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Mohammadinasr M, Montazersaheb S, Ayromlou H, Hosseini V, Molavi O, Hejazi MS. Exosome Content-Mediated Signaling Pathways in Multiple Sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:5404-5417. [PMID: 38191693 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03862-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles with a complex lipid-bilayer surface and 30-150 nm diameter. These vesicles play a critical role in intercellular signaling networks during physiopathological processes through data trafficking and cell reprogramming. It has been demonstrated that exosomes are involved in a variety of central nervous system (CNS) disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Exosome mediators' cell-to-cell communication is possibly by delivering their contents such as proteins, RNAs (coding and non-coding), DNAs (mitochondrial and genomic), and transposable elements to the target cells. Exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) differ in their expression patterns in MS disease, thereby providing novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic options for better treatment of MS disease. Furthermore, these microvesicles are non-immunogenic and non-toxic therapeutic tools for transferring miRNAs across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Collectively, exosomes could be used as novel drug delivery devices for the treatment of MS patients. This review summarized research regarding the exosomes from serum, plasma, PBMC, and other cells in MS patients and experimental models. We also provide a critical view of exosome content-mediated signaling pathways in MS, including TNF-α, TGF-β, NF-κB, and Wnt pathways. The use of exosomes as a therapeutic potential in MS has also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Mohammadinasr
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Soheila Montazersaheb
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hormoz Ayromlou
- Neuroscience Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahid Hosseini
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ommoleila Molavi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Saeid Hejazi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Hasaniani N, Nouri S, Shirzad M, Rostami-Mansoor S. Potential therapeutic and diagnostic approaches of exosomes in multiple sclerosis pathophysiology. Life Sci 2024; 347:122668. [PMID: 38670451 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes are bilayer lipid vesicles that are released by cells and contain proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. They can be internalized by other cells, inducing inflammatory responses and instigating toxicities in the recipient cells. Exosomes can also serve as therapeutic vehicles by transporting protective cargo to maintain homeostasis. Multiple studies have shown that exosomes can initiate and participate in the regulation of neuroinflammation, improve neurogenesis, and are closely related to the pathogenesis of central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Exosomes can be secreted by both neurons and glial cells in the CNS, and their contents change with disease occurrence. Due to their ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and their stability in peripheral fluids, exosomes are attractive biomarkers of CNS diseases. In recent years, exosomes have emerged as potential therapeutic agents for CNS diseases, including MS. However, the molecular pathways in the pathogenesis of MS are still unknown, and further research is needed to fully understand the role of exosomes in the occurrence or improvement of MS disease. Thereby, in this review, we intend to provide a more complete understanding of the pathways in which exosomes are involved and affect the occurrence or improvement of MS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Hasaniani
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Sina Nouri
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Moein Shirzad
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Sahar Rostami-Mansoor
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
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Sheykhhasan M, Heidari F, Farsani ME, Azimzadeh M, Kalhor N, Ababzadeh S, Seyedebrahimi R. Dual Role of Exosome in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Review Study. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 19:852-864. [PMID: 37496136 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x18666230726161035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are one of the crucial means of intercellular communication, which takes many different forms. They are heterogeneous, secreted by a range of cell types, and can be generally classified into microvesicles and exosomes depending on their location and function. Exosomes are small EVs with diameters of about 30-150 nm and diverse cell sources. METHODS The MEDLINE/PubMed database was reviewed for papers written in English and publication dates of recent years, using the search string "Exosome" and "Neurodegenerative diseases." RESULTS The exosomes have attracted interest as a significant biomarker for a better understanding of disease development, gene silencing delivery, and alternatives to stem cell-based therapy because of their low-invasive therapeutic approach, repeatable distribution in the central nervous system (CNS), and high efficiency. Also, they are nanovesicles that carry various substances, which can have an impact on neural plasticity and cognitive functioning in both healthy and pathological circumstances. Therefore, exosomes are conceived as nanovesicles containing proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. However, their composition varies considerably depending on the cells from which they are produced. CONCLUSION In the present review, we discuss several techniques for the isolation of exosomes from different cell sources. Furthermore, reviewing research on exosomes' possible functions as carriers of bioactive substances implicated in the etiology of neurodegenerative illnesses, we further examine them. We also analyze the preclinical and clinical research that shows exosomes to have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Sheykhhasan
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Qom, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Heidari
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Mohsen Eslami Farsani
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Maryam Azimzadeh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
| | - Naser Kalhor
- Department of Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Qom, Iran
| | - Shima Ababzadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Reihaneh Seyedebrahimi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
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Mohammadinasr M, Montazersaheb S, Molavi O, Kahroba H, Talebi M, Ayromlou H, Hejazi MS. Multiplex Analysis of Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum Exosomes MicroRNAs of Untreated Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS) and Proposing Noninvasive Diagnostic Biomarkers. Neuromolecular Med 2023; 25:402-414. [PMID: 37020076 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-023-08744-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) are emerging diagnostic biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we aimed to detect relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS)-specific miRNAs in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum exosomes with diagnostic potential. One ml of CSF and serum sample were collected from each of the 30 untreated RRMS patients and healthy controls (HCs). A panel of 18 miRNAs affecting inflammatory responses was applied, and qRT-PCR was conducted to detect differentially expressed exosomal miRNAs in CSF and serum of RRMS patients. We identified that 17 out of 18 miRNAs displayed different patterns in RRMS patients compared to HCs. Let-7 g-5p, miR-18a-5p, miR-145-5p, and miR-374a-5p with dual pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory actions and miR-150-5p and miR-342-3p with anti-inflammatory action were significantly upregulated in both CSF and serum-derived exosomes of RRMS patients compared to corresponding HCs. Additionally, anti-inflammatory miR-132-5p and pro-inflammatory miR-320a-5p were significantly downregulated in both CSF and serum-derived exosomes of RRMS patients compared to HCs. Ten of 18 miRNAs were differentially expressed in CSF and serum exosomes of the patients. Furthermore, miR-15a-5p, miR-19b-3p, and miR-432-5p were upregulated, and miR-17-5p was downregulated only in CSF exosomes. Interestingly, U6 housekeeping gene was differentially expressed in CSF and serum exosomes, in both RRMS and HCs. As the first report describing CSF exosomal miRNAs expression profile compared to that of serum exosomes in untreated RRMS patients, we showed that CSF and serum exosomes are not identical in terms of biological compounds and display different patterns in miRNAs and U6 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Mohammadinasr
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soheila Montazersaheb
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ommoleila Molavi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Houman Kahroba
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School of Oncology and Development Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Mahnaz Talebi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hormoz Ayromlou
