1
|
Prasad A, Varshney V, Nepal D, Frank GJ. Bioinspired Design Rules from Highly Mineralized Natural Composites for Two-Dimensional Composite Design. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:500. [PMID: 37887631 PMCID: PMC10604232 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8060500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Discoveries of two-dimensional (2D) materials, exemplified by the recent entry of MXene, have ushered in a new era of multifunctional materials for applications from electronics to biomedical sensors due to their superior combination of mechanical, chemical, and electrical properties. MXene, for example, can be designed for specialized applications using a plethora of element combinations and surface termination layers, making them attractive for highly optimized multifunctional composites. Although multiple critical engineering applications demand that such composites balance specialized functions with mechanical demands, the current knowledge of the mechanical performance and optimized traits necessary for such composite design is severely limited. In response to this pressing need, this paper critically reviews structure-function connections for highly mineralized 2D natural composites, such as nacre and exoskeletal of windowpane oysters, to extract fundamental bioinspired design principles that provide pathways for multifunctional 2D-based engineered systems. This paper highlights key bioinspired design features, including controlling flake geometry, enhancing interface interlocks, and utilizing polymer interphases, to address the limitations of the current design. Challenges in processing, such as flake size control and incorporating interlocking mechanisms of tablet stitching and nanotube forest, are discussed along with alternative potential solutions, such as roughened interfaces and surface waviness. Finally, this paper discusses future perspectives and opportunities, including bridging the gap between theory and practice with multiscale modeling and machine learning design approaches. Overall, this review underscores the potential of bioinspired design for engineered 2D composites while acknowledging the complexities involved and providing valuable insights for researchers and engineers in this rapidly evolving field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Prasad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA
| | - Vikas Varshney
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA; (V.V.); (D.N.); (G.J.F.)
| | - Dhriti Nepal
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA; (V.V.); (D.N.); (G.J.F.)
| | - Geoffrey J. Frank
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA; (V.V.); (D.N.); (G.J.F.)
- University of Dayton Research Institute, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu F, Yang H, Feng X. Research Progress in Preparation, Properties and Applications of Biomimetic Organic-Inorganic Composites with "Brick-and-Mortar" Structure. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16114094. [PMID: 37297231 DOI: 10.3390/ma16114094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by nature, materials scientists have been exploring and designing various biomimetic materials. Among them, composite materials with brick-and-mortar-like structure synthesized from organic and inorganic materials (BMOIs) have attracted increasing attention from scholars. These materials have the advantages of high strength, excellent flame retardancy, and good designability, which can meet the requirements of various fields for materials and have extremely high research value. Despite the increasing interest in and applications of this type of structural material, there is still a dearth of comprehensive reviews, leaving the scientific community with a limited understanding of its properties and applications. In this paper, we review the preparation, interface interaction, and research progress of BMOIs, and propose possible future development directions for this class of materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Hongyu Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xiaming Feng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lew AJ, Stifler CA, Tits A, Schmidt CA, Scholl A, Cantamessa A, Müller L, Delaunois Y, Compère P, Ruffoni D, Buehler MJ, Gilbert PUPA. A Molecular-Scale Understanding of Misorientation Toughening in Corals and Seashells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2300373. [PMID: 36864010 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Biominerals are organic-mineral composites formed by living organisms. They are the hardest and toughest tissues in those organisms, are often polycrystalline, and their mesostructure (which includes nano- and microscale crystallite size, shape, arrangement, and orientation) can vary dramatically. Marine biominerals may be aragonite, vaterite, or calcite, all calcium carbonate (CaCO3 ) polymorphs, differing in crystal structure. Unexpectedly, diverse CaCO3 biominerals such as coral skeletons and nacre share a similar characteristic: Adjacent crystals are slightly misoriented. This observation is documented quantitatively at the micro- and nanoscales, using polarization-dependent imaging contrast mapping (PIC mapping), and the slight misorientations is consistently between 1° and 40°. Nanoindentation shows that both polycrystalline biominerals and abiotic synthetic spherulites are tougher than single-crystalline geologic aragonite, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of bicrystals at the molecular scale reveals that aragonite, vaterite, and calcite exhibit toughness maxima when the bicrystals are misoriented by 10°, 20°, and 30°, respectively, demonstrating that slight misorientation alone can increase fracture toughness. Slight-misorientation-toughening can be harnessed for synthesis of bioinspired materials that only require one material, are not limited to specific top-down architecture, and are easily achieved by self-assembly of organic molecules (e.g., aspirin, chocolate), polymers, metals, and ceramics well beyond biominerals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Lew
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Cayla A Stifler
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Alexandra Tits
- Mechanics of Biological and Bioinspired Materials Laboratory, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Liège, Liège, B-4000, Belgium
| | - Connor A Schmidt
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Andreas Scholl
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Astrid Cantamessa
- Mechanics of Biological and Bioinspired Materials Laboratory, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Liège, Liège, B-4000, Belgium
| | - Laura Müller
- Mechanics of Biological and Bioinspired Materials Laboratory, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Liège, Liège, B-4000, Belgium
| | - Yann Delaunois
- Laboratory of Functional and Evolutionary Morphology (FOCUS Research Unit) and Center for Applied Research and Education in Microscopy (CAREM), University of Liège, Liège, B-4000, Belgium
| | - Philippe Compère
- Laboratory of Functional and Evolutionary Morphology (FOCUS Research Unit) and Center for Applied Research and Education in Microscopy (CAREM), University of Liège, Liège, B-4000, Belgium
| | - Davide Ruffoni
