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Cao W, Du D, Xia Q. Unbalanced global vaccine product trade pattern: A network perspective. Soc Sci Med 2023; 325:115913. [PMID: 37075615 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Mass vaccination is the most cost-effective intervention in response to public health events. Thus, equitable access to vaccine products is essential to ensure global human health. Based on the global vaccine product trade data from 2000 to 2018 and employing social network analysis, this paper explores the unbalanced pattern of global vaccine product trade and assesses the sensitivity interdependence between countries. Overall, the analysis shows that global vaccine product trade links have long been highly concentrated within developed countries in Europe and America. Nevertheless, with the rise of global and regional hub countries, the global vaccine product trade network has begun to evolve from a unipolar structure with the U.S. as the sole core to a multipolar structure with the U.S. and Western European countries as the core. Meanwhile, emerging countries, represented by China and India, are increasingly participating in the global vaccine product trade network and are beginning to play an important role. The formation of this multipolar pattern has provided countries in the Global South with more options for cooperation in the vaccine product trade and reduces the sensitivity interdependence of network periphery countries on core countries, which consequently reduces the global supply risk of vaccine products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanpeng Cao
- Institute for Global Innovation & Development, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China; School of Urban and Regional Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Debin Du
- Institute for Global Innovation & Development, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China; School of Urban and Regional Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Qifan Xia
- Institute for Global Innovation & Development, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China; School of Urban and Regional Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
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Wang H, Yu B, Chen X, Yan H. Global pattern and determinants of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine coverage and progression: a global ecological study. GLOBAL HEALTH JOURNAL 2023; 7:18-23. [PMID: 36785805 PMCID: PMC9908428 DOI: 10.1016/j.glohj.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding and minimizing existing global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination disparities is critical to global population health and eliminating health inequities. The study aims to investigate the disparities of vaccination coverage and progression and the associated economic and educational determinants to inform global COVID-19 vaccination strategies. Methods COVID-19 vaccination coverage data from 206 countries used in the study were derived from "Our World in Data" website. After obtaining the vaccination coverage indicators, we fitted the progression indicators for vaccination. Correlation and multiple linear regression analysis were used to examine the effects of GDP per capita, Gini index, education, and their interactions on the coverage and progression of the COVID-19 vaccination. Results The coverage of COVID-19 vaccination ranged from less than 30 doses to more than 150 doses for total number of doses, from less than 15% to more than 75% for proportion of people vaccinated, from less than 15% to more than 60% for proportion of people fully vaccinated. Similarly, the progression of vaccination ranged from less than 0.1 to more than 0.6 for progression of total number of doses, from less than 0.1 to more than 0.3 for progression of proportion of people vaccinated, and from less than 0.1 to more than 0.4 for progression of proportion of people fully vaccinated. GDP per capita and education were positively associated with the coverage and progression, while Gini index was negatively associated with the coverage and progression. Negative interaction between GDP per capita and education was also observed for coverage (β = -0.012 to -0.011, P < 0.05) and progression (β = -0.012 to -0.011, P < 0.05). Conclusions Substantial geographic disparities existed for the coverage and progression of COVID-19 vaccination. Economy and education are two important factors contributing to the disparities. Different countries may adopt varied strategies to promote the national distribution and vaccination of COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, China
- Population and Health Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, China
- Corresponding authors: (B. Yu), (H. Yan)
| | - Xinguang Chen
- Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, China
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, China
- Corresponding authors: (B. Yu), (H. Yan)
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Wang W, Wang Y, Wang Y, Yan F, Wang N, Fu C. Vaccine bidding, procurement and distribution management practices in mainland China: A nationwide study. Vaccine 2021; 39:7584-7589. [PMID: 34802784 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct a nationwide evaluation of vaccine bidding, procurement and distribution management for understanding and improving the current situation well in mainland China. METHODS An institution survey was carried out to collect information on tendering, procurement, distribution and related issues to vaccines by structured questionnaires administered to 31 provinces in mainland China from April to July 2019. RESULTS In 13 (41.9%) of 31 provinces, centralized bidding of National Immunization Program (NIP) vaccines was accomplished, and others conducted independent tendering and purchasing in 2018. For non-NIP vaccines, all provinces implemented unified bidding at the provincial level and over half (18, 58.1%) of them chose provincial public resource trading platforms, but their modes varied over provinces. Then procurement was undertaken by the district-level centers for disease control and prevention (CDC) while they were unable to choose the best option of too many vaccines targeted by the province-level CDC for local populations. The distribution modes of NIP and non-National Immunization Program (non-NIP) vaccines were similar overall in a province but very different over provinces. Main mode was that CDCs at different levels delivered about two thirds (64.5%) of NIP vaccines distribution and more than one third (35.5%) of non-NIP vaccines. Another distribution mode was occupied as fully buying the service from third parties in 3 municipalities. Some provinces mixed both modes, too. The total distribution volume of vaccines was 430.7 million doses in 2018. The top five non-NIP vaccines delivered in 2018 were human rabies vaccine, varicella vaccine, EV71 hand foot mouth disease vaccine, hepatitis B vaccine and influenza vaccine. CONCLUSION The vaccine biding, procurement and distribution management varied over provinces in mainland China in 2018, especially for non-NIP vaccines. Specific policies and measures should be developed for different regions to improve the immunization management better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- School of Public Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanhuan Wang
