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Qashqari L, Shakweer D, Alzaben AS, Hanbazaza MA. Investigation of cost and availability of gluten-free food in Jeddah, KSA. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2024; 19:422-428. [PMID: 38419959 PMCID: PMC10899026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The prevalence of celiac disease (CD) in KSA is progressively increasing. Consistent adherence to a gluten-free (GF) diet is the only effective CD treatment. The availability and cost of GF food are important factors in adherence to a GFD. The objective of this study was to investigate the cost and availability of GF food in a sample of local stores and supermarkets across Jeddah province in KSA. Method Eleven supermarkets in Jeddah, KSA, ranging from high budget/quality supermarkets to low-budget stores, were visited. Eight food categories were evaluated, including flour, breakfast cereals, breads, pastas, and snacks (e.g., biscuits, cookies, snack bars, and chips). The availability and cost of GF and gluten containing (GC) items within these food categories were recorded. Each item included in these food categories was counted, and the overall average price was calculated. Results A total of 233 GF and 24 GC products were found. Supermarket 1 had the highest availability of GF foods (n = 90), followed by supermarket 2 (n = 34), supermarket 3 (n = 30), supermarket 4 (n = 23), supermarket 5 (n = 21), supermarket 6 (n = 18), supermarket 7 (n = 9), and supermarket 8 (n = 8). The median price per 100 g was significantly greater for GF than GC products (p < 0.05). The cost of GF products was significantly higher than that of GC products (p < 0.05); consequently, GF foods were twice as expensive as their GC counterparts. Conclusion The availability of GF products was limited, and GF products were more expensive than standard GC products. High cost and limited availability are major roadblocks to GFD adherence among people with CD. Governmental organizations must cooperate with healthcare providers and food industries to ensure that GF foods are widely available and affordable for people with CD, to minimize financial pressure and improve health quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamya Qashqari
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA
| | - Dana Shakweer
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA
| | - Abeer S Alzaben
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, KSA
| | - Mahitab A Hanbazaza
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA
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Al Saud A, Rayes ZF. Undiagnosed Celiac Disease Associated With Antiphospholipid Syndrome Causing Infertility and Osteoporosis. Cureus 2023; 15:e49899. [PMID: 38174195 PMCID: PMC10762494 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease and antiphospholipid syndrome are two conditions associated with infertility, but their coexistence is rarely reported. In this manuscript, we present the case of a 23-year-old woman initially presenting with urticaria and vitamin D deficiency, subsequently developing recurrent miscarriages and osteoporosis over a period of 13 years. After initially presenting with urticaria and vitamin D deficiency, she was diagnosed with idiopathic urticaria. Thirteen years later, the patient was diagnosed with antiphospholipid syndrome following multiple pregnancy losses and eventually underwent in vitro fertilization successfully with a diamniotic dichorionic pregnancy. Post-delivery, the patient developed severe back pain, due to underlying acute wedge fractures indicative of osteoporosis. Further investigations revealed elevated antigliadin and anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies, leading to a diagnosis of celiac disease. She responded well to a gluten-free diet with significant symptomatic and bone mass density improvements. This case highlights the importance of considering celiac disease in cases of unexplained infertility and osteoporosis. Moreover, it emphasizes the need for early diagnosis of celiac disease to minimize its detrimental effects on fertility and bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aljoharah Al Saud
- Family Medicine and Polyclinics, Alfaisal University College of Medicine, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Ziad F Rayes
- Family Medicine and Polyclinics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, SAU
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Impact of delay in diagnosis in patients with celiac disease: A study of 570 patients at a tertiary care center. Indian J Gastroenterol 2022; 41:30-36. [PMID: 35064913 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-021-01214-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The varied presentation of celiac disease (CD) makes it challenging to diagnose it and predisposes to a significant diagnostic delay. We undertook a study to evaluate the effect of delayed diagnosis of CD on its systemic and laboratory manifestations. METHODS In this retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data (January 2015 to December 2018), patients with CD ≥ 12 years were evaluated for clinical presentation and laboratory parameters. Based on duration of symptoms at the time of diagnosis, the patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 (early diagnosis): ≤ 3 years, group 2 (delayed diagnosis): > 3 years. The two groups were compared for demographic, clinical, laboratory, and histological manifestations. RESULTS Of the 570 patients, 289 constituted group 1 (early diagnosis) and 281 group 2 (delayed diagnosis). There was no age or sex difference between the two groups and both had comparable body mass index (BMI). Patients in the delayed group had lower rates of diarrhea as initial presentation with lower physician and gastroenterologist consultation and significantly higher rates of anemia, pubertal delay, and menstrual irregularities as well as higher rates of low hemoglobin, low ferritin, low transferrin saturation, and low vitamin D levels. The delayed group also had significantly higher anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody (anti-tTg Ab) titers and higher grades of villous atrophy at presentation. CONCLUSION Patients with CD with more than 3 years of symptoms, more often have atypical presentation, anemia, pubertal delay, and more advanced histological changes. They also have fewer physician and gastroenterologist consultations. This underlines the need for proper awareness to ensure early diagnosis and treatment.
