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Dar L, Krishnan A, Kumar R, Dhakad S, Choudekar A, Bagga S, Sharma A, Kumar A, Jethani J, Saha S, Amarchand R, Kumar R, Choudhary A, Narayan VV, Gopal G, Lafond KE, Lindstrom S. Nasal shedding of vaccine viruses after immunization with a Russian-backbone live attenuated influenza vaccine in India. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2023; 17:e13149. [PMID: 37380175 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We present post-vaccination nasal shedding findings from the phase IV, community-based, triple-blinded RCT conducted to assess efficacy of trivalent LAIV and inactivated influenza vaccines in rural north India. METHODS Children aged 2-10 years received LAIV or intranasal placebo across 2015 and 2016, as per initial allocation. On days 2 and 4 post-vaccination, trained study nurses collected nasal swabs from randomly selected subset of trial participants based on operational feasibility, accounting for 10.0% and 11.4% of enrolled participants in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Swabs were collected in viral transport medium and transported under cold chain to laboratory for testing by reverse transcriptase real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS In year 1, on day 2 post-vaccination, 71.2% (74/104) of LAIV recipients shed at least one of vaccine virus strains compared to 42.3% (44/104) on day 4. During year 1, on day 2 post-vaccination, LAIV-A(H1N1)pdm09 was detected in nasal swabs of 12% LAIV recipients, LAIV-A(H3N2) in 41%, and LAIV-B in 59%. In year 2, virus shedding was substantially lower; 29.6% (32/108) of LAIV recipients shed one of the vaccine virus strains on day 2 compared to 21.3% on day 4 (23/108). CONCLUSION At day 2 post-vaccination in year 1, two-thirds of LAIV recipients were shedding vaccine viruses. Shedding of vaccine viruses varied between strains and was lower in year 2. More research is needed to determine the reason for lower virus shedding and vaccine efficacy for LAIV-A(H1N1)pdm09.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit Dar
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anand Krishnan
- Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shivram Dhakad
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Avinash Choudekar
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sumedha Bagga
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Amrit Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jyoti Jethani
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Siddhartha Saha
- Influenza Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, New Delhi, India
| | - Ritvik Amarchand
- Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Aashish Choudhary
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Giridara Gopal
- Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kathryn E Lafond
- Influenza Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stephen Lindstrom
- Influenza Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Bagga S, Krishnan A, Dar L. Revisiting live attenuated influenza vaccine efficacy among children in developing countries. Vaccine 2023; 41:1009-1017. [PMID: 36604216 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal influenza epidemics cause significant pediatric mortality and morbidity worldwide. Live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) can be administered intranasally, induce a broad and robust immune response, demonstrate higher yields during manufacturing as compared to inactivated influenza vaccines (IIVs), and thereby represent an attractive possibility for young children in developing countries. We summarize recent pediatric studies evaluating LAIV efficacy in developing countries where a large proportion of the influenza-virus-associated respiratory disease burden occurs. Recently, two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing Russian-backbone trivalent LAIV in children reported contradictory results; vaccine efficacy varied between Bangladesh (41 %) and Senegal (0.0 %) against all influenza viral strains. Prior to 2013, Ann Arbor-based LAIV demonstrated superior efficacy as compared to IIV. However, due to low effectiveness of the Ann Arbor-based LAIV against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09-like viruses, the CDC Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended against the use of LAIV during the 2016-17 and 2017-18 influenza seasons. Reduced replicative fitness of the A(H1N1)pdm09 LAIV strains is thought to have led to the low effectiveness of the Ann-Arbor-based LAIV. Once the A(H1N1)pdm09 component was updated, the ACIP reintroduced the Ann-Arbor-based LAIV as a vaccine choice for the 2018-19 influenza season. In 2021, results from a 2-year RCT evaluating the Russian-backbone trivalent LAIV in rural north India reported that LAIV demonstrated significantly lower efficacy compared to IIV, but in Year 2, the vaccine efficacy for LAIV and IIV was comparable. A profounder understanding of the mechanisms underlying varied efficacy of LAIV in developing countries is warranted. Assessing replicative fitness, in addition to antigenicity, when selecting annual A(H1N1)pdm09 components in the Russian-backbone trivalent LAIVs is essential and may ultimately, enable widespread utility in resource-poor settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumedha Bagga
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anand Krishnan
- Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Lalit Dar