- Neuroscience Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Saeid Hejazi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Yuan YG, Wang JL, Zhang YX, Li L, Reza AMMT, Gurunathan S. Biogenesis, Composition and Potential Therapeutic Applications of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived Exosomes in Various Diseases. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:3177-3210. [PMID: 37337578 PMCID: PMC10276992 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s407029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanovesicles with a wide range of chemical compositions used in many different applications. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSCs-EXOs) are spherical vesicles that have been shown to mediate tissue regeneration in a variety of diseases, including neurological, autoimmune and inflammatory, cancer, ischemic heart disease, lung injury, and liver fibrosis. They can modulate the immune response by interacting with immune effector cells due to the presence of anti-inflammatory compounds and are involved in intercellular communication through various types of cargo. MSCs-EXOs exhibit cytokine storm-mitigating properties in response to COVID-19. This review discussed the potential function of MSCs-EXOs in a variety of diseases including neurological, notably epileptic encephalopathy and Parkinson's disease, cancer, angiogenesis, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. We provided an overview of exosome biogenesis and factors that regulate exosome biogenesis. Additionally, we highlight the functions and potential use of MSCs-EXOs in the treatment of the inflammatory disease COVID-19. Finally, we covered a strategies and challenges of MSCs-EXOs. Finally, we discuss conclusion and future perspectives of MSCs-EXOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Guo Yuan
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Lin Wang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya-Xin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Abu Musa Md Talimur Reza
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Türkiye
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Abdelsalam M, Ahmed M, Osaid Z, Hamoudi R, Harati R. Insights into Exosome Transport through the Blood-Brain Barrier and the Potential Therapeutical Applications in Brain Diseases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:571. [PMID: 37111328 PMCID: PMC10144189 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) is limited due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a selective physiological barrier located at the brain microvessels that regulates the flow of cells, molecules and ions between the blood and the brain. Exosomes are nanosized extracellular vesicles expressed by all cell types and that function as cargos, allowing for communication between the cells. The exosomes were shown to cross or regulate the BBB in healthy and disease conditions. However, the mechanistic pathways by which exosomes cross the BBB have not been fully elucidated yet. In this review, we explore the transport mechanisms of exosomes through the BBB. A large body of evidence suggests that exosome transport through the BBB occurs primarily through transcytosis. The transcytosis mechanisms are influenced by several regulators. Inflammation and metastasis also enhance exosome trafficking across the BBB. We also shed light on the therapeutical applications of exosomes for treating brain diseases. Further investigations are essential to provide clearer insights related to trafficking of exosomes across the BBB and disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Abdelsalam
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.); (M.A.); (Z.O.)
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Munazza Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.); (M.A.); (Z.O.)
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zaynab Osaid
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.); (M.A.); (Z.O.)
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rifat Hamoudi
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates;
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London W1W 7EJ, UK
| | - Rania Harati
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.); (M.A.); (Z.O.)
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
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Komlakh K, Aghamiri SH, Farshadmoghadam H. The role and therapeutic applications of exosomes in multiple sclerosis disease. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2022; 49:1249-1256. [PMID: 35918850 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A range of the central nervous system (CNS) and immune cells are affected by multiple sclerosis (MS), a complex autoimmune disease of the CNS. Chronic neuroinflammation, demyelination, and neuronal death are all features of MS, but the disease's molecular mechanisms are unknown. Exosomes are small, membrane-bound extracellular vesicles with a crucial role in cell communication. They are stable in biological fluids and emerge from the cell membrane during endocytic internalization. It might be possible to recognize better the mechanisms involved in the development and progress of illnesses by understanding the variety of exosomal contents and their associated targets, like neurologic disorders. In this review, we sought to bring together important data on the biology of exosomes in MS and highlight discoveries on these nanoparticles' prognostic, diagnostic and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Komlakh
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Aghamiri
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Farshadmoghadam
- Department of Pediatrics, Children Growth Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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Wang ZY, Wen ZJ, Xu HM, Zhang Y, Zhang YF. Exosomal noncoding RNAs in central nervous system diseases: biological functions and potential clinical applications. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1004221. [PMID: 36438184 PMCID: PMC9681831 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1004221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) disease is a general term for a series of complex and diverse diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), CNS tumors, stroke, epilepsy, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Interneuron and neuron-glia cells communicate with each other through their homeostatic microenvironment. Exosomes in the microenvironment have crucial impacts on interneuron and neuron-glia cells by transferring their contents, such as proteins, lipids, and ncRNAs, constituting a novel form of cell-to-cell interaction and communication. Exosomal noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), regulate physiological functions and maintain CNS homeostasis. Exosomes are regarded as extracellular messengers that transfer ncRNAs between neurons and body fluids due to their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of exosomal ncRNAs in CNS diseases, including prospective diagnostic biomarkers, pathological regulators, therapeutic strategies and clinical applications. We also provide an all-sided discussion of the comparison with some similar CNS diseases and the main limitations and challenges for exosomal ncRNAs in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Yu Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zeng-Jin Wen
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hai-Ming Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control of Ningxia, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yin-Feng Zhang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Li R, Li H, Yang X, Hu H, Liu P, Liu H. Crosstalk between dendritic cells and regulatory T cells: Protective effect and therapeutic potential in multiple sclerosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:970508. [PMID: 36177043 PMCID: PMC9513370 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.970508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system related to autoimmunity and is characterized by demyelination, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Cell therapies mediated by dendritic cells (DCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) have gradually become accumulating focusing in MS, and the protective crosstalk mechanisms between DCs and Tregs provide the basis for the efficacy of treatment regimens. In MS and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, DCs communicate with Tregs to form immune synapses and complete a variety of complex interactions to counteract the unbalanced immune tolerance. Through different co-stimulatory/inhibitory molecules, cytokines, and metabolic enzymes, DCs regulate the proliferation, differentiation and function of Tregs. On the other hand, Tregs inhibit the mature state and antigen presentation ability of DCs, ultimately improving immune tolerance. In this review, we summarized the pivotal immune targets in the interaction between DCs and Tregs, and elucidated the protective mechanisms of DC-Treg cell crosstalk in MS, finally interpreted the complex cell interplay in the manner of inhibitory feedback loops to explore novel therapeutic directions for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huiru Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peidong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Translational Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Translational Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hongbo Liu,
