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Lodewijk I, Dueñas M, Paramio JM, Rubio C. CD44v6, STn & O-GD2: promising tumor associated antigens paving the way for new targeted cancer therapies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1272681. [PMID: 37854601 PMCID: PMC10579806 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1272681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapies are the state of the art in oncology today, and every year new Tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) are developed for preclinical research and clinical trials, but few of them really change the therapeutic scenario. Difficulties, either to find antigens that are solely expressed in tumors or the generation of good binders to these antigens, represent a major bottleneck. Specialized cellular mechanisms, such as differential splicing and glycosylation processes, are a good source of neo-antigen expression. Changes in these processes generate surface proteins that, instead of showing decreased or increased antigen expression driven by enhanced mRNA processing, are aberrant in nature and therefore more specific targets to elicit a precise anti-tumor therapy. Here, we present promising TAAs demonstrated to be potential targets for cancer monitoring, targeted therapy and the generation of new immunotherapy tools, such as recombinant antibodies and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell (CAR-T) or Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Engineered Natural Killer (CAR-NK) for specific tumor killing, in a wide variety of tumor types. Specifically, this review is a detailed update on TAAs CD44v6, STn and O-GD2, describing their origin as well as their current and potential use as disease biomarker and therapeutic target in a diversity of tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Lodewijk
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center on Oncology-CIBERONC, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Dueñas
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center on Oncology-CIBERONC, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesus M. Paramio
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center on Oncology-CIBERONC, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Rubio
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center on Oncology-CIBERONC, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
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Vajari MK, Sanaei MJ, Salari S, Rezvani A, Ravari MS, Bashash D. Breast cancer vaccination: Latest advances with an analytical focus on clinical trials. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 123:110696. [PMID: 37494841 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the main causes of cancer-related death worldwide. The heterogenicity of breast tumors and the presence of tumor resistance, metastasis, and disease recurrence make BC a challenging malignancy. A new age in cancer treatment is being ushered in by the enormous success of cancer immunotherapy, and therapeutic cancer vaccination is one such area of research. Nevertheless, it has been shown that the application of cancer vaccines in BC as monotherapy could not induce satisfying anti-tumor immunity. Indeed, the application of various vaccine platforms as well as combination therapies like immunotherapy could influence the clinical benefits of BC treatment. We analyzed the clinical trials of BC vaccination and revealed that the majority of trials were in phase I and II meaning that the BC vaccine studies lack favorable outcomes or they need more development. Furthermore, peptide- and cell-based vaccines are the major platforms utilized in clinical trials according to our analysis. Besides, some studies showed satisfying outcomes regarding carbohydrate-based vaccines in BC treatment. Recent advancements in therapeutic vaccines for breast cancer were promising strategies that could be accessible in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Kohansal Vajari
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Javad Sanaei
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sina Salari
- Department of Medical Oncology-Hematology, Taleghani Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Rezvani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Sadat Ravari
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Matsumoto Y, Ju T. Aberrant Glycosylation as Immune Therapeutic Targets for Solid Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3536. [PMID: 37509200 PMCID: PMC10377354 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15143536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation occurs at all major types of biomolecules, including proteins, lipids, and RNAs to form glycoproteins, glycolipids, and glycoRNAs in mammalian cells, respectively. The carbohydrate moiety, known as glycans on glycoproteins and glycolipids, is diverse in their compositions and structures. Normal cells have their unique array of glycans or glycome which play pivotal roles in many biological processes. The glycan structures in cancer cells, however, are often altered, some having unique structures which are termed as tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs). TACAs as tumor biomarkers are glycan epitopes themselves, or glycoconjugates. Some of those TACAs serve as tumor glyco-biomarkers in clinical practice, while others are the immune therapeutic targets for treatment of cancers. A monoclonal antibody (mAb) to GD2, an intermediate of sialic-acid containing glycosphingolipids, is an example of FDA-approved immune therapy for neuroblastoma indication in young adults and many others. Strategies for targeting the aberrant glycans are currently under development, and some have proceeded to clinical trials. In this review, we summarize the currently established and most promising aberrant glycosylation as therapeutic targets for solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Matsumoto
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, The U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Tongzhong Ju
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, The U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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4
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Abstract
Self-adjuvanting vaccines, covalent conjugates between antigens and adjuvants, are chemically well-defined compared with conventional vaccines formulated through mixing antigens with adjuvants. Innate immune receptor ligands effectively induce acquired immunity through the activation of innate immunity, thereby enhancing host immune responses. Thus, innate immune receptor ligands are often used as adjuvants in self-adjuvanting vaccines. In a self-adjuvanting vaccine, the covalent linkage of antigen and adjuvant enables their simultaneous uptake into immune cells where the adjuvant consequently induces antigen-specific immune responses. Importantly, self-adjuvanting vaccines do not require immobilization to carrier proteins or co-administration of additional adjuvants and thus avoid inducing undesired immune responses. Because of these excellent properties, self-adjuvanting vaccines are expected to be candidates for next-generation vaccines. Here, we take an overview of vaccine adjuvants, mainly focusing on those utilized in self-adjuvanting vaccines and then we review recent reports on self-adjuvanting conjugate vaccines.
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Fully synthetic Tn-based three-component cancer vaccine using covalently linked TLR4 ligand MPLA and iNKT cell agonist KRN-7000 as built-in adjuvant effectively protects mice from tumor development. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:4432-4445. [PMID: 36561989 PMCID: PMC9764137 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a new strategy for self-adjuvanting vaccine development that has different types of covalently-linked immunostimulants as the carrier molecule. Using Tn antigen as the model, a three-component vaccine (MPLA-Tn-KRN7000) containing the TLR4 ligand MPLA and the iNKT cell agonist KRN7000 was designed and synthesized. This expands fully synthetic self-adjuvanting vaccine studies that use a single carrier to one with two different types of carriers. The corresponding two-component conjugate vaccines Tn-MPLA, Tn-KRN7000 and Tn-CRM197 were also synthesized, as controls. The immunological evaluation found that MPLA-Tn-KRN7000 elicits robust Tn-specific and T cell-dependent immunity. The antibodies specifically recognized, bound to and exhibited complement-dependent cytotoxicity against Tn-positive cancer cells. In addition, MPLA-Tn-KRN7000 increased the survival rate and survival time of tumor-challenged mice, and surviving mice reject further tumor attacks without any additional treatment. Compared to the glycoprotein vaccine Tn-CRM197, the two-component conjugate vaccines, Tn-MPLA and Tn-KRN7000, and the physical mixture of Tn-MPLA and Tn-KRN7000, MPLA-Tn-KRN7000 showed the most effect at combating tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo. The comparison of immunological studies in wild-type and TLR4 knockout mice, along with the test of binding affinity to CD1d protein suggests that the covalently linked MPLA-KRN7000 immunostimulant induces a synergistic activation of TLR4 and iNKT cell that improves the immunogenicity of Tn. This work demonstrates that MPLA-Tn-KRN7000 has the potential to be a vaccine candidate and provides a new direction for fully synthetic vaccine design.
