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Lin P, Cheng W, Qi X, Zhang P, Xiong J, Li J. Bioinformatics and Experimental Validation for Identifying Biomarkers Associated with AMG510 (Sotorasib) Resistance in KRAS G12C-Mutated Lung Adenocarcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1555. [PMID: 38338834 PMCID: PMC10855101 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS)G12C mutation is prevalent in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), driving tumor progression and indicating a poor prognosis. While the FDA-approved AMG510 (Sotorasib) initially demonstrated efficacy in treating KRASG12C-mutated LUAD, resistance emerged within months. Data from AMG510 treatment-resistant LUAD (GSE204753) and single-cell datasets (GSE149655) were analyzed. Gene set variation analysis (GSVA) and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) were used to explore enriched signaling pathways, nomogram models were constructed, and transcription factors predicting resistance biomarkers were predicted. CIBERSORT identified immune cell subpopulations, and their association with resistance biomarkers was assessed through single-cell analysis. AMG510-resistant LUAD cells (H358-AR) were constructed, and proliferative changes were evaluated using a CCK-8 assay. Key molecules for AMG510 resistance, including SLC2A1, TLE1, FAM83A, HMGA2, FBXO44, and MTRNR2L12, were recognized. These molecules impacted multiple signaling pathways and the tumor microenvironment and were co-regulated by various transcription factors. Single-cell analysis revealed a dampening effect on immune cell function, with associations with programmed cell death ligand 1 (PDL1) expression, cytokine factors, and failure factors. The findings indicate that these newly identified biomarkers are linked to the abnormal expression of PDL1 and have the potential to induce resistance through immunosuppression. These results highlight the need for further research and therapeutic intervention to address this issue effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (P.L.); (W.C.)
| | - Wei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (P.L.); (W.C.)
| | - Xin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (P.L.); (W.C.)
| | - Pinglu Zhang
- Faculty of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jianshe Xiong
- Faculty of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (P.L.); (W.C.)
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2
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Guo MZ, Marrone KA, Spira A, Rosner S. Adagrasib: a novel inhibitor for KRASG12C-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer. Future Oncol 2023. [PMID: 37133216 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2022-1106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adagrasib is a recently US FDA-approved novel KRASG12C targeted therapy with clinical efficacy in patients with advanced, pretreated KRASG12C-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer. KRYSTAL-I reported an objective response rate of 42.9% with median duration of response of 8.5 months. Treatment-related adverse events were primarily gastrointestinal and occurred in 97.4% of patients, with grade 3+ treatment-related adverse events occurring in 44.8% of patients. This review details the preclinical and clinical data for adagrasib in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer. We also outline practical clinical administration guidelines for this novel therapy, including management of toxicities. Finally, we discuss the implications of resistance mechanisms, summarize other KRASG12C inhibitors currently in development and outline future directions for adagrasib-based combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Z Guo
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kristen A Marrone
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexander Spira
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Virginia Cancer Specialists Research Institute, Fairfax, VA, USA
- US Oncology Research, The Woodlands, TX, USA
- NEXT Oncology, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Samuel Rosner
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
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3
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Deng J, Fleming JB. Inflammation and Myeloid Cells in Cancer Progression and Metastasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:759691. [PMID: 35127700 PMCID: PMC8814460 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.759691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, the most immunotherapy drugs act upon T cell surface proteins to promote tumoricidal T cell activity. However, this approach has to date been unsuccessful in certain solid tumor types including pancreatic, prostate cancer and glioblastoma. Myeloid-related innate immunity can promote tumor progression through direct and indirect effects on T cell activity; improved understanding of this field may provide another therapeutic avenue for patients with these tumors. Myeloid cells can differentiate into both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mature form depending upon the microenvironment. Most cancer type exhibit oncogenic activating point mutations (ex. P53 and KRAS) that trigger cytokines production. In addition, tumor environment (ex. Collagen, Hypoxia, and adenosine) also regulated inflammatory signaling cascade. Both the intrinsic and extrinsic factor driving the tumor immune microenvironment and regulating the differentiation and function of myeloid cells, T cells activity and tumor progression. In this review, we will discuss the relationship between cancer cells and myeloid cells-mediated tumor immune microenvironment to promote cancer progression and immunotherapeutic resistance. Furthermore, we will describe how cytokines and chemokines produced by cancer cells influence myeloid cells within immunosuppressive environment. Finally, we will comment on the development of immunotherapeutic strategies with respect to myeloid-related innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenying Deng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jason B. Fleming
