Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Erin Shore
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, National Center for Catastrophic Sports Injury Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nina Walker
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Johna K. Register-Mihalik
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, National Center for Catastrophic Sports Injury Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Matthew Gfeller Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Kristen L. Kucera
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, National Center for Catastrophic Sports Injury Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Wasser JG, Bruner ML, Chen C, Vincent HK. Identifying Risk Factors for Preexisting or Developing Low Back Pain in Youth, High School, and Collegiate Lacrosse Players Using 3-Dimensional Motion Analysis. Orthop J Sports Med 2024; 12:23259671241231958. [PMID: 38496334 PMCID: PMC10943740 DOI: 10.1177/23259671241231958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Low back pain (LBP) is a common condition that can affect athletes of all ages. The risk factors for LBP onset and worsening associated with the lacrosse shooting motion are not yet known. Purpose To identify training and biomechanical factors associated with preexisting LBP and development of LBP over 6 months in youth, high school, and collegiate lacrosse players. Study Design Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods A total of 128 lacrosse players were enrolled in this study between January 2016 and January 2019. Player characteristics, lacrosse experience, and participation in other sports were self-reported. At baseline and 2-, 4-, and 6-month follow-ups, the players self-rated the presence and severity of LBP using a numeric pain rating scale (0-10 points). Participants were grouped according to LBP symptoms: no LBP at any time point (n = 102), preexisting LBP (n = 17), or developed LBP within the 6-month period (n = 9). The lacrosse shooting motion was captured via 3-dimensional motion analysis, and kinematic and kinetic variables were recorded. A Low Back Stress Index was used to estimate lumbar stress as a function of pelvic acceleration at the time of maximum lateral trunk lean during the shot. Univariate analyses of covariance and logistic regression models were used to address study aims. Results Compared with the no-LBP group, the preexisting LBP group demonstrated 13.9% to 22.9% lower maximum angular velocities at the pelvis, trunk, and shoulders in the transverse plane (P < .05), 19.3% less collective pelvis-shoulder rotation in the transverse plane (P = .015), and 4.5% more knee flexion excursion (P = .063). The developed-LBP group produced 2.3% to 11.1% higher angular velocities in the pelvis, trunk, and shoulder and generated maximum pelvic acceleration values 36% to 42% higher than the remaining groups (P < .05 for both). Mean Low Back Stress Index values were not statistically significant among the groups (no LBP: 12,504 ± 13,076 deg2/s2; preexisting LBP: 8808 ± 10,174 deg2/s2; developed LBP: 19,389 ± 13,590 deg2/s2; P = .157). Conclusion Preexisting LBP was associated with significantly restricted motion of the pelvis, trunk, and shoulders during a lacrosse shot. Excessive pelvic acceleration may be related to the development of LBP in lacrosse players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G. Wasser
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Michelle L. Bruner
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Heather K. Vincent
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Macknofsky B, Fomunung CK, Brown S, Baran JV, Lavin AC, Sabesan V. Concussion Rates in Youth Lacrosse Players and Comparison With Youth American Football. Orthop J Sports Med 2024; 12:23259671231223169. [PMID: 38390398 PMCID: PMC10883126 DOI: 10.1177/23259671231223169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background There has been little focus on concussions in youth lacrosse players in the United States. Purpose To provide a descriptive analysis of the epidemiology and incidence of concussions in youth lacrosse and compare the results with well-documented analyses of concussions in youth American football. Study Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods Data on concussions in pediatric patients playing lacrosse from 2006 to 2019 were collected using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS). Weighted calculations and combined participation data obtained from membership in USA Lacrosse were used to estimate injury incidence. A comparison dataset was created using the NEISS data on youth football-related concussions. The cause of concussion was categorized into player-to-player, player-to-stick, player-to-ball, or player-to-ground contact. Results A total of 37,974 concussion injuries related to lacrosse were identified in players with a mean age of 14.5 ± 3.5 years; 70% of concussions occurred in boys. National participation in lacrosse increased from 2006 to 2011 by a mean of 10.3% annually, followed by a lower annual growth rate of 2.5% from 2012 to 2019. The overall incidence of concussion injuries increased over the study period (r = 0.314), with the incidence rate in boys being greater than that of girls from 2009 to 2013. The most common cause of concussion was player-to-ground contact for boys and player-to-ball or player-to-stick contact for girls. The mean annual concussion incidences in youth lacrosse and youth football were 443 and 355 per 100,000 participants, respectively. Conclusion Over the study period, 16% of lacrosse injuries were diagnosed as concussions, a higher mean annual incidence per 100,000 participants than that of youth football (443 vs 355). The cause of concussion was different based on sex, with higher rates of player-to-ball or player-to-stick contact in female players versus player-to-ground contact in male players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Macknofsky