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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Live Influenza Vaccine Provides Early Protection against Homologous and Heterologous Influenza and May Prevent Post-Influenza Pneumococcal Infections in Mice. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061150. [PMID: 35744668 PMCID: PMC9228789 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza and S. pneumoniae infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Intranasal live influenza vaccine (LAIV) may prevent influenza-related bacterial complications. The objectives of the study are to estimate resistance against early influenza infection and post-influenza pneumococcal pneumonia after LAIV in mice. Mice were administered intranasally the monovalent LAIV A/17/Mallard Netherlands/00/95(H7N3), A/17/South Africa/2013/01(H1N1)pdm09 or trivalent LAIV 2017–2018 years of formulation containing A/17/New York/15/5364(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine strain. LAIV demonstrated early protection against homologous and heterologous infections with A/South Africa/3626/2013 (H1N1) pdm09 influenza virus on day six, following immunization. Following boost immunization, trivalent LAIV demonstrated a pronounced protective effect both in terms of lethality and pneumococcal lung infection when S. pneumoniae infection was performed three days after the onset of influenza infection. Conclusion: LAIV provides early protection against homologous and heterologous viral infections and has a protective effect against post-influenza pneumococcal infection. These data suggest that the intranasal administration of LAIV may be useful during the cycle of circulation not only of influenza viruses, but also of other causative agents of acute respiratory infections.
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Safety, Immunogenicity, and Protective Efficacy of an H5N1 Chimeric Cold-Adapted Attenuated Virus Vaccine in a Mouse Model. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122420. [PMID: 34960689 PMCID: PMC8709164 DOI: 10.3390/v13122420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
H5N1 influenza virus is a threat to public health worldwide. The virus can cause severe morbidity and mortality in humans. We constructed an H5N1 influenza candidate virus vaccine from the A/chicken/Guizhou/1153/2016 strain that was recommended by the World Health Organization. In this study, we designed an H5N1 chimeric influenza A/B vaccine based on a cold-adapted (ca) influenza B virus B/Vienna/1/99 backbone. We modified the ectodomain of H5N1 hemagglutinin (HA) protein, while retaining the packaging signals of influenza B virus, and then rescued a chimeric cold-adapted H5N1 candidate influenza vaccine through a reverse genetic system. The chimeric H5N1 vaccine replicated well in eggs and the Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cells. It maintained a temperature-sensitive and cold-adapted phenotype. The H5N1 vaccine was attenuated in mice. Hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibodies, micro-neutralizing (MN) antibodies, and IgG antibodies were induced in immunized mice, and the mucosal IgA antibody responses were detected in their lung lavage fluids. The IFN-γ-secretion and IL-4-secretion by the mouse splenocytes were induced after stimulation with the specific H5N1 HA protein. The chimeric H5N1 candidate vaccine protected mice against lethal challenge with a wild-type highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza virus. The chimeric H5 candidate vaccine is thus a potentially safe, attenuated, and reassortment-incompetent vaccine with circulating A viruses.
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Abstract
Live attenuated, cold-adapted influenza vaccines exhibit several desirable characteristics, including the induction of systemic, mucosal, and cell-mediated immunity resulting in breadth of protection, ease of administration, and yield. Seasonal live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) were developed in the United States and Russia and have been used in several countries. In the last decade, following the incorporation of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 strain, the performance of both LAIVs has been variable and the U.S.-backbone LAIV was less effective than the corresponding inactivated influenza vaccines. The cause appears to be reduced replicative fitness of some H1N1pdm09 viruses, indicating a need for careful selection of strains included in multivalent LAIV formulations. Assays are now being implemented to select optimal strains. An improved understanding of the determinants of replicative fitness of vaccine strains and of vaccine effectiveness of LAIVs is needed for public health systems to take full advantage of these valuable vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanta Subbarao
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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Marriott AC, Gooch KE, Brown PJ, Ryan KA, Jones NJ, Merredew N, Wiblin N, Dibben O, Bright H, Hallis B, Whittaker CJ, Carroll MW. Severity of heterosubtypic influenza virus infection in ferrets is reduced by live attenuated influenza vaccine. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:43. [PMID: 33782409 PMCID: PMC8007727 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00306-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) is widely used to protect humans from seasonal influenza infection, particularly in children. In contrast to inactivated vaccines, the LAIV can induce both mucosal and cellular immune responses. Here we show that a single dose of monovalent H1N1pdm09-specific LAIV in the ferret model is fully protective against a subsequent wild-type H1N1pdm09 challenge, and furthermore reduces the severity of disease following challenge with a different influenza A subtype (H3N2). The reduced severity comprised reductions in weight loss and fever, as well as more rapid clearance of virus, compared to non-vaccinated H3N2-challenged ferrets. No H3N2-neutralizing antibodies were detected in vaccinated ferret sera. Rather, heterosubtypic protection correlated with interferon-gamma+ (IFN-γ+) T-cell responses measured in peripheral blood and in lung lymphocytes. The IFN-γ+ cells were cross-reactive to H3N2 virus even when obtained from vaccinated animals that had never been exposed to H3N2 virus. We believe this study provides compelling evidence that the LAIV can provide a significant reduction in infection and symptoms when challenged with heterosubtypic influenza strains not included in the LAIV, highlighting the importance of cross-reactive T-cells in the design of a universal influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Marriott
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK.