- School of Public Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Public Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Yan
- School of Public Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Wang
- School of Public Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaowei Fu
- School of Public Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Wang G, Shao M. The development of China's vaccine industry in the past decade: the perspective from drug regulatory science. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:5666-5672. [PMID: 34856877 PMCID: PMC8903904 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.2002640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of the batch issued data of Chinese vaccines from 2011 to 2020 showed that the average annual dose of vaccines in China was 769.66 million doses, and the overall production was stable. Fourteen new vaccines were added, six of which were developed in China. The batch issued dose of national immunization program (NIP) vaccine was stable with slightly decreased, while the non-NIP vaccine showed an increasing trend. The development trend of combined vaccine increased significantly. Regulatory science in China’s development, promoted the China’s vaccine regulation the perfection of legal system, and the steady improvement of vaccine quality and standards, and the gradual maturity of the construction of lot release system. With the goal of being safe, effective, reasonable, and accessible, China’s vaccines encourage the research and development of new technologies and emergency vaccines to constantly improve the level of public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanjie Wang
- School of Business Administration, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P.R. China.,National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Mingli Shao
- School of Business Administration, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P.R. China.,China Society for Drug Regulation, Beijing, P.R. China
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Xu Y, Li Y, Wang S, Li M, Xu M, Ye Q. Meningococcal vaccines in China. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:2197-2204. [PMID: 33566720 PMCID: PMC8189055 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1857201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Meningococcal meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis is a reportable infectious disease in China, due to the high incidence of meningitis in the era before the availability of vaccines. The disease incidence was markedly reduced after meningococcal vaccination was introduced in the 1980s. Currently, there are polysaccharide, conjugate, and combined vaccine formulations against meningococcal meningitis in the Chinese market, almost all of which are produced by domestic manufacturers. It is necessary to further enhance national meningococcal surveillance to improve the level of prevention and control of meningococcus. However, the immune efficacy and persistence of immunity of vaccines should be monitored. More importantly, additional investments should be made to develop serogroup B meningococcal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Xu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes of Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanan Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes of Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes of Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Maoguang Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes of Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Miao Xu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes of Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Ye
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes of Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Hussain R, Bukhari NI, ur Rehman A, Hassali MA, Babar ZUD. Vaccine Prices: A Systematic Review of Literature. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040629. [PMID: 33137948 PMCID: PMC7712864 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are among the most vital interventions to control and reduce the morbidity and mortality worldwide. In accessing vaccines, pricing is usually the single most important deciding element. However, there is a scarcity of the literature on the vaccines pricing. The current study aims to review vaccine prices from the published literature and to evaluate factors that impact the pricing of vaccines. The literature (from 2015–2020) was reviewed to identify the original research articles. Systematic searches were conducted across the five databases including, Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Springer Link. Literature search yielded 23,626 articles, of which 7351 were screened and 7310 articles were excluded based on title and abstracts relevance. The 41 studies were selected for full text review and 4 studies were found to meet the inclusion criteria. The included studies discussed vaccine prices for childhood vaccines, for Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) in US, China and in Europe. One study detailed the various scenarios of the HPV vaccines pricing. It was found that recently introduced vaccines have higher prices owing to the involvement of technology and research for their manufacture. However, prices tended to decrease over some maturation in price and by the involvement of Global Alliance for Vaccine Initiative (GAVI) and other allies. The prices of vaccines in China were much lower than the other high-income countries and the prices offered through United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), mainly due to the large scale of demand in China. The affordable prices of vaccines were related to delicate procedures involving multiple stakeholders and a shorter duration of contract. This review systematically evaluated the literature and identified key factors that could impact vaccines pricing. The prices were higher for the newly introduced vaccines into the market. However, with the price maturation, there was a decline in the pricing and affordable prices could be achieved through tender pricing and involvement of GAVI and other allies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Hussain
- Commonwealth Pharmacists Association, London E1W 1AW, UK;
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Nadeem Irfan Bukhari
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Allama Iqbal Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Anees ur Rehman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (A.u.R.); (M.A.H.)
| | - Mohamed Azmi Hassali
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (A.u.R.); (M.A.H.)