- JFK Palm Beach Orthopedic Surgery Residency Program, Palm Beach, Florida, USA
| | - Clyde K Fomunung
- JFK Palm Beach Orthopedic Surgery Residency Program, Palm Beach, Florida, USA
| | - Shimron Brown
- JFK Palm Beach Orthopedic Surgery Residency Program, Palm Beach, Florida, USA
| | - Jessica V Baran
- JFK Palm Beach Orthopedic Surgery Residency Program, Palm Beach, Florida, USA
| | - Alessia C Lavin
- JFK Palm Beach Orthopedic Surgery Residency Program, Palm Beach, Florida, USA
| | - Vani Sabesan
- JFK Palm Beach Orthopedic Surgery Residency Program, Palm Beach, Florida, USA
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Bretzin AC, Anderson M, Schmitt AJ, Beidler E. Agreement between parent reported and child self-reported sport-related concussion history: A brief report. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. CHILD 2023; 12:197-201. [PMID: 35531867 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2022.2067481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This cross sectional investigation measured the agreement between parent report of their 8-14 year old child's sport-related concussion (SRC) history and their child's self-report of their own SRC history. Parent-child dyads (n = 405) within a youth contact sports (e.g., football, ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer) setting participated in the study. Parents (6.2%) and 8.6% of children self-reported a history of at least one diagnosed SRC. We observed substantial agreement between the number of parent-reported and child self-reported SRCs (κ = 0.613, p ≤ .001). Partial agreement regarding the number of SRCs reported by both groups was also substantial (weighted κ = 0.693, p ≤ .001). Removing dyads where neither the parent nor the child reported a diagnosed SRC, sensitivity analyses revealed only fair agreement in parent-child SRC recall. These results indicate that parents and youth athletes overall accounts of their diagnosed SRC history correspond. However determining specifics (e.g., total concussion counts) may benefit from concurrent parent reports, or documented events in medical histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail C Bretzin
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Penn Injury Science Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Morgan Anderson
- Kinesiology Department, Albion College, Albion, Michigan, USA
| | - Ara J Schmitt
- Department of Counseling, Psychology, and Special Education, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Erica Beidler
- Department of Athletic Training, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Talpey SW, Axtell R, Gardner E, Maloney M, Newman T, Cordone J, O'Grady M. Discriminative Ability of Lower limb Strength and Power Measures in Lacrosse Athletes. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:29-37. [PMID: 35672010 DOI: 10.1055/a-1870-4041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this investigation was to compare isokinetic strength, countermovement jump and drop jump variables between high-contributors and low-contributors within NCAA Division I Men's and Women's lacrosse athletes. Men's (N=36) and Women's (N=30) NCAA Division I lacrosse athletes completed strength testing of the quadriceps and hamstring across three speeds (60°·s-1, 180°·s-1, 300°·s-1), countermovement and drop jumps. To determine the discriminative ability of select lower-limb strength and power characteristics participants were categorized as high-contributors (Males N=18, age=20.3±0.4 yrs, height=183.9±5.5 cm, mass=90.8±5.8 kg; Females N=15, age=20.8±0.8 yrs, height=169.3±6.7 cm, mass=64.1±7.2 kg) or low-contributors (Males N=18, age=19.5±0.2 yrs, height=184.1±5.6 cm; mass=87.9±8.1 kg; Females N=15, age=19.7±0.2 yrs, height=169.8±7.0 cm, mass=62.9±7.7 kg ) based upon the number of games the participants competed in during the regular season. Within the male cohort, moderate significant (p<0.05) differences were observed between high-contributors and low-contributors in isokinetic hamstring strength of the left leg at 300°·s-1 (d=0.69) and peak power in countermovement jump (d=0.68). Within the women's cohort a large (d=0.87) significant difference (p<0.05) in isokinetic strength of the left hamstring was observed between high-contributors and low-contributors at 60°·s-1. Hamstring strength and lower-limb power are important strength measures for lacrosse performance and should be prioritized in training prescription for lacrosse athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott W Talpey
- Federation University Australia, Institute of Health of Health and Wellbeing, Victoria Australia.,Southern Connecticut State University, Human Performance Laboratory, Connecticut USA
| | - Robert Axtell
- Southern Connecticut State University, Human Performance Laboratory, Connecticut USA
| | - Elizabeth Gardner
- Yale University, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Connecticut USA
| | - Maggie Maloney
- Yale University, Department of Athletics, Connecticut USA
| | - Thomas Newman
- Yale University, Department of Athletics, Connecticut USA
| | - Jason Cordone
- Yale University, Department of Athletics, Connecticut USA
| | - Mathew O'Grady
- Federation University Australia, Institute of Health of Health and Wellbeing, Victoria Australia