| | - Karen E Gooch
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Phillip J Brown
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Kathryn A Ryan
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Nicola J Jones
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Natasha Merredew
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Nathan Wiblin
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Oliver Dibben
- Flu-MSAT, Biopharmaceutical Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Liverpool, UK
| | - Helen Bright
- Flu-MSAT, Biopharmaceutical Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Liverpool, UK
| | - Bassam Hallis
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | | | - Miles W Carroll
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
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Immunogenicity and efficacy comparison of MDCK cell-based and egg-based live attenuated influenza vaccines of H5 and H7 subtypes in ferrets. Vaccine 2020; 38:6280-6290. [PMID: 32741671 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
During a pandemic, the availability of specific pathogen free chicken eggs is a major bottleneck for up-scaling response to the demand for influenza vaccine. This has led us to explore the use of Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells for the manufacture of live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) that provides production flexibility and speed. The present study reports the comparison of the immunogenicity and efficacy of two MDCK-based LAIVs against two egg-based LAIVs prepared from the same pandemic potential strains of H5 and H7 subtypes after a single dose of the vaccine followed by a challenge with a homologous wild type strain. The vaccine strains have been generated by classical method of reassortment using the A/Leningrad/134/17/57 master donor strain. Additionally, a prime-boost regimen of the MDCK-based vaccine followed by a challenge with a homologous wild type strain for H5 and H7 immunized ferrets and also a heterologous wild type strain for the H5 immunized animals was studied. No difference in the hemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralization antibody titers against the homologous virus was observed following a single dose of either egg-based or MDCK-based H5 and H7 LAIV vaccine. A second dose of MDCK-based vaccine significantly boosted antibody titers in the vaccinated animals. Both a single dose or two doses of LAIV provided complete protection from lower respiratory tract infection and resulted in a significant reduction in the virus titers recovered from the throat, nasal turbinates and lungs after challenge with the homologous wild type strain. Protection from a challenge with a heterologous strain of H5 was also observed after two doses of the MDCK-based LAIVs. This data strongly supports the use of MDCK as a substrate for the manufacture of LAIV which ensures reliable quality, safety, production flexibility, speed and breadth of protection, features that are highly critical during a pandemic.