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Shivatare SS, Shivatare VS, Wong CH. Glycoconjugates: Synthesis, Functional Studies, and Therapeutic Developments. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15603-15671. [PMID: 36174107 PMCID: PMC9674437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c01032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycoconjugates are major constituents of mammalian cells that are formed via covalent conjugation of carbohydrates to other biomolecules like proteins and lipids and often expressed on the cell surfaces. Among the three major classes of glycoconjugates, proteoglycans and glycoproteins contain glycans linked to the protein backbone via amino acid residues such as Asn for N-linked glycans and Ser/Thr for O-linked glycans. In glycolipids, glycans are linked to a lipid component such as glycerol, polyisoprenyl pyrophosphate, fatty acid ester, or sphingolipid. Recently, glycoconjugates have become better structurally defined and biosynthetically understood, especially those associated with human diseases, and are accessible to new drug, diagnostic, and therapeutic developments. This review describes the status and new advances in the biological study and therapeutic applications of natural and synthetic glycoconjugates, including proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. The scope, limitations, and novel methodologies in the synthesis and clinical development of glycoconjugates including vaccines, glyco-remodeled antibodies, glycan-based adjuvants, glycan-specific receptor-mediated drug delivery platforms, etc., and their future prospectus are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin S Shivatare
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Vidya S Shivatare
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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7
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Glycosylation in Renal Cell Carcinoma: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162598. [PMID: 36010674 PMCID: PMC9406705 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the most prevalent malignant tumors of the urinary system, accounting for around 2% of all cancer diagnoses and deaths worldwide. Clear cell RCC (ccRCC) is the most prevalent and aggressive histology with an unfavorable prognosis and inadequate treatment. Patients' progression-free survival is considerably improved by surgery; however, 30% of patients develop metastases following surgery. Identifying novel targets and molecular markers for RCC prognostic detection is crucial for more accurate clinical diagnosis and therapy. Glycosylation is a critical post-translational modification (PMT) for cancer cell growth, migration, and invasion, involving the transfer of glycosyl moieties to specific amino acid residues in proteins to form glycosidic bonds through the activity of glycosyltransferases. Most cancers, including RCC, undergo glycosylation changes such as branching, sialylation, and fucosylation. In this review, we discuss the latest findings on the significance of aberrant glycans in the initiation, development, and progression of RCC. The potential biomarkers of altered glycans for the diagnosis and their implications in RCC have been further highlighted.
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Li S, Chen F, Li Y, Wang L, Li H, Gu G, Li E. Rhamnose-Containing Compounds: Biosynthesis and Applications. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27165315. [PMID: 36014553 PMCID: PMC9415975 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rhamnose-associated molecules are attracting attention because they are present in bacteria but not mammals, making them potentially useful as antibacterial agents. Additionally, they are also valuable for tumor immunotherapy. Thus, studies on the functions and biosynthetic pathways of rhamnose-containing compounds are in progress. In this paper, studies on the biosynthetic pathways of three rhamnose donors, i.e., deoxythymidinediphosphate-L-rhamnose (dTDP-Rha), uridine diphosphate-rhamnose (UDP-Rha), and guanosine diphosphate rhamnose (GDP-Rha), are firstly reviewed, together with the functions and crystal structures of those associated enzymes. Among them, dTDP-Rha is the most common rhamnose donor, and four enzymes, including glucose-1-phosphate thymidylyltransferase RmlA, dTDP-Glc-4,6-dehydratase RmlB, dTDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-Glc-3,5-epimerase RmlC, and dTDP-4-keto-Rha reductase RmlD, are involved in its biosynthesis. Secondly, several known rhamnosyltransferases from Geobacillus stearothermophilus, Saccharopolyspora spinosa, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus pneumoniae are discussed. In these studies, however, the functions of rhamnosyltransferases were verified by employing gene knockout and radiolabeled substrates, which were almost impossible to obtain and characterize the products of enzymatic reactions. Finally, the application of rhamnose-containing compounds in disease treatments is briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqiang Li
- School of Biological and Food Processing Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China
- Institute of Agricultural Products Fermentation Engineering and Application, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China
| | - Fujia Chen
- School of Biological and Food Processing Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China
- Institute of Agricultural Products Fermentation Engineering and Application, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China
| | - Yun Li
- School of Biological and Food Processing Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China
- Institute of Agricultural Products Fermentation Engineering and Application, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China
| | - Lizhen Wang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250100, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- School of Biological and Food Processing Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China
| | - Guofeng Gu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Correspondence: (G.G.); (E.L.)
| | - Enzhong Li
- School of Biological and Food Processing Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China
- Institute of Agricultural Products Fermentation Engineering and Application, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China
- Correspondence: (G.G.); (E.L.)
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9
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Chang TC, Manabe Y, Ito K, Yamamoto R, Kabayama K, Ohshima S, Kametani Y, Fujimoto Y, Lin CC, Fukase K. Precise immunological evaluation rationalizes the design of a self-adjuvanting vaccine composed of glycan antigen, TLR1/2 ligand, and T-helper cell epitope. RSC Adv 2022; 12:18985-18993. [PMID: 35873332 PMCID: PMC9241363 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03286d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialyl-Tn (STn), overexpressed on various tumors, has been investigated for its application in anti-cancer vaccine therapy. However, Theratope, an STn-based vaccine, failed in the phase III clinical trial due to poor immunogenicity and epitope suppression by the foreign carrier protein. We therefore developed a self-adjuvanting STn based-vaccine, a conjugate of clustered STn (triSTn) antigen, TLR1/2 ligand (Pam3CSK4), and T-helper (Th) cell epitope, and found that this three-component self-adjuvanting vaccine effectively resulted in the production of anti-triSTn IgG antibodies. We herein analyzed immune responses induced by this self-adjuvanting vaccine in detail. We newly synthesized two-component vaccines, i.e., Pam3CSK4- or Th epitope-conjugated triSTn, as references to evaluate the immune-stimulating functions of Pam3CSK4 and Th epitope. Immunological evaluation of the synthesized vaccine candidates revealed that Pam3CSK4 was essential for antibody production, indicating that the uptake of triSTn antigen by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) was promoted by the recognition of Pam3CSK4 by TLR1/2. The function of the Th epitope was also confirmed. Th cell activation was important for boosting antibody production and IgG subclass switching. Furthermore, flow cytometric analyses of immune cells, including T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, and other monocytes, were first employed in the evaluation of self-adjuvanting vaccines and revealed that the three-component vaccine was able to induce antigen-specific immune responses for efficient antibody production without excessive inflammatory responses. Importantly, the co-administration of Freund's adjuvants was suggested to cause excessive myeloid cell accumulation and decreased plasma cell differentiation. These results demonstrate that vaccines can be designed to achieve the desired immune responses via the bottom-up construction of each immune element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Che Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Manabe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
- Forefront Research Center, Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Keita Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Ryuku Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Kazuya Kabayama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
- Forefront Research Center, Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Shino Ohshima
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokai University 143 Shimokasuya Isehara-shi Kanagawa 259-1193 Japan
| | - Yoshie Kametani
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokai University 143 Shimokasuya Isehara-shi Kanagawa 259-1193 Japan
| | - Yukari Fujimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku Yokohama Kanagawa 223-8522 Japan
| | - Chun-Cheng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University 101 Sec. 2, Kuang Fu Rd. Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
- Forefront Research Center, Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
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Abstract