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The Effects of Preparedness and Activity on Head Impacts in Lacrosse Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ATHLETIC THERAPY AND TRAINING 2023. [DOI: 10.1123/ijatt.2022-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Considering the frequency and magnitude of head impacts occurring during sport participation is important to guide prevention initiatives. Our purpose was to compare magnitude and frequency of lacrosse players’ head impacts based on anticipation level and impact activity. Lacrosse athletes (16 men, 15 women) wore xPatch sensors during games and practices that measured impact magnitude (linear and rotational accelerations) and frequency of video verified head impacts. The interaction between impact activity and preparedness was not significant, multivariate: F(8, 1,730) = ;1.03, p = ;.41, η2 = ;.01. Having a detailed understanding of the characteristics of head impacts could allow for focused interventions to reduce injury risk.
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Bretzin AC, Anderson M, Bhandari N, Schmitt A, Beidler E. Concussion Nondisclosure in Youth Sports. J Athl Train 2022; 57:688-695. [PMID: 35045181 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-534-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Studies regarding sport-related concussion (SRC) reporting behaviors and reasons for nondisclosure primarily focus on older athletic populations. Youth athletes participating in contact sports are also at risk for SRC; however, little is known about their SRC disclosure patterns and reasons for nondisclosure. OBJECTIVE To examine self-reported SRC history and reasons for SRC nondisclosure of youth athletes ages 8-14 years. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Youth athletes in organized football, ice hockey, lacrosse, and soccer. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS 411 youth athletes (male: 70.0% (n=287/410); median age: 11 (IQR 10-13) years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES A 15-minute survey including self-reported demographics, diagnosed and non-disclosed SRC history, and reasons for nondisclosure of suspected SRCs. RESULTS Ten percent of respondents (n=41/411) recounted one or more diagnosed SRC; 12.7% (n = 52/411) did not report a suspected SRC, and 13.1% (n = 53/404) indicated they continued to practice and 12.3% (n = 50/425) reported they continued to play in a game after a suspected SRC. Significant associations between sport and nondisclosure exisited (p < .001), but not self-reported concussion history (p = .14). In sex comparable analyses boys lacrosse players had higher frequency of nondisclosure compared to girls (p = .05). Most common reasons for nondisclosure were not wanting to lose playing time 66.7% (n=32/48), miss a game 56.3% (n=27/48), and let the team down 43.8% (n=21/48); and uncertainty over injury severity and presence of SRC 43.8% (n=21/48). CONCLUSIONS Ten percent of youth athletes self-reported at least one diagnosed SRC. However, youth athletes also report continuing to practice or play within a game after a suspected SRC. Reasons for nondisclosure at this age are similar to those reported in high school and college athletes. Recent research suggests negative consequences of continued play with SRC, especially in acute stages. Future educational initiatives should emphasize these risks, and focus on reasons why athletes of both sexes withhold reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail C Bretzin
- Postdoctoral Research Fellow, University of Pennsylvania, Penn Injury Science Center, E: , Twitter: @bretzina
| | - Morgan Anderson
- Kinesiology Department, Albion College, E: , Twitter: @andersonm204
| | | | - Ara Schmitt
- Department of Counseling, Psychology, and Special Education, Duquesne University, E:
| | - Erica Beidler
- Department of Athletic Training, Duquesne University, E: , Twitter: @ebeidler12
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D'Alonzo BA, Bretzin AC, Chandran A, Boltz AJ, Robison HJ, Collins CL, Morris SN. Epidemiology of Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Men's Lacrosse: 2014-2015 Through 2018-2019. J Athl Train 2021; 56:758-765. [PMID: 34280286 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-612-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The popularity of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) men's lacrosse has been steadily increasing since the early 1980s. BACKGROUND Injury surveillance is an important tool to aid in identifying emerging patterns of sport-related injury in NCAA men's lacrosse. METHODS Injury data collected from a sample of men's lacrosse teams through the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program for the academic years 2014-2015 through 2018-2019 were analyzed. Athlete exposures were estimated and computed based on collected exposure data. Injury counts, rates, and proportions were used to describe injury characteristics, and injury rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to estimate differences in injury rates. RESULTS The overall injury rate was 4.90 per 1000 athlete exposures (AEs), and the competition injury rate was higher than the practice injury rate (IRR = 2.59; 95% CI = 2.35, 2.84). The overall preseason injury rate was higher than the regular and postseason injury rates. The most reported injuries were concussions (8.0%), ankle sprains (7.7%), and hamstring tears (6.9%). CONCLUSIONS Study findings were comparable with existing epidemiological evidence. The overall burden of concussions and lower extremity injuries warrant further attention in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abigail C Bretzin