- Mechanics of Biological and Bioinspired Materials Laboratory, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Liège, Liège, B-4000, Belgium
| | - Markus J Buehler
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Pupa U P A Gilbert
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Geoscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shen SCY, Buehler MJ. Nature-inspired architected materials using unsupervised deep learning. COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING 2022; 1:37. [PMCID: PMC10955928 DOI: 10.1038/s44172-022-00037-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Nature-inspired material design is driven by superior properties found in natural architected materials and enabled by recent developments in additive manufacturing and machine learning. Existing approaches to push design beyond biomimicry typically use supervised deep learning algorithms to predict and optimize properties based on experimental or simulation data. However, these methods constrain generated material designs to abstracted labels and to “black box” outputs that are only indirectly manipulable. Here we report an alternative approach using an unsupervised generative adversarial network (GAN) model. Training the model on unlabeled data constructs a latent space free of human intervention, which can then be explored through seeding, image encoding, and vector arithmetic to control specific parameters of de novo generated material designs and to push them beyond training data distributions for broad applicability. We illustrate this end-to-end with new materials inspired by leaf microstructures, showing how biological 2D structures can be used to develop novel architected materials in 2 and 3 dimensions. We further utilize a genetic algorithm to optimize generated microstructures for mechanical properties, operating directly on the latent space. This approach allows for transfer of information across manifestations using the latent space as mediator, opening new avenues for exploration of nature-inspired materials. Shen and colleagues reported an unsupervised generative adversarial network (GAN) to identify patterns in leaves associated with superior mechanical properties and use 3D printing to build architected materials inspired by the patterns. In the future, this approach may be applied more broadly to natural materials to enable efficient algorithmic construction of structures with customized properties and form factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Chin-yun Shen
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Markus J. Buehler
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
- Center for Computational Science and Engineering, Schwarzman College of Computing, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Deng Z, Li L. Intrinsic Mechanical Properties of Individual Biogenic Mineral Units in Biomineralized Skeletons. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhifei Deng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute of Technology and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute of Technology and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cui S, Lu Z, Yang Z, He X. Numerical investigation on the enhanced damping behavior of bio-inspired nacreous composites by introducing interlocked structure. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 119:104442. [PMID: 33798937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Due to the unique "Brick-and-Mortar" structure, nacre exhibits extraordinary mechanical properties such as high strength and toughness, which are naturally exclusive in traditional engineering materials. The main threat to the shell is the impact load along the direction perpendicular to the lamellar structure. However, how it attenuates stress wave and dissipates kinetic energy during impact events remains unclear, especially along different loading directions (the directions perpendicular and parallel to the lamellar structure). In this paper, damping performance of nacreous bio-inspired composites is investigated to evaluate the energy dissipation from the perspective of dynamic modulus using theoretical and numerical methods. It is found that the stress states and Poisson's ratio of the "mortar" exert remarkable influence on composites' loss modulus. Moreover, the predicted optimal aspect ratio in this work is consistent with the previously reported experimental observation. Additionally, by introducing interlocked structure, the composites show strong direction-dependent damping behaviors, and the enhanced loss modulus is observed both in longitudinal and normal direction. The findings are not only expected to achieve a deep understanding of the dynamic energy dissipation mechanism of nacre, but also to provide a guideline for design of bio-inspired composites responding to shock loads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaokang Cui
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Zixing Lu
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing, 100083, PR China; Aircraft & Propulsion Laboratory, Ningbo Institute of Technology (NIT), Beihang University (BUAA), Ningbo, 315832, PR China.
| | - Xiaofan He
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing, 100083, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Torres FG, Saavedra AC. A comparison between the failure modes observed in biological and synthetic polymer nanocomposites. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2019.1625397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. G. Torres
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (Lima 32 Perú), Lima, Perú
| | - A. C. Saavedra
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (Lima 32 Perú), Lima, Perú
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Magrini T, Bouville F, Lauria A, Le Ferrand H, Niebel TP, Studart AR. Transparent and tough bulk composites inspired by nacre. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2794. [PMID: 31243283 PMCID: PMC6594953 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10829-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Materials combining optical transparency and mechanical strength are highly demanded for electronic displays, structural windows and in the arts, but the oxide-based glasses currently used in most of these applications suffer from brittle fracture and low crack tolerance. We report a simple approach to fabricate bulk transparent materials with a nacre-like architecture that can effectively arrest the propagation of cracks during fracture. Mechanical characterization shows that our glass-based composites exceed up to a factor of 3 the fracture toughness of common glasses, while keeping flexural strengths comparable to transparent polymers, silica- and soda-lime glasses. Due to the presence of stiff reinforcing platelets, the hardness of the obtained composites is an order of magnitude higher than that of transparent polymers. By implementing biological design principles into glass-based materials at the microscale, our approach opens a promising new avenue for the manufacturing of structural materials combining antagonistic functional properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Magrini
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Florian Bouville
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland.
