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Amoah AS, Pestov NB, Korneenko TV, Prokhorenko IA, Kurakin GF, Barlev NA. Lipoxygenases at the Intersection of Infection and Carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3961. [PMID: 38612771 PMCID: PMC11011848 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The persisting presence of opportunistic pathogens like Pseudomonas aeruginosa poses a significant threat to many immunocompromised cancer patients with pulmonary infections. This review highlights the complexity of interactions in the host's defensive eicosanoid signaling network and its hijacking by pathogenic bacteria to their own advantage. Human lipoxygenases (ALOXs) and their mouse counterparts are integral elements of the innate immune system, mostly operating in the pro-inflammatory mode. Taking into account the indispensable role of inflammation in carcinogenesis, lipoxygenases have counteracting roles in this process. In addition to describing the structure-function of lipoxygenases in this review, we discuss their roles in such critical processes as cancer cell signaling, metastases, death of cancer and immune cells through ferroptosis, as well as the roles of ALOXs in carcinogenesis promoted by pathogenic infections. Finally, we discuss perspectives of novel oncotherapeutic approaches to harness lipoxygenase signaling in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul-Saleem Amoah
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow 119121, Russia; (A.-S.A.); (N.A.B.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Phystech School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia
| | - Nikolay B. Pestov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow 119121, Russia; (A.-S.A.); (N.A.B.)
- Group of Cross-Linking Enzymes, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia; (T.V.K.); (I.A.P.)
- Laboratory of Tick-Borne Encephalitis and Other Viral Encephalitides, Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Moscow 108819, Russia
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Tatyana V. Korneenko
- Group of Cross-Linking Enzymes, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia; (T.V.K.); (I.A.P.)
| | - Igor A. Prokhorenko
- Group of Cross-Linking Enzymes, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia; (T.V.K.); (I.A.P.)
| | - Georgy F. Kurakin
- Department of Biochemistry, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117513, Russia;
| | - Nickolai A. Barlev
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow 119121, Russia; (A.-S.A.); (N.A.B.)
- Laboratory of Tick-Borne Encephalitis and Other Viral Encephalitides, Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Moscow 108819, Russia
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Zhuravlev A, Golovanov A, Toporkov V, Kuhn H, Ivanov I. Functionalized Homologues and Positional Isomers of Rabbit 15-Lipoxygenase RS75091 Inhibitor. Med Chem 2021; 18:406-416. [PMID: 34097594 DOI: 10.2174/1573406417666210604112009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RS75091 is a cinnamic acid derivative that has been used for the crystallization of the rabbit ALOX15-inhibitor complex. The atomic coordinates of the resolved ALOX15-inhibitor complex were later used to define the binding sites of other mammalian lipoxygenase orthologs, for which no direct structural data with ligand has been reported so far. INTRODUCTION The putative binding pocket of the human ALOX5 was reconstructed on the basis of its structural alignment with rabbit ALOX15-RS75091 inhibitor. However, considering the possible conformational changes the enzyme may undergo in solution, it remains unclear whether the existing models adequately mirror the architecture of the ALOX5 active site. METHODS In this study, we prepared a series of RS75091 derivatives using a Sonogashira coupling reaction of regioisomeric bromocinnamates with protected acetylenic alcohols and tested their inhibitory properties on rabbit ALOX15. RESULTS A bulky pentafluorophenyl moiety linked to either ortho- or metha-ethynylcinnamates via aliphatic spacer does not significantly impair the inhibitory properties of RS75091. CONCLUSION Hydroxylated 2- and 3-alkynylcinnamates may be suitable candidates for incorporation of an aromatic linker group like tetrafluorophenylazides for photoaffinity labeling assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Zhuravlev
- Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA - Russian Technological University, Vernadskogo pr. 86, 119571 Moscow. Russian Federation
| | - Alexey Golovanov
- Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA - Russian Technological University, Vernadskogo pr. 86, 119571 Moscow. Russian Federation
| | - Valery Toporkov
- Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA - Russian Technological University, Vernadskogo pr. 86, 119571 Moscow. Russian Federation
| | - Hartmut Kuhn
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charite - University Medicine Berlin, Corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt University Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin. Germany
| | - Igor Ivanov
- Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA - Russian Technological University, Vernadskogo pr. 86, 119571 Moscow. Russian Federation
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Zappavigna S, Cossu AM, Grimaldi A, Bocchetti M, Ferraro GA, Nicoletti GF, Filosa R, Caraglia M. Anti-Inflammatory Drugs as Anticancer Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072605. [PMID: 32283655 PMCID: PMC7177823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is strictly associated with cancer and plays a key role in tumor development and progression. Several epidemiological studies have demonstrated that inflammation can predispose to tumors, therefore targeting inflammation and the molecules involved in the inflammatory process could represent a good strategy for cancer prevention and therapy. In the past, several clinical studies have demonstrated that many anti-inflammatory agents, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), are able to interfere with the tumor microenvironment by reducing cell migration and increasing apoptosis and chemo-sensitivity. This review focuses on the link between inflammation and cancer by describing the anti-inflammatory agents used in cancer therapy, and their mechanisms of action, emphasizing the use of novel anti-inflammatory agents with significant anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Zappavigna
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (S.Z.); (A.M.C.); (A.G.); (M.B.); (M.C.)
| | - Alessia Maria Cossu
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (S.Z.); (A.M.C.); (A.G.); (M.B.); (M.C.)
- Biogem Scarl, Institute of Genetic Research, Laboratory of Molecular and Precision Oncology, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Anna Grimaldi
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (S.Z.); (A.M.C.); (A.G.); (M.B.); (M.C.)
| | - Marco Bocchetti
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (S.Z.); (A.M.C.); (A.G.); (M.B.); (M.C.)
- Biogem Scarl, Institute of Genetic Research, Laboratory of Molecular and Precision Oncology, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Andrea Ferraro
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania, “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Plastic Surgery Unit, 80138 Naples, Italy; (G.A.F.); (G.F.N.)
| | - Giovanni Francesco Nicoletti
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania, “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Plastic Surgery Unit, 80138 Naples, Italy; (G.A.F.); (G.F.N.)
| | - Rosanna Filosa
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
- Consorzio Sannio Tech-AMP Biotec, 82030 Apollosa, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (S.Z.); (A.M.C.); (A.G.); (M.B.); (M.C.)
- Biogem Scarl, Institute of Genetic Research, Laboratory of Molecular and Precision Oncology, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Italy
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Lakkakula BVKS, Farran B, Lakkakula S, Peela S, Yarla NS, Bramhachari PV, Kamal MA, Saddala MS, Nagaraju GP. Small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors and pancreatic cancer—Trials and troubles. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 56:149-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Merchant N, Bhaskar LV, Momin S, Sujatha P, Reddy AB, Nagaraju GP. 5-Lipoxygenase: Its involvement in gastrointestinal malignancies. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 127:50-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Banoglu E, Çelikoğlu E, Völker S, Olgaç A, Gerstmeier J, Garscha U, Çalışkan B, Schubert US, Carotti A, Macchiarulo A, Werz O. 4,5-Diarylisoxazol-3-carboxylic acids: A new class of leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitors potentially targeting 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP). Eur J Med Chem 2016; 113:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ablation of 5-lipoxygenase mitigates pancreatic lesion development. J Surg Res 2014; 194:481-487. [PMID: 25454978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which continues to have a dismal prognosis, is associated with a pronounced fibroinflammatory response. Inflammation in vivo can be mediated by 5-lipoxygenase (5LO), an enzyme that converts omega-6 fatty acids (FA) to eicosanoids, including leukotriene B4 (LTB4). We have previously shown that diets rich in omega-6 FA increase pancreatic lesions and mast cell infiltration in EL-Kras mice. In this study, we evaluated the role of 5LO in generating higher levels of LTB4 from human cells and in mediating lesion development and mast cell infiltration in EL-Kras mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human pancreatic ductal epithelial and cancer cells were treated with omega-6 FA in vitro. EL-Kras mice lacking 5LO (EL-Kras/5LO(-/-)) mice were generated and fed standard chow or omega-6 FA diets. Pancreatic lesion frequency and mast cell infiltration were compared with EL-Kras/5LO(+/+) mice. Human PDAC tumors were evaluated for 5LO expression and mast cells. RESULTS Human pancreatic ductal epithelial and pancreatic cancer cells treated with omega-6 FA generated increased LTB4 levels in vitro. EL-Kras/5LO(-/-) mice developed fewer pancreatic lesions and had decreased mast cell infiltration when compared with EL-Kras/5LO(+/+) mice. Human PDAC tumors with increased 5LO expression demonstrate increased mast cell infiltration. Additionally, diets rich in omega-6 FA failed to increase pancreatic lesion development and mast cell infiltration in EL-Kras/5LO(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS The expansion of mutant Kras-induced lesions via omega-6 FA is dependent on 5LO, and 5LO functions downstream of mutant Kras to mediate inflammation, suggesting that 5LO may be a potential chemopreventive and therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer.
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Knab LM, Grippo PJ, Bentrem DJ. Involvement of eicosanoids in the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer: The roles of cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-lipoxygenase. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:10729-10739. [PMID: 25152576 PMCID: PMC4138453 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i31.10729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between inflammation and cancer progression is a growing area of research. A combination of clinical, epidemiological, and basic science investigations indicate that there is a relationship between inflammatory changes in the pancreas and neoplastic progression. Diets high in ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids provide increased substrate for arachidonic acid metabolism by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) to form eicosanoids. These eicosanoids directly contribute to pancreatic cancer cell proliferation. Both COX-2 and 5-LOX are upregulated in multiple cancer types, including pancreatic cancer. In vitro studies using pancreatic cancer cell lines have demonstrated upregulation of COX-2 and 5-LOX at both the mRNA and protein levels. When COX-2 and 5-LOX are blocked via a variety of mechanisms, cancer cell proliferation is abrogated both in vitro and in vivo. The mechanism of COX-2 has been shown to include effects on apoptosis as well as angiogenesis. 5-LOX has been implicated in apoptosis. The use of COX-2 and 5-LOX inhibitors in clinical studies in patients with pancreatic cancer has been limited. Patient enrollment has been restricted to those with advanced disease which makes evaluation of these drugs as chemopreventive agents difficult. COX-2 and 5-LOX expression have been shown to be present during the early neoplastic changes of pancreatic cancer, well before progression to invasive disease. This indicates that the ideal role for these interventions is early in the disease process as preventive agents, perhaps in patients with chronic pancreatitis or hereditary pancreatitis.