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Tampa, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Jason B. Fleming,
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4
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Huang L, Guo Z, Wang F, Fu L. KRAS mutation: from undruggable to druggable in cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:386. [PMID: 34776511 PMCID: PMC8591115 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00780-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide, and its treatment and outcomes have been dramatically revolutionised by targeted therapies. As the most frequently mutated oncogene, Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homologue (KRAS) has attracted substantial attention. The understanding of KRAS is constantly being updated by numerous studies on KRAS in the initiation and progression of cancer diseases. However, KRAS has been deemed a challenging therapeutic target, even "undruggable", after drug-targeting efforts over the past four decades. Recently, there have been surprising advances in directly targeted drugs for KRAS, especially in KRAS (G12C) inhibitors, such as AMG510 (sotorasib) and MRTX849 (adagrasib), which have obtained encouraging results in clinical trials. Excitingly, AMG510 was the first drug-targeting KRAS (G12C) to be approved for clinical use this year. This review summarises the most recent understanding of fundamental aspects of KRAS, the relationship between the KRAS mutations and tumour immune evasion, and new progress in targeting KRAS, particularly KRAS (G12C). Moreover, the possible mechanisms of resistance to KRAS (G12C) inhibitors and possible combination therapies are summarised, with a view to providing the best regimen for individualised treatment with KRAS (G12C) inhibitors and achieving truly precise treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamei Huang
- grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060 P. R. China
| | - Zhixing Guo
- grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060 P. R. China
| | - Fang Wang
- grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060 P. R. China
| | - Liwu Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China.
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5
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Liu MM, Liu T, Yeung S, Wang Z, Andresen B, Parsa C, Orlando R, Zhou B, Wu W, Li X, Zhang Y, Wang C, Huang Y. Inhibitory activity of medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum on colorectal cancer by attenuating inflammation. PRECISION CLINICAL MEDICINE 2021; 4:231-245. [PMID: 35692861 PMCID: PMC8982591 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbab023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (GL, Reishi or Lingzhi) exhibits an inhibitory effect on cancers. However, the underlying mechanism of the antitumor activity of GL is not fully understood. In this study, we characterized the gene networks regulated by a commercial product of GL containing a mixture of spores and fruiting bodies namely “GLSF”, in colorectal carcinoma. We found that in vitro co-administration of GLSF extract at non-toxic concentrations significantly potentiated growth inhibition and apoptosis induced by paclitaxel in CT26 and HCT-15 cells. GLSF inhibited NF-κB promoter activity in HEK-293 cells but did not affect the function of P-glycoprotein in K562/DOX cells. Furthermore, we found that when mice were fed a modified diet containing GLSF for 1 month prior to the CT26 tumor cell inoculation, GLSF alone or combined with Nab-paclitaxel markedly suppressed tumor growth and induced apoptosis. RNA-seq analysis of tumor tissues derived from GLSF-treated mice identified 53 differentially expressed genes compared to normal tissues. Many of the GLSF-down-regulated genes were involved in NF-κB-regulated inflammation pathways, such as IL-1β, IL-11 and Cox-2. Pathway enrichment analysis suggested that several inflammatory pathways involving leukocyte migration and adhesion were most affected by the treatment. Upstream analysis predicted activation of multiple tumor suppressors such as α-catenin and TP53 and inhibition of critical inflammatory mediators. “Cancer” was the major significantly inhibited biological effect of GLSF treatment. These results demonstrate that GLSF can improve the therapeutic outcome for colorectal cancer through a mechanism involving suppression of NF-κB-regulated inflammation and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy M Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Tiantian Liu
- Center for Genomics & Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Steven Yeung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Zhijun Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Marshall B. Ketchum University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Bradley Andresen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Cyrus Parsa
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
- Department of Pathology, Beverly Hospital, Montebello, California, CA 90640, USA
| | - Robert Orlando
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
- Department of Pathology, Beverly Hospital, Montebello, California, CA 90640, USA
| | - Bingsen Zhou