- Imperial College London, Department of Materials, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Alessandro Lauria
- Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Hortense Le Ferrand
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Tobias P Niebel
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - André R Studart
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wat A, Lee JI, Ryu CW, Gludovatz B, Kim J, Tomsia AP, Ishikawa T, Schmitz J, Meyer A, Alfreider M, Kiener D, Park ES, Ritchie RO. Bioinspired nacre-like alumina with a bulk-metallic glass-forming alloy as a compliant phase. Nat Commun 2019; 10:961. [PMID: 30814502 PMCID: PMC6393428 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08753-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioinspired ceramics with micron-scale ceramic "bricks" bonded by a metallic "mortar" are projected to result in higher strength and toughness ceramics, but their processing is challenging as metals do not typically wet ceramics. To resolve this issue, we made alumina structures using rapid pressureless infiltration of a zirconium-based bulk-metallic glass mortar that reactively wets the surface of freeze-cast alumina preforms. The mechanical properties of the resulting Al2O3 with a glass-forming compliant-phase change with infiltration temperature and ceramic content, leading to a trade-off between flexural strength (varying from 89 to 800 MPa) and fracture toughness (varying from 4 to more than 9 MPa·m½). The high toughness levels are attributed to brick pull-out and crack deflection along the ceramic/metal interfaces. Since these mechanisms are enabled by interfacial failure rather than failure within the metallic mortar, the potential for optimizing these bioinspired materials for damage tolerance has still not been fully realized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Wat
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Je In Lee
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- International Center for Young Scientists, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Chae Woo Ryu
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Bernd Gludovatz
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jinyeon Kim
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Antoni P Tomsia
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Takehiko Ishikawa
- Japan Aerospace Explanation Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8505, Japan
| | - Julianna Schmitz
- Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, DLR, Köln, 51170, Germany
| | - Andreas Meyer
- Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, DLR, Köln, 51170, Germany
| | - Markus Alfreider
- Department of Materials Science, Montanuniversität Leoben, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Daniel Kiener
- Department of Materials Science, Montanuniversität Leoben, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Eun Soo Park
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Robert O Ritchie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Velasco-Hogan A, Xu J, Meyers MA. Additive Manufacturing as a Method to Design and Optimize Bioinspired Structures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1800940. [PMID: 30133816 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201800940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is a current technology undergoing rapid development that is utilized in a wide variety of applications. In the field of biological and bioinspired materials, additive manufacturing is being used to generate intricate prototypes to expand our understanding of the fundamental structure-property relationships that govern nature's spectacular mechanical performance. Herein, recent advances in the use of AM for improving the understanding of the structure-property relationship in biological materials and for the production of bioinspired materials are reviewed. There are four essential components to this work: a) extracting defining characteristics of biological designs, b) designing 3D-printed prototypes, c) performing mechanical testing on 3D-printed prototypes to understand fundamental mechanisms at hand, and d) optimizing design for tailorable performance. It is intended to highlight how the various types of additive manufacturing methods are utilized, to unravel novel discoveries in the field of biological materials. Since AM processing techniques have surpassed antiquated limitations, especially with respect to spatial scales, there has been a surge in their demand as an integral tool for research. In conclusion, current challenges and the technical perspective for further development of bioinspired materials using AM are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Automotive Engineering, School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Advanced Vehicle Research Center (AVRC), Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Marc A Meyers
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gopalan H, Chokshi AH. The mechanical behavior of nacre across length scales. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 78:96-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
12
|
Bhushan B. Structure and Mechanical Properties of Nacre. Biomimetics (Basel) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-71676-3_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
13
|
Abstract
Nature assembles weak organic and inorganic constituents into sophisticated hierarchical structures, forming structural composites that demonstrate impressive combinations of strength and toughness. Two such composites are the nacre structure forming the inner layer of many mollusk shells, whose brick-and-mortar architecture has been the gold standard for biomimetic composites, and the cuticle forming the arthropod exoskeleton, whose helicoidal fiber-reinforced architecture has only recently attracted interest for structural biomimetics. In this review, we detail recent biomimetic efforts for the fabrication of strong and tough composite materials possessing the brick-and-mortar and helicoidal architectures. Techniques discussed for the fabrication of nacre- and cuticle-mimetic structures include freeze casting, layer-by-layer deposition, spray deposition, magnetically assisted slip casting, fiber-reinforced composite processing, additive manufacturing, and cholesteric self-assembly. Advantages and limitations to these processes are discussed, as well as the future outlook on the biomimetic landscape for structural composite materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Yaraghi
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA;
| | - David Kisailus
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA; .,Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Alghamdi S, Tan T, Hale-Sills C, Vilmont F, Xia T, Yang J, Huston D, Dewoolkar M. Catastrophic failure of nacre under pure shear stresses of torsion. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13123. [PMID: 29030583 PMCID: PMC5640656 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13492-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nacre, a composite made from biogenic aragonite and proteins, exhibits excellent strength and toughness. Here, we show that nacreous sections can exhibit complete brittle fracture along the tablet interfaces at the proportional limit under pure shear stresses of torsion. We quantitatively separate the initial tablet sliding primarily resisted by nanoscale aragonite pillars from the following sliding resisted by various microscale toughening mechanisms. We postulate that the ductility of nacre can be limited by eliminating tablet interactions during crack propagations. Our findings should help pursuing further insights of layered materials by using torsion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Alghamdi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, 05405, USA
- Department of Civil Engineering, Taif University, Taif, 21974, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ting Tan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, 05405, USA.