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Karami Fath M, Azami J, Jaafari N, Akbari Oryani M, Jafari N, Karim poor A, Azargoonjahromi A, Nabi-Afjadi M, Payandeh Z, Zalpoor H, Shanehbandi D. Exosome application in treatment and diagnosis of B-cell disorders: leukemias, multiple sclerosis, and arthritis rheumatoid. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:74. [PMID: 36064322 PMCID: PMC9446857 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00377-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, known as a type of extracellular vesicles (EVs), are lipid particles comprising heterogeneous contents such as nucleic acids, proteins, and DNA. These bi-layered particles are naturally released into the extracellular periphery by a variety of cells such as neoplastic cells. Given that exosomes have unique properties, they can be used as vectors and carriers of biological and medicinal particles like drugs for delivering to the desired areas. The proteins and RNAs being encompassed by the circulating exosomes in B-cell malignancies are deemed as the promising sources for diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as therapeutic agents. Exosomes can also provide a "snapshot" view of the tumor and metastatic landscape at any particular time. Further, clinical research has shown that exosomes are produced by immune cells such as dendritic cells can stimulate the immune system, so these exosomes can be used in antitumor vaccines. Despite the great potential of exosomes in the fields of diagnostic and treatment, further studies are in need for these purposes to reach a convergence notion. This review highlights the applications of exosomes in multiple immune-related diseases, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia, multiple sclerosis, and arthritis rheumatoid, as well as explaining sundry aspects of exosome therapy and the function of exosomes in diagnosing diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Karami Fath
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jalil Azami
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Niloofar Jaafari
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Akbari Oryani
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Jafari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Science, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Mohsen Nabi-Afjadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Payandeh
- Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division Medical Inflammation Research, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Immunology Research center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Zalpoor
- Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy & Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Dariush Shanehbandi
- Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division Medical Inflammation Research, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Immunology Research center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
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Shen Z, Huang W, Liu J, Tian J, Wang S, Rui K. Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes on Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:749192. [PMID: 34646275 PMCID: PMC8503317 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.749192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years, the immunosuppressive properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been demonstrated in preclinical studies and trials of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Emerging evidence indicates that the immunomodulatory effect of MSCs is primarily attributed to the paracrine pathway. As one of the key paracrine effectors, mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-EXOs) are small vesicles 30-200 nm in diameter that play an important role in cell-to-cell communication by carrying bioactive substances from parental cells. Recent studies support the finding that MSC-EXOs have an obvious inhibitory effect toward different effector cells involved in the innate and adaptive immune response. Moreover, substantial progress has been made in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), type-1 diabetes (T1DM), uveitis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). MSC-EXOs are capable of reproducing MSC function and overcoming the limitations of traditional cell therapy. Therefore, using MSC-EXOs instead of MSCs to treat autoimmune diseases appears to be a promising cell-free treatment strategy. In this review, we review the current understanding of MSC-EXOs and discuss the regulatory role of MSC-EXOs on immune cells and its potential application in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ke Rui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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12
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Mosquera-Heredia MI, Morales LC, Vidal OM, Barceló E, Silvera-Redondo C, Vélez JI, Garavito-Galofre P. Exosomes: Potential Disease Biomarkers and New Therapeutic Targets. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1061. [PMID: 34440265 PMCID: PMC8393483 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9081061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles released by cells, both constitutively and after cell activation, and are present in different types of biological fluid. Exosomes are involved in the pathogenesis of diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, pregnancy disorders and cardiovascular diseases, and have emerged as potential non-invasive biomarkers for the detection, prognosis and therapeutics of a myriad of diseases. In this review, we describe recent advances related to the regulatory mechanisms of exosome biogenesis, release and molecular composition, as well as their role in health and disease, and their potential use as disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of their main isolation methods, characterization and cargo analysis, as well as the experimental methods used for exosome-mediated drug delivery, are discussed. Finally, we present potential perspectives for the use of exosomes in future clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I. Mosquera-Heredia
- Department of Medicine, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia; (L.C.M.); (O.M.V.); (C.S.-R.)
| | - Luis C. Morales
- Department of Medicine, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia; (L.C.M.); (O.M.V.); (C.S.-R.)
| | - Oscar M. Vidal
- Department of Medicine, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia; (L.C.M.); (O.M.V.); (C.S.-R.)
| | - Ernesto Barceló
- Instituto Colombiano de Neuropedagogía, Barranquilla 080020, Colombia;
| | - Carlos Silvera-Redondo
- Department of Medicine, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia; (L.C.M.); (O.M.V.); (C.S.-R.)
| | - Jorge I. Vélez
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia;
| | - Pilar Garavito-Galofre
- Department of Medicine, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia; (L.C.M.); (O.M.V.); (C.S.-R.)
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13
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Pusic KM, Kraig RP, Pusic AD. IFNγ-stimulated dendritic cell extracellular vesicles can be nasally administered to the brain and enter oligodendrocytes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255778. [PMID: 34388189 PMCID: PMC8363003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles secreted from IFNγ-stimulated rat dendritic cells (referred to here as IFNγ-DC-EVs) contain miRNAs which promote myelination (including but not limited to miR-219), and preferentially enter oligodendrocytes in brain slice cultures. IFNγ-DC-EVs also increase myelination when nasally administered to naïve rats. While we can infer that these extracellular vesicles enter the CNS from functional studies, here we demonstrate biodistribution throughout the brain after nasal delivery by way of imaging studies. After nasal administration, Xenolight DiR-labelled IFNγ-DC-EVs were detected 30 minutes later throughout the brain and the cervical spinal cord. We next examined cellular uptake of IFNγ-DC-EVs by transfecting IFNγ-DC-EVs with mCherry mRNA prior to nasal administration. mCherry-positive cells were found along the rostrocaudal axis of the brain to the brainstem. These cells morphologically resembled oligodendrocytes, and indeed cell-specific co-staining for neurons, astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes showed that mcherry positive cells were predominantly oligodendrocytes. This is in keeping with our prior in vitro results showing that IFNγ-DC-EVs are preferentially taken up by oligodendrocytes, and to a lesser extent, microglia. To confirm that IFNγ-DC-EVs delivered cargo to oligodendrocytes, we quantified protein levels of miR-219 mRNA targets expressed in oligodendrocyte lineage cells, and found significantly reduced expression. Finally, we compared intranasal versus intravenous delivery of Xenolight DiR-labelled IFNγ-DC-EVs. Though labelled IFNγ-DC-EVs entered the CNS via both routes, we found that nasal delivery more specifically targeted the CNS with less accumulation in the liver. Taken together, these data show that intranasal administration is an effective route for delivery of IFNγ-DC-EVs to the CNS, and provides additional support for their development as an EV-based neurotherapeutic that, for the first time, targets oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kae M. Pusic
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Richard P. Kraig
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Aya D. Pusic