- Beijing Tong Ren Tang Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd., New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Beijing Tong Ren Tang Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd., New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xia Li
- Beijing Tong Ren Tang Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd., New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yilong Zhang
- Beijing Tong Ren Tang Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd., New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Charles Wang
- Center for Genomics & Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
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6
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Addeo A, Banna GL, Friedlaender A. KRAS G12C Mutations in NSCLC: From Target to Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112541. [PMID: 34064232 PMCID: PMC8196854 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer represents the most common form of cancer, accounting for 1.8 million deaths globally in 2020. Over the last decade the treatment for advanced and metastatic non-small cell lung cancer have dramatically improved largely thanks to the emergence of two therapeutic breakthroughs: the discovery of immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeting of oncogenic driver alterations. While these therapies hold great promise, they face the same limitation as other inhibitors: the emergence of resistant mechanisms. One such alteration in non-small cell lung cancer is the Kirsten Rat Sarcoma (KRAS) oncogene. KRAS mutations are the most common oncogenic driver in NSCLC, representing roughly 20-25% of cases. The mutation is almost exclusively detected in adenocarcinoma and is found among smokers 90% of the time. Along with the development of new drugs that have been showing promising activity, resistance mechanisms have begun to be clarified. The aim of this review is to unwrap the biology of KRAS in NSCLC with a specific focus on primary and secondary resistance mechanisms and their possible clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Addeo
- Swiss Cancer Center Leman, Oncology Department, Switzerland University of Geneva, University Hospital Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland;
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Alex Friedlaender
- Swiss Cancer Center Leman, Oncology Department, Switzerland University of Geneva, University Hospital Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland;
- Oncology Service, Clinique Générale Beaulieu, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
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7
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Hamarsheh S, Groß O, Brummer T, Zeiser R. Immune modulatory effects of oncogenic KRAS in cancer. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5439. [PMID: 33116132 PMCID: PMC7595113 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19288-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic KRAS mutations are the most frequent mutations in human cancer, but most difficult to target. While sustained proliferation caused by oncogenic KRAS-downstream signalling is a main driver of carcinogenesis, there is increasing evidence that it also mediates autocrine effects and crosstalk with the tumour microenvironment (TME). Here, we discuss recent reports connecting KRAS mutations with tumour-promoting inflammation and immune modulation caused by KRAS that leads to immune escape in the TME. We discuss the preclinical work on KRAS-induced inflammation and immune modulation in the context of currently ongoing clinical trials targeting cancer entities that carry KRAS mutations and strategies to overcome the oncogene-induced effects on the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaima'a Hamarsheh
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Groß
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS) and Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tilman Brummer
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Centre Freiburg (CCCF), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Zeiser
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS) and Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. .,Comprehensive Cancer Centre Freiburg (CCCF), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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8
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Hoo WPY, Siak PY, In LLA. Overview of Current Immunotherapies Targeting Mutated KRAS Cancers. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:2158-2175. [PMID: 31483231 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190904163524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of somatic substitution mutations of the KRAS proto-oncogene is highly prevalent in certain cancer types, which often leads to constant activation of proliferative pathways and subsequent neoplastic transformation. It is often seen as a gateway mutation in carcinogenesis and has been commonly deemed as a predictive biomarker for poor prognosis and relapse when conventional chemotherapeutics are employed. Additionally, its mutational status also renders EGFR targeted therapies ineffective owing to its downstream location. Efforts to discover new approaches targeting this menacing culprit have been ongoing for years without much success, and with incidences of KRAS positive cancer patients being on the rise, researchers are now turning towards immunotherapies as the way forward. In this scoping review, recent immunotherapeutic developments and advances in both preclinical and clinical studies targeting K-ras directly or indirectly via its downstream signal transduction machinery will be discussed. Additionally, some of the challenges and limitations of various K-ras targeting immunotherapeutic approaches such as vaccines, adoptive T cell therapies, and checkpoint inhibitors against KRAS positive cancers will be deliberated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winfrey Pui Yee Hoo