| | - Christopher Hale-Sills
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, 05405, USA
| | - Floyd Vilmont
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, 05405, USA
| | - Tian Xia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, 05405, USA
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Physics, University of Vermont, Burlington, 05405, USA
| | - Dryver Huston
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, 05405, USA
| | - Mandar Dewoolkar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, 05405, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Metzler RA, Jones JA, D'Addario AJ, Galvez EJ. Polarimetry of Pinctada fucata nacre indicates myostracal layer interrupts nacre structure. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:160893. [PMID: 28386442 PMCID: PMC5367278 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The inner layer of many bivalve and gastropod molluscs consists of iridescent nacre, a material that is structured like a brick wall with bricks consisting of crystalline aragonite and mortar of organic molecules. Myostracal layers formed during shell growth at the point of muscle attachment to the shell can be found interspersed within the nacre structure. Little has been done to examine the effect the myostracal layer has on subsequent nacre structure. Here we present data on the structure of the myostracal and nacre layers from a bivalve mollusc, Pinctada fucata. Scanning electron microscope imaging shows the myostracal layer consists of regular crystalline blocks. The nacre before the layer consists of tablets approximately 400 nm thick, while after the myostracal layer the tablets are approximately 500 nm thick. A new technique, imaging polarimetry, indicates that the aragonite crystals within the nacre following the myostracal layer have greater orientation uniformity than before the myostracal layer. The results presented here suggest a possible interaction between the myostracal layer and subsequent shell growth.
Collapse
|
16
|
Lee Y, Kim BY, Shin DG, Kim SR, Kwon WT, Kim Y. Effects of asperities and organic-inorganic interactions on the strength of nacre-mimetic composites. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 71:395-400. [PMID: 27987723 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nacre is a natural organic-inorganic hybrid composite, whose hierarchical structure has a complex influence on its high strength. Many structural features have been discovered, which influence the mechanical properties of nacre, and the authors have a particular interest in the role of the asperities and organic-inorganic interactions. In this study, a composite was prepared which mimics the asperity structure using clay minerals. Organic-inorganic bonding was induced with silane treatment. Both factors increased the yield strength of the composites; however, different deformation behavior was exhibited. It was found that asperities improved the strength of the composite, and that composition influences the stiffness of the composite. The organic-inorganic interaction between the resin and the other components of the composite reduced the deformation of the composite and consequently improved strength.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoonjoo Lee
- Energy & Environment Division, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, 101 Soho-ro, Jinju 52851, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Yeon Kim
- Energy & Environment Division, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, 101 Soho-ro, Jinju 52851, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Geun Shin
- Convergence R&D Division, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, 101 Soho-ro, Jinju 52851, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Ryong Kim
- Energy & Environment Division, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, 101 Soho-ro, Jinju 52851, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Teck Kwon
- Energy & Environment Division, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, 101 Soho-ro, Jinju 52851, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghee Kim
- Energy & Environment Division, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, 101 Soho-ro, Jinju 52851, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
López MI, Meyers MA. The organic interlamellar layer in abalone nacre: Formation and mechanical response. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 58:7-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
18
|
Bhushan B. Structure and Mechanical Properties of Nacre. Biomimetics (Basel) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28284-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
19
|
Nanoscale toughening mechanism of nacre tablet. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2015; 53:200-209. [PMID: 26327454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nacre has attracted widespread interest because its unique hierarchical structure, which is assembled by 95 wt% brittle aragonite and 5 wt% soft organic materials, leads to several orders of improvement in fracture toughness. Apart from the well proposed toughening mechanisms such as mineral bridges and tablets interlocks, the organic materials including biopolymers between tablets and proteins exist within a tablet can also potentially improve the toughness. In this work, we employ a novel approach combining steered molecular dynamics (SMD) and classical molecular dynamics (MD) to build a model of mineral-protein composite to mimic nacre tablet. The critical role of protein in improving the fracture toughness of nacre is investigated for the first time. MD simulations of single crystalline aragonite, polycrystalline aragonite and mineral-protein composite under uniaxial tensile loading are performed, and the obtained constitutive responses are compared with experimental measurements of nacre under tension. It is shown that the fracture toughness of mineral-protein composite is significantly larger than that of single crystalline or polycrystalline aragonite. Detailed atomic configuration analyses reveal that the fracture of individual computer model is governed by its unique failure mechanisms. Dislocation motion and phase transformation are observed during the failure of single crystalline aragonite. Polycrystalline aragonite fails by the inter-granular cleavage, as well as phase transformation within grain. It is surprisingly noted that other than the stretching of protein chains on grain boundaries, intra-granular fracture is triggered in mineral-protein composites. Proteins serve as strong glue between the inorganic nanograins. It is believed that the strong electrostatic interaction between protein and aragonite nanograins, combined with the remarkable plastic ductility of protein lead to the intra-granular failure, which consequently enhance the fracture toughness of the whole specimen.
