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Maikawa CL, Sevit A, Lin B, Wallstrom RJ, Mann JL, Yu AC, Waymouth RM, Appel EA. Block copolymer composition drives function of self-assembled nanoparticles for delivery of small-molecule cargo. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE. PART A, POLYMER CHEMISTRY 2019; 57:1322-1332. [PMID: 31244507 PMCID: PMC6582505 DOI: 10.1002/pola.29393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are useful for the delivery of small molecule therapeutics, increasing their solubility, in vivo residence time, and stability. Here, we used organocatalytic ring opening polymerization to produce amphiphilic block copolymers for the formation of nanoparticle drug carriers with enhanced stability, cargo encapsulation, and sustained delivery. These polymers comprised blocks of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), poly(valerolactone) (PVL), and poly(lactide) (PLA). Four particle chemistries were examined: (a) PEG-PLA, (b) PEG-PVL, (c) a physical mixture of PEG-PLA and PEG-PVL, and (d) PEG-PVL-PLA tri-block copolymers. Nanoparticle stability was assessed at room temperature (20 °C; pH = 7), physiological temperature (37 °C; pH = 7), in acidic media (37 °C; pH = 2), and with a digestive enzyme (lipase; 37 °C; pH = 7.4). PVL-based nanoparticles demonstrated the highest level of stability at room temperature, 37 °C and acidic conditions, but were rapidly degraded by lipase. Moreover, PVL-based nanoparticles demonstrated good cargo encapsulation, but rapid release. In contrast, PLA-based nanoparticles demonstrated poor stability and encapsulation, but sustained release. The PEG-PVL-PLA nanoparticles exhibited the best combination of stability, encapsulation, and release properties. Our results demonstrate the ability to tune nanoparticle properties by modifying the polymeric architecture and composition. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 1322-1332.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex Sevit
- Department of BioengineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCalifornia 94305
| | - Binhong Lin
- Department of ChemistryStanford UniversityStanfordCalifornia 94305
| | - Rachel J. Wallstrom
- Department of Materials Science & EngineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCalifornia 94305
| | - Joseph L. Mann
- Department of Materials Science & EngineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCalifornia 94305
| | - Anthony C. Yu
- Department of Materials Science & EngineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCalifornia 94305
| | | | - Eric A. Appel
- Department of Materials Science & EngineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCalifornia 94305
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2
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He MH, Chen L, Zheng T, Tu Y, He Q, Fu HL, Lin JC, Zhang W, Shu G, He L, Yuan ZX. Potential Applications of Nanotechnology in Urological Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:745. [PMID: 30038573 PMCID: PMC6046453 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the potential scope of nanotechnology in uro-oncology (cancers of the prostate, bladder, and kidney) is broad, ranging from drug delivery, prevention, and diagnosis to treatment. Novel drug delivery methods using magnetic nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, and polymeric nanoparticles have been investigated in prostate cancer. Additionally, renal cancer treatment may be profoundly influenced by applications of nanotechnology principles. Various nanoparticle-based strategies for kidney cancer therapy have been proposed. Partly due to the dilution of drug concentrations by urine production, causing inadequate drug delivery to tumor cells in the treatment of bladder cancer, various multifunctional bladder-targeted nanoparticles have been developed to enhance therapeutic efficiency. In each of these cancer research fields, nanotechnology has shown several advantages over widely used traditional methods. Different types of nanoparticles improve the solubility of poorly soluble drugs, and multifunctional nanoparticles have good specificity toward prostate, renal, and bladder cancer. Moreover, nanotechnology can also combine with other novel technologies to further enhance effectivity. As our understanding of nanotechnologies grows, additional opportunities to improve the diagnosis and treatment of urological cancer are excepted to arise. In this review, we focus on nanotechnologies with potential applications in urological cancer therapy and highlight clinical areas that would benefit from nanoparticle therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hui He
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Tu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian He
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua-Lin Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ju-Chun Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Shu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lili He
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Hassanzadeh P, Atyabi F, Dinarvand R. Ignoring the modeling approaches: Towards the shadowy paths in nanomedicine. J Control Release 2018; 280:58-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Łukasiewicz S, Błasiak E, Szczepanowicz K, Guzik K, Bzowska M, Warszyński P, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M. The interaction of clozapine loaded nanocapsules with the hCMEC/D3 cells - In vitro model of blood brain barrier. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 159:200-210. [PMID: 28797970 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite progress in the development of novel pharmacological compounds, their efficacy in the treatment of neuropathologies is not satisfactory. One strategy to achieve safe and efficient brain targeting therapy is to design nanocarriers capable of transporting antipsychotic drugs through the BBB (without affecting the normal functions of the barrier) in a defined part of the brain. Here we investigate the interaction of clozapine-loaded polymeric Nano capsules (CLO-NCs) with hCMEC/D3 (human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells, D3 clone) cells that constitutes an in vitro model of the blood brain barrier (BBB). CLO-NCs (average size of 100nm) were constructed by the technique of sequential adsorption of polyelectrolytes (LbL), using biocompatible polyanion PGA (Poly-l-glutamic acid sodium salt) and polycation PLL (poly L-lysine) on clozapine-loaded nano-emulsion cores. Pegylated external layers were prepared using PGA-g(39)-PEG (PGA grafted by PEG poly(ethylene glycol)). The influence of the physicochemical properties of the CLO-NCs (charge, size, surface modification) on cell viability was determined. Advanced studies of CLO-NCs internalization (including endocytosis and transcytosis experiments) using confocal microscopy, flow cytometry and fluorescence spectroscopy are presented. Our results indicate that among the studied NCs, the pegylated clozapine-loaded NCs were the most protected from their uptake by macrophages, and they were the least toxic to hCMEC/D3 cells. They were also the most efficient in the transcytosis experiment, which serves as an indicator of their ability to cross a model BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Łukasiewicz
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Ewa Błasiak
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
| | | | - Krzysztof Guzik
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Bzowska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Piotr Warszyński
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry PAS, 30-239 Krakow, Poland,.
| | - Marta Dziedzicka-Wasylewska
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
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Kulhari H, Pooja D, Singh MK, Kuncha M, Adams DJ, Sistla R. Bombesin-conjugated nanoparticles improve the cytotoxic efficacy of docetaxel against gastrin-releasing but androgen-independent prostate cancer. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:2847-59. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Bombesin (BBN)-conjugated polymeric nanoparticles to target docetaxel (DTX) to prostate cancer cells that overexpress gastrin-releasing peptides receptors. Materials & methods: In vitro cytotoxicity, uptake of nanoparticles and inhibition of cell migration were assessed against human prostate cancer cells. Preclinical pharmacokinetic and tissue-distribution studies of nanoparticles were performed in Balb/c mice and results compared with the marketed formulation Taxotere®. Results: BBN-conjugated DTX-loaded nanoparticles exhibited higher cytotoxicity, inhibition of cell migration and colony formation than non-targeted nanoparticles or DTX alone. More BBN-conjugated nanoparticles were taken up at a faster rate than unconjugated nanoparticles. In vivo, this drug delivery improved pharmacokinetics of DTX by increasing mean residence time and decreasing clearance. Conclusion: This study provides an alternate approach for polysorbate-free delivery of DTX, with improved in vivo performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh Kulhari
- IICT-RMIT Research Centre, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Deep Pooja
- Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Mayank K Singh
- Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Madhusudana Kuncha
- Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - David J Adams
- Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Ramakrishna Sistla
- Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
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Mukherjee A, Darlington T, Baldwin R, Holz C, Olson S, Kulkarni P, DeWeese TL, Getzenberg RH, Ivkov R, Lupold SE. Development and screening of a series of antibody-conjugated and silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles for targeting the prostate-specific membrane antigen. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:1356-60. [PMID: 24591351 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is an established target for the delivery of cancer therapeutic and imaging agents due to its high expression on the surface of prostate cancer cells and within the neovasculature of other solid tumors. Here, we describe the synthesis and screening of antibody-conjugated silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles for PSMA-specific cell targeting. The humanized anti-PSMA antibody, HuJ591, was conjugated to a series of nanoparticles with varying densities of polyethylene glycol and primary amine groups. Customized assays utilizing iron spectral absorbance and enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) were developed to screen microgram quantities of nanoparticle formulations for immunoreactivity and cell targeting ability. Antibody and PSMA-specific targeting of the optimized nanoparticle was evaluated using an isogenic PSMA-positive and PSMA-negative cell line pair. Specific nanoparticle targeting was confirmed by iron quantification with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). These methods and nanoparticles support the promise of targeted theranostic agents for future treatment of prostate and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarnath Mukherjee
- The Brady Urological Institute & Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD (USA)
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7
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Singh R, Torti SV. Carbon nanotubes in hyperthermia therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:2045-60. [PMID: 23933617 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Thermal tumor ablation therapies are being developed with a variety of nanomaterials, including single- and multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted interest due to their potential for simultaneous imaging and therapy. In this review, we highlight in vivo applications of carbon nanotube-mediated thermal therapy (CNMTT) and examine the rationale for use of this treatment in recurrent tumors or those resistant to conventional cancer therapies. Additionally, we discuss strategies to localize and enhance the cancer selectivity of this treatment and briefly examine issues relating the toxicity and long term fate of CNTs.