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Kashfi K. Anti-inflammatory agents as cancer therapeutics. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2009; 57:31-89. [PMID: 20230759 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)57002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer prevention sometimes referred to as tertiary prevention or chemoprevention makes use of specific xenobiotics or drugs to prevent, delay, or retard the development of cancer. Over the last two decades or so cancer prevention has made significant strides. For example, prevention of lung cancer through smoking cessation; cervical cancer prevention through regular Pap smear tests; colon cancer prevention through screening colonoscopy; and prostate cancer reductions by prostate-specific antigen measurements in conjunction with regular prostate examinations. The seminal epidemiological observation that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) prevent colon and other cancers has provided the impetus to develop novel chemoprevention approaches against cancer. To that end, a number of "designer drugs" have been synthesized that are in different stages of development, evaluation, and deployment. Some include the cyclooxygenase-2-specific inhibitors (coxibs), nitric oxide-releasing NSAIDs (NO-NSAIDs and NONO-NSAIDs), hydrogen sulfide-releasing NSAIDs, modulators of the lipoxygenase pathway, prostanoid receptor blockers, and chemokine receptor antagonists. In addition to these novel agents, there are also a host of naturally occurring compounds/micronutrients that have chemopreventive properties. This chapter reviews these classes of compounds, their utility and mechanism(s) of action against the background of mediators that link inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, The City College of The City University of New York, New York 10031, USA
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Adrian TE, Hennig R, Friess H, Ding X. The Role of PPARgamma Receptors and Leukotriene B(4) Receptors in Mediating the Effects of LY293111 in Pancreatic Cancer. PPAR Res 2009; 2008:827096. [PMID: 19190780 PMCID: PMC2631651 DOI: 10.1155/2008/827096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a devastating disease in which current therapies are inadequate. Separate lines of research have identified the 5-lipoxygenase/leukotriene B(4) receptor pathway and the PPARgamma pathway as potential targets for prevention or treatment of this disease. LY293111 was originally designed as a potent leukotriene B(4) receptor antagonist for treatment of inflammatory conditions. LY293111 was also known to have inhibitory effects on 5-lipoxygenase, which is upstream of the production of leukotrienes. LY293111 was shown to have potent anticancer effects in pancreatic cancer and several other solid malignancies, where it caused cell cycle arrest and marked apoptosis. Subsequently, it came to light that LY293111 exhibited PPARgamma agonist activity in addition to its effects on the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. This raises the question of which of the two targets is of greatest importance with regard to the anticancer effects of this agent. The evidence to date is not conclusive, but suggests that the effects of LY293111 may be mediated by both LTB(4) receptors and PPARgamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Adrian
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611-3008, USA
| | - Rene Hennig
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611-3008, USA
- Department of Surgery, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Friess
- Department of Surgery, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Xianzhong Ding
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611-3008, USA
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Lauria G, Lombardi R, Camozzi F, Devigili G. Skin biopsy for the diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy. Histopathology 2008; 54:273-85. [PMID: 18637969 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2008.03096.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Skin biopsy has become an accepted tool for investigating small nerve fibres, which are invisible to conventional neurophysiological tests even though they are affected early on in peripheral neuropathies of varying aetiology. Morphometric analysis of epidermal and dermal nerves has proved to be reliable, reproducible and unaffected by the severity of neuropathy, making skin biopsy useful for diagnosing small fibre neuropathy (SFN) in clinical practice. The possibility of obtaining skin biopsy specimens from different sites of the body, to repeat them within the area of the same sensory nerve, to distinguish between somatic and autonomic nerves and to investigate the expression of nerve-related proteins has widened the potential applications of this technique to clinical research. Skin biopsy performed using a minimally invasive disposable punch is a safe and painless procedure. Using specific antibodies with bright-field immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence technique, it is possible to investigate unmyelinated fibres innervating the epidermis of hairy and glabrous skin, large myelinated fibres supplying specialized corpuscles in glabrous skin, and autonomic fibres innervating sweat glands, blood vessels and arrector pilorum muscles. This review discusses the features of skin innervation in hairy and glabrous skin, the functional properties of skin nerve fibres and their changes in peripheral neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lauria
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, National Neurological Institute Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy.