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Askenase PW. Ancient Evolutionary Origin and Properties of Universally Produced Natural Exosomes Contribute to Their Therapeutic Superiority Compared to Artificial Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1429. [PMID: 33572657 PMCID: PMC7866973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes, are newly recognized fundamental, universally produced natural nanoparticles of life that are seemingly involved in all biologic processes and clinical diseases. Due to their universal involvements, understanding the nature and also the potential therapeutic uses of these nanovesicles requires innovative experimental approaches in virtually every field. Of the EV group, exosome nanovesicles and larger companion micro vesicles can mediate completely new biologic and clinical processes dependent on the intercellular transfer of proteins and most importantly selected RNAs, particularly miRNAs between donor and targeted cells to elicit epigenetic alterations inducing functional cellular changes. These recipient acceptor cells are nearby (paracrine transfers) or far away after distribution via the circulation (endocrine transfers). The major properties of such vesicles seem to have been conserved over eons, suggesting that they may have ancient evolutionary origins arising perhaps even before cells in the primordial soup from which life evolved. Their potential ancient evolutionary attributes may be responsible for the ability of some modern-day exosomes to withstand unusually harsh conditions, perhaps due to unique membrane lipid compositions. This is exemplified by ability of the maternal milk exosomes to survive passing the neonatal acid/enzyme rich stomach. It is postulated that this resistance also applies to their durable presence in phagolysosomes, thus suggesting a unique intracellular release of their contained miRNAs. A major discussed issue is the generally poorly realized superiority of these naturally evolved nanovesicles for therapies when compared to human-engineered artificial nanoparticles, e.g., for the treatment of diseases like cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip W Askenase
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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15
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Marostica G, Gelibter S, Gironi M, Nigro A, Furlan R. Extracellular Vesicles in Neuroinflammation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:623039. [PMID: 33553161 PMCID: PMC7858658 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.623039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogenous group of membrane-bound particles that play a pivotal role in cell–cell communication, not only participating in many physiological processes, but also contributing to the pathogenesis of several diseases. The term EVs defines many and different vesicles based on their biogenesis and release pathway, including exosomes, microvesicles (MVs), and apoptotic bodies. However, their classification, biological function as well as protocols for isolation and detection are still under investigation. Recent evidences suggest the existence of novel subpopulations of EVs, increasing the degree of heterogeneity between EV types and subtypes. EVs have been shown to have roles in the CNS as biomarkers and vehicles of drugs and other therapeutic molecules. They are known to cross the blood brain barrier, allowing CNS EVs to be detectable in peripheral fluids, and their cargo may give information on parental cells and the pathological process they are involved in. In this review, we summarize the knowledge on the function of EVs in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and discuss recent evidences for their potential applications as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Marostica
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Gelibter
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maira Gironi
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Annamaria Nigro
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Furlan
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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16
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Chase Huizar C, Raphael I, Forsthuber TG. Genomic, proteomic, and systems biology approaches in biomarker discovery for multiple sclerosis. Cell Immunol 2020; 358:104219. [PMID: 33039896 PMCID: PMC7927152 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory disorder characterized by autoimmune-mediated inflammatory lesions in CNS leading to myelin damage and axonal loss. MS is a heterogenous disease with variable and unpredictable disease course. Due to its complex nature, MS is difficult to diagnose and responses to specific treatments may vary between individuals. Therefore, there is an indisputable need for biomarkers for early diagnosis, prediction of disease exacerbations, monitoring the progression of disease, and for measuring responses to therapy. Genomic and proteomic studies have sought to understand the molecular basis of MS and find biomarker candidates. Advances in next-generation sequencing and mass-spectrometry techniques have yielded an unprecedented amount of genomic and proteomic data; yet, translation of the results into the clinic has been underwhelming. This has prompted the development of novel data science techniques for exploring these large datasets to identify biologically relevant relationships and ultimately point towards useful biomarkers. Herein we discuss optimization of omics study designs, advances in the generation of omics data, and systems biology approaches aimed at improving biomarker discovery and translation to the clinic for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Chase Huizar
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Itay Raphael
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Children's Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Thomas G Forsthuber
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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17
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Bechter K. The Challenge of Assessing Mild Neuroinflammation in Severe Mental Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:773. [PMID: 32973573 PMCID: PMC7469926 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent psychoneuroimmunology research has provided new insight into the etiology and pathogenesis of severe mental disorders (SMDs). The mild encephalitis (ME) hypothesis was developed with the example of human Borna disease virus infection years ago and proposed, that a subgroup SMD patients, mainly from the broad schizophrenic and affective spectrum, could suffer from mild neuroinflammation, which remained undetected because hard to diagnose with available diagnostic methods. Recently, in neurology an emerging new subgroup of autoimmune encephalitis (AE) cases suffering from various neurological syndromes was described in context with the discovery of an emerging list of Central Nervous System (CNS) autoantibodies. Similarly in psychiatry, consensus criteria of autoimmune psychosis (AP) were developed for patients presenting with CNS autoantibodies together with isolated psychiatric symptoms and paraclinical findings of (mild) neuroinflammation, which in fact match also the previously proposed ME criteria. Nevertheless, identifying mild neuroinflammation in vivo in the individual SMD case remains still a major clinical challenge and the possibility that further cases of ME remain still under diagnosed appears an plausible possibility. In this paper a critical review of recent developments and remaining challenges in the research and clinical diagnosis of mild neuroinflammation in SMDs and in general and in transdisciplinary perspective to psycho-neuro-immunology and neuropsychiatry is given. Present nosological classifications of neuroinflammatory disorders are reconsidered with regard to findings from experimental and clinical research. A refined grading list of clinical states including "classical" encephalitis, AE, AP/ME,and newly proposed terms like parainflammation, stress-induced parainflammation and neuroprogression, and their respective relation to neurodegeneration is presented, which may be useful for further research on the possible causative role of mild neuroinflammation in SMDs. Beyond, an etiology-focused subclassification of ME subtypes, like autoimmune ME or infectious ME, appears to be required for differential diagnosis and individualized treatment. The present status of the clinical diagnosis of mild neuroinflammatory mechanisms involved in SMDs is outlined with the example of actual diagnosis and therapy in AP. Ideas for future research to unravel the contribution of mild neuroinflammation in the causality of SMDs and the difficulties expected to come to novel immune modulatory, anti-infectious or anti-inflammatory therapeutic principles in the sense of precision medicine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Bechter
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy II, Ulm University, Bezirkskrankenhaus Günzburg, Günzburg, Germany
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18
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Duffy CP, McCoy CE. The Role of MicroRNAs in Repair Processes in Multiple Sclerosis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071711. [PMID: 32708794 PMCID: PMC7408558 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder characterised by demyelination of central nervous system neurons with subsequent damage, cell death and disability. While mechanisms exist in the CNS to repair this damage, they are disrupted in MS and currently there are no treatments to address this deficit. In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the influence of the small, non-coding RNA molecules, microRNAs (miRNAs), in autoimmune disorders, including MS. In this review, we examine the role of miRNAs in remyelination in the different cell types that contribute to MS. We focus on key miRNAs that have a central role in mediating the repair process, along with several more that play either secondary or inhibitory roles in one or more aspects. Finally, we consider the current state of miRNAs as therapeutic targets in MS, acknowledging current challenges and potential strategies to overcome them in developing effective novel therapeutics to enhance repair mechanisms in MS.