Collapse
|
20
|
Yahyazadehfar M, Arola D. The role of organic proteins on the crack growth resistance of human enamel. Acta Biomater 2015; 19:33-45. [PMID: 25805107 PMCID: PMC4499056 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
With only 1% protein by weight, tooth enamel is the most highly mineralized tissue in mammals. The focus of this study was to evaluate contributions of the proteins on the fracture resistance of this unique structural material. Sections of enamel were obtained from the cusps of human molars and the crack growth resistance was quantified using a conventional fracture mechanics approach with complementary finite element analysis. In selected specimens the proteins were extracted using a potassium hydroxide treatment. Removal of the proteins resulted in approximately 40% decrease in the fracture toughness with respect to the fully proteinized control. The loss of organic content was most detrimental to the extrinsic toughening mechanisms, causing over 80% reduction in their contribution to the total energy to fracture. This degradation occurred by embrittlement of the unbroken bridging ligaments and consequent reduction in the crack closure stress. Although the organic content of tooth enamel is very small, it is essential to crack growth toughening by facilitating the formation of unbroken ligaments and in fortifying their potency. Replicating functions of the organic content will be critical to the successful development of bio-inspired materials that are designed for fracture resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mobin Yahyazadehfar
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dwayne Arola
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yao H, Xie Z, He C, Dao M. Fracture mode control: a bio-inspired strategy to combat catastrophic damage. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8011. [PMID: 25619564 PMCID: PMC4306140 DOI: 10.1038/srep08011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The excellent mechanical properties of natural biomaterials have attracted intense attention from researchers with focus on the strengthening and toughening mechanisms. Nevertheless, no material is unconquerable under sufficiently high load. If fracture is unavoidable, constraining the damage scope turns to be a practical way to preserve the integrity of the whole structure. Recent studies on biomaterials have revealed that many structural biomaterials tend to be fractured, under sufficiently high indentation load, through ring cracking which is more localized and hence less destructive compared to the radial one. Inspired by this observation, here we explore the factors affecting the fracture mode of structural biomaterials idealized as laminated materials. Our results suggest that fracture mode of laminated materials depends on the coating/substrate modulus mismatch and the indenter size. A map of fracture mode is developed, showing a critical modulus mismatch (CMM), below which ring cracking dominates irrespective of the indenter size. Many structural biomaterials in nature are found to have modulus mismatch close to the CMM. Our results not only shed light on the mechanics of inclination to ring cracking exhibited by structural biomaterials but are of great value to the design of laminated structures with better persistence of structural integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haimin Yao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhaoqian Xie
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chong He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ming Dao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Organic interlamellar layers, mesolayers and mineral nanobridges: contribution to strength in abalone (Haliotis rufescence) nacre. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:2056-64. [PMID: 24345555 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The contributions of mesolayers, organic interlamellar layers and nanoasperities/mineral bridges to the strength of nacre from red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) shell nacre are investigated. Samples were demineralized and deproteinized to separate the organic and mineral components, respectively. Tensile tests were performed on both the isolated organic constituent and the isolated mineral. The strength of the isolated organic component suggests that growth bands play an important role in the mechanical behavior as they are thick regions of protein that are a significant fraction (∼0.4) of the total organic content. The thickness variation of the nacre tablets was measured and found to be a small fraction of the mean tablet thickness (0.568μm); the standard deviation is 26nm, indicating that the wedge mechanism of toughening does not operate in the nacre investigated. Results obtained from the isolated mineral validate the importance of the organic constituent as the mechanical properties decline greatly when the organic component is removed. The results presented herein add to the understanding of the mechanical response of the organic interlayers and growth bands and their effect on the toughness of the abalone nacre.