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Aljulifi MZ, Mahzari M, Alkhalifa L, Hassan E, Alshahrani AM, Alotay AA. The prevalence of celiac disease in Saudi patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Ann Saudi Med 2021; 41:71-77. [PMID: 33818147 PMCID: PMC8020650 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2021.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease that is highly associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The reported prevalence of CD in patients with T1DM in Saudi Arabia varies and the number of studies is limited. OBJECTIVES Determine the prevalence of CD diagnosed with anti-tissue transglutaminase (anti-tTG) antibodies or by endoscopic biopsy in adolescents and adults with T1DM. DESIGN Cross-sectional, retrospective medical record review. SETTING Tertiary care center. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study population included adolescents and adults with T1DM who were screened for CD between 2010 and 2019. The study variables included age, sex, age at diagnosis of T1DM, age of positive celiac screening, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total daily insulin dose, frequency of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and other autoimmune diseases. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The prevalence of celiac disease in adolescents and adults with T1DM. SAMPLE SIZE 539 patients. RESULTS The prevalence of positive celiac test results was 11.5% (n=62). A small proportion (n=5, 8%) of the positive CD group was diagnosed with T1DM after they tested positive with the celiac screening test. Ten (16%) were diagnosed with T1DM and CD in the same year. The rest of the sample had a positive screening test after being diagnosed with T1DM. There was no statistically significant difference between the CD positive and negative groups for HbA1C, DKA frequency, microvascular complications of diabetes or thyroid disorder. For histopathological confirmation of CD, only 37% (n=23) of the group with a positive screening test underwent endoscopy. In this group, 43% (n=10) had normal endoscopic biopsy findings, 21.7% (n=5) had partial villous atrophy and 34.7% (n=8) had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the importance of screening for CD in T1DM patients. CD prevalence is high in patients with T1DM, despite the high likelihood of underdiagnosis. Additional studies of different age groups and the use of different study methods are required. In addition, a unified national strategy to diagnose CD in T1DM patients is highly advisable. LIMITATIONS Retrospective, single-center, few confirmations of CD by intestinal biopsy. CONFLICT OF INTEREST None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Zaid Aljulifi
- From the Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- From the King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moeber Mahzari
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- From the King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- From the College of of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lujain Alkhalifa
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- From the King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- From the College of of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esra Hassan
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- From the King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- From the College of of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abdulwahed Abdulaziz Alotay
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- From the King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- From the Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Muhammad bin Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Gluten-related disorders. SRP ARK CELOK LEK 2021. [DOI: 10.2298/sarh200828100v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gluten-related disorders are a heterogeneous group of clinical entities
caused by intolerance of wheat, rye, and barley flour components. They occur
in 3-5% of genetically predisposed persons and based on pathogenic and
clinical features are classified into celiac disease, non-celiac gluten
sensitivity, and wheat allergy. There are also specific entities such as
dermatitis herpetiformis or gluten ataxia, which can occur either within the
celiac disease or independently. This article based on the current knowledge
shows the basic details of the pathogenesis, clinical expression, diagnosis,
and treatment of these disorders.
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Singh AD, Singh P, Farooqui N, Strand T, Ahuja V, Makharia GK. Prevalence of celiac disease in patients with short stature: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 36:44-54. [PMID: 32621396 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Short stature is a common extraintestinal manifestation of celiac disease (CeD). We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the global prevalence of CeD in patients presenting with short stature. METHODS We searched Medline and EMBASE databases for the keywords "celiac disease, coeliac disease, anti-gliadin, tissue transglutaminase antibody, anti-endomysial antibody, short stature and growth retardation." All the studies published from January 1991 to May 2020 were included. Patients without any prior evaluation for short stature were classified as all-cause short stature, while prior evaluated patients, where no cause was found for short stature, were classified as idiopathic short stature. The diagnosis of CeD was based on the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition guidelines. A random-effects model was used to pool the data. RESULTS Seventeen studies screening 3759 patients (1582 with all-cause short stature and 2177 with idiopathic short stature) were included. The pooled seroprevalence of CeD based on positive anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody and anti-endomysial antibody was 11.2% (95% CI 4.0-21.2%; I2 = 86%) and 9.7% (95% CI 2.7-20.2%; I2 = 95%) for all-cause and idiopathic short stature, respectively. Similarly, pooled prevalence of biopsy-confirmed CeD was 7.4% (95% CI 4.7-10.6%; I2 = 76%) and 11.6% (95% CI 4.1-22.2%; I2 = 97%), for all-cause and idiopathic short stature, respectively. There was an overall severe risk of selection bias and significant heterogeneity in the pooled results. CONCLUSIONS Approximately one in 14 patients with all-cause short stature and one in nine patients with idiopathic short stature had biopsy-confirmed CeD. Therefore, evaluation for CeD may be prudent in all patients with short stature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achintya D Singh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Prashant Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Naba Farooqui
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Tor Strand
- Department of Global public health, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Vineet Ahuja
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Govind K Makharia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, New Delhi, India
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Safi MA. Celiac disease in type 1 diabetes mellitus in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Characterization and meta-analysis. Saudi Med J 2019; 40:647-656. [PMID: 31287124 PMCID: PMC6757199 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2019.7.24293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To characterize and meta-analyze the pertinent studies concerning celiac disease (CD) among patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: Data (from the relevant articles) were analyzed using both the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 20 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) program and the comprehensive meta-analysis (CMA) program. This study was conducted between March and July 2018 at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Written ethical approval was not obtained because this study was a retrospective literature review and analysis. Results: The prevalence of seropositive-CD was 15.88% with high heterogeneity (I2=84.0), while the prevalence of biopsy-proven CD was 12% with high heterogeneity (I2=82.7). Anti-transglutaminase was used in 7 of the 8 studies; alone in 4; with endomysial antibodies in 2; and with antigliadin antibodies (AGA) in one. In the remaining study, antireticulin antibodies was used with AGA. The age of the involved patients ranged from 8 months to 50 years old. Conclusion: The prevalence of biopsy-proven CD among T1DM patients in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (12.0%) was double the global prevalence (6.0%), and much higher than the normal Saudi population (1.4%). The female-to-male ratio (2:1) of CD patients in T1DM was the same as in the normal population in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. No significant difference was detected between the reported serologically-proven rates and the reported biopsy-proven rates (p=0.093).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ayman Safi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail.
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