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19
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Tian J, Casella G, Zhang Y, Rostami A, Li X. Potential roles of extracellular vesicles in the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of autoimmune diseases. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:620-632. [PMID: 32025210 PMCID: PMC6990925 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.39629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since extracellular vesicles (EVs) were discovered in 1983 in sheep reticulocytes samples, they have gradually attracted scientific attention and become a topic of great interest in the life sciences field. EVs are small membrane particles, released by virtually every cell that carries a variety of functional molecules. Their main function is to deliver messages to the surrounding area in both physiological and pathological conditions. Initially, they were thought to be either cell debris, signs of cell death, or unspecific structures. However, accumulating evidence support a theory that EVs are a universal mechanism of communication. Thanks to their biological characteristics and functions, EVs are likely to represent a promising strategy for obtaining pathogen information, identifying therapeutic targets and selecting specific biomarkers for a variety of diseases, such as autoimmune diseases. In this review, we provide a brief overview of recent progress in the study of the biology and functions of EVs. We also discuss their roles in diagnosis and therapy, with particular emphasis on autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tian
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Giacomo Casella
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Yuan Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Abdolmohamad Rostami
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Xing Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
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20
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Souza VC, Morais GS, Henriques AD, Machado-Silva W, Perez DIV, Brito CJ, Camargos EF, Moraes CF, Nóbrega OT. Whole-Blood Levels of MicroRNA-9 Are Decreased in Patients With Late-Onset Alzheimer Disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2020; 35:1533317520911573. [PMID: 32301334 PMCID: PMC10623914 DOI: 10.1177/1533317520911573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests changes in circulating microRNA levels may be promising biomarkers for the clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer disease (AD). We hypothesized that whole-blood microRNAs may be useful to identify individuals with established AD. For this purpose, a sample of community-dwelling women (≥55 years old) carrying the ApoE ∊4 allele were clinically evaluated using the American Psychiatric Association/Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth edition and the Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale criteria to diagnose probable AD, and the Clinical Dementia Rating scale to stage the dementia. A set of 25 mature microRNAs was rationally selected for evaluation based on experimental evidence of interaction with genes linked to the late-onset AD neuropathology. Whole-blood concentrations were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Compared to patients without dementia, a median 3-fold decrease in miR-9 levels was found among patients with AD (P = .001). Our findings support blood-borne miR-9 as a candidate biomarker for probable AD, embodied by evidence from the literature of its implication in amyloidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ciro José Brito
- Physical Education Department, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Clayton Franco Moraes
- Medical Faculty, University of Brasília, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
- Gerontology Program, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
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21
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Martinez B, Peplow PV. MicroRNAs in blood and cerebrospinal fluid as diagnostic biomarkers of multiple sclerosis and to monitor disease progression. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:606-619. [PMID: 31638082 PMCID: PMC6975152 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.266905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. It is the main cause of non-traumatic neurological disability in young adults. Multiple sclerosis mostly affects people aged 20-50 years; however, it can occur in young children and much older adults. Factors identified in the distribution of MS include age, gender, genetics, environment, and ethnic background. Multiple sclerosis is usually associated with progressive degrees of disability. The disease involves demyelination of axons of the central nervous system and causes brain and spinal cord neuronal loss and atrophy. Diagnosing multiple sclerosis is based on a patient's medical history including symptoms, physical examination, and various tests such as magnetic resonance imaging, cerebrospinal fluid and blood tests, and electrophysiology. The disease course of multiple sclerosis is not well correlated with the biomarkers presently used in clinical practice. Blood-derived biomarkers that can detect and distinguish the different phenotypes in multiple sclerosis may be advantageous in personalized treatment with disease-modifying drugs and to predict response to treatment. The studies reviewed have shown that the expression levels of a large number of miRNAs in peripheral blood, serum, exosomes isolated from serum, and cerebrospinal fluid are altered in multiple sclerosis and can distinguish the disease phenotypes from each other. Further studies are warranted to independently validate these findings so that individual or pairs of miRNAs in serum or cerebrospinal fluid can be used as potential diagnostic markers for adult and pediatric multiple sclerosis and for monitoring disease progression and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Martinez
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, St. Georges University School of Medicine, Grenada; Department of Physics and Engineering, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Philip V Peplow
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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22
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Xia X, Wang Y, Huang Y, Zhang H, Lu H, Zheng JC. Exosomal miRNAs in central nervous system diseases: biomarkers, pathological mediators, protective factors and therapeutic agents. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 183:101694. [PMID: 31542363 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are small bilipid layer-enclosed extracellular vesicles that can be found in tissues and biological fluids. As a key cell-to-cell and distant communication mediator, exosomes are involved in various central nervous system (CNS) diseases, potentially through transferring their contents such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids to the target cells. Exosomal miRNAs, which are small non-coding RNAs in the exosomes, are known to be more stable than free miRNAs and therefore have lasting effects on disease-related gene expressions. There are distinct profiles of exosomal miRNAs in different types of CNS diseases even before the onset of irreversible neurological damages, indicating that exosomal miRNAs within tissues and biological fluids could serve as promising biomarkers. Emerging evidence has also demonstrated the pathological effects of several exosomal miRNAs in CNS diseases via specific modulation of disease-related factors. Moreover, exosomes carry therapeutically beneficial miRNAs across the blood-brain-barrier, which can be exploited as a powerful drug delivery tool to help alleviating multiple CNS diseases. In this review, we summarize the recent progress made in understanding the biological roles of exosomal miRNAs as potential diagnostic biomarkers, pathological regulators, and therapeutic targets/drugs for CNS diseases. A comprehensive discussion of the main concerns and challenges for the applications of exosomal miRNAs in the clinical setting is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohuan Xia
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yunlong Huang
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930, USA
| | - Han Zhang
- Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hongfang Lu
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Jialin C Zheng
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5930, USA.
