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Catalano L, Aminzadeh-Gohari S, Weber DD, Poupardin R, Stefan VE, Smiles WJ, Tevini J, Feichtinger RG, Derdak S, Bilban M, Bareswill S, Heimesaat MM, Kofler B. Triple Therapy with Metformin, Ketogenic Diet, and Metronomic Cyclophosphamide Reduced Tumor Growth in MYCN-Amplified Neuroblastoma Xenografts. Metabolites 2023; 13:910. [PMID: 37623854 PMCID: PMC10456943 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13080910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a childhood cancer in which amplification of the MYCN gene is the most acknowledged marker of poor prognosis. MYCN-amplified NB cells rely on both glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) for energy production. Previously, we demonstrated that a ketogenic diet (KD) combined with metronomic cyclophosphamide (CP) delayed tumor growth in MYCN-amplified NB xenografts. The anti-diabetic drug metformin (MET) also targets complex I of the OXPHOS system. Therefore, MET-induced disruptions of mitochondrial respiration may enhance the anti-tumor effect of CP when combined with a KD. In this study, we found that MET decreased cell proliferation and mitochondrial respiration in MYCN-amplified NB cell lines, while the combination of KD, MET, and low-dose CP (triple therapy) also reduced tumor growth and improved survival in vivo in MYCN-amplified NB xenografts. Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that this triple therapy had the greatest effect on the transcription of genes involved in fatty acid ß-oxidation, which was supported by the increased protein expression of CPT1A, a key mitochondrial fatty acid transporter. We suspect that alterations to ß-oxidation alongside the inhibition of complex I may hamper mitochondrial energy production, thus explaining these augmented anti-tumor effects, suggesting that the combination of MET and KD is an effective adjuvant therapy to CP in MYCN-amplified NB xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Catalano
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (L.C.)
| | - Sepideh Aminzadeh-Gohari
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (L.C.)
| | - Daniela D. Weber
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (L.C.)
| | - Rodolphe Poupardin
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Cell Therapy Institute, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Victoria E. Stefan
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (L.C.)
| | - William J. Smiles
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (L.C.)
| | - Julia Tevini
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (L.C.)
| | - René G. Feichtinger
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (L.C.)
| | - Sophia Derdak
- Core Facilities, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Bilban
- Core Facilities, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Bareswill
- Gastrointestinal Microbiology Research Group, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt University Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus M. Heimesaat
- Gastrointestinal Microbiology Research Group, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt University Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (L.C.)
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2
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Karpiesiuk A, Całka J, Palus K. Acrylamide-Induced Changes in the Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) Immunoreactivity in Small Intestinal Intramural Neurons in Pigs. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3272. [PMID: 36833970 PMCID: PMC9963040 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A particularly pressing problem is determining consumer-safe doses of potentially health- and life-threatening substances, such as acrylamide. The aim of the study was to determine how acrylamide affects the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)-immunoreactive intramural neurons in the small intestine of sexually immature gilts. METHODS The study was conducted on 15 sexually immature Danish gilts receiving for 28 days empty gelatin capsules or acrylamide in low (0.5 µg/kg of body weight (b.w.)/day) and high (5 µg/kg b.w./day) doses. After euthanasia, intestinal sections were stained using the double immunofluorescence staining procedure. RESULTS Studies have shown that oral administration of acrylamide in both doses induced a response of intramural neurons expressed as an increase in the population of PACAP-immunoreactive neurons in the small intestine. In the duodenum, only in the myenteric plexus (MP) was an increase in the number of PACAP-immunoreactive (IR) neurons observed in both experimental groups, while in the outer submucous plexus (OSP) and inner submucous plexus (ISP), an increase was noted only in the high-dose group. In the jejunum, both doses of acrylamide led to an increase in the population of PACAP-IR neurons in each enteric plexus (MP, OSP, ISP), while in the ileum, only supplementation with the higher dose of acrylamide increased the number of PACAP-IR enteric neurons in the MP, OSP, and ISP. CONCLUSIONS The obtained results suggest the participation of PACAP in acrylamide-induced plasticity of enteric neurons, which may be an important line of defence from the harmful action of acrylamide on the small intestines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Karpiesiuk
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego Str. 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
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Therapeutic Oral Application of Carvacrol Alleviates Acute Campylobacteriosis in Mice Harboring a Human Gut Microbiota. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020320. [PMID: 36830689 PMCID: PMC9953218 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Campylobacter jejuni infections are rising globally. Since antibiotics are usually not indicated in acute campylobacteriosis, antibiotic-independent intervention measures are desirable. The phenolic compound carvacrol constitutes a promising candidate molecule given its antimicrobial and immune-modulatory features. To test the disease-alleviating effects of oral carvacrol treatment in acute murine campylobacteriosis, IL-10-/- mice harboring a human gut microbiota were perorally infected with C. jejuni and treated with carvacrol via the drinking water. Whereas C. jejuni stably established in the gastrointestinal tract of mice from the placebo cohort, carvacrol treatment resulted in lower pathogen loads in the small intestines on day 6 post infection. When compared to placebo, carvacrol ameliorated pathogen-induced symptoms including bloody diarrhea that was accompanied by less distinct histopathological and apoptotic cell responses in the colon. Furthermore, innate and adaptive immune cell numbers were lower in the colon of carvacrol- versus placebo-treated mice. Notably, carvacrol application dampened C. jejuni-induced secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators in intestinal, extra-intestinal and systemic organs to naive levels and furthermore, resulted in distinct shifts in the fecal microbiota composition. In conclusion, our preclinical placebo-controlled intervention study provides evidence that therapeutic carvacrol application constitutes a promising option to alleviate campylobacteriosis in the infected vertebrate host.