Breast cancer has become the most commonly diagnosed cancer globally. The relapse and metastasis of breast cancer remain a great challenge despite advances in chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, and HER2 targeted therapy in the past decades. Innovative therapeutic strategies are still critically in need. Cancer vaccine is an attractive option as it aims to induce a durable immunologic response to eradicate tumor cells. Different types of breast cancer vaccines have been evaluated in clinical trials, but none has led to significant benefits. Despite the disappointing results at present, new promise from the latest study indicates the possibility of applying vaccines in combination with anti-HER2 monoclonal antibodies or immune checkpoint blockade. This review summarizes the principles and mechanisms underlying breast cancer vaccines, recapitulates the type and administration routes of vaccine, reviews the current results of relevant clinical trials, and addresses the potential reasons for the setbacks and future directions to explore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yuan Zhu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke-Da Yu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Berois N, Pittini A, Osinaga E. Targeting Tumor Glycans for Cancer Therapy: Successes, Limitations, and Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030645. [PMID: 35158915 PMCID: PMC8833780 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Aberrant glycosylation is a common feature of many cancers, and it plays crucial roles in tumor development and biology. Cancer progression can be regulated by several physiopathological processes controlled by glycosylation, such as cell–cell adhesion, cell–matrix interaction, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, tumor proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Different mechanisms of aberrant glycosylation lead to the formation of tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs), which are suitable for selective cancer targeting, as well as novel antitumor immunotherapy approaches. This review summarizes the strategies developed in cancer immunotherapy targeting TACAs, analyzing molecular and cellular mechanisms and state-of-the-art methods in clinical oncology. Abstract Aberrant glycosylation is a hallmark of cancer and can lead to changes that influence tumor behavior. Glycans can serve as a source of novel clinical biomarker developments, providing a set of specific targets for therapeutic intervention. Different mechanisms of aberrant glycosylation lead to the formation of tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) suitable for selective cancer-targeting therapy. The best characterized TACAs are truncated O-glycans (Tn, TF, and sialyl-Tn antigens), gangliosides (GD2, GD3, GM2, GM3, fucosyl-GM1), globo-serie glycans (Globo-H, SSEA-3, SSEA-4), Lewis antigens, and polysialic acid. In this review, we analyze strategies for cancer immunotherapy targeting TACAs, including different antibody developments, the production of vaccines, and the generation of CAR-T cells. Some approaches have been approved for clinical use, such as anti-GD2 antibodies. Moreover, in terms of the antitumor mechanisms against different TACAs, we show results of selected clinical trials, considering the horizons that have opened up as a result of recent developments in technologies used for cancer control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Berois
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología e Inmunología Tumoral, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay;
- Correspondence: (N.B.); (E.O.)
| | - Alvaro Pittini
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología e Inmunología Tumoral, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay;
- Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Eduardo Osinaga
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología e Inmunología Tumoral, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay;
- Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
- Correspondence: (N.B.); (E.O.)
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12
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Luo X, Lian Q, Li W, Chen L, Zhang R, Yang D, Gao L, Qi X, Liu Z, Liao G. Fully synthetic Mincle-dependent self-adjuvanting cancer vaccines elicit robust humoral and T cell-dependent immune responses and protect mice from tumor development. Chem Sci 2021; 12:15998-16013. [PMID: 35024123 PMCID: PMC8672726 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05736g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A new strategy based on a macrophage-inducible C-type lectin (Mincle) agonist was established to construct synthetic cancer vaccines. Using sialyl-Tn (STn) as a model antigen, four conjugates with the Mincle agonist as a built-in adjuvant were designed and synthesized through a facile and efficient method. All conjugates could induce BMDMs to produce inflammatory cytokines in a Mincle-dependent manner and were found to elicit robust humoral and T cell-dependent immune responses alone in mice. The corresponding antibodies could recognize, bind and exhibit complement-dependent cytotoxicity to STn-positive cancer cells, leading to tumor cell lysis. Moreover, all conjugates could effectively inhibit tumor growth and prolong the mice survival time in vivo, with therapeutic effects better than STn-CRM197/Al. Notably, compared to conventional glycoprotein conjugate vaccines, these fully synthetic conjugate vaccines do not cause "epitope suppression." Mincle ligands thus hold great potential as a platform for the development of new vaccine carriers with self-adjuvanting properties for cancer treatment. Preliminary structure-activity relationship analysis shows that a vaccine containing one STn antigen carried by vizantin exhibits the best efficacy, providing support for further optimization and additional investigation into Mincle agonists as the carrier of self-adjuvanting cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Luo
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Qinghai Lian
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Wenwei Li
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Liqing Chen
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Renyu Zhang
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Deying Yang
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Lingqiang Gao
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Xiaoxiao Qi
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Zhongqiu Liu
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Guochao Liao
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou 510006 China
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13
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Thurin M. Tumor-Associated Glycans as Targets for Immunotherapy: The Wistar Institute Experience/Legacy. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2021; 40:89-100. [PMID: 34161162 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2021.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells are characterized by the expression of tumor-specific carbohydrate structures that differ from their normal counterparts. Carbohydrates on tumor cells have phenotypical as well as functional implications, impacting the tumor progression process, from malignant transformation to metastasis formation. Importantly, carbohydrates are structures that play a role in receptor-ligand interaction and elicit the activity of growth factor receptors, integrins, lectins, and other type 1 transmembrane proteins. They have been recognized as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, and evidence demonstrating their relevance as targets for anticancer therapeutic strategies, including immunotherapy, continues to accumulate. Different approaches targeting carbohydrates include monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), antibody (Ab)-drug conjugates, vaccines, and adhesion antagonists. Development of bispecific antibodies and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells against tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) as promising cancer immunotherapeutic agents is rapidly evolving. As reviewed here, there are several cancer-associated glycan features that can be leveraged to design rational drug or immune system targets, applying multiple TACA structural and functional features to be targeted as the standard treatment paradigm. Many of the underlying targets were defined by researchers at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which provide basis for different immunotherapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Thurin
- Cancer Diagnosis Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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14
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Cheng Y, Fang Q, Chen Y, Zang G, Yao J. High Expression of Tumor Abnormal Protein Preoperatively Predicts Poor Prognosis of Patients With Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Surg 2021; 8:609719. [PMID: 33718426 PMCID: PMC7945947 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2021.609719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) acts as a fatal malignant tumor among human beings and is marked by late-stage diagnosis, frequent recurrence, metastasis, and therapy resistance. Tumor abnormal protein (TAP) remarkably affects cancer development and progression of human cancers. TAP has been shown to be a biomarker for gastric and lung cancer progression. Nevertheless, the clinical value exhibited by TAP for ESCC has not been well-explained in the current literature. Methods: The present study included 183 ESCC cases who received surgical resection and 183 cases who had normal physical checkup from March 2013 to January 2015 at the People's Hospital of Chizhou, and used the TAP detection agent for evaluating the TAP relative level. Results: As found, ESCC patients presented an obviously higher TAP expression relative to cases who had normal physical checkup. Moreover, TAP expression was significantly downregulated after surgery. Furthermore, the TAP expression was correlated with gender, smoking, pathologic differentiation, and pN stage, but not with age, tumor location, surgical type, pT stage, and vascular invasion. High expression of TAP was significantly correlated with poorer overall survival (OS) rate in ESCC patients. TAP was an independent prognostic predictor in ESCC patients, based on the multivariate survival analysis. Conclusion: The study reveals how TAP upregulation promotes ESCC malignant progression, and concludes that TAP acts as the therapeutic target and potential biomarker specific to ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjun Cheng
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, People's Hospital of Chizhou, Chizhou, China
| | - Qianru Fang
- Department of Obstetrics, People's Hospital of Chizhou, Chizhou, China
| | - Yongbing Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guohui Zang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, People's Hospital of Chizhou, Chizhou, China
| | - Jie Yao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, People's Hospital of Chizhou, Chizhou, China
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15
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Manabe Y, Chang TC, Fukase K. Recent advances in self-adjuvanting glycoconjugate vaccines. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2020; 37:61-71. [PMID: 34895656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Compared to traditional vaccines that are formulated into mixtures of an adjuvant and an antigen, a self-adjuvanting vaccine consists of an antigen that is covalently conjugated to a well-defined adjuvant. In self-adjuvanting vaccines, innate immune receptor ligands are usually used as adjuvants. Innate immune receptor ligands effectively trigger acquired immunity through the activation of innate immunity to enhance host immune responses to antigens. When a self-adjuvanting vaccine is used, immune cells simultaneously uptake the antigen and the adjuvant because they are covalently linked. Consequently, the adjuvant can specifically induce immune responses against the conjugated antigen. Importantly, self-adjuvanting vaccines do not require co-administration of additional adjuvants or immobilization to carrier proteins, which enables avoidance of the use of highly toxic adjuvants or the induction of undesired immune responses. Given these excellent properties, self-adjuvanting vaccines are expected to serve as candidates for the next generation of vaccines. Herein, we review vaccine adjuvants, with a focus on the adjuvants used in self-adjuvanting vaccines, and then overview recent advances made with self-adjuvanting conjugate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Manabe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Japan; Core for Medicine and Science Collaborative Research and Education, Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Japan.