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23
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Galieva LR, James V, Mukhamedshina YO, Rizvanov AA. Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles for the Treatment of Nerve Disorders. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:163. [PMID: 30890911 PMCID: PMC6411850 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as cell free therapy is a promising approach to stimulate tissue regeneration including that of the nervous system. EVs transfer bioactive proteins and lipids, RNA and microRNAs, which play a relevant role in EV-mediated intercellular communication. The immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects of mesenchymal stem cells-derived EVs have been well studied, knowledge of this paracrine mechanism and the availability of these cells, positions mesenchymal stem cells as a potential source of EVs for cell free therapy for a variety of regenerative and nervous system disorders. In this review, we focus on the immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects of stem cells-derived EVs within in vitro and in vivo models of nerve disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa R Galieva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Victoria James
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Yana O Mukhamedshina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,Department of Histology, Cytology, and Embryology, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Albert A Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
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Elbaz B, Popko B. Molecular Control of Oligodendrocyte Development. Trends Neurosci 2019; 42:263-277. [PMID: 30770136 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Myelin is a multilayer lipid membrane structure that wraps and insulates axons, allowing for the efficient propagation of action potentials. During developmental myelination of the central nervous system (CNS), oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) proliferate and migrate to their final destination, where they terminally differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes and myelinate axons. Lineage progression and terminal differentiation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells are under tight transcriptional and post-transcriptional control. The characterization of several recently identified regulatory factors that govern these processes, which are the focus of this review, has greatly increased our understanding of oligodendrocyte development and function. These insights are critical to facilitate efforts to enhance OPC differentiation in neurological disorders that disrupt CNS myelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benayahu Elbaz
- The Center for Peripheral Neuropathy, The Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brian Popko
- The Center for Peripheral Neuropathy, The Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Enhanced release of acid sphingomyelinase-enriched exosomes generates a lipidomics signature in CSF of Multiple Sclerosis patients. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3071. [PMID: 29449691 PMCID: PMC5814401 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21497-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MuS) is a complex multifactorial neuropathology, resulting in heterogeneous clinical presentation. A very active MuS research field concerns the discovery of biomarkers helpful to make an early and definite diagnosis. The sphingomyelin pathway has emerged as a molecular mechanism involved in MuS, since high levels of ceramides in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were related to axonal damage and neuronal dysfunction. Ceramides are the hydrolysis products of sphingomyelins through a reaction catalyzed by a family of enzymes named sphingomyelinases, which were recently related to myelin repair in MuS. Here, using a lipidomic approach, we observed low levels of several sphingomyelins in CSF of MuS patients compared to other inflammatory and non-inflammatory, central or peripheral neurological diseases. Starting by this result, we investigated the sphingomyelinase activity in CSF, showing a significantly higher enzyme activity in MuS. In support of these results we found high number of total exosomes in CSF of MuS patients and a high number of acid sphingomyelinase-enriched exosomes correlated to enzymatic activity and to disease severity. These data are of diagnostic relevance and show, for the first time, high number of acid sphingomyelinase-enriched exosomes in MuS, opening a new window for therapeutic approaches/targets in the treatment of MuS.
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26
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Ebrahimkhani S, Vafaee F, Young PE, Hur SSJ, Hawke S, Devenney E, Beadnall H, Barnett MH, Suter CM, Buckland ME. Exosomal microRNA signatures in multiple sclerosis reflect disease status. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14293. [PMID: 29084979 PMCID: PMC5662562 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14301-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). There is currently no single definitive test for MS. Circulating exosomes represent promising candidate biomarkers for a host of human diseases. Exosomes contain RNA, DNA, and proteins, can cross the blood-brain barrier, and are secreted from almost all cell types including cells of the CNS. We hypothesized that serum exosomal miRNAs could present a useful blood-based assay for MS disease detection and monitoring. Exosome-associated microRNAs in serum samples from MS patients (n = 25) and matched healthy controls (n = 11) were profiled using small RNA next generation sequencing. We identified differentially expressed exosomal miRNAs in both relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) (miR-15b-5p, miR-451a, miR-30b-5p, miR-342-3p) and progressive MS patient sera (miR-127-3p, miR-370-3p, miR-409-3p, miR-432-5p) in relation to controls. Critically, we identified a group of nine miRNAs (miR-15b-5p, miR-23a-3p, miR-223-3p, miR-374a-5p, miR-30b-5p, miR-433-3p, miR-485-3p, miR-342-3p, miR-432-5p) that distinguished relapsing-remitting from progressive disease. Eight out of nine miRNAs were validated in an independent group (n = 11) of progressive MS cases. This is the first demonstration that microRNAs associated with circulating exosomes are informative biomarkers not only for the diagnosis of MS, but in predicting disease subtype with a high degree of accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Ebrahimkhani
- Department of Neuropathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Vafaee
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul E Young
- Division of Molecular Structural and Computational Biology, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Suzy S J Hur
- Division of Molecular Structural and Computational Biology, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon Hawke
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Emma Devenney
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Heidi Beadnall
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael H Barnett
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Catherine M Suter
- Division of Molecular Structural and Computational Biology, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael E Buckland
- Department of Neuropathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia. .,Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia. .,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
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Ciregia F, Urbani A, Palmisano G. Extracellular Vesicles in Brain Tumors and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:276. [PMID: 28912682 PMCID: PMC5583211 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can be classified into apoptotic bodies, microvesicles (MVs), and exosomes, based on their origin or size. Exosomes are the smallest and best characterized vesicles which derived from the endosomal system. These vesicles are released from many different cell types including neuronal cells and their functions in the nervous system are investigated. They have been proposed as novel means for intercellular communication, which takes part not only to the normal neuronal physiology but also to the transmission of pathogenic proteins. Indeed, exosomes are fundamental to assemble and transport proteins during development, but they can also transfer neurotoxic misfolded proteins in pathogenesis. The present review will focus on their roles in neurological diseases, specifically brain tumors, such as glioblastoma (GBM), neuroblastoma (NB), medulloblastoma (MB), and metastatic brain tumors and chronic neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer, Parkinson, multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington, and Prion diseseases highlighting their involvement in spreading neurotoxicity, in therapeutics, and in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Ciregia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of PisaPisa, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, SOD Endocrinology and Metabolism of Organ and Cell Transplants, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Urbani
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Università CattolicaRome, Italy.,Proteomics and Metabonomics Unit, IRCCS-Fondazione Santa LuciaRome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Palmisano
- Proteomics and Metabonomics Unit, IRCCS-Fondazione Santa LuciaRome, Italy.,GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao PauloSao Paulo, Brazil
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Melanocortins, Melanocortin Receptors and Multiple Sclerosis. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7080104. [PMID: 28805746 PMCID: PMC5575624 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7080104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The melanocortins and their receptors have been extensively investigated for their roles in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, but to a lesser extent in immune cells and in the nervous system outside the hypothalamic axis. This review discusses corticosteroid dependent and independent effects of melanocortins on the peripheral immune system, central nervous system (CNS) effects mediated through neuronal regulation of immune system function, and direct effects on endogenous cells in the CNS. We have focused on the expression and function of melanocortin receptors in oligodendroglia (OL), the myelin producing cells of the CNS, with the goal of identifying new therapeutic approaches to decrease CNS damage in multiple sclerosis as well as to promote repair. It is clear that melanocortin signaling through their receptors in the CNS has potential for neuroprotection and repair in diseases like MS. Effects of melanocortins on the immune system by direct effects on the circulating cells (lymphocytes and monocytes) and by signaling through CNS cells in regions lacking a mature blood brain barrier are clear. However, additional studies are needed to develop highly effective MCR targeted therapies that directly affect endogenous cells of the CNS, particularly OL, their progenitors and neurons.
