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Chia TRT, Young BE, Chia PY. The Omicron-transformer: Rise of the subvariants in the age of vaccines. ANNALS OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SINGAPORE 2022. [DOI: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.2022294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Omicron is the latest SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern, the pathogen that causes COVID-19. Since its emergence in late 2021, Omicron has displaced other circulating variants and caused successive waves of infection worldwide throughout 2022. Omicron is characterised by the rapid emergence of many subvariants and high rates of infection in people with vaccine- and/or infection-induced immunity. This review article will consolidate current knowledge regarding Omicron subvariants, the role of boosters, and future vaccine development. Method: This narrative review is based on a literature search using PubMed. Search terms related to Omicron were used and priority was given to published peer-reviewed articles over pre-prints. Results: Studies indicate that vaccinations and boosters are important to reduce disease severity, hospitalisation and death from Omicron. A variety of factors, such as differing host factors, circulating variants, and forces of infection, can influence the benefit of repeated booster administration. Next-generation bivalent vaccines have now been approved in some countries including Singapore and have demonstrated the ability to induce broad variant protection. Future third-generation vaccines involving mucosal vaccines and/or pan-sarbecovirus vaccines may provide broader and longer-lasting protection. Conclusion: Due to current high levels of vaccine- and infection-induced immunity, it is likely that rates of severe illness, hospitalisation, and death due to Omicron will continue to moderate. Nevertheless, the virus is ever-changing, and public health policies, especially those related to vaccinations, will also have to continually evolve and adapt as COVID-19 transitions to endemicity.
Keywords: Booster, COVID-19, infectious diseases, Omicron, vaccine
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Po Ying Chia
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore
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2
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Hartmeier PR, Kosanovich JL, Velankar KY, Armen-Luke J, Lipp MA, Gawalt ES, Giannoukakis N, Empey KM, Meng WS. Immune Cells Activating Biotin-Decorated PLGA Protein Carrier. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:2638-2650. [PMID: 35621214 PMCID: PMC10105284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle formulations have long been proposed as subunit vaccine carriers owing to their ability to entrap proteins and codeliver adjuvants. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) remains one of the most studied polymers for controlled release and nanoparticle drug delivery, and numerous studies exist proposing PLGA particles as subunit vaccine carriers. In this work we report using PLGA nanoparticles modified with biotin (bNPs) to deliver proteins via adsorption and stimulate professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). We present evidence showing bNPs are capable of retaining proteins through the biotin-avidin interaction. Surface accessible biotin bound both biotinylated catalase (bCAT) through avidin and streptavidin horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Analysis of the HRP found that activity on the bNPs was preserved once captured on the surface of bNP. Further, bNPs were found to have self-adjuvant properties, evidenced by bNP induced IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-12 production in vitro in APCs, thereby licensing the cells to generate Th1-type helper T cell responses. Cytokine production was reduced in avidin precoated bNPs (but not with other proteins), suggesting that the proinflammatory response is due in part to exposed biotin on the surface of bNPs. bNPs injected subcutaneously were localized to draining lymph nodes detectable after 28 days and were internalized by bronchoalveolar lavage dendritic cells and macrophages in mice in a dose-dependent manner when delivered intranasally. Taken together, these data provide evidence that bNPs should be explored further as potential adjuvanting carriers for subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Hartmeier
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Jessica L Kosanovich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
| | - Ketki Y Velankar
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Jennifer Armen-Luke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bayer School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Madeline A Lipp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
| | - Ellen S Gawalt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bayer School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
| | - Nick Giannoukakis
- Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Kerry M Empey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
| | - Wilson S Meng
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
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3
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Berzosa M, Nemeskalova A, Calvo A, Quincoces G, Collantes M, Pareja F, Gamazo C, Irache JM. Oral Immunogenicity of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Outer Membrane Vesicles Encapsulated into Zein Nanoparticles Coated with a Gantrez ® AN-Mannosamine Polymer Conjugate. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:123. [PMID: 35057017 PMCID: PMC8780369 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the human population. In particular, ETEC infections affect children under the age of five from low-middle income countries. However, there is no licensed vaccine against this pathogen. ETEC vaccine development is challenging since this pathotype expresses a wide variety of antigenically diverse virulence factors whose genes can be modified due to ETEC genetic plasticity. To overcome this challenge, we propose the use of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) isolated from two ETEC clinical strains. In these OMVs, proteomic studies revealed the presence of important immunogens, such as heat-labile toxin, colonization factors, adhesins and mucinases. Furthermore, these vesicles proved to be immunogenic after subcutaneous administration in BALB/c mice. Since ETEC is an enteropathogen, it is necessary to induce both systemic and mucosal immunity. For this purpose, the vesicles, free or encapsulated in zein nanoparticles coated with a Gantrez®-mannosamine conjugate, were administered orally. Biodistribution studies showed that the encapsulation of OMVs delayed the transit through the gut. These results were confirmed by in vivo study, in which OMV encapsulation resulted in higher levels of specific antibodies IgG2a. Further studies are needed to evaluate the protection efficacy of this vaccine approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melibea Berzosa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Health, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.B.); (A.N.); (A.C.); (C.G.)