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pui Yan Siak
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lionel L A In
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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9
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Mohrherr J, Haber M, Breitenecker K, Aigner P, Moritsch S, Voronin V, Eferl R, Moriggl R, Stoiber D, Győrffy B, Brcic L, László V, Döme B, Moldvay J, Dezső K, Bilban M, Popper H, Moll HP, Casanova E. JAK-STAT inhibition impairs K-RAS-driven lung adenocarcinoma progression. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:3376-3388. [PMID: 31407334 PMCID: PMC6856680 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oncogenic K‐RAS has been difficult to target and currently there is no K‐RAS‐based targeted therapy available for patients suffering from K‐RAS‐driven lung adenocarcinoma (AC). Alternatively, targeting K‐RAS‐downstream effectors, K‐RAS‐cooperating signaling pathways or cancer hallmarks, such as tumor‐promoting inflammation, has been shown to be a promising therapeutic strategy. Since the JAK–STAT pathway is considered to be a central player in inflammation‐mediated tumorigenesis, we investigated here the implication of JAK–STAT signaling and the therapeutic potential of JAK1/2 inhibition in K‐RAS‐driven lung AC. Our data showed that JAK1 and JAK2 are activated in human lung AC and that increased activation of JAK–STAT signaling correlated with disease progression and K‐RAS activity in human lung AC. Accordingly, administration of the JAK1/2 selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor ruxolitinib reduced proliferation of tumor cells and effectively reduced tumor progression in immunodeficient and immunocompetent mouse models of K‐RAS‐driven lung AC. Notably, JAK1/2 inhibition led to the establishment of an antitumorigenic tumor microenvironment, characterized by decreased levels of tumor‐promoting chemokines and cytokines and reduced numbers of infiltrating myeloid derived suppressor cells, thereby impairing tumor growth. Taken together, we identified JAK1/2 inhibition as promising therapy for K‐RAS‐driven lung AC. What's new? A drug that inhibits the JAK–STAT pathway may score a hit against K‐RAS driven lung cancer. Here, the authors Investigated the JAK STAT pathway as a possible target in lung adenocarcinoma because of its role in inflammation‐mediated tumorigenesis. First, they showed that JAK1 and JAK2 are both activated in lung adenocarcinoma patients with oncogenic mutations in K‐RAS. Next, they treated the tumors with ruxolitinib, which inhibits JAK1/2. The drug successfully slowed tumor proliferation and progression in immunocompetent mouse models. Furthermore, treatment with ruxolitinib reduced the tumor‐promoting factors present in the microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Mohrherr
- Department of Physiology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology & Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC)Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research (LBI‐CR)ViennaAustria
| | - Marcel Haber
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research (LBI‐CR)ViennaAustria
| | - Kristina Breitenecker
- Department of Physiology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology & Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC)Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research (LBI‐CR)ViennaAustria
| | - Petra Aigner
- Department of Physiology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology & Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC)Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research (LBI‐CR)ViennaAustria
| | - Stefan Moritsch
- Institute of Cancer ResearchMedical University of Vienna & Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC)ViennaAustria
| | - Viktor Voronin
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research (LBI‐CR)ViennaAustria
| | - Robert Eferl
- Institute of Cancer ResearchMedical University of Vienna & Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC)ViennaAustria
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research (LBI‐CR)ViennaAustria
- Institute of Animal Breeding and GeneticsUniversity of Veterinary MedicineViennaAustria
- Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Dagmar Stoiber
- Department of Physiology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology & Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC)Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research (LBI‐CR)ViennaAustria
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- MTA TK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, and Second Department of PediatricsSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Luka Brcic
- Diagnostic & Research Institute of PathologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Viktória László
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery & Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC)Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Balázs Döme
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery & Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC)Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image‐guided Therapy, Division of Molecular and Gender ImagingMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Department of Tumor Biology, National Korányi Institute of PulmonologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryNational Institute of Oncology and Semmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Judit Moldvay