- Penn Injury Science Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | | | - Adrian J Boltz
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Hannah J Robison
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Christy L Collins
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Sarah N Morris
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, IN
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Fox CM, Wu JG, Chen L, Florczyk DL. Injury Patterns in Collegiate Club Quidditch. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2021; 7:44. [PMID: 34176026 PMCID: PMC8236010 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00336-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study is to assess injury patterns in collegiate club quidditch athletes at a single university over three seasons. Injury data were gathered from athletic trainers that provided sideline medical coverage during competitions, the on-site athletic training center where athletes had daily access for evaluation and treatment for acute and chronic injuries, and a sports medicine physician at the on-campus student health center. Athlete exposures were estimated using available previous rosters, practice, and game schedules for the 2014–2017 quidditch seasons. Injuries were evaluated regarding the sex of the athlete, mechanism, body part injuries, and injury type. This is a retrospective descriptive epidemiology study. Results The overall injury incidence rate (IR) for collegiate club quidditch injuries was 4.55 per 1000 athlete exposures (AEs). Male athletes had an IR = 5.22 (95% CI 3.77, 7.23). Females had an IR = 3.77 (95% CI 2.49, 5.72). The most common mechanism of injury in males was collision with another athlete (36%; IR = 1.88; 95% CI 1.09, 3.24). The most common injuries were lower extremity injuries (foot, ankle, lower leg, knee, thigh, hip/groin) at 57%. The most common injury type in males was sprains at 39% (IR = 2.03; 95% CI 1.20, 3.42). The overall incidence rate for all quidditch athletes for concussions was 1.18 per 1000 AEs. Conclusions Quidditch is an increasingly popular mixed-gender collegiate club sport. This study helps identify areas for improvement in education, injury prevention, and care of athletes at the local and national levels. Concussion rates in quidditch are comparable to other contact sports and should encourage discussion to make rule changes to improve the safety of the sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Fox
- University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine and Truman Medical Centers, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Jonathan G Wu
- Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Department of Internal Medicine, 1000 W. Carson St, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA.
| | - Lucia Chen
- UCLA Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dena L Florczyk
- UCLA Arthur Ashe Student Health and Wellness Center, UCLA Department of Sports Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Data-Driven Risk Classification of Concussion Rates: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2021; 51:1227-1244. [PMID: 33721284 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01428-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concussion is a growing public health concern and generating concussion prevention programs depends on identifying high-risk sports and characteristics. Identifying the roles of sport, sex, and participation level (e.g., high school versus collegiate athletics) in concussion risk would facilitate more informed decision-making regarding sports participation and generate better targeted prevention strategies. OBJECTIVES The current study's objectives were to: (1) determine the magnitude and hierarchy of sports-related concussion (SRC) risk across an array of events and (2) evaluate the modifying roles of sex, participation level, and session type on SRC rates. METHODS A literature search was conducted on PubMed, searching concussion studies published between 2001 and December 2019. Inclusion criteria for studies required: (1) concussion occurred during sport, (2) that the SRC was clinically diagnosed, and (3) athlete exposures and concussions could be extracted or estimated. A study was excluded if it: (1) was not an original research article, (2) was not written in English language, (3) was an animal study, (4) did not have enough data to calculate SRC rates, (5) included professional or youth sample, and/or (6) contained data collected prior to 2001. The meta-analysis and meta-regression analyses were fit using a random effects model. RESULTS Search results returned 2695 unique research articles, with 83 studies included in analyses. Sport, sex, participation level, and session type all significantly influenced SRC rates. Overall, rugby had the highest concussion rate and was classified as the highest risk sport (28.25 concussions per 10,000 athlete exposures). Overall, females had a higher concussion rate than males. Only lacrosse demonstrated a higher concussion rate for males compared to females. Collegiate athletes had higher concussion rates than high school athletes. Games were associated with 2.01 more concussions per 10,000 AEs than practices. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis demonstrated rugby has the highest concussion risk, followed by American Football, ice hockey, and wrestling. Concussion risk was influenced by sport, sex, participation, and session. Identifying the factors and environments that influence concussion risk can facilitate risk reduction and prevention strategies.