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Koutsakos M, Kedzierska K, Subbarao K. Immune Responses to Avian Influenza Viruses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:382-391. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Czakó R, Vogel L, Sutton T, Matsuoka Y, Krammer F, Chen Z, Jin H, Subbarao K. H5N2 vaccine viruses on Russian and US live attenuated influenza virus backbones demonstrate similar infectivity, immunogenicity and protection in ferrets. Vaccine 2018; 36:1871-1879. [PMID: 29503113 PMCID: PMC5854182 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The continued detection of zoonotic influenza infections, most notably due to the avian influenza A H5N1 and H7N9 subtypes, underscores the need for pandemic preparedness. Decades of experience with live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) for the control of seasonal influenza support the safety and effectiveness of this vaccine platform. All LAIV candidates are derived from one of two licensed master donor viruses (MDVs), cold-adapted (ca) A/Ann Arbor/6/60 or ca A/Leningrad/134/17/57. A number of LAIV candidates targeting avian H5 influenza viruses derived with each MDV have been evaluated in humans, but have differed in their infectivity and immunogenicity. To understand these differences, we generated four H5N2 candidate pandemic LAIVs (pLAIVs) derived from either MDV and compared their biological characteristics in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate that all candidate pLAIVs, regardless of gene constellation and derivation, were comparable with respect to infectivity, immunogenicity, and protection from challenge in the ferret model of influenza. These observations suggest that differences in clinical performance of H5 pLAIVs may be due to factors other than inherent biological properties of the two MDVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Czakó
- Emerging Respiratory Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, USA
| | - Leatrice Vogel
- Emerging Respiratory Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, USA
| | - Troy Sutton
- Emerging Respiratory Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, USA
| | - Yumiko Matsuoka
- Emerging Respiratory Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Hong Jin
- MedImmune Vaccines, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Emerging Respiratory Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, USA.
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Kiseleva I, Larionova N, Rudenko L. Live Attenuated Reassortant Vaccines Based on A/Leningrad/134/17/57 Master Donor Virus Against H5 Avian Influenza. Open Microbiol J 2017; 11:316-329. [PMID: 29290844 PMCID: PMC5737031 DOI: 10.2174/1874285801711010316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The H5N1 avian influenza was first recognized in humans in Hong Kong 20 years ago. Current enzootic spread of highly pathogenic H5N1 virus among wild and domestic poultry and a number of severe human respiratory diseases caused by this pathogen have stimulated necessity of development of potentially pandemic influenza vaccines. Discussion: In the past few years, significant research was conducted on how to prevent H5N1 influenza. Live, attenuated cold–adapted reassortant influenza vaccine (LAIV) is considered as one of the most promising candidates for pandemic and prepandemic vaccines. LAIV has proven to be safe and efficacious; pandemic LAIV might be more effective than inactivated vaccine in providing broader immune response. Conclusion: This review covers development of LAIVs against potential avian “pandemic” H5N1 subtype based on cold–adapted A/Leningrad/134/17/57 (H2N2) master donor virus backbone, and their preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kiseleva
- Institute of Experimental Medicine; St Petersburg, Russia.,Saint Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Larisa Rudenko
- Institute of Experimental Medicine; St Petersburg, Russia
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Singanayagam A, Zambon M, Lalvani A, Barclay W. Urgent challenges in implementing live attenuated influenza vaccine. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017; 18:e25-e32. [PMID: 28780285 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(17)30360-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Conflicting reports have emerged about the effectiveness of the live attenuated influenza vaccine. The live attenuated influenza vaccine appears to protect particularly poorly against currently circulating H1N1 viruses that are derived from the 2009 pandemic H1N1 viruses. During the 2015-16 influenza season, when pandemic H1N1 was the predominant virus, studies from the USA reported a complete lack of effectiveness of the live vaccine in children. This finding led to a crucial decision in the USA to recommend that the live vaccine not be used in 2016-17 and to switch to the inactivated influenza vaccine. Other countries, including the UK, Canada, and Finland, however, have continued to recommend the use of the live vaccine. This policy divergence and uncertainty has far reaching implications for the entire global community, given the importance of the production capabilities of the live attenuated influenza vaccine for pandemic preparedness. In this Personal View, we discuss possible explanations for the observed reduced effectiveness of the live attenuated influenza vaccine and highlight the underpinning scientific questions. Further research to understand the reasons for these observations is essential to enable informed public health policy and commercial decisions about vaccine production and development in coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Singanayagam
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Respiratory Infections, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Maria Zambon
- Virus Reference Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Colindale, London, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Respiratory Infections, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Ajit Lalvani
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Respiratory Infections, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Wendy Barclay
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Respiratory Infections, Imperial College, London, UK.