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8
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Nanomaterials and autophagy: new insights in cancer treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:296-319. [PMID: 24216709 PMCID: PMC3730308 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5010296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy represents a cell’s response to stress. It is an evolutionarily conserved process with diversified roles. Indeed, it controls intracellular homeostasis by degradation and/or recycling intracellular metabolic material, supplies energy, provides nutrients, eliminates cytotoxic materials and damaged proteins and organelles. Moreover, autophagy is involved in several diseases. Recent evidences support a relationship between several classes of nanomaterials and autophagy perturbation, both induction and blockade, in many biological models. In fact, the autophagic mechanism represents a common cellular response to nanomaterials. On the other hand, the dynamic nature of autophagy in cancer biology is an intriguing approach for cancer therapeutics, since during tumour development and therapy, autophagy has been reported to trigger both an early cell survival and a late cell death. The use of nanomaterials in cancer treatment to deliver chemotherapeutic drugs and target tumours is well known. Recently, autophagy modulation mediated by nanomaterials has become an appealing notion in nanomedicine therapeutics, since it can be exploited as adjuvant in chemotherapy or in the development of cancer vaccines or as a potential anti-cancer agent. Herein, we summarize the effects of nanomaterials on autophagic processes in cancer, also considering the therapeutic outcome of synergism between nanomaterials and autophagy to improve existing cancer therapies.
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9
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Wu YN, Yang LX, Shi XY, Li IC, Biazik JM, Ratinac KR, Chen DH, Thordarson P, Shieh DB, Braet F. The selective growth inhibition of oral cancer by iron core-gold shell nanoparticles through mitochondria-mediated autophagy. Biomaterials 2011; 32:4565-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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10
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Bae KH, Chung HJ, Park TG. Nanomaterials for cancer therapy and imaging. Mol Cells 2011; 31:295-302. [PMID: 21360197 PMCID: PMC3933969 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-011-0051-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of organic and inorganic nanomaterials with dimensions below several hundred nanometers are recently emerging as promising tools for cancer therapeutic and diagnostic applications due to their unique characteristics of passive tumor targeting. A wide range of nanomedicine platforms such as polymeric micelles, liposomes, dendrimers, and polymeric nanoparticles have been extensively explored for targeted delivery of anti-cancer agents, because they can accumulate in the solid tumor site via leaky tumor vascular structures, thereby selectively delivering therapeutic payloads into the desired tumor tissue. In recent years, nanoscale delivery vehicles for small interfering RNA (siRNA) have been also developed as effective therapeutic approaches to treat cancer. Furthermore, rationally designed multi-functional surface modification of these nanomaterials with cancer targeting moieties, protective polymers, and imaging agents can lead to fabrication versatile theragnostic nanosystems that allow simultaneous cancer therapy and diagnosis. This review highlights the current state and future prospects of diverse biomedical nanomaterials for cancer therapy and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tae Gwan Park
- Department of Biological Sciences and Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
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11
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Chen ZG. Small-molecule delivery by nanoparticles for anticancer therapy. Trends Mol Med 2010; 16:594-602. [PMID: 20846905 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Using nanoparticles for the delivery of small molecules in anticancer therapy is a rapidly growing area of research. The advantages of using nanoparticles for drug delivery include enhanced water solubility, tumor-specific accumulation and improved antitumor efficacy, while reducing nonspecific toxicity. Current research in this field focuses on understanding precisely how small molecules are released from nanoparticles and delivered to the targeted tumor tissues or cells, and how the unique biodistribution of the drug-carrying nanoparticles limits toxicity in major organs. Here, we discuss existing nanoparticles for the delivery of small-molecule anticancer agents and recent advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Georgia Chen
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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12