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Levert-Levitt E, Shapira G, Sragovich S, Shomron N, Lam JCK, Li VOK, Heimesaat MM, Bereswill S, Yehuda AB, Sagi-Schwartz A, Solomon Z, Gozes I. Oral microbiota signatures in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) veterans. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:4590-4598. [PMID: 35864319 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01704-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) represents a global public health concern, affecting about 1 in 20 individuals. The symptoms of PTSD include intrusiveness (involuntary nightmares or flashbacks), avoidance of traumatic memories, negative alterations in cognition and mood (such as negative beliefs about oneself or social detachment), increased arousal and reactivity with irritable reckless behavior, concentration problems, and sleep disturbances. PTSD is also highly comorbid with anxiety, depression, and substance abuse. To advance the field from subjective, self-reported psychological measurements to objective molecular biomarkers while considering environmental influences, we examined a unique cohort of Israeli veterans who participated in the 1982 Lebanon war. Non-invasive oral 16S RNA sequencing was correlated with psychological phenotyping. Thus, a microbiota signature (i.e., decreased levels of the bacteria sp_HMT_914, 332 and 871 and Noxia) was correlated with PTSD severity, as exemplified by intrusiveness, arousal, and reactivity, as well as additional psychopathological symptoms, including anxiety, hostility, memory difficulties, and idiopathic pain. In contrast, education duration correlated with significantly increased levels of sp_HMT_871 and decreased levels of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, and presented an inverted correlation with adverse psychopathological measures. Air pollution was positively correlated with PTSD symptoms, psychopathological symptoms, and microbiota composition. Arousal and reactivity symptoms were correlated with reductions in transaldolase, an enzyme controlling a major cellular energy pathway, that potentially accelerates aging. In conclusion, the newly discovered bacterial signature, whether an outcome or a consequence of PTSD, could allow for objective soldier deployment and stratification according to decreases in sp_HMT_914, 332, 871, and Noxia levels, coupled with increases in Bacteroidetes levels. These findings also raise the possibility of microbiota pathway-related non-intrusive treatments for PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Levert-Levitt
- School of Psychological Sciences, Center for the Study of Child Development, University of Haifa, 6035 Rabin Building, Haifa, 3190501, Israel
| | - Guy Shapira
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Edmond J Safra Center for Bioinformatics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Shlomo Sragovich
- Elton Laboratory for Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Adams Super Center for Brain Studies and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Noam Shomron
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Edmond J Safra Center for Bioinformatics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Jacqueline C K Lam
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Victor O K Li
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Markus M Heimesaat
- Institute for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Institute for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ariel Ben Yehuda
- Department of Health and Well-being, Medical Corps, Israel Defense Forces (IDF), Ramat Gan, Israel.,'Shalvata' Mental Health Center, Clalit Health Services, Hod Hasharon, 4534708, Israel
| | - Abraham Sagi-Schwartz
- School of Psychological Sciences, Center for the Study of Child Development, University of Haifa, 6035 Rabin Building, Haifa, 3190501, Israel
| | - Zahava Solomon
- Gershon H. Gordon Faculty of Social Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Illana Gozes
- Elton Laboratory for Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Adams Super Center for Brain Studies and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Hawley E, Mia K, Yusuf M, Swanson KC, Doetkott C, Dorsam GP. Messenger RNA Gene Expression Screening of VIP and PACAP Neuropeptides and Their Endogenous Receptors in Ruminants. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101512. [PMID: 36290416 PMCID: PMC9598725 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) and Pituitary Adenylate-Cyclase-Activating Peptide (PACAP) are anti-inflammatory neuropeptides that play important roles in human and rodent gut microbiota homeostasis and host immunity. Pharmacologically regulating these neuropeptides is expected to have significant health and feed efficiency benefits for agriculturally relevant animals. However, their expression profile in ruminant tissues is not well characterized. To this end, we screened for VIP and PACAP neuropeptides and their endogenous GPCRs using 15 different tissues from wethers and steers by RT-qPCR. Our results revealed relatively similar expression profiles for both VIP and PACAP neuropeptide ligands in the brain and intestinal tissue of both species. In contrast, the tissue expression profiles for VPAC1, VPAC2, and PAC1 were more widespread and disparate, with VPAC1 being the most diversely expressed receptor with mRNA detection in the brain and throughout the gastrointestinal tract. These data are an important first step to allow for future investigations regarding the VIP and PACAP signaling pathways in livestock ruminant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Hawley
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Kafi Mia
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Mustapha Yusuf
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Kendall C. Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Curt Doetkott
- Information Technology Services, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Glenn P. Dorsam
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
- Correspondence:
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Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) in Physiological and Pathological Processes within the Gastrointestinal Tract: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168682. [PMID: 34445388 PMCID: PMC8395522 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide widely distributed in the central nervous system (CNS) and many peripheral organs, such as the digestive tract, endocrine, reproductive and respiratory systems, where it plays different regulatory functions and exerts a cytoprotective effect. The multifarious physiological effects of PACAP are mediated through binding to different G protein-coupled receptors, including PAC1 (PAC1-R), VPAC1 (VPAC1-R) and VPAC2 (VPAC2-R) receptors. In the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, PACAP plays an important regulatory function. PACAP stimulates the secretion of digestive juices and hormone release, regulates smooth muscle contraction, local blood flow, cell migration and proliferation. Additionally, there are many reports confirming the involvement of PACAP in pathological processes within the GI tract, including inflammatory states, neuronal injury, diabetes, intoxication and neoplastic processes. The purpose of this review is to summarize the distribution and pleiotropic action of PACAP in the control of GI tract function and its cytoprotective effect in the course of GI tract disorders.
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7
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Weschka D, Mousavi S, Biesemeier N, Bereswill S, Heimesaat MM. Survey of Pathogen-Lowering and Immuno-Modulatory Effects Upon Treatment of Campylobacter coli-Infected Secondary Abiotic IL-10 -/- Mice with the Probiotic Formulation Aviguard ®. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061127. [PMID: 34070972 PMCID: PMC8224786 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of infections with the zoonotic enteritis pathogen Campylobacter coli is increasing. Probiotic formulations constitute promising antibiotic-independent approaches to reduce intestinal pathogen loads and modulate pathogen-induced immune responses in the infected human host, resulting in acute campylobacteriosis and post-infectious sequelae. Here, we address potential antipathogenic and immuno-modulatory effects of the commercial product Aviguard® during experimental campylobacteriosis. Secondary abiotic IL-10-/- mice were infected with a C. coli patient isolate on days 0 and 1, followed by oral Aviguard® treatment on days 2, 3 and 4. Until day 6 post-infection, Aviguard® treatment could lower the pathogen burdens within the proximal but not the distal intestinal tract. In contrast, the probiotic bacteria had sufficiently established in the intestines with lower fecal loads of obligate anaerobic species in C. coli-infected as compared to uninfected mice following Aviguard® treatment. Aviguard® application did not result in alleviated clinical signs, histopathological or apoptotic changes in the colon of infected IL-10-/- mice, whereas, however, Aviguard® treatment could dampen pathogen-induced innate and adaptive immune responses in the colon, accompanied by less distinct intestinal proinflammatory cytokine secretion. In conclusion, Aviguard® constitutes a promising probiotic compound to alleviate enteropathogen-induced proinflammatory immune responses during human campylobacteriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soraya Mousavi
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (M.M.H.); Tel.: +49-30-450524315 (S.M.); +49-30-450524318 (M.M.H.)
| | | | | | - Markus M. Heimesaat
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (M.M.H.); Tel.: +49-30-450524315 (S.M.); +49-30-450524318 (M.M.H.)