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Isakova-Sivak I, Rudenko L. Tackling a novel lethal virus: a focus on H7N9 vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 16:1-13. [PMID: 28532182 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1333907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Avian-origin H7N9 influenza viruses first detected in humans in China in 2013 continue to cause severe human infections with a mortality rate close to 40%. These viruses are acknowledged as the subtype most likely to cause the next influenza pandemic. Areas covered: Here we review published data on the development of H7N9 influenza vaccine candidates and their evaluation in preclinical and clinical trials identified on PubMed database with the term 'H7N9 influenza vaccine'. In addition, a search with the same term was done on ClinicalTrials.gov to find ongoing clinical trials with H7N9 vaccines. Expert commentary: Influenza vaccines are the most powerful tool for protecting the human population from influenza infections, both seasonal and pandemic. During the past four years, a large number of promising H7N9 influenza vaccine candidates have been generated using traditional and advanced gene engineering techniques. In addition, with the support of WHO's GAP program, influenza vaccine production capacities have been established in a number of vulnerable low- and middle-income countries with a high population density, allowing the countries to be independent of vaccine supply from high-income countries. Overall, it is believed that the world is now well prepared for a possible H7N9 influenza pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Isakova-Sivak
- a Department of Virology , Institute of Experimental Medicine , Saint Petersburg , Russia
| | - Larisa Rudenko
- a Department of Virology , Institute of Experimental Medicine , Saint Petersburg , Russia
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Penttinen PM, Friede MH. Decreased effectiveness of the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 strain in live attenuated influenza vaccines: an observational bias or a technical challenge? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 21:30350. [PMID: 27684999 PMCID: PMC5073203 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2016.21.38.30350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pasi M Penttinen
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
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Immunogenicity and Cross Protection in Mice Afforded by Pandemic H1N1 Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine Containing Wild-Type Nucleoprotein. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:9359276. [PMID: 28210631 PMCID: PMC5292185 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9359276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Since conserved viral proteins of influenza virus, such as nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix 1 protein, are the main targets for virus-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs), we hypothesized that introduction of the NP gene of wild-type virus into the genome of vaccine reassortants could lead to better immunogenicity and afford better protection. This paper describes in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies of two new reassortants of pandemic H1N1 live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) candidates. One had the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes from A/South Africa/3626/2013 H1N1 wild-type virus on the A/Leningrad/134/17/57 master donor virus backbone (6 : 2 formulation) while the second had the HA, NA, and NP genes of the wild-type virus on the same backbone (5 : 3 formulation). Although both LAIVs induced similar antibody immune responses, the 5 : 3 LAIV provoked greater production of virus-specific CTLs than the 6 : 2 variant. Furthermore, the 5 : 3 LAIV-induced CTLs had higher in vivo cytotoxic activity, compared to 6 : 2 LAIV. Finally, the 5 : 3 LAIV candidate afforded greater protection against infection and severe illness than the 6 : 2 LAIV. Inclusion in LAIV of the NP gene from wild-type influenza virus is a new approach to inducing cross-reactive cell-mediated immune responses and cross protection against pandemic influenza.
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Sirinonthanawech N, Surichan S, Namsai A, Puthavathana P, Auewarakul P, Kongchanagul A. Titration of individual strains in trivalent live-attenuated influenza vaccine without neutralization. J Virol Methods 2016; 237:154-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Victor JC, Lewis KDC, Diallo A, Niang MN, Diarra B, Dia N, Ortiz JR, Widdowson MA, Feser J, Hoagland R, Emery SL, Lafond KE, Neuzil KM. Efficacy of a Russian-backbone live attenuated influenza vaccine among children in Senegal: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH 2016; 4:e955-e965. [PMID: 27746224 PMCID: PMC5118222 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(16)30201-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Live attenuated influenza vaccines have been shown to significantly reduce influenza in diverse populations of children, but no efficacy studies have been done in resource-poor tropical settings. In Senegal, we assessed the efficacy and safety of a live attenuated influenza vaccine based on Russian-derived master donor viruses and licensed as a single dose. Methods In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group, single-centre trial done near Niakhar, Senegal, generally healthy children aged 2–5 years were randomly allocated (2:1) to receive a single intranasal dose of masked trivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine or placebo. The allocation sequence was computer-generated by PATH with block sizes of three. The manufacturer provided vaccine and placebo in coded vials to preserve blinding. Participants were monitored through the predictable influenza season in Senegal for adverse events and signs and symptoms of influenza using weekly home visits and surveillance in clinics. The primary outcome was symptomatic laboratory-confirmed influenza caused by any strain and occurring from 15 days post-vaccination to the end of the study. The primary analysis was per protocol. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01854632. Findings Between May 23, and July 1, 2013, 1761 children were randomly assigned, 1174 to receive live attenuated influenza vaccine and 587 to receive placebo. The per-protocol set included 1173 vaccinees and 584 placebo recipients followed up to Dec 20, 2013. Symptomatic influenza was laboratory-confirmed in 210 (18%) of 1173 recipients of live attenuated influenza vaccine and 105 (18%) of placebo recipients, giving a vaccine efficacy of 0·0% (95% CI −26·4 to 20·9). Adverse events were balanced between the study groups. Two girls who had received live attenuated influenza vaccine died, one due to anasarca 12 days postvaccination and one due to malnutrition 70 days postvaccination. Interpretation Live attenuated influenza vaccine was well tolerated in young children in Senegal, but did not provide protection against influenza. Further study in such populations, which might experience extended periods of influenza circulation, is warranted. Funding US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aldiouma Diallo
- Mixed Research Unit 198, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mbayame N Niang
- Senegal National Influenza Center, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Bou Diarra
- Mixed Research Unit 198, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ndongo Dia
- Senegal National Influenza Center, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Justin R Ortiz
- PATH, Seattle, WA, USA; Departments of Global Health and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marc-Alain Widdowson
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Shannon L Emery
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kathryn E Lafond
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kathleen M Neuzil
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Rudenko L, Isakova-Sivak I, Naykhin A, Kiseleva I, Stukova M, Erofeeva M, Korenkov D, Matyushenko V, Sparrow E, Kieny MP. H7N9 live attenuated influenza vaccine in healthy adults: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 trial. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2015; 16:303-10. [PMID: 26673391 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(15)00378-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND H7N9 avian influenza viruses characterised by high virulence and presence of mammalian adaptation markers have pandemic potential. Specific influenza vaccines remain the main defence. We assessed the safety and immunogenicity of an H7N9 live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) candidate in healthy adult volunteers. METHODS We did a phase 1, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Eligible participants were healthy adults aged 18-49 years. The participants were randomised 3:1 to receive live vaccine or placebo, according to a computer-generated randomisation scheme. Two doses of vaccine or placebo were administered intranasally 28 days apart, each followed by 7 day stays in hospital. Immune responses were assessed in nasal swabs, saliva, and serum specimens collected before and 28 days after each vaccine dose. The primary outcome was the safety profile. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02480101. FINDINGS Between Oct 21, 2014, and Oct 31, 2014, 40 adults were randomised, of whom 39 (98%) were included in the per-protocol analysis (29 in the vaccine group and ten in the placebo group). The frequency of adverse events did not differ between the vaccine and placebo groups. Seroconversion of neutralising antibodies was seen in 14 participants after the first vaccine dose (48%, 95% CI 29·4-67·5) and 21 after the second vaccine dose (72%, 52·8-87·3). Immune responses were seen in 27 of 29 recipients (93%, 95% CI 77·2-99·2). Adverse effects were seen in 19 (63%) vaccine recipients and nine (90%) placebo recipients after the first dose and in nine (31%) and four (40%), respectively, after the second dose. These effects were mainly local and all were mild. INTERPRETATION The H7N9 LAIV was well tolerated and safe and showed good immunogenicity. FUNDING WHO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Rudenko
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina Isakova-Sivak
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Anatoly Naykhin
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina Kiseleva
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marina Stukova
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute of Influenza, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mariana Erofeeva
- Department of Epidemiology and Prophylaxis, Research Institute of Influenza, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daniil Korenkov
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Victoria Matyushenko
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Erin Sparrow
- Department of Essential Medicines and Health Products, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Paule Kieny
- Department of Health Systems and Innovation, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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18
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Czako R, Subbarao K. Refining the approach to vaccines against influenza A viruses with pandemic potential. Future Virol 2015; 10:1033-1047. [PMID: 26587050 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.15.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective strategy for prevention and control of influenza. Timely production and deployment of seasonal influenza vaccines is based on an understanding of the epidemiology of influenza and on global disease and virologic surveillance. Experience with seasonal influenza vaccines guided the initial development of pandemic influenza vaccines. A large investment in pandemic influenza vaccines in the last decade has resulted in much progress and a body of information that can now be applied to refine the established paradigm. Critical and complementary considerations for pandemic influenza vaccines include improved assessment of the pandemic potential of animal influenza viruses, proactive development and deployment of pandemic influenza vaccines, and application of novel platforms and strategies for vaccine production and administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Czako