| | - Tsung-Che Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Japan; Core for Medicine and Science Collaborative Research and Education, Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Japan.
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16
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Thomas D, Rathinavel AK, Radhakrishnan P. Altered glycosylation in cancer: A promising target for biomarkers and therapeutics. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1875:188464. [PMID: 33157161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a well-regulated cell and microenvironment specific post-translational modification. Several glycosyltransferases and glycosidases orchestrate the addition of defined glycan structures on the proteins and lipids. Recent advances and systemic approaches in glycomics have significantly contributed to a better understanding of instrumental roles of glycans in health and diseases. Emerging research evidence recognized aberrantly glycosylated proteins as the modulators of the malignant phenotype of cancer cells. The Cancer Genome Atlas has identified alterations in the expressions of glycosylation-specific genes that are correlated with cancer progression. However, the mechanistic basis remains poorly explored. Recent researches have shown that specific changes in the glycan structures are associated with 'stemness' and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of cancer cells. Moreover, epigenetic changes in the glycosylation pattern make the tumor cells capable of escaping immunosurveillance mechanisms. The deciphering roles of glycans in cancer emphasize that glycans can serve as a source for the development of novel clinical biomarkers. The ability of glycans in intervening various stages of tumor progression and the biosynthetic pathways involved in glycan structures constitute a promising target for cancer therapy. Advances in the knowledge of innovative strategies for identifying the mechanisms of glycan-binding proteins are hoped to hold great potential in cancer therapy. This review discusses the fundamental role of glycans in regulating tumorigenesis and tumor progression and provides insights into the influence of glycans in the current tactics of targeted therapies in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Thomas
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Ashok Kumar Rathinavel
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Prakash Radhakrishnan
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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17
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Radosa JC, Stotz L, Müller C, Kaya AC, Solomayer EF, Radosa MP. Clinical Data on Immunotherapy in Breast Cancer. Breast Care (Basel) 2020; 15:450-469. [PMID: 33223989 PMCID: PMC7650095 DOI: 10.1159/000511788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer has traditionally been considered to have a low immunogenic potential compared to other tumor entities. SUMMARY The most extensively studied immunotherapeutic agents for breast cancer to date are immune checkpoint inhibitors, with the results of the IMpassion130 trial leading to the approval of atezolizumab plus nab-paclitaxel for first-line treatment of programmed cell death ligand 1-positive, metastatic, triple-negative breast cancer, and studies in earlier stages have yielded promising results. Other immunotherapeutic options being assessed in phases 2 and 3 trials include vaccine-based therapies and treatment with anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (H-directed immune-linked antibodies) and substances evaluated in early clinical trials as cellular therapies (adoptive cell therapy and chimeric antigen receptor T cells). KEY MESSAGES Immunotherapy is an emerging modality for the treatment of breast cancer, as evidenced by the plethora of preclinical and clinical concepts and ongoing trials. Early studies established the role of immunotherapeutic agents in the metastatic setting. Ongoing studies will expand our knowledge about the timing of administration, best partners for combination therapy, and predictive biomarkers to guide immunotherapy for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Caroline Radosa
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Stotz
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Müller
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Askin Canguel Kaya
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Erich-Franz Solomayer
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Marc Philipp Radosa
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Klinikum Bremen-Nord, Bremen, Germany
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18
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Cheng Y, Chen Y, Zang G, Chen B, Yao J, Zhang W, Wang H, Yu L, He P, Zhang Y, Wu H. Increased Expression of TAP Is Predictive of Poor Prognosis in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:1941-1946. [PMID: 32214851 PMCID: PMC7081064 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s239593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The most common cancer among humans is lung cancer. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comprises the majority of these cases. In the development and progression of cancers across the spectrum, tumor abnormal protein (TAP) plays crucial roles. Additionally, in the advancement of the bladder and colorectal cancers, the involvement of glycoproteins like TAP is present. However, it is worth noting that current literature has yet to clarify the clinical significance of the TAP in NSCLC. Methods In the present study, to evaluate the relative level of TAP, we utilized a TAP detection agent in 154 cases of NSCLC and normal patients who underwent surgical resection anytime from March 2013 to January 2019 at the People's Hospital of Chizhou. Results Our results demonstrated that in NSCLC patients, the expression level of TAP was significantly higher than in normal patients. Moreover, after surgery, TAP expression was significantly downregulated in NSCLC patients. TAP expression is associated with an array of factors, which include the patient's sex, history of smoking use, tumor size, pTNM, distant cancer, metastasis of lymph nodes, invasive and aggressive indicator pleural invasion, and differentiation degree of NSCLC. Additionally, TAP has no association with the patient's age, history of drinking, location of the tumor, hypertension, and diabetes. In NSCLC patients, a poor overall survival rate within 5 years is significantly correlated with the increased TAP expression. For NSCLC patients, an independent prognostic factor is the TAP, which is confirmed using the multivariate survival analysis. Conclusion In the malignant progression of NSCLC, our results demonstrate how the promoting role of the upregulated TAP expression takes place. Hence, a therapeutic aim for NSCLC and a potential biomarker for NSCLC progress is a TAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjun Cheng
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, People's Hospital of Chizhou, Chizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongbing Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohui Zang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, People's Hospital of Chizhou, Chizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, People's Hospital of Chizhou, Chizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, People's Hospital of Chizhou, Chizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenguang Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, People's Hospital of Chizhou, Chizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibing Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, People's Hospital of Chizhou, Chizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Yu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, People's Hospital of Chizhou, Chizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Pinghai He