- Department of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, Queensgate HD1 3DH, UK
- Correspondence:
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A conjoint analysis of stated vaccine preferences in Shanghai, China. Vaccine 2020; 38:1520-1525. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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9
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Zhuang J, Lu Y, Wagner AL, Jiang Q. Profit considerations in vaccine safety-related events in China. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:1187-1199. [PMID: 31674844 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1688150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: China has made remarkable achievements in the field of immunization. However, several widespread vaccine safety-related events have recently received worldwide attention and reflect flaws in vaccine management. This study aimed to summarize vaccine safety-related events between 1985 and 2018 in China and analyze the profit motives of these events.Methods. Literature and media reviews were conducted to discover vaccine safety-related events. We developed a conceptual model with profit-related variables, and using information available from each event, we identified which profit-related variable was implicated, and how it related to the pursuit of higher profits.Results: A total of 39 vaccine safety-related events were found in vaccine production, procurement, transportation, and daily management, along with adverse events following immunization (AEFIs). Overall, 90% (35/39) of the events could be classified as profit-driven. The motives of most events could be tied to one or more reasons, including decreasing costs among vaccine producers (67%, 26/39), reducing actual procurement price (67%, 26/39), and reducing costs of transportation and/or cold chain (24/39, 62%).Conclusions: In order to deal with vaccine-related challenges, a more restrictive supervision system on vaccine production and more emergency preparedness, including health and risk communication strategies, for vaccine safety should be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Zhuang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of General Affairs and Emergency Response, Changing District Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihan Lu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Abram L Wagner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Qingwu Jiang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Procurement of Category 2 Vaccines in China. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7030097. [PMID: 31450855 PMCID: PMC6789637 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Internationally, vaccine pricing is relatively opaque, although many low- or lower-middle-income countries belong to international consortiums that jointly procure vaccines. China procures vaccines domestically, and vaccines that require payment from the public (“category 2 vaccines”), have undergone several regulatory changes over the past 15 years. This study aims to describe the vaccine procurement method changes in China since 2005 and to analyze how the procurement method impacted vaccine price. This review of vaccine procurement reforms found that a shift to provincial-level Group Purchasing Organizations after 2016 was accompanied by an increase in most prices. There was more variability in vaccine prices across provinces for vaccines with only one supplier, and these vaccines have a higher price than what is found in United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)-supported countries. China’s current procurement system for non-mandatory vaccines leaves these vaccines costing several-fold more than in other countries, and in particular those supported by Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance. Exploring a variety of methods to reduce vaccine purchase prices will not only directly benefit the general population, but also the government, as they aim to implement more programs to benefit public health in a cost-effective manner.