- Department of Tumor Biology, National Korányi Institute of PulmonologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
- SE‐NAP Brain Metastasis Research Group, 2nd Department of PathologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Katalin Dezső
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer ResearchSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Martin Bilban
- Department of Laboratory MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Core FacilitiesMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Helmut Popper
- Diagnostic & Research Institute of PathologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Herwig P. Moll
- Department of Physiology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology & Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC)Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Emilio Casanova
- Department of Physiology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology & Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC)Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research (LBI‐CR)ViennaAustria
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10
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Blockade of leukemia inhibitory factor as a therapeutic approach to KRAS driven pancreatic cancer. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3055. [PMID: 31296870 PMCID: PMC6624260 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11044-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
KRAS mutations are present in over 90% of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC), and drive their poor outcomes and failure to respond to targeted therapies. Here we show that Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) expression is induced specifically by oncogenic KRAS in PDAC and that LIF depletion by genetic means or by neutralizing antibodies prevents engraftment in pancreatic xenograft models. Moreover, LIF-neutralizing antibodies synergize with gemcitabine to eradicate established pancreatic tumors in a syngeneic, KrasG12D-driven, PDAC mouse model. The related cytokine IL-6 cannot substitute for LIF, suggesting that LIF mediates KRAS-driven malignancies through a non-STAT-signaling pathway. Unlike IL-6, LIF inhibits the activity of the Hippo-signaling pathway in PDACs. Depletion of YAP inhibits the function of LIF in human PDAC cells. Our data suggest a crucial role of LIF in KRAS-driven pancreatic cancer and that blockade of LIF by neutralizing antibodies represents an attractive approach to improving therapeutic outcomes. KRAS mutations are frequent in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, leading to bad prognosis and resistance to targeted therapies. Here, the authors show that LIF expression is specifically induced by KRAS and constitutes a potential target to treat these KRAS-mutated cancers.
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11
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Wagner S, Vlachogiannis G, De Haven Brandon A, Valenti M, Box G, Jenkins L, Mancusi C, Self A, Manodoro F, Assiotis I, Robinson P, Chauhan R, Rust AG, Matthews N, Eason K, Khan K, Starling N, Cunningham D, Sadanandam A, Isacke CM, Kirkin V, Valeri N, Whittaker SR. Suppression of interferon gene expression overcomes resistance to MEK inhibition in KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer. Oncogene 2019; 38:1717-1733. [PMID: 30353166 PMCID: PMC6462854 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0554-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite showing clinical activity in BRAF-mutant melanoma, the MEK inhibitor (MEKi) trametinib has failed to show clinical benefit in KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer. To identify mechanisms of resistance to MEKi, we employed a pharmacogenomic analysis of MEKi-sensitive versus MEKi-resistant colorectal cancer cell lines. Strikingly, interferon- and inflammatory-related gene sets were enriched in cell lines exhibiting intrinsic and acquired resistance to MEK inhibition. The bromodomain inhibitor JQ1 suppressed interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression and in combination with MEK inhibitors displayed synergistic effects and induced apoptosis in MEKi-resistant colorectal cancer cell lines. ISG expression was confirmed in patient-derived organoid models, which displayed resistance to trametinib and were resensitized by JQ1 co-treatment. In in vivo models of colorectal cancer, combination treatment significantly suppressed tumor growth. Our findings provide a novel explanation for the limited response to MEK inhibitors in KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer, known for its inflammatory nature. Moreover, the high expression of ISGs was associated with significantly reduced survival of colorectal cancer patients. Excitingly, we have identified novel therapeutic opportunities to overcome intrinsic and acquired resistance to MEK inhibition in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Wagner
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | | | - Melanie Valenti
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Gary Box
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Liam Jenkins
- Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Caterina Mancusi
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Annette Self
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Ioannis Assiotis
- Tumour Profiling Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Penny Robinson
- Tumour Profiling Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Ritika Chauhan