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, People's Hospital of Chizhou, Chizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Youming Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, People's Hospital of Chizhou, Chizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanqing Wu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, People's Hospital of Chizhou, Chizhou, People's Republic of China
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19
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The fully synthetic glycopeptide MAG-Tn3 therapeutic vaccine induces tumor-specific cytotoxic antibodies in breast cancer patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 69:703-716. [DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02503-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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20
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Marqvorsen MHS, Araman C, van Kasteren SI. Going Native: Synthesis of Glycoproteins and Glycopeptides via Native Linkages To Study Glycan-Specific Roles in the Immune System. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:2715-2726. [PMID: 31580646 PMCID: PMC6873266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation plays a myriad of roles in the immune system: Certain glycans can interact with specific immune receptors to kickstart a pro-inflammatory response, whereas other glycans can do precisely the opposite and ameliorate the immune response. Specific glycans and glycoforms can themselves become the targets of the adaptive immune system, leading to potent antiglycan responses that can lead to the killing of altered self- or pathogenic species. This hydra-like set of roles glycans play is of particular importance in cancer immunity, where it influences the anticancer immune response, likely playing pivotal roles in tumor survival or clearance. The complexity of carbohydrate biology requires synthetic access to glycoproteins and glycopeptides that harbor homogeneous glycans allowing the probing of these systems with high precision. One particular complicating factor in this is that these synthetic structures are required to be as close to the native structures as possible, as non-native linkages can themselves elicit immune responses. In this Review, we discuss examples and current strategies for the synthesis of natively linked single glycoforms of peptides and proteins that have enabled researchers to gain new insights into glycoimmunology, with a particular focus on the application of these reagents in cancer immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel H. S. Marqvorsen
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Immunology Gorlaeus
Laboratories, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Can Araman
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Immunology Gorlaeus
Laboratories, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander I. van Kasteren
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Immunology Gorlaeus
Laboratories, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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21
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Munkley J, Scott E. Targeting Aberrant Sialylation to Treat Cancer. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 6:medicines6040102. [PMID: 31614918 PMCID: PMC6963943 DOI: 10.3390/medicines6040102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Cell surface carbohydrates (known as glycans) are often aberrantly expressed or found at atypical levels in cancer. Glycans can impact all steps in tumour progression, from malignant transformation to metastasis, and have roles in all the cancer hallmarks. An increased understanding of glycans in the metastatic cascade offers exciting new therapeutic opportunities. Glycan-based targeting strategies are currently being tested in clinical trials and are a rich and untapped frontier for development. As we learn more about cancer glycobiology, new targets will continue to emerge for drug design. One key change in tumour glycosylation is the upregulation of cancer-associated sialylated glycans. Abnormal sialylation is integral to tumour growth, metastasis and immune evasion; therefore, targeting sialic acid moieties in cancer could be of high therapeutic value. Here, we summarise the changes to sialic acid biology in cancer and discuss recent advances and technologies bringing sialic-acid targeting treatments to the forefront of cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Munkley
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK.
| | - Emma Scott
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK.
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22
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Song C, Zheng XJ, Guo H, Cao Y, Zhang F, Li Q, Ye XS, Zhou Y. Fluorine-modified sialyl-Tn-CRM197 vaccine elicits a robust immune response. Glycoconj J 2019; 36:399-408. [PMID: 31267246 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-019-09884-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Even though a vaccine that targets tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens on epithelial carcinoma cells presents an attractive therapeutic approach, relatively poor immunogenicity limits its development. In this study, we investigated the immunological activity of a fluoro-substituted Sialyl-Tn (F-STn) analogue coupled to the non-toxic cross-reactive material of diphtheria toxin197 (CRM197). Our results indicate that F-STn-CRM197 promotes a greater immunogenicity than non-fluorinated STn-CRM197. In the presence or absence of adjuvant, F-STn-CRM197 remarkably enhances both cellular and humoral immunity against STn by increasing antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferation and inducing a mixed Th1/Th2 response leading to production of IFN-γ and IL-4 cytokines, as well as STn-specific antibodies. Furthermore, antisera produced from F-STn-CRM197 immunization significantly recognizes STn-positive tumor cells and increases cancer cell lysis induced by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) or complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) pathways. Our data suggest that this F-STn vaccine may be useful for cancer immunotherapy and possibly for prophylactic prevention of cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/pharmacology
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/drug effects
- Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate/chemistry
- Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate/immunology
- Bacterial Proteins/chemistry
- Bacterial Proteins/immunology
- Bacterial Proteins/pharmacology
- Cancer Vaccines/chemical synthesis
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Colonic Neoplasms/immunology
- Colonic Neoplasms/pathology
- Colonic Neoplasms/therapy
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Glycoconjugates/chemical synthesis
- Glycoconjugates/immunology
- Glycoconjugates/pharmacology
- Halogenation
- Humans
- Immune Sera/chemistry
- Immune Sera/pharmacology
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Immunity, Humoral/drug effects
- Immunization
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Interleukin-4/immunology
- Lymphocytes/drug effects
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Spleen/drug effects
- Spleen/immunology
- Th1-Th2 Balance
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Song
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiu-Jing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Haili Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Yafei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Qin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xin-Shan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Yifa Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China.