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang QB, Li C, Pan YT, Shan GH, Cao P, He J, Lin ZS, Ao NJ, Huang YX. Microstructure and mechanical properties of horns derived from three domestic bovines. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2013; 33:5036-43. [PMID: 24094221 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The microstructure and mechanical properties of horns derived from three domestic bovines (buffalo, cattle and sheep) were examined. The effects of water content, sampling position and orientation of three bovid horns on mechanical properties were systematically investigated by uniaxial tension and micron indentation tests. Meanwhile, the material composition and metal element contents were determined by Raman spectroscopy and elemental analysis respectively, and the microstructures of the horns were measured by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results show that the mechanical properties of horns have negative correlation with water contents and depend on sampling position and orientation. The spatial variations of the mechanical properties in horns are attributed to the different keratinization degrees in the proximal, middle and distal parts. And the mechanical properties of horns in the longitudinal direction are better than those in transverse. Among the three kinds of horns, the mechanical properties of buffalo horn are the best, followed by cattle horn, and those in sheep horn are the worst. This is due to the differences in material composition, metal element, and the microstructures of the horns. But the mechanical properties of buffalo horns are not dependent on the source of the buffalo. Therefore, regular engineered buffalo keratinous materials with standard mechanical properties can be obtained from different buffalo horns by using proper preparation methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quan-bin Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wear and abrasion resistance selection maps of biological materials. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:7895-907. [PMID: 23643608 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical design of biological materials has generated widespread interest in recent years, providing many insights into their intriguing structure-property relationships. A critical characteristic of load-bearing materials, which is central to the survival of many species, is their wear and abrasion tolerance. In order to be fully functional, protective armors, dentitious structures and dynamic appendages must be able to tolerate repetitive contact loads without significant loss of materials or internal damage. However, very little is known about this tribological performance. Using a contact mechanics framework, we have constructed materials selection charts that provide general predictions about the wear performance of biological materials as a function of their fundamental mechanical properties. One key assumption in constructing these selection charts is that abrasion tolerance is governed by the first irreversible damage at the contact point. The maps were generated using comprehensive data from the literature and encompass a wide range of materials, from heavily mineralized to fully organic materials. Our analysis shows that the tolerance of biological materials against abrasion depends on contact geometry, which is ultimately correlated to environmental and selective pressures. Comparisons with experimental data from nanoindentation experiments are also drawn in order to verify our predictions. With the increasing amount of data available for biological materials also comes the challenge of selecting relevant model systems for bioinspired materials engineering. We suggest that these maps will be able to guide this selection by providing an overview of biological materials that are predicted to exhibit the best abrasion tolerance, which is of fundamental interest for a wide range of applications, for instance in restorative implants and protective devices.
Collapse
|
25
|
Li T, Chen L, Zeng K. In situ studies of nanoscale electromechanical behavior of nacre under flexural stresses using band excitation PFM. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:5903-12. [PMID: 23305937 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we have studied the electromechanical coupling behaviors of nacre under non-destructive flexural stresses. Band excitation piezoresponse force microscopy is used as the primary tool to characterize the piezoelectric properties of nacre. This method can differentiate various constituents in nacre at the nanoscale and track their in situ responses under tensile and compressive stresses. The local ferroelectric hysteresis behaviors of nacre are also studied. Based on the hysteresis loops observed under different stress states, various phenomena, including the stress-induced internal field and energy loss, are revealed in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bayer IS, Ghosh A, Labriola M, Biris AS, Dervishi E, Watanabe F, Wang T, Slaboch C, Ovaert TC, Biswas A. Fabrication of bionanocomposites comprising flat nanocrystals of calcium in collagen fibers exhibiting hardness comparable to metal. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43121e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
27
|
Schneider AS, Heiland B, Peter NJ, Guth C, Arzt E, Weiss IM. Hierarchical super-structure identified by polarized light microscopy, electron microscopy and nanoindentation: Implications for the limits of biological control over the growth mode of abalone sea shells. BMC BIOPHYSICS 2012; 5:19. [PMID: 22967319 PMCID: PMC3507795 DOI: 10.1186/2046-1682-5-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Mollusc shells are commonly investigated using high-resolution imaging techniques based on
cryo-fixation. Less detailed information is available regarding the light-optical properties. Sea shells of Haliotis pulcherina were embedded for polishing in defined orientations in order to investigate the interface between prismatic calcite and nacreous aragonite by standard materialographic methods. A polished thin section of the interface was prepared with a defined thickness of 60 μm for quantitative birefringence analysis using polarized light and LC-PolScope microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy images were obtained for comparison. In order to study structural-mechanical relationships, nanoindentation experiments were performed. Results Incident light microscopy revealed a super-structure in semi-transparent regions of the polished cross-section under a defined angle. This super-structure is not visible in transmitted birefringence analysis due to the blurred polarization of small nacre platelets and numerous organic interfaces. The relative orientation and homogeneity of calcite prisms was directly identified, some of them with their optical axes exactly normal to the imaging plane. Co-oriented "prism colonies" were identified by polarized light analyses. The nacreous super-structure was also visualized by secondary electron imaging under defined angles. The domains of the super-structure were interpreted to consist of crystallographically aligned platelet stacks. Nanoindentation experiments showed that mechanical properties changed with the same periodicity as the domain size. Conclusions In this study, we have demonstrated that insights into the growth mechanisms of nacre can be obtained by conventional light-optical methods. For example, we observed super-structures formed by co-oriented nacre platelets as previously identified using X-ray Photo-electron Emission Microscopy (X-PEEM) [Gilbert et al., Journal of the American Chemical Society 2008, 130:17519–17527]. Polarized optical microscopy revealed unprecedented super-structures in the calcitic shell part. This bears, in principle, the potential for in vivo studies, which might be useful for investigating the growth modes of nacre and other shell types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas S Schneider