| | - Alzbeta Nemeskalova
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Health, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.B.); (A.N.); (A.C.); (C.G.)
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alba Calvo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Health, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.B.); (A.N.); (A.C.); (C.G.)
| | - Gemma Quincoces
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (G.Q.); (M.C.); (F.P.)
| | - María Collantes
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (G.Q.); (M.C.); (F.P.)
| | - Felix Pareja
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (G.Q.); (M.C.); (F.P.)
| | - Carlos Gamazo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Health, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.B.); (A.N.); (A.C.); (C.G.)
| | - Juan Manuel Irache
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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4
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Mucosal and systemic immune responses following mucosal immunisation of tetanus toxoid entrapped in lipid nanoparticles prepared by microwave reactor. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 171:11-18. [PMID: 34990784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the use of a microwave reactor, which allowed high input of energy into a pressurised system in a short period of time, was investigated for preparation of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). The aim was to optimise the formulation process by reducing manufacturing time. Two types of LNPs were prepared; non-ionic surfactant vesicles (NISV) and bilosomes (modified NISV incorporating bile salts), with a model antigen (tetanus toxoid, TT) and the immune response induced after mucosal (nasal and oral, respectively) administration was assessed. The TT loaded LNPs were characterised in terms of particle size, size distribution, morphology, and entrapment efficiency. Immunisation was evaluated by lethal challenge with tetanus toxin in an animal model. The efficiency of vaccination was evaluated by measuring the anti-TT IgG antibody levels in the vaccinated animals. Bilosomes formed by this method showed an immunogen entrapment efficiency of ∼ 30% which was significantly (p<0.05) higher than entrapment efficiency in the NISV. The percentage of animals that survived when challenged with tetanus toxin correlated with the level of IgG determined in the serum of mice immunised with LNPs by the mucosal route. Moreover, there were significant (p<0.05) differences between orally and nasally immunised groups. Animal groups immunised bilosomes via the oral route showed the highest level of IgG (1.2±0.13) compared to the positive control, LN+Xn, and no immunised group. Similarly, groups immunised via the nasal route showed significantly (p<0.0001) higher titres compared with the control group. Mucosal TT was capable of inducing systemic specific IgG anti-TT responses that were higher than the parenteral vaccine.
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5
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Bakkari MA, Valiveti CK, Kaushik RS, Tummala H. Toll-like Receptor-4 (TLR4) Agonist-Based Intranasal Nanovaccine Delivery System for Inducing Systemic and Mucosal Immunity. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:2233-2241. [PMID: 34010002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Eliciting a robust immune response at mucosal sites is critical in preventing the entry of mucosal pathogens such as influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This task is challenging to achieve without the inclusion of a strong and safe mucosal adjuvant. Previously, inulin acetate (InAc), a plant-based polymer, is shown to activate toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) and elicit a robust systemic immune response as a vaccine adjuvant. This study investigates the potential of nanoparticles prepared with InAc (InAc-NPs) as an intranasal vaccine delivery system to generate both mucosal and systemic immune responses. InAc-NPs (∼250 nm in diameter) activated wild-type (WT) macrophages but failed to activate macrophages from TLR4 knockout mice or WT macrophages when pretreated with a TLR4 antagonist (lipopolysaccharide-RS (LPS-RS)), which indicates the selective nature of a InAc-based nanodelivery system as a TLR4 agonist. Intranasal immunization using antigen-loaded InAc-NPs generated ∼65-fold and 19-fold higher serum IgG1 and IgG2a titers against the antigen, respectively, as compared to PLGA-NPs as a delivery system. InAc-NPs have also stimulated the secretion of sIgA at various mucosal sites, including nasal-associated lymphoid tissues (NALTs), lungs, and intestine, and produced a strong memory response indicative of both humoral and cellular immune activation. Overall, by stimulating both systemic and mucosal immunity, InAc-NPs laid a basis for a potential intranasal delivery system for mucosal vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ali Bakkari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States.,College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Chaitanya K Valiveti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States
| | - Radhey S Kaushik
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota57007, United States
| | - Hemachand Tummala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States
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6