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23
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Heublein S, Page S, Mayr D, Schmoeckel E, Trillsch F, Marmé F, Mahner S, Jeschke U, Vattai A. Potential Interplay of the Gatipotuzumab Epitope TA-MUC1 and Estrogen Receptors in Ovarian Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020295. [PMID: 30642093 PMCID: PMC6359481 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-tumor efficacy of Gatipotuzumab, a therapeutic antibody targeting Tumor-Associated Mucin-1 (TA-MUC1), in relapsed ovarian cancer (OC) appeared to be rather heterogeneous. Whether adding a second anti-neoplastic drug may augment response towards Gatipotuzumab, has not been elucidated so far. Since it is known that anti-MUC1 antibodies may alter estrogen receptor activity in breast cancer, this potential interplay was investigated in OC. The correlation between TA-MUC1, estrogen receptors (ERs) and another 12 protein markers as well as their correlation with clinico-pathological parameters in 138 ovarian cancer cases was studied. Finally, Gatipotuzumab and 4-Hydroxy-TTamoxifen (4-OHT) as well as the combination of both was tested for its impact on cell viability in COV318, OV-90, OVCAR-3, and SKOV-3 cells. A strong positive correlation between TA-MUC1 and ERs was detected in OC tissue. Those cases missing ERs but staining positive for TA-MUC1 had significantly reduced overall survival. The combination of 4-OHT and Gatipotuzumab significantly reduced cell viability and was more effective than treatment with Gatipotuzumab alone. Co-stimulation with Gatipotuzumab enhanced the efficacy of 4-OHT in OVCAR-3 and SKOV-3. The data suggest an interplay of TA-MUC1 and ERs in OC. Whether the combination of Gatipotuzumab and TTamoxifen may enhance efficacy of either of the two drugs in vivo, or may even translate into a clinically relevant benefit over the respective monotherapies, remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Heublein
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, University Hospital, 81377 Munich, Germany.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Sabina Page
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, University Hospital, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Doris Mayr
- Department of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Elisa Schmoeckel
- Department of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Fabian Trillsch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, University Hospital, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Frederik Marmé
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Sven Mahner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, University Hospital, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Udo Jeschke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, University Hospital, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Aurelia Vattai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, University Hospital, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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24
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Loureiro LR, Sousa DP, Ferreira D, Chai W, Lima L, Pereira C, Lopes CB, Correia VG, Silva LM, Li C, Santos LL, Ferreira JA, Barbas A, Palma AS, Novo C, Videira PA. Novel monoclonal antibody L2A5 specifically targeting sialyl-Tn and short glycans terminated by alpha-2-6 sialic acids. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12196. [PMID: 30111774 PMCID: PMC6093877 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30421-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Incomplete O-glycosylation is a feature associated with malignancy resulting in the expression of truncated glycans such as the sialyl-Tn (STn) antigen. Despite all the progress in the development of potential anti-cancer antibodies, their application is frequently hindered by low specificities and cross-reactivity. In this study, a novel anti-STn monoclonal antibody named L2A5 was developed by hybridoma technology. Flow cytometry analysis showed that L2A5 specifically binds to sialylated structures on the cell surface of STn-expressing breast and bladder cancer cell lines. Moreover, immunoblotting assays demonstrated reactivity to tumour-associated O-glycosylated proteins, such as MUC1. Tumour recognition was further observed using immunohistochemistry assays, which demonstrated a high sensitivity and specificity of L2A5 mAb towards cancer tissue, using bladder and colorectal cancer tissues. L2A5 staining was exclusively tumoural, with a remarkable reactivity in invasive and metastasis sites, not detectable by other anti-STn mAbs. Additionally, it stained 20% of cases of triple-negative breast cancers, suggesting application in diseases with unmet clinical needs. Finally, the fine specificity was assessed using glycan microarrays, demonstrating a highly specific binding of L2A5 to core STn antigens and additional ability to bind 2-6-linked sialyl core-1 probes. In conclusion, this study describes a novel anti-STn antibody with a unique binding specificity that can be applied for cancer diagnostic and future development of new antibody-based therapeutic applications.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate/immunology
- Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate/physiology
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Female
- Glycosylation
- Humans
- Hybridomas
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Polysaccharides/chemistry
- Polysaccharides/immunology
- Sialic Acids/metabolism
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana R Loureiro
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, 2829, Portugal
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, 2780, Portugal
| | - Diana P Sousa
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, 2829, Portugal
| | - Dylan Ferreira
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, IPO-Porto Research Center, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, Porto, 4200, Portugal
| | - Wengang Chai
- Glycosciences Laboratory - Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Luís Lima
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, IPO-Porto Research Center, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, Porto, 4200, Portugal
- Glycobiology in Cancer, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, 4200, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (I3S), University of Porto, 4200, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carina Pereira
- CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research, University of Porto, Porto, 4200, Portugal
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, 4200, Portugal
| | - Carla B Lopes
- Joaquim Chaves Saúde, Anatomical Pathology Laboratory, Lisboa, 1170, Portugal
| | - Viviana G Correia
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, 2829, Portugal
| | - Lisete M Silva
- Glycosciences Laboratory - Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Chunxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Lúcio Lara Santos
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, IPO-Porto Research Center, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, Porto, 4200, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, 4050, Portugal
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, 4200, Portugal
| | - José Alexandre Ferreira
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, IPO-Porto Research Center, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, Porto, 4200, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (I3S), University of Porto, 4200, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, 4050, Portugal
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Braga, 4715, Portugal
| | - Ana Barbas
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, 2780, Portugal
- Bayer Portugal, Carnaxide, 2790, Portugal
| | - Angelina S Palma
- Glycosciences Laboratory - Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, 2829, Portugal
| | - Carlos Novo
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, 2829, Portugal.
- UEIPM, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, 1349, Portugal.
| | - Paula A Videira
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, 2829, Portugal.
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Caparica, 2829, Portugal.
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25
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Chang T, Manabe Y, Fujimoto Y, Ohshima S, Kametani Y, Kabayama K, Nimura Y, Lin C, Fukase K. Syntheses and Immunological Evaluation of Self‐Adjuvanting Clustered
N
‐Acetyl and
N
‐Propionyl Sialyl‐Tn Combined with a T‐helper Cell Epitope as Antitumor Vaccine Candidates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsung‐Che Chang
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceOsaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Manabe
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceOsaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
- Core for Medicine and Science Collaborative Research and EducationProject Research Center for Fundamental ScienceOsaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Yukari Fujimoto
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of Science and TechnologyKeio University 3-14-1 Hiyoshi Kohoku-ku Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522 Japan
| | - Shino Ohshima
- Faculty of MedicineSchool of MedicineTokai University 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara-shi Kanagawa 259-1193 Japan
| | - Yoshie Kametani
- Faculty of MedicineSchool of MedicineTokai University 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara-shi Kanagawa 259-1193 Japan
| | - Kazuya Kabayama
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceOsaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
- Core for Medicine and Science Collaborative Research and EducationProject Research Center for Fundamental ScienceOsaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Yuka Nimura
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceOsaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Chun‐Cheng Lin
- Department of ChemistryNational Tsing Hua University 101 Sec. 2, Kuang Fu Rd. Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceOsaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
- Core for Medicine and Science Collaborative Research and EducationProject Research Center for Fundamental ScienceOsaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
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26
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Chang TC, Manabe Y, Fujimoto Y, Ohshima S, Kametani Y, Kabayama K, Nimura Y, Lin CC, Fukase K. Syntheses and Immunological Evaluation of Self-Adjuvanting Clustered N-Acetyl and N-Propionyl Sialyl-Tn Combined with a T-helper Cell Epitope as Antitumor Vaccine Candidates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:8219-8224. [PMID: 29768704 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sialyl-Tn (STn) is a tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen (TACA) rarely observed on healthy tissues. We synthesized two fully synthetic N-acetyl and N-propionyl STn trimer (triSTn) vaccines possessing a T-helper epitope and a TLR2 agonist, since the clustered STn antigens are highly expressed on many cancer cells. Immunization of both vaccines in mice induced the anti-triSTn IgG antibodies, which recognized triSTn-expressing cell lines PANC-1 and HepG2. The N-propionyl triSTn vaccine induced the triSTn-specific IgGs, while IgGs induced by the N-acetyl triSTn vaccine were less specific. These results illustrated that N-propionyl triSTn is a valuable unnatural TACA for anticancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Che Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Manabe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan.,Core for Medicine and Science Collaborative Research and Education, Project Research Center for Fundamental Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yukari Fujimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Shino Ohshima
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokai University, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara-shi, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Yoshie Kametani
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokai University, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara-shi, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kabayama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan.,Core for Medicine and Science Collaborative Research and Education, Project Research Center for Fundamental Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yuka Nimura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Chun-Cheng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Sec. 2, Kuang Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan.,Core for Medicine and Science Collaborative Research and Education, Project Research Center for Fundamental Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