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Zheng Y, Rodewald L, Yang J, Qin Y, Pang M, Feng L, Yu H. The landscape of vaccines in China: history, classification, supply, and price. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:502. [PMID: 30286735 PMCID: PMC6172750 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3422-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vaccine regulation in China meets World Health Organization standards, but China’s vaccine industry and immunization program have some characteristics that differ from other countries. We described the history, classification, supply and prices of vaccines available and used in China, compared with high-and middle-incomes countries to illustrate the development of Chinese vaccine industry and immunization program. Methods Immunization policy documents were obtained from the State Council and the National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC). Numbers of doses of vaccines released in China were obtained from the Biologicals Lot Release Program of the National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC). Vaccine prices were obtained from Chinese Central Government Procurement (CCGP). International data were collected from US CDC, Public Health England, European CDC, WHO, and UNICEF. Results Between 2007 and 2015, the annual supply of vaccines in China ranged between 666 million and 1,190 million doses, with most doses produced domestically. The government’s Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) prevents 12 vaccine preventable diseases (VPD) through routine immunization. China produces vaccines that are in common use globally; however, the number of routinely-prevented diseases is fewer than in high- and middle-income countries. Contract prices for program (EPI) vaccines ranged from 0.1 to 5.7 US dollars per dose - similar to UNICEF prices. Contract prices for private-market vaccines ranged from 2.4 to 102.9 US dollars per dose - often higher than prices for comparable US, European, and UNICEF vaccines. Conclusion China is a well-regulated producer of vaccines, but some vaccines that are important globally are not included in China’s EPI system in China. Sustained and coordinated effort will be required to bring Chinese vaccine industry and EPI into an era of global leadership. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-018-3422-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaming Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | | | - Juan Yang
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Qin
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Mingfan Pang
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Luzhao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China. .,School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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A qualitative assessment of the challenges of WHO prequalification for anti-malarial drugs in China. Malar J 2018; 17:149. [PMID: 29615066 PMCID: PMC5883522 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2303-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While China is a major manufacturer of artemisinin and its derivatives, it lags as a global leader in terms of the total export value of anti-malarial drugs as finished pharmaceutical products ready for marketing and use by patients. This may be due to the limited number of World Health Organization (WHO) prequalified anti-malarial drugs from China. Understanding the reasons for the slow progress of WHO prequalification (PQ) in China can help improve the current situation and may lead to greater efforts in malaria eradication by Chinese manufacturers. METHODS In-depth interviews were conducted in China between November 2014 and December 2016. A total of 26 key informants from central government agencies, pharmaceutical companies, universities, and research institutes were interviewed, all of which had current or previous experience overseeing or implementing anti-malarial research and development in China. RESULTS Chinese anti-malarial drugs that lack WHO PQ are mainly exported for use in the African private market. High upfront costs with unpredictable benefits, as well as limited information and limited technical support on WHO PQ, were reported as the main barriers to obtain WHO PQ for anti-malarial drugs by respondents from Chinese pharmaceutical companies. Potential incentives identified by respondents included tax relief, human resource training and consultation, as well as other incentives related to drug approval, such as China's Fast Track Channel. CONCLUSIONS Government support, as well as innovative incentives and collaboration mechanisms are needed for further adoption of WHO PQ for anti-malarial drugs in China.
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Abstract
The present incidence of leptospirosis in China is significantly lower than past rates, although small localized outbreaks continue to occur in epidemic regions. Improvements in sanitation, as well as vaccination of high-risk populations, have played crucial roles in reducing the disease burden. Several types of human leptospirosis vaccines have been developed, including inactivated whole-cell, outer-envelope, and recombinant vaccines. Of these, only a multivalent inactivated leptospirosis vaccine is available in China, which was added to the Chinese Expanded Program on Immunization in 2007. However, this vaccine elicits serogroup-specific immunity, and serogroup epidemiology should continue to be monitored to enhance vaccine coverage and distribution. On the other hand, the efficiency of the inactivated vaccine should be further improved by optimizing the formulation, and by expanding the target population. More importantly, additional investments should be made to develop universal recombinant vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Xu
- a Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Bio-pharmaceutical Industrial Base , Daxing District, Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Ye
- a Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Bio-pharmaceutical Industrial Base , Daxing District, Beijing , People's Republic of China
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Wu X, Chen P, Lin H, Hao X, Liang Z. Hepatitis E virus: Current epidemiology and vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:2603-2610. [PMID: 27184971 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1184806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus infections have been continuously reported in Indian subcontinent, Africa, southeast and central Asia, posing great health threats to the public, especially to pregnant women. Hecolin® is the only licensed HEV vaccine developed by Xiamen Innovax Biotech Co., Ltd. Extensive characterizations on antigenicity, physicochemical properties, efficacy in clinical trials, and manufacturing capability have made Hecolin® a promising vaccine for HEV control. However, there are many obstacles in large scale application of Hecolin®. Efforts are needed to further evaluate safety and efficacy in HEV risk populations, and to complement HEV standards for quality control. Passing World Health Organization prequalification and licensing outside China are priorities as these are also hindering Hecolin® promotion. Multilateral cooperation among Chinese vaccine manufacturers, Chinese National Regulatory Authorization (NRA) and WHO will expedite the entrance of Hecolin® into international market, so that Hecolin® could play its due role in global hepatitis E control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wu
- a National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , PR China
| | - Pan Chen
- a National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , PR China
| | - Huijuan Lin
- b R&D Department , Shanghai Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd. , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Xiaotian Hao
- a National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , PR China
| | - Zhenglun Liang
- a National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , PR China
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