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8
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Brunner SM, Reichmann F, Leitner J, Wölfl S, Bereswill S, Farzi A, Schneider AM, Klieser E, Neureiter D, Emberger M, Heimesaat MM, Weghuber D, Lang R, Holzer P, Kofler B. Galanin receptor 3 attenuates inflammation and influences the gut microbiota in an experimental murine colitis model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:564. [PMID: 33436730 PMCID: PMC7803768 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79456-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulatory (neuro)peptide galanin and its three receptors (GAL1-3R) are involved in immunity and inflammation. Galanin alleviated inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in rats. However, studies on the galanin receptors involved are lacking. We aimed to determine galanin receptor expression in IBD patients and to evaluate if GAL2R and GAL3R contribute to murine colitis. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that granulocytes in colon specimens of IBD patients (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) expressed GAL2R and GAL3R but not GAL1R. After colitis induction with 2% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 7 days, mice lacking GAL3R (GAL3R-KO) lost more body weight, exhibited more severe colonic inflammation and aggravated histologic damage, with increased infiltration of neutrophils compared to wild-type animals. Loss of GAL3R resulted in higher local and systemic inflammatory cytokine/chemokine levels. Remarkably, colitis-associated changes to the intestinal microbiota, as assessed by quantitative culture-independent techniques, were most pronounced in GAL3R-KO mice, characterized by elevated numbers of enterobacteria and bifidobacteria. In contrast, GAL2R deletion did not influence the course of colitis. In conclusion, granulocyte GAL2R and GAL3R expression is related to IBD activity in humans, and DSS-induced colitis in mice is strongly affected by GAL3R loss. Consequently, GAL3R poses a novel therapeutic target for IBD.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Colitis, Ulcerative/genetics
- Colitis, Ulcerative/microbiology
- Colitis, Ulcerative/therapy
- Crohn Disease/genetics
- Crohn Disease/microbiology
- Crohn Disease/therapy
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Inflammation
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Rats
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 3/genetics
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 3/metabolism
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 3/physiology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne M Brunner
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Florian Reichmann
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Julia Leitner
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Soraya Wölfl
- Laboratory for Pathology Weger, Emberger, Strubergasse 20, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Garystr. 5, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aitak Farzi
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Anna-Maria Schneider
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eckhard Klieser
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniel Neureiter
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Michael Emberger
- Laboratory for Pathology Weger, Emberger, Strubergasse 20, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Markus M Heimesaat
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Garystr. 5, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Weghuber
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Roland Lang
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Peter Holzer
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
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Xue Z, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhang C, Shen XD, Gao F, Busuttil RW, Zheng S, Kupiec-Weglinski JW, Ji H. PACAP neuropeptide promotes Hepatocellular Protection via CREB-KLF4 dependent autophagy in mouse liver Ischemia Reperfusion Injury. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:4453-4465. [PMID: 32292507 PMCID: PMC7150481 DOI: 10.7150/thno.42354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI), associated with acute hepatocyte death, remains an unresolved problem in clinical orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Autophagy, an intracellular self-digesting progress, is responsible for cell reprograming required to regain post-stress homeostasis. Methods: Here, we analyzed the cytoprotective mechanism of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)-promoted hepatocellular autophagy in a clinically relevant mouse model of extended hepatic cold storage (4 °C UW solution for 20 h) followed by syngeneic OLT. Results: In contrast to 41.7% of liver graft failure by day 7 post-transplant in control group, PACAP treatment significantly improved graft survival (91.7% by day 14), and promoted autophagy-associated regeneration programs in OLT. In parallel in vitro studies, PACAP-enhanced autophagy ameliorated cellular damage (LDH/ALT levels), and diminished necrosis in H2O2-stressed primary hepatocytes. Interestingly, PACAP not only induced nuclear cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), but also triggered reprogramming factor Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) expression in IR-stressed OLT. Indeed, CREB inhibition attenuated hepatic autophagy and recreated hepatocellular injury in otherwise PACAP-protected livers. Furthermore, CREB inhibition suppressed PACAP-induced KLF4 expression, whereas KLF4 blockade abolished PACAP-promoted autophagy and neutralized PACAP-mediated hepatoprotection both in vivo and in vitro. Conclusion: Current study documents the essential neural regulation of PACAP-promoted autophagy in hepatocellular homeostasis in OLT, which provides the emerging therapeutic principle to combat hepatic IRI in OLT.