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Gong Z, Hebert JR, Bostick RM, Deng Z, Hurley TG, Dixon DA, Nitcheva D, Xie D. Common polymorphisms in 5-lipoxygenase and 12-lipoxygenase genes and the risk of incident, sporadic colorectal adenoma. Cancer 2007; 109:849-57. [PMID: 17236225 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.22469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipoxygenases (LOX) are major enzymes that metabolize arachidonic acid to hydroxyl-eicosatetraenoic acids and leukotrienes, which have been implicated in inflammation and colorectal cancer risk. Polymorphisms in LOX genes may influence their function and/or expression and, thus, may modify the risk for colorectal adenoma. The authors investigated the associations of 3 polymorphisms (2 in 5-LOX, -1708 guanine-->adenine and 21 cytosine-->thymine; and 1 in 12-LOX, arginine 261 glutamine [Arg261Gln]) in LOX genes with the risk of colorectal adenoma and also explored possible interactions of these polymorphisms with several inflammation-pathway or arachidonic acid metabolism-pathway related factors with the risk of colorectal adenoma. METHODS By using data from a community-based, case-control study of incident, sporadic colorectal adenoma that included 162 cases and 211 controls, the authors constructed multiple logistic regression models to estimate the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of colorectal adenoma after adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS Overall, there were no significant associations of the 2 5-LOX polymorphisms with the risk of colorectal adenoma. However, there was an inverse association between the Arg261Gln polymorphism in 12-LOX and colorectal adenoma (OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.40-1.00). A significant interaction also was observed between the 12-LOX polymorphism (Arg261Gln) and the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (P(interaction) = .02). CONCLUSIONS The current results suggested that polymorphisms of LOX genes may act independently or with other factors to affect the risk of colorectal adenoma. Further studies will be needed to confirm these findings. Cancer 2007 (c) 2007 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Gong
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Bednar W, Holzmann K, Marian B. Assessing 12(S)-lipoxygenase inhibitory activity using colorectal cancer cells overexpressing the enzyme. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 45:508-14. [PMID: 17027136 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Revised: 07/19/2006] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
12(S)-Lipoxygenase (LOX) is regarded as a pro-tumorigenic enzyme and as a potential target for therapy and prevention of cancer so that the search for specific 12(S)-LOX inhibitors is part of drug development strategies. To facilitate the identification of specific 12(S)-LOX inhibitors we have created an assay cell line by introducing a12(S)-LOX expression vector into SW480 colorectal cancer cells. When arachidonic acid was supplied in the medium both transiently and stably overexpressing cells produced 12(S)-hydroxytetraenic acid (HETE) originating from the transfected gene at 4-5-fold the amount obtained from control transfectants. 12(S)-HETE production was 1913.7+/-17.2pg/ml and reached a steady state level 24h after addition of arachidonic acid. To demonstrate the models suitability of 12(S)-LOX overexpressing SW480 cells they were used to measure the inhibitory activity of the plant phenols baicalein, kaempferol, quercetin, nordihydroguaretic acid and resveratrol which are known for their chemopreventive as well as LOX-inhibitory activity in different tumour models. All 5 compounds inhibited 12(S)-HETE production at concentrations below those necessary for growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Bednar
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Werz O, Steinhilber D. Therapeutic options for 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors. Pharmacol Ther 2006; 112:701-18. [PMID: 16837050 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2006.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2006] [Accepted: 05/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid (AA) into leukotriene (LT) A(4) and 5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid. LTA(4) can then be converted into LTB(4) by LTA(4) hydrolase or into LTC(4) by LTC(4) synthase and the LTC(4) synthase isoenzymes MGST2 and MGST3. LTB(4) is a potent chemoattractant for neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes leading to adherence of phagocytes to vessel walls, neutrophil degranulation and release of superoxide anions. LTC(4) and its metabolite, LTD(4), are potent bronchoconstrictors that increase vascular permeability and stimulate mucus secretion from airways. Recent data also suggest that LT have an immunomodulatory role. Due to these properties, the increased biosynthesis of LT in asthma, and based upon clinical data obtained with CysLT(1) receptor antagonists in asthma patients, there is a consensus that CysLT play a prominent role in asthma. In this review, we summarize the knowledge on possible functions of the 5-LO pathway in various diseases like asthma, cancer and cardiovascular events and review the corresponding potential therapeutic roles of 5-LO inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Werz
- Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Sabirsh A, Bristulf J, Karlsson U, Owman C, Haeggström JZ. Non-specific effects of leukotriene synthesis inhibitors on HeLa cell physiology. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2005; 73:431-40. [PMID: 16171988 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2005.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2005] [Revised: 08/05/2005] [Accepted: 08/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of various leukotriene synthesis inhibitors on calcium signalling in HeLa cells, before and after transfection with BLT(1). All of the inhibitors studied were found to reduce increases in intracellular calcium concentration induced by BLT(1), but also by an ionophore or activation of various G-protein coupled receptors, regardless of BLT(1) expression. In order to explore the mechanism of these apparently general effects we examined HeLa cell expression of leukotriene receptors and biosynthetic enzymes and found that the genes for key leukotriene synthesis enzymes and all of the leukotriene receptors were not expressed. Leukotrienes are involved in the pathology of a variety of cancers, and for HeLa cells leukotrienes have been reported to be important for aspects of the carcinogenic phenotype. We find that leukotriene synthesis inhibitors have non-specific effects, so careful controls are necessary to avoid interpreting non-specific effects as evidence for leukotriene involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Sabirsh
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Sweden.