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Lisak RP, Nedelkoska L, Benjamins JA, Schalk D, Bealmear B, Touil H, Li R, Muirhead G, Bar-Or A. B cells from patients with multiple sclerosis induce cell death via apoptosis in neurons in vitro. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 309:88-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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30
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Ochocinska MJ, Zlokovic BV, Searson PC, Crowder AT, Kraig RP, Ljubimova JY, Mainprize TG, Banks WA, Warren RQ, Kindzelski A, Timmer W, Liu CH. NIH workshop report on the trans-agency blood-brain interface workshop 2016: exploring key challenges and opportunities associated with the blood, brain and their interface. Fluids Barriers CNS 2017; 14:12. [PMID: 28457227 PMCID: PMC5410699 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-017-0061-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A trans-agency workshop on the blood–brain interface (BBI), sponsored by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, the National Cancer Institute and the Combat Casualty Care Research Program at the Department of Defense, was conducted in Bethesda MD on June 7–8, 2016. The workshop was structured into four sessions: (1) blood sciences; (2) exosome therapeutics; (3) next generation in vitro blood–brain barrier (BBB) models; and (4) BBB delivery and targeting. The first day of the workshop focused on the physiology of the blood and neuro-vascular unit, blood or biofluid-based molecular markers, extracellular vesicles associated with brain injury, and how these entities can be employed to better evaluate injury states and/or deliver therapeutics. The second day of the workshop focused on technical advances in in vitro models, BBB manipulations and nanoparticle-based drug carrier designs, with the goal of improving drug delivery to the central nervous system. The presentations and discussions underscored the role of the BBI in brain injury, as well as the role of the BBB as both a limiting factor and a potential conduit for drug delivery to the brain. At the conclusion of the meeting, the participants discussed challenges and opportunities confronting BBI translational researchers. In particular, the participants recommended using BBI translational research to stimulate advances in diagnostics, as well as targeted delivery approaches for detection and therapy of both brain injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret J Ochocinska
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 6701 Rockledge Dr., Room 9149, Bethesda, MD, 20892-7950, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ronald Q Warren
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrei Kindzelski
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William Timmer
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christina H Liu
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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31
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Galazka G, Mycko MP, Selmaj I, Raine CS, Selmaj KW. Multiple sclerosis: Serum-derived exosomes express myelin proteins. Mult Scler 2017; 24:449-458. [PMID: 28273783 DOI: 10.1177/1352458517696597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that provide cell-to-cell communication and are involved in immunoregulation. OBJECTIVE To investigate serum exosomes for the presence of myelin proteins outside the central nervous system (CNS) and their role in multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS Serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples were collected from 45 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), 30 patients with secondary progressive MS (SPMS), and 45 healthy controls. Exosomes were isolated using a polymer formulation method, and their size, concentration, and CNS myelin protein contents were measured by a nanoparticle tracking analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and Western blot. RESULTS We found that exosomes expressed three major myelin proteins, myelin basic protein, proteolipid protein, and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). Exosomal content of MOG strongly correlated with disease activity and was highest in RRMS patients in relapse and in SPMS patients. Serum-derived exosomes induced proliferation of MOG-T cell receptor transgenic T cells confirming that serum exosomes maintained MOG immunogenicity. CONCLUSION Exosomes isolated outside CNS tissue expressed myelin proteins, and the presence of MOG correlated strongly with disease activity. We conclude that exosomes might enhance and/or perpetuate anti-myelin immune reactions in MS and may provide novel markers of disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Galazka
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin P Mycko
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Igor Selmaj
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Cedric S Raine
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Krzysztof W Selmaj
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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32
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Dolati S, Babaloo Z, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Ayromlou H, Sadreddini S, Yousefi M. Multiple sclerosis: Therapeutic applications of advancing drug delivery systems. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 86:343-353. [PMID: 28011382 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, which is accompanying with demyelination, neurodegeneration and sensibility to oxidative stress. In MS, auto-reactive lymphocytes cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and reside in the perivenous demyelinating lesions which create various distinct inflammatory demyelinated plaques situated predominantly in the white matter. The current MS-related therapeutic approaches can be classified into disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) and symptomatic therapy. DMTs suppress circulating immune cells, inhibit passing the BBB and decrease the inflammatory responses. Recent advances have remarkably delayed disease development and improved the quality of life for numerous patients. In spite of major improvements in therapeutic options, there are some limitations regarding the routes of administration and the necessity for repeated and long-term dosing in which cause to systemic disadvantageous consequences and patient non-compliance. Nanotechnology presents promising approaches to improve autoimmune disease treatment with the capability to overcome many of the limitations common to the current immunosuppressive and biological therapies. Here we emphasis on nanomedicine-based drug delivery approaches of biological immunomodulatory mediators for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. This comprehensive review details the most successful drugs in MS therapy and also focuses on conceptions and clinical potential of novel nanomedicine attitudes for inducing immunosuppression and immunological tolerance in MS to modulate abnormal and pathologic immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanam Dolati
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zohreh Babaloo
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hormoz Ayromlou
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sanam Sadreddini
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Lee J, McKinney KQ, Pavlopoulos AJ, Han MH, Kim SH, Kim HJ, Hwang S. Exosomal proteome analysis of cerebrospinal fluid detects biosignatures of neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 462:118-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
All known cells continuously release nanoscale lipid membrane-enclosed packets. These packets, termed extracellular vesicles (EVs), bear the signature of their cells of origin. These vesicles can be detected in just about every type of biofluid tested, including blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid. The majority comes from normal cells, but disease cells also release them. There is a great interest in collecting and analyzing EVs in biofluids as diagnostics for a wide spectrum of central nervous system diseases. Here, we will review the state of central nervous system EV research in terms of molecular diagnostics and biomarkers.