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Toth D, Szabo E, Tamas A, Juhasz T, Horvath G, Fabian E, Opper B, Szabo D, Maugeri G, D'Amico AG, D'Agata V, Vicena V, Reglodi D. Protective Effects of PACAP in Peripheral Organs. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:377. [PMID: 32765418 PMCID: PMC7381171 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide widely distributed in the nervous system, where it exerts strong neuroprotective effects. PACAP is also expressed in peripheral organs but its peripheral protective effects have not been summarized so far. Therefore, the aim of the present paper is to review the existing literature regarding the cytoprotective effects of PACAP in non-neuronal cell types, peripheral tissues, and organs. Among others, PACAP has widespread expression in the digestive system, where it shows protective effects in various intestinal pathologies, such as duodenal ulcer, small bowel ischemia, and intestinal inflammation. PACAP is present in both the exocrine and endocrine pancreas as well as liver where it reduces inflammation and steatosis by interfering with hepatic pathology related to obesity. It is found in several exocrine glands and also in urinary organs, where, with its protective effects being mainly published regarding renal pathologies, PACAP is protective in numerous conditions. PACAP displays anti-inflammatory effects in upper and lower airways of the respiratory system. In the skin, it is involved in the development of inflammatory pathology such as psoriasis and also has anti-allergic effects in a model of contact dermatitis. In the non-neuronal part of the visual system, PACAP showed protective effects in pathological conditions of the cornea and retinal pigment epithelial cells. The positive role of PACAP has been demonstrated on the formation and healing processes of cartilage and bone where it also prevents osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis development. The protective role of PACAP was also demonstrated in the cardiovascular system in different pathological processes including hyperglycaemia-induced endothelial dysfunction and age-related vascular changes. In the heart, PACAP protects against ischemia, oxidative stress, and cardiomyopathies. PACAP is also involved in the protection against the development of pre-senile systemic amyloidosis, which is presented in various peripheral organs in PACAP-deficient mice. The studies summarized here provide strong evidence for the cytoprotective effects of the peptide. The survival-promoting effects of PACAP depend on a number of factors which are also shortly discussed in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denes Toth
- Department of Forensic Medicine, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Edina Szabo
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Andrea Tamas
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamas Juhasz
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Gabriella Horvath
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Eszter Fabian
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balazs Opper
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dora Szabo
- Heart Institute, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Grazia Maugeri
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Agata G. D'Amico
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Velia D'Agata
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Viktoria Vicena
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Dora Reglodi
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11
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RORγt + Treg to Th17 ratios correlate with susceptibility to Giardia infection. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20328. [PMID: 31889073 PMCID: PMC6937251 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56416-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with Giardia are among the most common causes of food and water-borne diarrheal disease worldwide. Here, we investigated Th17, Treg and IgA responses, and alterations in gut microbiota in two mouse lines with varying susceptibility to Giardia muris infection. Infected BALB/c mice shed significantly more cysts compared with C57BL/6 mice. Impaired control of infection in BALB/c mice was associated with lower Th17 activity and lower IgA levels compared with C57BL/6 mice. The limited metabolic activity, proliferation and cytokine production of Th17 cells in BALB/c mice was associated with higher proportions of intestinal Foxp3+RORγt+ regulatory T cells and BALB/c mice developed increased RORγt+ Treg:Th17 ratios in response to G. muris infection. Furthermore, G. muris colonization led to a significantly reduced evenness in the gut microbial communities of BALB/c mice. Our data indicate that differential susceptibility to Giardia infections may be related to RORγt+ Treg controlling Th17 activity and that changes in the microbiota composition upon Giardia infection partially depend on the host background.
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12
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Bains M, Laney C, Wolfe AE, Orr M, Waschek JA, Ericsson AC, Dorsam GP. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Deficiency Is Associated With Altered Gut Microbiota Communities in Male and Female C57BL/6 Mice. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2689. [PMID: 31849864 PMCID: PMC6900961 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is crucial for gastrointestinal tract (GIT) health. VIP sustains GIT homeostasis through maintenance of the intestinal epithelial barrier and acts as a potent anti-inflammatory mediator that contributes to gut bacterial tolerance. Based on these biological functions by VIP, we hypothesized that its deficiency would alter gut microbial ecology. To this end, fecal samples from male and female VIP+/+, VIP+/-, and VIP-/- littermates (n = 47) were collected and 16S rRNA sequencing was conducted. Our data revealed significant changes in bacterial composition, biodiversity, and weight loss from VIP-/- mice compared to VIP+/+ and VIP+/- littermates, irrespective of sex. The gut bacteria compositional changes observed in VIP-/- mice was consistent with gut microbial structure changes reported for certain inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Moreover, predicted functional changes by PICRUSt software suggested an energy surplus within the altered microbiota from VIP-/- mice. These data support that VIP plays an important role in maintaining microbiota balance, biodiversity, and GIT function, and its genetic removal results in significant gut microbiota restructuring and weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet Bains