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Mimeault M, Brand RE, Sasson AA, Batra SK. Recent advances on the molecular mechanisms involved in pancreatic cancer progression and therapies. Pancreas 2005; 31:301-16. [PMID: 16258363 DOI: 10.1097/01.mpa.0000175893.04660.1b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the recent advances in the molecular events involved in pancreatic cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis. Additionally, the importance of deregulated cellular signaling elements as potential targets for developing novel therapeutic strategies against incurable forms of pancreatic cancer is reported. The emphasis is on the critical functions gained by numerous growth factors and their receptors, such as epidermal growth factor receptor, hedgehog signaling, and proangiogenic agents such as vascular endothelial factor and interleukin-8 for the sustained growth, survival, and metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells. The molecular mechanisms associated with antitumoral properties and the clinical benefits of gemcitabine alone or in combination with other cytotoxic agents for the treatment of pancreatic cancer are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle Mimeault
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
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Jaronczyk K, Carmichael J, Hobman T. Exploring the functions of RNA interference pathway proteins: some functions are more RISCy than others? Biochem J 2005; 387:561-71. [PMID: 15845026 PMCID: PMC1134985 DOI: 10.1042/bj20041822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2004] [Revised: 12/23/2004] [Accepted: 02/22/2005] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PPD (PAZ Piwi domain) proteins and the Dicer family have been the subjects of intense study over the last 6 years. These proteins have well-established roles in RNAi (RNA interference), a process that relies on siRNAs (small interfering RNAs) or miRNAs (microRNAs) to mediate specificity. The development of techniques for applying RNAi as a laboratory tool and a molecular therapeutic technique has rapidly outpaced our understanding of the biology of this process. However, over the last 2 years, great strides have been made towards elucidating how PPD proteins and Dicer regulate gene-silencing at the pre- and post-transcriptional levels. In addition, evidence is beginning to emerge that suggests that these proteins have additional siRNA-independent roles as cell-cycle regulators. In the present review, we summarize the well-known roles of these two classes of proteins in gene-silencing pathways, as well as explore the evidence for novel roles of PPD and Dicer proteins.
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Key Words
- dicer
- gene expression
- gene silencing
- paz piwi domain protein (ppd protein)
- rna-induced silencing complex (risc)
- rna interference (rnai)
- ds, double-stranded
- fxr, fragile x mental retardation protein
- gfp, green fluorescent protein
- mirna, microrna
- mirnp, mirna-containing ribonucleoprotein
- mvh, mammalian vasa homologue
- ppd, paz piwi domain
- risc, rna-induced silencing complex
- rits, rna-induced initiation of transcriptional gene silencing
- rnai, rna interference
- sirna, small interfering rna
- ss, single-stranded
- utr, untranslated region
- vig, vasa intronic gene protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Jaronczyk
- *Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2H7
| | - Jon B. Carmichael
- *Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2H7
| | - Tom C. Hobman
- *Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2H7
- †Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2H7
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