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Birgit Heiland
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Nicolas J Peter
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Christina Guth
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Eduard Arzt
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbruecken, Germany.,Saarland University, Saarbruecken, 66123, Germany
| | - Ingrid M Weiss
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbruecken, Germany.,Universität Regensburg, Biochemie I, Regensburg, 93053, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Yang W, Zhang G, Zhu X, Li X, Meyers M. Structure and mechanical properties of Saxidomus purpuratus biological shells. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2011; 4:1514-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2011.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
30
|
Wang J, Cheng Q, Tang Z. Layered nanocomposites inspired by the structure and mechanical properties of nacre. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 41:1111-29. [PMID: 21959863 DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15106a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nacre (mother-of-pearl), made of inorganic and organic constituents (95 vol% aragonite calcium carbonate (CaCO(3)) platelets and 5 vol% elastic biopolymers), possesses a unique combination of remarkable strength and toughness, which is compatible for conventional high performance materials. The excellent mechanical properties are related to its hierarchical structure and precisely designed organic-inorganic interface. The rational design of aragonite platelet strength, aspect ratio of aragonite platelets, and interface strength ensures that the strength of nacre is maximized under platelet pull-out failure mode. At the same time, the synergy of strain hardening mechanisms acting over multiple scales results in platelets sliding on one another, and thus maximizes the energy dissipation of viscoplastic biopolymers. The excellent integrated mechanical properties with hierarchical structure have inspired chemists and materials scientists to develop biomimetic strategies for artificial nacre materials. This critical review presents a broad overview of the state-of-the-art work on the preparation of layered organic-inorganic nanocomposites inspired by nacre, in particular, the advantages and disadvantages of various biomimetic strategies. Discussion is focused on the effect of the layered structure, interface, and component loading on strength and toughness of nacre-mimic layered nanocomposites (148 references).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, BeiHang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Murali P, Bhandakkar TK, Cheah WL, Jhon MH, Gao H, Ahluwalia R. Role of modulus mismatch on crack propagation and toughness enhancement in bioinspired composites. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2011; 84:015102. [PMID: 21867242 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.84.015102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Natural materials such as nacre exhibit a high resistance to crack propagation, inspiring the development of artificial composites imitating the structure of these biological composites. We use a phase field approach to study the role played by the elastic modulus mismatch between stiff and soft layers on crack propagation in such bioinspired composites. Our simulations show that the introduction of a thin layer of a soft phase in a stiff matrix can lead to arrest of a propagating crack and can also lead to crack branching. The crack branching observed in the phase field model is analyzed using a cohesive zone approach. Further, we show that the toughness of such a composite can be substantially higher than that of its constituents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Palla Murali
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Meyers MA, Chen PY, Lopez MI, Seki Y, Lin AY. Biological materials: A materials science approach. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2011; 4:626-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
33
|
Reprint of: Growth of nacre in abalone: Seasonal and feeding effects. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
34
|
Growth of nacre in abalone: Seasonal and feeding effects. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
35
|
Ghosh P, Verma D, Mohanty B, Katti KS, Katti DR. Mechanical Properties of Biological Nanocomposite Nacre: Multiscale Modeling and Experiments on Nacre from Red Abalone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-0898-l02-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNacre, the inner iridescent layer of mollusks shell is a bio-nanocomposite with the mineral aragonite as a major constituent and 2-5% of organics mainly in the form of proteins. Our multiscale modeling and experimental studies reveal that the microstructure and the small weight percent of organics are the key parameters attributed to the extreme toughness of nacre. We report that the presence of platelet interlocks nacre have a significant role in the enhancement of mechanical properties. Molecular simulation study is conducted to understand the behavior of aragonite-organic interface. The mechanical behavior of organics and inorganics in presence of each other is described using steered molecular dynamics simulations. This provides some understanding on the deformation mechanisms of the protein present between the aragonite layers. Our nanoindentation results indicate that the elastic modulus and hardness of nacre decreases as it is exposed to a denaturing temperature for proteins. The changes in the organic inorganic interaction have been experimentally described using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. This work gives insight into the contribution of the various factors existing at different length scales on the overall mechanical behavior of nacre.