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food Systems and Natural Resources, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Caleb Laney
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food Systems and Natural Resources, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Annie E. Wolfe
- Metagenomics Center, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Megan Orr
- Department of Statistics, College of Science and Math, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - James A. Waschek
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Aaron C. Ericsson
- Metagenomics Center, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Glenn P. Dorsam
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food Systems and Natural Resources, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
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13
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Heimesaat MM, Dunay IR, Bereswill S. Comprehensive Kinetic Survey of Intestinal, Extra-Intestinal and Systemic Sequelae of Murine Ileitis Following Peroral Low-Dose Toxoplasma gondii Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:98. [PMID: 31032232 PMCID: PMC6474322 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently shown that following peroral low-dose Toxoplasma gondii infection susceptible mice develop subacute ileitis within 10 days. Data regarding long-term intestinal and extra-intestinal sequelae of infection are scarce, however. We therefore challenged conventional C57BL/6 mice with one cyst of T. gondii ME49 strain by gavage and performed a comprehensive immunopathological survey 10, 36, and 57 days later. As early as 10 days post-infection, mice were suffering from subacute ileitis as indicated by mild-to-moderate histopathological changes of the ileal mucosa. Furthermore, numbers of apoptotic and proliferating/regenerating epithelial cells as well as of T and B lymphocytes in the mucosa and lamina propria of the ileum were highest at day 10 post-infection, but declined thereafter, and were accompanied by enhanced pro-inflammatory mediator secretion in ileum, colon and mesenteric lymph nodes that was most pronounced during the early phase of infection. In addition, subacute ileitis was accompanied by distinct shifts in the commensal gut microbiota composition in the small intestines. Remarkably, immunopathological sequelae of T. gondii infection were not restricted to the intestines, but could also be observed in extra-intestinal tissues including the liver, kidneys, lungs, heart and strikingly, in systemic compartments that were most prominent at day 10 post-infection. We conclude that the here provided long-term kinetic survey of immunopathological sequalae following peroral low-dose T. gondii infection provides valuable corner stones for a better understanding of the complex interactions within the triangle relationship of (parasitic) pathogens, the host immunity and the commensal gut microbiota during intestinal inflammation. The low-dose T. gondii infection model may be applied as valuable gut inflammation model in future pre-clinical studies in order to test potential treatment options for intestinal inflammatory conditions in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus M Heimesaat
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ildiko R Dunay
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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14
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Bereswill S, Escher U, Grunau A, Kühl AA, Dunay IR, Tamas A, Reglodi D, Heimesaat MM. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide-A Neuropeptide as Novel Treatment Option for Subacute Ileitis in Mice Harboring a Human Gut Microbiota. Front Immunol 2019; 10:554. [PMID: 30967875 PMCID: PMC6438926 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is well-known for its important functions in immunity and inflammation. Data regarding anti-inflammatory properties of PACAP in the intestinal tract are limited, however. In our present preclinical intervention study we addressed whether PACAP treatment could alleviate experimental subacute ileitis mimicking human gut microbiota conditions. Therefore, secondary abioitic mice were subjected to human fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and perorally infected with low-dose Toxoplasma gondii to induce subacute ileitis on day 0. From day 3 until day 8 post-infection, mice were either treated with synthetic PACAP38 or placebo. At day 9 post-infection, placebo, but not PACAP treated mice exhibited overt macroscopic sequelae of intestinal immunopathology. PACAP treatment further resulted in less distinct apoptotic responses in ileal and colonic epithelia that were accompanied by lower T cell numbers in the mucosa and lamina propria and less secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in intestinal ex vivo biopsies. Notably, ileitis-associated gut microbiota shifts were less distinct in PACAP as compared to placebo treated mice. Inflammation-ameliorating effects of PACAP were not restricted to the intestines, but could also be observed in extra-intestinal including systemic compartments as indicated by lower apoptotic cell counts and less pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in liver and lungs taken from PACAP treated as compared to placebo control mice, which also held true for markedly lower serum TNF and IL-6 concentrations in the former as compared to the latter. Our preclinical intervention study provides strong evidence that synthetic PACAP alleviates subacute ileitis and extra-intestinal including systemic sequelae of T cell-driven immunopathology. These findings further support PACAP as a novel treatment option for intestinal inflammation including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bereswill
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Escher
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Grunau
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja A Kühl
- Department of Medicine I for Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology/Research Center ImmunoSciences (RCIS), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ildiko R Dunay
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Tamas
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Markus M Heimesaat
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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15