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27
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Zhou D, Xu L, Huang W, Tonn T. Epitopes of MUC1 Tandem Repeats in Cancer as Revealed by Antibody Crystallography: Toward Glycopeptide Signature-Guided Therapy. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061326. [PMID: 29857542 PMCID: PMC6099590 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormally O-glycosylated MUC1 tandem repeat glycopeptide epitopes expressed by multiple types of cancer have long been attractive targets for therapy in the race against genetic mutations of tumor cells. Glycopeptide signature-guided therapy might be a more promising avenue than mutation signature-guided therapy. Three O-glycosylated peptide motifs, PDTR, GSTA, and GVTS, exist in a tandem repeat HGVTSAPDTRPAPGSTAPPA, containing five O-glycosylation sites. The exact peptide and sugar residues involved in antibody binding are poorly defined. Co-crystal structures of glycopeptides and respective monoclonal antibodies are very few. Here we review 3 groups of monoclonal antibodies: antibodies which only bind to peptide portion, antibodies which only bind to sugar portion, and antibodies which bind to both peptide and sugar portions. The antigenicity of peptide and sugar portions of glyco-MUC1 tandem repeat were analyzed according to available biochemical and structural data, especially the GSTA and GVTS motifs independent from the most studied PDTR. Tn is focused as a peptide-modifying residue in vaccine design, to induce glycopeptide-binding antibodies with cross reactivity to Tn-related tumor glycans, but not glycans of healthy cells. The unique requirement for the designs of antibody in antibody-drug conjugate, bi-specific antibodies, and chimeric antigen receptors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Zhou
- Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Lan Xu
- Laboratory of Antibody Structure, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences and iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Torsten Tonn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine Dresden, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service North-East, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
- Medical Faculty, Carl Gustav Carus Technical University Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
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28
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Li Q, Jin WX, Jin YX, Zheng ZC, Zhou XF, Wang QX, Ye DR, Sun YH, Zhang XH, Wang OC, Chen ED, Cai YF. Clinical effect of MUC1 and its relevance to BRAF V600E mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma: a case-control study. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:1351-1358. [PMID: 29881305 PMCID: PMC5985787 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s161501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the clinical effects of MUC1 on papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and explore the relationship between MUC1 expression and BRAF mutation. METHODS The data of 69 patients subjected to fine-needle aspiration biopsy in our hospital and 486 patient data downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were used. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS The results on the 486 patients recorded in the TCGA indicated that high MUC1 expression was independently related to BRAF mutation, lymph node metastasis (LNM), and unifocal type. In the 69 fine-needle aspiration biopsy patients with PTC, high MUC1 expression was significantly related to LNM and extrathyroid extension (ETE). The result of Pearson's correlation coefficient showed that BRAF mutation and MUC1 expression were moderately correlated. Moreover, in the subgroup with low MUC1 expression, the patients with BRAF mutation had higher ETE frequency and LNM than those without BRAF mutation. In the subgroup with BRAF mutation, patients with high MUC1 expression exhibited higher ETE frequency than those with low MUC1 expression, and high MUC1 expression occurred in older patients. In the subgroup with BRAF wild-type mutation, patients with high MUC1 expression had a higher incidence of ETE and LNM than those with low expression. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that the MUC1 is an important oncogene in PTC and may have great significance on therapeutic cancer vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen-Xu Jin
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi-Xiang Jin
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhou-Ci Zheng
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Fen Zhou
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qing-Xuan Wang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dan-Rong Ye
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi-Han Sun
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Zhang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ou-Chen Wang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - En-Dong Chen
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ye-Feng Cai
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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29
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Song C, Zheng XJ, Liu CC, Zhou Y, Ye XS. A cancer vaccine based on fluorine-modified sialyl-Tn induces robust immune responses in a murine model. Oncotarget 2018; 8:47330-47343. [PMID: 28537884 PMCID: PMC5564568 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of an effective vaccine to target tumor associated carbohydrate antigens, aberrantly expressed on the cell surface of various carcinomas, is an appealing approach toward cancer immunotherapy. However, a major problem of carbohydrate antigens is their poor immunogenicity. Immunization with modified-carbohydrate antigens could improve the immunogenicity and induce cross reaction with the native carbohydrate antigens. In this study, we investigated the antitumor ability of three fluoro-substituted sialyl-Tn (STn) analogues (2, 3, 4) coupled to KLH (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) and studied the mechanism of tumor immunotherapy of the vaccines in a murine model of colon cancer. Vaccination with 4-KLH, in which the two N-acetyl groups of STn are substituted with N-fluoroacetyl groups, could remarkably prolong the survival of tumor-bearing mouse and resulted in a significant reduction in tumor burden of lungs compared with STn-KLH (1-KLH). The vaccine 4-KLH could provoke stronger cytotoxic T lymphocytes immune response, T helper (Th) cell-mediated immune response and an earlier-stage Th1 immune response than 1-KLH, thus breaking immune tolerance and generating a therapeutic response. The 4-KLH vaccine induced strong tumor-specific anti-STn antibodies which could mediate complement-dependent cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against human tumor cells. Moreover, in the absence of adjuvant, 4-KLH still elicited stronger immune responses than 1-KLH. Our data suggested that 4-KLH is superior in tumor prevention. The strategic hapten fluorination may be a potential approach applicable to the vaccines development for the cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.,School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xiu-Jing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chang-Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yifa Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xin-Shan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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30
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Wei MM, Wang YS, Ye XS. Carbohydrate-based vaccines for oncotherapy. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:1003-1026. [PMID: 29512174 DOI: 10.1002/med.21493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is still one of the most serious threats to human worldwide. Aberrant patterns of glycosylation on the surface of cancer cells, which are correlated with various cancer development stages, can differentiate the abnormal tissues from the healthy ones. Therefore, tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) represent the desired targets for cancer immunotherapy. However, these carbohydrate antigens may not able to evoke powerful immune response to combat with cancer for their poor immunogenicity and immunotolerance. Different approaches have been developed to address these problems. In this review, we want to summarize the latest advances in TACAs based anticancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Man Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Shi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Shan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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31
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Haro MA, Littrell CA, Yin Z, Huang X, Haas KM. PD-1 Suppresses Development of Humoral Responses That Protect against Tn-Bearing Tumors. Cancer Immunol Res 2016; 4:1027-1037. [PMID: 27856425 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-16-0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tn is a carbohydrate antigen uniquely exposed on tumor mucins and, thus, an ideal target for immunotherapy. However, it has been difficult to elicit protective antibody responses against Tn antigen and other tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens. Our study demonstrates this can be attributed to PD-1 immuno-inhibition. Our data show a major role for PD-1 in suppressing mucin- and Tn-specific B-cell activation, expansion, and antibody production important for protection against Tn-bearing tumor cells. These Tn/mucin-specific B cells belong to the innate-like B-1b cell subset typically responsible for T cell-independent antibody responses. Interestingly, PD-1-mediated regulation is B cell-intrinsic and CD4+ cells play a key role in supporting Tn/mucin-specific B-cell antibody production in the context of PD-1 deficiency. Mucin-reactive antibodies produced in the absence of PD-1 inhibition largely belong to the IgM subclass and elicit potent antitumor effects via a complement-dependent mechanism. The identification of this role for PD-1 in regulating B cell-dependent antitumor immunity to Tn antigen highlights an opportunity to develop new therapeutic strategies targeting tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens. Cancer Immunol Res; 4(12); 1027-37. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela A Haro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Chad A Littrell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Zhaojun Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Karen M Haas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
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32
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The promise of protein glycosylation for personalised medicine. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1583-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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33
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Prognostic value of serum tumor abnormal protein in gastric cancer patients. Mol Clin Oncol 2016; 5:216-220. [PMID: 27330802 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2016.877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant glycosylation of protein occurs in nearly all types of cancers and has been confirmed to be associated with tumor progression, metastasis and the survival rate of patients. The present study aimed to explore the prognostic value of tumor abnormal protein (TAP) in gastric cancer patients. TAP was detected in the blood of 42 gastric cancer patients and 56 healthy volunteers by using the TAP testing kit. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis were performed to evaluate the prognostic value of TAP. In total, 64.3% of gastric cancer patients were positive for TAP, and TAP was significantly correlated with poor prognosis [progression-free survival (PFS), 4.2 vs. 12.6 months; P=0.043]. TAP [hazard ratio (HR), 64.487; P<0.01), differentiation (HR, 17.279; P<0.01) and TNM stage (HR, 45.480; P<0.01) were found to be independent predictive factors for PFS. Furthermore, Kaplan-Meier curves indicated that TAP is associated with a reduced PFS in gastric cancer patients. The results of the present study therefore indicated that the TAP test has significant prognostic value for gastric cancer patients.