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Kang L, Liu P, Peng A, Sun B, He Y, Huang Z, Wang M, Hu Y, He B. Application of traditional Chinese therapy in sports medicine. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2021; 3:11-20. [PMID: 35782678 PMCID: PMC9219272 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Chinese herbs have been used as dietary supplements to improve exercise performance. However, evidence-based studies for the use of Chinese herbs in sports remain scarce. Traditional Chinese therapy (TCT), a form of traditional Chinese non-pharmacological intervention, has remained in use for thousands of years in sports medicine. TCT is beneficial for sports injuries and in enhancing skill development, and is becoming increasingly popular among athletes, fitness enthusiasts, and individuals who regularly exercise. The therapeutic effects of TCT have been demonstrated by clinical and experimental studies, but using these modalities still is associate with potentially adverse effects. Further well-designed studies are necessary to confirm the efficacy of TCT in sports medicine. This review aims to summarize the application of TCT, discuss the issues surrounding TCT clinical research, and provide suggestions for applying traditional Chinese methods in the field of sports medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Kang
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Peijie Liu
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Aishi Peng
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Bingxin Sun
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yumei He
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zenghao Huang
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Minjia Wang
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yushi Hu
- Sport Hospital Affiliated to Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Benxiang He
- Sport Hospital Affiliated to Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Corresponding author. Sport Hospital Affiliated to Chengdu Sports University, 610041, No. 251, Wuhou Temple Street, Wuhou District, Chengdu, China.
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Abstract
Sport-related concussions are common in the United States. Concussion rates have increased over time, likely due to improved recognition and awareness. Concussion rates vary across level (high school vs college), sex, and sport. Concussion rates are the highest among men, particularly in football, wrestling, ice hockey, and lacrosse where collisions and contact are inherent to the sports, although girls'/women's soccer rates are high. In gender-comparable sports, women have higher concussion rates. Continued data collection will increase understanding of sport-related concussion and provide areas for targeted prevention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Pierpoint
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, 181 West Meadow Drive, Suite 100, Vail, CO 81657, USA.
| | - Christy Collins
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, 401 West Michigan Street, Suite 500, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Swift MC, Townsend R, Edwards D, Loudon JK. Testing to Identify Submaximal Effort: Lifting to a Perceived 50% Effort vs. an Assigned Submaximal Load. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:2115-2120. [PMID: 32282531 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Swift, MC, Townsend, R, Edwards, D, and Loudon, J. Testing to identify submaximal effort: Lifting to a perceived 50% effort vs. an assigned submaximal load. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-The ability to accurately measure effort during postinjury functional testing allows for the validation of displayed physical limitations by injured workers. The Cross-Reference Testing System (XRTS) has been developed to identify submaximal efforts through distraction-based dynamic material handling testing. The XRTS material handling assessment compares dynamic lifts of weights in a crate and lifts using a lever arm device. The purpose of this study was to determine whether subjects lifting an assigned submaximal load influence test results compared with subjects lifting to but not exceeding a 50% perceived effort. Subjects in group A (n = 35) were assigned the condition to attempt to lift to but not exceed a randomly assigned weight value for both the crate lift and XRTS at 3 lifting heights. Subjects in group B (n = 32) were asked to lift to but not exceed 37.5 lb from the same 3 lifting heights. The reproducibility of effort was measured with current validity criteria for distraction-based material handling testing. Using the percent difference values, a 2 × 3 (group, lifting height) analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to test the hypothesis. The alpha level was set at 0.05. The mean percent change between comparative lifts was 31.13%, 95% CI (22.51-39.75) for group A and 29.26% 95% CI (21.91-36.61) for group B. The 2 × 3 ANOVA demonstrated no significant difference (p = 0.751) between groups. The results indicate attempting to lift to a perceived 50% effort was not significantly different from attempting to lift to but not exceed an assigned submaximal load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcie C Swift
- Department of Physical Therapy, Rockhurst University, Kansas City, Missouri
| | | | | | - Janice K Loudon
- Department of Physical Therapy, Rockhurst University, Kansas City, Missouri
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