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Vass RA, Kemeny A, Dergez T, Ertl T, Reglodi D, Jungling A, Tamas A. Distribution of bioactive factors in human milk samples. Int Breastfeed J 2019; 14:9. [PMID: 30792750 PMCID: PMC6371541 DOI: 10.1186/s13006-019-0203-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Breast milk provides nutrition for infants and also contains a variety of bioactive factors that influence the development of the newborn. Human milk is a complex biological fluid that can be separated into different layers (water phase and lipid phase with its component water and lipid fractions). It can affect the developing human body along the whole length of the gastrointestinal tract, and through the circulation, its factors may reach every organ. Methods In the present study, we analyzed milk samples collected monthly for 6 months from 16 mothers from the 4th week postpartum between 2014 and 2016 in Baranya County, Hungary. The 96 samples provided us information about the fluctuation of certain bioactive factors during the first 6 months of lactation. We investigated with Luminex technology the concentrations of several cytokines (CD40, Flt-3L), chemokines (MCP-1, RANTES, GRO, MIP-1ß, MDC, eotaxin, fractalkine), and epidermal growth factor (EGF). Paired t-tests and one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-hoc tests were used to compare the data. Results We detected the presence of each bioactive factor in every layer of the milk samples during the first 6 months of breastfeeding in widespread concentration ranges. In the case of GRO, MIP-1ß, MDC, Flt-3L, fractalkine, and eotaxin, the concentrations were constant during the first 6 months of lactation. The water phase of human milk contained higher factor concentrations compared to both fractions of the lipid phase for most factors (except eotaxin and MIP-1ß). The concentrations of CD40, EGF, MCP-1, and RANTES in the first 3 months were significantly different compared to the values detected between 4th and 6th months. In the water phase, the level of MCP-1 was significantly decreased, while all of the other factors increased during the 4th through 6th months. We found significantly higher EGF, GRO, and RANTES levels in the water fraction compared to the lipid fraction of the lipid phase. Conclusions The novel findings of this investigation were the presence of Flt-3L and MDC in all layers of breast milk, and nearly all bioactive factors in the lipid phase. Due to their widespread physiological effects these factors may have an essential role in organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reka A Vass
- 1Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Agnes Kemeny
- 2Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy; Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,3Department of Medical Biology and Central Electron Microscope Laboratory, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Timea Dergez
- 4Institute of Bioanalysis, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tibor Ertl
- 5Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- 1Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Adel Jungling
- 1Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Andrea Tamas
- 1Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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16
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Reglodi D, Toth D, Vicena V, Manavalan S, Brown D, Getachew B, Tizabi Y. Therapeutic potential of PACAP in alcohol toxicity. Neurochem Int 2019; 124:238-244. [PMID: 30682380 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol addiction is a worldwide concern as its detrimental effects go far beyond the addicted individual and can affect the entire family as well as the community. Considerable effort is being expended in understanding the neurobiological basis of such addiction in hope of developing effective prevention and/or intervention strategies. In addition, organ damage and neurotoxicological effects of alcohol are intensely investigated. Pharmacological approaches, so far, have only provided partial success in prevention or treatment of alcohol use disorder (AUD) including the neurotoxicological consequences of heavy drinking. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is an endogenous 38 amino-acid neuropeptide with demonstrated protection against neuronal injury, trauma as well as various endogenous and exogenous toxic agents including alcohol. In this mini-review, following a brief presentation of alcohol addiction and its neurotoxicity, the potential of PACAP as a therapeutic intervention in toxicological consequences of this devastating disorder is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs Medical School, Hungary.
| | - Denes Toth
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Pecs Medical School, Hungary
| | - Viktoria Vicena
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs Medical School, Hungary
| | - Sridharan Manavalan
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs Medical School, Hungary; Department of Basic Sciences, National University of Health Sciences, Florida, USA
| | - Dwayne Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bruk Getachew
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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17
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Protective Effect of PACAP on Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Kidney Injury of Male and Female Rats: Gender Differences. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 68:408-419. [PMID: 30443839 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1207-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide that exerts general cytoprotective effects, including protection in different kidney disorders. The aim of our study was to investigate the ischemia/reperfusion-induced kidney injury of male and female rats to confirm the protective effects of PACAP in the kidney and to reveal possible gender differences.Male and female Wistar rats underwent unilateral renal artery clamping followed by 24-h, 48-h, or 14-day reperfusion. PACAP was administered intravenously before arterial clamping in half of the rats. Tubular damage, cytokine expression pattern, oxidative stress marker, antioxidative status and signaling pathways were evaluated using histology, immunohistology, cytokine array, PCR, and Western blot. Tubular damage was significantly less severe in the PACAP-treated male and female rats compared to controls. Results of female animals were significantly better in both treated and untreated groups. Cytokine expression, oxidative stress marker and antioxidative status confirmed the histological results. We also revealed that PACAP counteracted the decreased PKA phosphorylation, influenced the expression of BMP2 and BMP4, and increased the expression of the protein Smad1.We conclude that PACAP is protective in ischemia/reperfusion-induced kidney injury in both sexes, but females had markedly less pronounced injury after ischemia/reperfusion, possibly also involving further protective factors, the investigation of which could have future therapeutic value in treating ischemic kidney injuries.