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34
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Chia J, Goh G, Bard F. Short O-GalNAc glycans: regulation and role in tumor development and clinical perspectives. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1623-39. [PMID: 26968459 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the underlying causes of cancer are genetic modifications, changes in cellular states mediate cancer development. Tumor cells display markedly changed glycosylation states, of which the O-GalNAc glycans called the Tn and TF antigens are particularly common. How these antigens get over-expressed is not clear. The expression levels of glycosylation enzymes fail to explain it. SCOPE OF REVIEW We describe the regulation of O-GalNAc glycosylation initiation and extension with emphasis on the initiating enzymes ppGalNAcTs (GALNTs), and introduce the GALA pathway--a change in GALNTs compartmentation within the secretory pathway that regulates Tn levels. We discuss the roles of O-GalNAc glycans and GALNTs in tumorigenic processes and finally consider diagnostic and therapeutic perspectives. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Contrary to a common hypothesis, short O-glycans in tumors are not the result of an incomplete glycosylation process but rather reveal the activation of regulatory pathways. Surprisingly, high Tn levels reveal a major shift in the O-glycoproteome rather than a shortening of O-glycans. These changes are driven by membrane trafficking events. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Many attempts to use O-glycans for biomarker, antibody and therapeutic vaccine development have been made, but suffer limitations including poor sensitivity and/or specificity that may in part derive from lack of a mechanistic understanding. Deciphering how short O-GalNAc glycans are regulated would open new perspectives to exploit this biology for therapeutic usage. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Glycans in personalised medicine" Guest Editor: Professor Gordan Lauc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Chia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, 138673, Singapore
| | - Germaine Goh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, 138673, Singapore
| | - Frederic Bard
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, 138673, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge, Road, 119077, Singapore.
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35
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Abstract
Activation of an aberrant glycosylation pathway in cancer cells can lead to expression of the onco-foetal sialyl-Tn (sTn) antigen. STn is a truncated O-glycan containing a sialic acid α-2,6 linked to GalNAc α-O-Ser/Thr and is associated with an adverse outcome and poor prognosis in cancer patients. The biosynthesis of the sTn antigen has been linked to the expression of the sialytransferase ST6GalNAc1, and also to mutations in and loss of heterozygosity of the COSMC gene. sTn neo- or over-expression occurs in many types of epithelial cancer including gastric, colon, breast, lung, oesophageal, prostate and endometrial cancer. sTn is believed to be carried by a variety of glycoproteins and may influence protein function and be involved in tumour development. This review discusses how the role of sTn in cancer development and tumour cell invasiveness might be organ specific and occur through different mechanisms depending on each cancer type or subtype. As the sTn-antigen is expressed early in carcinogenesis targeting sTn in cancer may enable the targeting of tumours from the earliest stage.
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36
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Qiu L, Li J, Yu S, Wang Q, Li Y, Hu Z, Wu Q, Guo Z, Zhang J. A novel cancer immunotherapy based on the combination of a synthetic carbohydrate-pulsed dendritic cell vaccine and glycoengineered cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:5195-203. [PMID: 25760071 PMCID: PMC4467142 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune tolerance to tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) has severely restricted the usefulness of most TACAs. To overcome this problem, we selected a sialylated trisaccharide TACA, GM3, as a target antigen, and tested a new immunotherapeutic strategy by combining metabolic bioengineering with dendritic cell (DC) vaccination. We engineered cancer cells to express an artificial structure, N-phenylacetyl-D-neuraminic acid, in place of the natural N-acetyl-D-neuraminic acid of GM3 by using N-phenylacetyl-D-mannosamine (ManNPhAc) as a biosynthetic precursor. Next, we selectively targeted the bioengineered cancer cells by vaccination with DCs pulsed with the GM3 N-phenylacetyl derivative. Vaccination with GM3NPhAc-KLH-loaded DCs elicited robust GM3NPhAc-specific T cell-dependent immunity. The results showed that this strategy could significantly inhibit FBL3 tumor growth and prolong the survival of tumor-bearing mice; B16F10 lung metastases could also be reduced. These findings lay out a new strategy for overcoming immune tolerance to TACAs, such as GM3, for the development of effective tumor immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qiu
- College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shichong Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qianli Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Yinghua Li
- College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhenlin Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qiuye Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Junping Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Ferreira JA, Peixoto A, Neves M, Gaiteiro C, Reis CA, Assaraf YG, Santos LL. Mechanisms of cisplatin resistance and targeting of cancer stem cells: Adding glycosylation to the equation. Drug Resist Updat 2016; 24:34-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Challenges in Antibody Development against Tn and Sialyl-Tn Antigens. Biomolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/biom5031783 and (6108=6108)*5040# ieds] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Abstract
The carbohydrate antigens Tn and sialyl-Tn (STn) are expressed in most carcinomas and usually absent in healthy tissues. These antigens have been correlated with cancer progression and poor prognosis, and associated with immunosuppressive microenvironment. Presently they are used in clinical trials as therapeutic vaccination, but with limited success due to their low immunogenicity. Alternatively, anti-Tn and/or STn antibodies may be used to harness the immune system against tumor cells. Whilst the development of antibodies against these antigens had a boost two decades ago for diagnostic use, so far no such antibody entered into clinical trials. Possible limitations are the low specificity and efficiency of existing antibodies and that novel antibodies are still necessary. The vast array of methodologies available today will allow rapid antibody development and novel formats. Following the advent of hybridoma technology, the immortalization of human B cells became a methodology to obtain human monoclonal antibodies with better specificity. Advances in molecular biology including phage display technology for high throughput screening, transgenic mice and more recently molecularly engineered antibodies enhanced the field of antibody production. The development of novel antibodies against Tn and STn taking advantage of innovative technologies and engineering techniques may result in innovative therapeutic antibodies for cancer treatment.
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Challenges in Antibody Development against Tn and Sialyl-Tn Antigens. Biomolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/biom5031783 or not 3512=3512# hidk] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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