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35
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Iraci N, Leonardi T, Gessler F, Vega B, Pluchino S. Focus on Extracellular Vesicles: Physiological Role and Signalling Properties of Extracellular Membrane Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:171. [PMID: 26861302 PMCID: PMC4783905 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous population of secreted membrane vesicles, with distinct biogenesis routes, biophysical properties and different functions both in physiological conditions and in disease. The release of EVs is a widespread biological process, which is conserved across species. In recent years, numerous studies have demonstrated that several bioactive molecules are trafficked with(in) EVs, such as microRNAs, mRNAs, proteins and lipids. The understanding of their final impact on the biology of specific target cells remains matter of intense debate in the field. Also, EVs have attracted great interest as potential novel cell-free therapeutics. Here we describe the proposed physiological and pathological functions of EVs, with a particular focus on their molecular content. Also, we discuss the advances in the knowledge of the mechanisms regulating the secretion of EV-associated molecules and the specific pathways activated upon interaction with the target cell, highlighting the role of EVs in the context of the immune system and as mediators of the intercellular signalling in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzio Iraci
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Clifford Allbutt Building-Cambridge Biosciences Campus, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Hills Road CB2 0PY, UK.
| | - Tommaso Leonardi
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Clifford Allbutt Building-Cambridge Biosciences Campus, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Hills Road CB2 0PY, UK.
- EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK.
| | - Florian Gessler
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Clifford Allbutt Building-Cambridge Biosciences Campus, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Hills Road CB2 0PY, UK.
| | - Beatriz Vega
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Clifford Allbutt Building-Cambridge Biosciences Campus, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Hills Road CB2 0PY, UK.
| | - Stefano Pluchino
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Clifford Allbutt Building-Cambridge Biosciences Campus, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Hills Road CB2 0PY, UK.
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Konala VBR, Mamidi MK, Bhonde R, Das AK, Pochampally R, Pal R. The current landscape of the mesenchymal stromal cell secretome: A new paradigm for cell-free regeneration. Cytotherapy 2015; 18:13-24. [PMID: 26631828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The unique properties of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) to self-renew and their multipotentiality have rendered them attractive to researchers and clinicians. In addition to the differentiation potential, the broad repertoire of secreted trophic factors (cytokines) exhibiting diverse functions such as immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory activity, angiogenesis and anti-apoptotic, commonly referred to as the MSC secretome, has gained immense attention in the past few years. There is enough evidence to show that the one important pathway by which MSCs participate in tissue repair and regeneration is through its secretome. Concurrently, a large body of MSC research has focused on characterization of the MSC secretome; this includes both soluble factors and factors released in extracellular vesicles, for example, exosomes and microvesicles. This review provides an overview of our current understanding of the MSC secretome with respect to their potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Konala
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, AMET University, Kanathur, Chennai, India; Genes & Life Health Care Pvt. Ltd, Punjagutta, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Ramesh Bhonde
- School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal University, Bangalore, India
| | - Anjan Kumar Das
- Department of Surgery, Taylor's University School of Medicine, Sungai Buloh Hospital, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Radhika Pochampally
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Rajarshi Pal
- School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal University, Bangalore, India.
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Cardiac over-expression of microRNA-1 induces impairment of cognition in mice. Neuroscience 2015; 299:66-78. [PMID: 25943483 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Large cohort studies have revealed a close relationship between cognitive impairment and cardiovascular diseases, although the mechanism underlying this relationship remains incompletely understood. In this study, using a transgenic (Tg) mouse model of cardiac-specific over-expression of microRNA-1-2 (miR-1-2), we observed that microRNA-1 (miR-1) levels were increased not only in the heart but also in the hippocampus and blood, whereas its levels did not change in the skeletal muscle of Tg mice compared with age-matched wild-type (WT) mice. Six-month-old Tg mice showed cognitive impairment compared with age-matched WT mice, as assessed using the Morris Water Maze test. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) level and cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation were also significantly reduced in the hippocampi of the Tg mice, as evaluated by Western blot. Further examination showed that BDNF protein expression was down- or up-regulated by miR-1 over-expression or inhibition, respectively, and was unchanged by binding site mutations or miRNA-masks for the 3'UTR of Bdnf, indicating that this gene is a potential target of miR-1. Knockdown of miR-1 by hippocampal stereotaxic injection of an anti-miR-1 oligonucleotide fragment carried by a lentivirus vector (lenti-pre-AMO-miR-1) led to up-regulation of BDNF expression and prevented the reduction in cognitive performance in the Tg mice without affecting cardiac function. Our findings demonstrate that cardiac over-expression of miR-1 also induces behavioral abnormalities that may be associated, at least in part, with the down-regulation of BDNF expression in the hippocampus. This study definitely contributes to the understanding of the relationship between cardiovascular disease and cognitive impairment.
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Aryani A, Denecke B. Exosomes as a Nanodelivery System: a Key to the Future of Neuromedicine? Mol Neurobiol 2014; 53:818-834. [PMID: 25502465 PMCID: PMC4752585 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9054-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Since the beginning of the last decade, exosomes have been of increased interest in the science community. Exosomes represent a new kind of long distance transfer of biological molecules among cells. This review provides a comprehensive overview about the construction of exosomes, their targeting and their fusion mechanisms to the recipient cells. Complementarily, the current state of research regarding the cargo of exosomes is discussed. A particular focus was placed on the role of exosomes in the central nervous system. An increasing number of physiological processes in the brain could be associated with exosomes. In this context, it is becoming more apparent that exosomes are involved in several neurological and specifically neurodegenerative diseases. The treatment of these kinds of diseases is often difficult not least because of the blood-brain barrier. Exosomes are very stable, can pass the blood-brain barrier and, therefore, reveal bright perspectives towards diagnosis and therapeutic treatments. A prerequisite for clinical applications is a standardised approach. Features necessary for a standardised diagnosis using exosomes are discussed. In therapeutic terms, exosomes represent a promising drug delivery system able to pass the blood-brain barrier. One option to overcome the disadvantages potentially associated with the use of endogenous exosomes is the design of artificial exosomes. The artificial exosomes with a clearly defined therapeutic active cargo and surface marker ensuring the specific targeting to the recipient cells is proposed as a promising approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arian Aryani
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Aachen (IZKF Aachen), RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bernd Denecke
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Aachen (IZKF Aachen), RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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Smythies J, Edelstein L, Ramachandran V. Molecular mechanisms for the inheritance of acquired characteristics-exosomes, microRNA shuttling, fear and stress: Lamarck resurrected? Front Genet 2014; 5:133. [PMID: 24860599 PMCID: PMC4030137 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John Smythies
- Department of Psychology, Center for Brain and Cognition, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Vilayanur Ramachandran
- Department of Psychology, Center for Brain and Cognition, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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