- Tumour Profiling Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Alistair G Rust
- Tumour Profiling Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Nik Matthews
- Tumour Profiling Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Kate Eason
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Khurum Khan
- Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Naureen Starling
- Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - David Cunningham
- Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Anguraj Sadanandam
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Clare M Isacke
- Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Vladimir Kirkin
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Nicola Valeri
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Steven R Whittaker
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
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12
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Darvishi B, Farahmand L, Eslami-S Z, Majidzadeh-A K. NF-κB as the main node of resistance to receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in triple-negative breast cancer. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317706919. [DOI: 10.1177/1010428317706919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Behrad Darvishi
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Farahmand
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Eslami-S
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Keivan Majidzadeh-A
- Genetics Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, 1517964311 Tehran, Iran
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13
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Csermely P, Korcsmáros T, Nussinov R. Intracellular and intercellular signaling networks in cancer initiation, development and precision anti-cancer therapy: RAS acts as contextual signaling hub. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 58:55-9. [PMID: 27395026 PMCID: PMC5028272 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cancer initiation and development are increasingly perceived as systems-level phenomena, where intra- and inter-cellular signaling networks of the ecosystem of cancer and stromal cells offer efficient methodologies for outcome prediction and intervention design. Within this framework, RAS emerges as a 'contextual signaling hub', i.e. the final result of RAS activation or inhibition is determined by the signaling network context. Current therapies often 'train' cancer cells shifting them to a novel attractor, which has increased metastatic potential and drug resistance. The few therapy-surviving cancer cells are surrounded by massive cell death triggering a primordial adaptive and reparative general wound healing response. Overall, dynamic analysis of patient- and disease-stage specific intracellular and intercellular signaling networks may open new areas of anticancer therapy using multitarget drugs, drugs combinations, edgetic drugs, as well as help design 'gentler', differentiation and maintenance therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Csermely
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, P.O. Box 2, H-1428 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Tamás Korcsmáros
- Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK; Earlham Institute/TGAC, The Genome Analysis Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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14
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Kitajima S, Thummalapalli R, Barbie DA. Inflammation as a driver and vulnerability of KRAS mediated oncogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 58:127-35. [PMID: 27297136 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
While important strides have been made in cancer therapy by targeting certain oncogenes, KRAS, the most common among them, remains refractory to this approach. In recent years, a deeper understanding of the critical importance of inflammation in promoting KRAS-driven oncogenesis has emerged, and applies across the different contexts of lung, pancreatic, and colorectal tumorigenesis. Here we review why these tissue types are particularly prone to developing KRAS mutations, and how inflammation conspires with KRAS signaling to fuel carcinogenesis. We discuss multiple lines of evidence that have established NF-κB, STAT3, and certain cytokines as key transducers of these signals, and data to suggest that targeting these pathways has significant clinical potential. Furthermore, recent work has begun to uncover how inflammatory signaling interacts with other KRAS regulated survival pathways such as autophagy and MAPK signaling, and that co-targeting these multiple nodes may be required to achieve real benefit. In addition, the impact of KRAS associated inflammatory signaling on the greater tumor microenvironment has also become apparent, and taking advantage of this inflammation by incorporating approaches that harness T cell anti-tumor responses represents another promising therapeutic strategy. Finally, we highlight the likelihood that the genomic complexity of KRAS mutant tumors will ultimately require tailored application of these therapeutic approaches, and that targeting inflammation early in the course of tumor development could have the greatest impact on eradicating this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Kitajima
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Rohit Thummalapalli
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA; Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - David A Barbie
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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