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18
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Wienhold SM, Macrì M, Nouailles G, Dietert K, Gurtner C, Gruber AD, Heimesaat MM, Lienau J, Schumacher F, Kleuser B, Opitz B, Suttorp N, Witzenrath M, Müller-Redetzky HC. Ventilator-induced lung injury is aggravated by antibiotic mediated microbiota depletion in mice. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2018; 22:282. [PMID: 30373626 PMCID: PMC6206919 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-018-2213-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotic exposure alters the microbiota, which can impact the inflammatory immune responses. Critically ill patients frequently receive antibiotic treatment and are often subjected to mechanical ventilation, which may induce local and systemic inflammatory responses and development of ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). The aim of this study was to investigate whether disruption of the microbiota by antibiotic therapy prior to mechanical ventilation affects pulmonary inflammatory responses and thereby the development of VILI. METHODS Mice underwent 6-8 weeks of enteral antibiotic combination treatment until absence of cultivable bacteria in fecal samples was confirmed. Control mice were housed equally throughout this period. VILI was induced 3 days after completing the antibiotic treatment protocol, by high tidal volume (HTV) ventilation (34 ml/kg; positive end-expiratory pressure = 2 cmH2O) for 4 h. Differences in lung function, oxygenation index, pulmonary vascular leakage, macroscopic assessment of lung injury, and leukocyte and lymphocyte differentiation were assessed. Control groups of mice ventilated with low tidal volume and non-ventilated mice were analyzed accordingly. RESULTS Antibiotic-induced microbiota depletion prior to HTV ventilation led to aggravation of VILI, as shown by increased pulmonary permeability, increased oxygenation index, decreased pulmonary compliance, enhanced macroscopic lung injury, and increased cytokine/chemokine levels in lung homogenates. CONCLUSIONS Depletion of the microbiota by broad-spectrum antibiotics prior to HTV ventilation renders mice more susceptible to developing VILI, which could be clinically relevant for critically ill patients frequently receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra-Maria Wienhold
- Division of Pulmonary Inflammation, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mario Macrì
- Division of Pulmonary Inflammation, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Present address: Scuola di specializzazione in Anestesia, Rianimazione e Terapia Intensiva, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Geraldine Nouailles
- Division of Pulmonary Inflammation, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristina Dietert
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Corinne Gurtner
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Present address: Institute of Animal Pathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Achim D Gruber
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus M Heimesaat
- Institute for Microbiology and Infection Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jasmin Lienau
- Division of Pulmonary Inflammation, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Schumacher
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Bastian Opitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Witzenrath
- Division of Pulmonary Inflammation, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany. .,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Holger C Müller-Redetzky
- Division of Pulmonary Inflammation, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Abstract
Dysregulation of neuropeptides may play an important role in aging-induced impairments. In the long list of neuropeptides, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) represents a highly effective cytoprotective peptide that provides an endogenous control against a variety of tissue-damaging stimuli. PACAP has neuro- and general cytoprotective effects due to anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant actions. As PACAP is also a part of the endogenous protective machinery, it can be hypothesized that the decreased protective effects in lack of endogenous PACAP would accelerate age-related degeneration and PACAP knockout mice would display age-related degenerative signs earlier. Recent results support this hypothesis showing that PACAP deficiency mimics aspects of age-related pathophysiological changes including increased neuronal vulnerability and systemic degeneration accompanied by increased apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Decrease in PACAP expression has been shown in different species from invertebrates to humans. PACAP-deficient mice display numerous pathological alterations mimicking early aging, such as retinal changes, corneal keratinization and blurring, and systemic amyloidosis. In the present review, we summarize these findings and propose that PACAP deficiency could be a good model of premature aging.
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20
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Illes A, Horvath G, Schafer E, Kerenyi M, Karadi O, Opper B, Toth G, Reglodi D. Effect of PACAP on Bacterial Adherence and Cytokine Expression in Intestinal Cell Cultures. Int J Pept Res Ther 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-018-9748-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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21
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Escher U, Giladi E, Dunay IR, Bereswill S, Gozes I, Heimesaat MM. Anti-inflammatory Effects of the Octapeptide NAP in Human Microbiota-Associated Mice Suffering from Subacute Ileitis. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2018; 8:34-40. [PMID: 29997909 PMCID: PMC6038539 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2018.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The octapeptide NAP is well known for its neuroprotective properties. We here investigated whether NAP treatment could alleviate pro-inflammatory immune responses during experimental subacute ileitis. To address this, mice with a human gut microbiota were perorally infected with one cyst of Toxoplasma gondii (day 0) and subjected to intraperitoneal synthetic NAP treatment from day 1 until day 8 postinfection (p.i.). Whereas placebo (PLC) control animals displayed subacute ileitis at day 9 p.i., NAP-treated mice exhibited less pronounced pro-inflammatory immune responses as indicated by lower numbers of intestinal mucosal T and B lymphocytes and lower interferon (IFN)-γ concentrations in mesenteric lymph nodes. The NAP-induced anti-inflammatory effects were not restricted to the intestinal tract but could also be observed in extra-intestinal including systemic compartments, given that pro-inflammatory cytokines were lower in liver, kidney, and lung following NAP as compared to PLC application, whereas at day 9 p.i., colonic and serum interleukin (IL)-10 concentrations were higher in the former as compared to the latter. Remarkably, probiotic commensal bifidobacterial loads were higher in the ileal lumen of NAP as compared to PLC-treated mice with ileitis. Our findings thus further support that NAP might be regarded as future treatment option directed against intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Escher
- Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Microbiology and Infection Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eliezer Giladi
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Aviv University, Aviv, Israel
| | - Ildikò R. Dunay
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Microbiology and Infection Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Illana Gozes
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Aviv University, Aviv, Israel
| | - Markus M. Heimesaat
- Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Microbiology and Infection Immunology, Berlin, Germany
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