Collapse
|
36
|
Heinemann F, Launspach M, Gries K, Fritz M. Gastropod nacre: Structure, properties and growth — Biological, chemical and physical basics. Biophys Chem 2011; 153:126-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
37
|
Stempflé P, Pantalé O, Rousseau M, Lopez E, Bourrat X. Mechanical properties of the elemental nanocomponents of nacre structure. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
38
|
Lin AYM, Meyers MA. Interfacial shear strength in abalone nacre. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2009; 2:607-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2008] [Revised: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
39
|
Meyers M, Lim C, Li A, Hairul Nizam B, Tan E, Seki Y, McKittrick J. The role of organic intertile layer in abalone nacre. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
40
|
Tamerler C, Sarikaya M. Molecular biomimetics: nanotechnology and bionanotechnology using genetically engineered peptides. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2009; 367:1705-1726. [PMID: 19376767 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2009.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nature provides inspiration for designing materials and systems that derive their functions from highly organized structures. Biological hard tissues are hybrid materials having inorganics within a complex organic matrix, the molecular scaffold controlling the inorganic structures. Biocomposites incorporate both biomacromolecules such as proteins, lipids and polysaccharides, and inorganic materials, such as hydroxyapatite, silica, magnetite and calcite. The ordered organization of hierarchical structures in organisms begins via the molecular recognition of inorganics by proteins that control interactions and is followed by the highly efficient self-assembly across scales. Following the molecular biological principle, proteins could also be used in controlling materials formation in practical engineering via self-assembled, hybrid, functional materials structures. In molecular biomimetics, material-specific peptides could be the key in the molecular engineering of biology-inspired materials. With the recent developments of nanoscale engineering in physical sciences and the advances in molecular biology, we now combine genetic tools with synthetic nanoscale constructs to create a novel methodology. We first genetically select and/or design peptides with specific binding to functional solids, tailor their binding and assembly characteristics, develop bifunctional peptide/protein genetic constructs with both material binding and biological activity, and use these as molecular synthesizers, erectors and assemblers. Here, we give an overview of solid-binding peptides as novel molecular agents coupling bio- and nanotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Candan Tamerler
- Genetically Engineered Materials Science and Engineering Center, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Luz GM, Mano JF. Biomimetic design of materials and biomaterials inspired by the structure of nacre. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2009; 367:1587-605. [PMID: 19324725 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2009.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The micro-architecture of nacre (mother of pearl) has been classically illustrated as a 'brick-and-mortar' arrangement. It is clear now that hierarchical organization and other structural features play an important role in the amazing mechanical properties of this natural nanocomposite. The more important structural characteristics and mechanical properties of nacre are exposed as a base that has inspired scientists and engineers to develop biomimetic strategies that could be useful in areas such as materials science, biomaterials development and nanotechnology. A strong emphasis is given on the latest advances on the synthetic design and production of nacre-inspired materials and coatings, in particular to be used in biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gisela M Luz
- 3B's Research Group--Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Guimarães, Portugal
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Bhushan B. Biomimetics: lessons from nature--an overview. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2009; 367:1445-86. [PMID: 19324719 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2009.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 429] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nature has developed materials, objects and processes that function from the macroscale to the nanoscale. These have gone through evolution over 3.8 Gyr. The emerging field of biomimetics allows one to mimic biology or nature to develop nanomaterials, nanodevices and processes. Properties of biological materials and surfaces result from a complex interplay between surface morphology and physical and chemical properties. Hierarchical structures with dimensions of features ranging from the macroscale to the nanoscale are extremely common in nature to provide properties of interest. Molecular-scale devices, superhydrophobicity, self-cleaning, drag reduction in fluid flow, energy conversion and conservation, high adhesion, reversible adhesion, aerodynamic lift, materials and fibres with high mechanical strength, biological self-assembly, antireflection, structural coloration, thermal insulation, self-healing and sensory-aid mechanisms are some of the examples found in nature that are of commercial interest. This paper provides a broad overview of the various objects and processes of interest found in nature and applications under development or available in the marketplace.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Bhushan
- Nanoprobe Laboratory for Bio- & Nanotechnology and Biomimetics, Ohio State University, 201 West 19th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1142, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Chen PY, Lin AYM, Lin YS, Seki Y, Stokes AG, Peyras J, Olevsky EA, Meyers MA, McKittrick J. Structure and mechanical properties of selected biological materials. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2008. [PMID: 19627786 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 965] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Mineralized biological tissues offer insight into how nature has evolved these components to optimize multifunctional purposes. These mineral constituents are weak by themselves, but interact with the organic matrix to produce materials with unexpected mechanical properties. The hierarchical structure of these materials is at the crux of this enhancement. Microstructural features such as organized, layered organic/inorganic structures and the presence of porous and fibrous elements are common in many biological components. The organic and inorganic portions interact at the molecular and micro-levels synergistically to enhance the mechanical function. In this paper, we report on recent progress on studies of the abalone and Araguaia river clam shells, arthropod exoskeletons, antlers, tusks, teeth and bird beaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P-Y Chen
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037-0411, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Mechanical strength of abalone nacre: Role of the soft organic layer. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2008; 1:76-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2007.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Revised: 03/07/2007] [Accepted: 03/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
45
|
Why is nacre so tough and strong? MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2005.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
46
|
Lin AYM, Meyers MA, Vecchio KS. Mechanical properties and structure of Strombus gigas, Tridacna gigas, and Haliotis rufescens sea shells: A comparative study. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2005.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
47
|
|
48
|
Feng Q, Cui F, Pu G, Wang R, Li H. Crystal orientation, toughening mechanisms and a mimic of nacre. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0928-4931(00)00138-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
49
|
|