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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19
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Isakova-Sivak I, Rudenko L. Safety, immunogenicity and infectivity of new live attenuated influenza vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 14:1313-29. [PMID: 26289975 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1075883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) are believed to be immunologically superior to inactivated influenza vaccines, because they can induce a variety of adaptive immune responses, including serum antibodies, mucosal and cell-mediated immunity. In addition to the licensed cold-adapted LAIV backbones, a number of alternative LAIV approaches are currently being developed and evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies. This review summarizes recent progress in the development and evaluation of LAIVs, with special attention to their safety, immunogenicity and infectivity for humans, and discusses their perspectives for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Isakova-Sivak
- a Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Acad. Pavlov Street, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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20
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Emerging Influenza Strains in the Last Two Decades: A Threat of a New Pandemic? Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:172-85. [PMID: 26344952 PMCID: PMC4494236 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3010172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last 20 years, novel non-seasonal influenza viruses have emerged, most of which have originated from birds. Despite their apparent inability to cause pandemics, with the exception of H1N1 swine influenza virus, these viruses still constitute a constant threat to public health. While general concern has decreased after the peak of the H5N1 virus, in recent years several novel reassorted influenza viruses (e.g., H7N9, H9N2, H10N8) have jumped the host-species barrier and are under surveillance by the scientific community and public health systems. It is still unclear whether these viruses can actually cause pandemics or just isolated episodes. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of old and novel potential pandemic strains of recent decades.
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21
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Rudenko L, Naykhin A, Donina S, Korenkov D, Petukhova G, Isakova-Sivak I, Losev I, Stukova M, Erofeeva M, Nikiforova A, Power M, Flores J. Assessment of immune responses to H5N1 inactivated influenza vaccine among individuals previously primed with H5N2 live attenuated influenza vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:2839-48. [PMID: 26697973 PMCID: PMC5054797 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1069931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decade, a number of H5 subtype influenza vaccines have been developed and tested in clinical trials, but most of them induced poor serum antibody responses prompting the evaluation of novel vaccination approaches. One of the most promising ones is a "prime-boost" strategy, which could result in the induction of prompt and robust immune responses to a booster influenza vaccine following priming with homologous or heterologous vaccine strains. In our study we evaluated immunogenicity of an adjuvanted A(H5N1) inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) in healthy adult subjects who received A(H5N2) live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) 1.5 years earlier and compared this with a group of naïve subjects. We found that priming with A(H5N2) LAIV induced a long-lasting B-cell immunological memory against influenza A(H5N1) virus, which was brought on by more prompt and vigorous antibody production to a single dose of A(H5N1) IIV in the primed group, compared to the naïve controls. Thus, by day 28 after the first booster dose, the hemagglutination inhibition and neutralizing (MN) antibody titer rises were 17.2 and 30.8 in the primed group, compared to 2.3 and 8.0 in the control group, respectively. The majority (79%) of the primed individuals achieved seroprotective MN antibody titers at 7 days after the first dose of the IIV. All LAIV-primed volunteers had MN titers ≥ 1:40 by Day 28 after one dose of IIV, whereas only 58% subjects from the naïve control group developed similar immune responses at this time point. The second A(H5N1) IIV dose did not increase the immune response in the LAIV-primed group, whereas 2 doses of IIV were required for naïve volunteers to develop significant immune responses. These findings were of special significance since Russian-based LAIV technology has been licensed to WHO, through whom the vaccine has been provided to vaccine manufacturers in India, China and Thailand - countries particularly vulnerable to a pandemic influenza. The results of our study will be useful to inform the development of vaccination strategies in these countries in the event of a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Rudenko
- Institute of Experimental Medicine; Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anatoly Naykhin
- Institute of Experimental Medicine; Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Svetlana Donina
- Institute of Experimental Medicine; Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daniil Korenkov
- Institute of Experimental Medicine; Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | | - Igor Losev
- Institute of Experimental Medicine; Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marina Stukova
- Research Institute of Influenza; Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Jorge Flores
- Institute of Experimental Medicine; Saint Petersburg, Russia
- PATH; Seattle, WA USA
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