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Ptak K, Farrell D, Panaro NJ, Grodzinski P, Barker AD. The NCI Alliance for Nanotechnology in Cancer: achievement and path forward. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 2:450-60. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Ptak
- Office of Cancer Nanotechnology Research, Center for Strategic Scientific Initiatives, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 31 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dorothy Farrell
- Office of Cancer Nanotechnology Research, Center for Strategic Scientific Initiatives, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 31 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Panaro
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC‐Frederick Inc., NCI‐Frederick, Frederick, 31 Center Dr, MD 20892, USA
| | - Piotr Grodzinski
- Office of Cancer Nanotechnology Research, Center for Strategic Scientific Initiatives, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 31 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anna D. Barker
- Office of Cancer Nanotechnology Research, Center for Strategic Scientific Initiatives, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 31 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Office of Director, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 31 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Abstract
Focal therapy aims to find a middle ground between surveillance and radical therapies by treating the cancer alone, with a margin, and preserving as much tissue as is practical. Early feasibility studies have demonstrated an absence of rectal toxicity and preservation of genitourinary function in 80–90% of men. The incidence of low- to intermediate-risk prostate cancer is rising owing to informal and formal prostate-specific antigen screening practices. The treatment burden from radical therapies is high with over 50% of men suffering genitourinary or rectal toxicity. Active surveillance, on the other hand, carries surveillance and psychological burden with risk of progression. A research strategy to evaluate focal therapy should be embedded within pragmatic designs using a broad patient group, using the available ablative technologies (cryotherapy, high-intensity focused ultrasound, brachytherapy and photodynamic therapy) with end points derived from biochemical, biopsy and imaging. Within this framework there exists a unique opportunity to undertake landmark diagnostic studies incorporating imaging techniques and biomarkers in addition to studies directed at the biology of prostate cancer over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim U Ahmed
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mark Emberton
- UCH/UCL NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
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Soundararajan V, Warnock K, Sasisekharan R. Multifunctional nanoscale platforms for targeting of the cancer cell immortality spectrum. Macromol Rapid Commun 2010; 31:202-16. [PMID: 21590893 DOI: 10.1002/marc.200900596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the post-genomic era, "omics" platforms and cancer systems biology are greatly advancing our knowledge of the molecular and cellular underpinnings of cancer. In this article, we begin by outlining the factors governing the development of cancer (tumorigenesis) and use this framework to motivate the need for systems-approaches to cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. We review recent efforts to tap into the remarkable potential of nanotechnology for (i) systems-surveillance (or "sensing") of the molecular signatures of tumorigenesis, and (ii) spatiotemporally-regulated delivery (or "targeting") of combination therapeutics to cancer cells. Specifically, we highlight the salient role of polymeric biomaterials and describe the physicochemical characteristics that render them attractive for the design of such nanoscale platforms. We conclude with discussions on the emerging role of macromolecular biophysics and computational nanotechnology in engineering spatiotemporally-regulated anti-cancer systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkataramanan Soundararajan
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Abstract
Nanoparticles as drug delivery systems enable unique approaches for cancer treatment. Over the last two decades, a large number of nanoparticle delivery systems have been developed for cancer therapy, including organic and inorganic materials. Many liposomal, polymer-drug conjugates, and micellar formulations are part of the state of the art in the clinics, and an even greater number of nanoparticle platforms are currently in the preclinical stages of development. More recently developed nanoparticles are demonstrating the potential sophistication of these delivery systems by incorporating multifunctional capabilities and targeting strategies in an effort to increase the efficacy of these systems against the most difficult cancer challenges, including drug resistance and metastatic disease. In this chapter, we will review the available preclinical and clinical nanoparticle technology platforms and their impact for cancer therapy.
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