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Ozberk V, Reynolds S, Huo Y, Calcutt A, Eskandari S, Dooley J, Mills JL, Rasmussen IS, Dietrich J, Pandey M, Good MF. Prime-Pull Immunization with a Bivalent M-Protein and Spy-CEP Peptide Vaccine Adjuvanted with CAF®01 Liposomes Induces Both Mucosal and Peripheral Protection from covR/S Mutant Streptococcus pyogenes. mBio 2021; 12:e03537-20. [PMID: 33622722 PMCID: PMC8545125 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03537-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with Streptococcus pyogenes and their sequelae are responsible for an estimated 18 million cases of serious disease with >700 million new primary cases and 500,000 deaths per year. Despite the burden of disease, there is currently no vaccine available for this organism. Here, we define a combination vaccine P*17/K4S2 comprising of 20-mer B-cell peptide epitopes, p*17 (a mutant derived from the highly conserved C3-repeat region of the M-protein), and K4S2 (derived from the streptococcal anti-neutrophil factor, Spy-CEP). The peptides are chemically conjugated to either diphtheria toxoid (DT) or a nontoxic mutant form of diphtheria toxin, CRM197. We demonstrate that a prime-pull immunization regimen involving two intramuscular inoculations with P*17/K4S2 adjuvanted with a two-component liposomal adjuvant system (CAF01; developed by Statens Serum Institut [SSI], Denmark), followed by an intranasal inoculation of unadjuvanted vaccine (in Tris) induces peptide- and S. pyogenes-binding antibodies and protects from mucosal and skin infection with hypervirulent covR/S mutant organisms. Prior vaccination with DT does not diminish the response to the conjugate peptide vaccines. Detailed Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) toxicological evaluation in male and female rats did not reveal any gross or histopathological adverse effects.IMPORTANCE A vaccine to control S. pyogenes infection is desperately warranted. S. pyogenes colonizes the upper respiratory tract (URT) and skin, from where it can progress to invasive and immune-mediated diseases. Global mortality estimates for S. pyogenes-associated diseases exceeds 500,000 deaths per year. S. pyogenes utilizes antigenic variation as a defense mechanism to circumvent host immune responses and thus a successful vaccine needs to provide strain-transcending and multicompartment (mucosal and skin) immunity. By defining highly conserved and protective epitopes from two critical virulence factors (M-protein and Spy-CEP) and combining them with a potent immunostimulant, CAF®01, we are addressing an unmet clinical need for a mucosally and skin-active subunit vaccine. We demonstrate that prime-pull immunization (2× intramuscular injections followed by intranasal immunization) promotes high sustained antibody levels in the airway mucosa and serum and protects against URT and invasive disease.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/administration & dosage
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Immunization/methods
- Liposomes/administration & dosage
- Liposomes/chemistry
- Male
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Streptococcal Infections/prevention & control
- Streptococcal Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Streptococcal Vaccines/immunology
- Streptococcus pyogenes/genetics
- Streptococcus pyogenes/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Ozberk
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Simone Reynolds
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Yongbao Huo
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Ainslie Calcutt
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | | | - Jessica Dooley
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Jamie-Lee Mills
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Ida S Rasmussen
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jes Dietrich
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Manisha Pandey
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Michael F Good
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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7
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Bedford JG, Heinlein M, Garnham AL, Nguyen THO, Loudovaris T, Ge C, Mannering SI, Elliott M, Tangye SG, Kedzierska K, Gray DHD, Heath WR, Wakim LM. Unresponsiveness to inhaled antigen is governed by conventional dendritic cells and overridden during infection by monocytes. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/52/eabb5439. [DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abb5439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The nasal-associated lymphoid tissues (NALTs) are mucosal-associated lymphoid organs embedded in the submucosa of the nasal passage. NALTs represent a known site for the deposition of inhaled antigens, but little is known of the mechanisms involved in the induction of immunity within this lymphoid tissue. We find that during the steady state, conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) within the NALTs suppress T cell responses. These cDCs, which are also prevalent within human NALTs (tonsils/adenoids), express a unique transcriptional profile and inhibit T cell proliferation via contact-independent mechanisms that can be diminished by blocking the actions of reactive oxygen species and prostaglandin E2. Although the prevention of unrestrained immune activation to inhaled antigens appears to be the default function of NALT cDCs, inflammation after localized virus infection recruited monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) to this region, which diluted out the suppressive DC pool, and permitted local T cell priming. Accommodating for inflammation-induced temporal changes in NALT DC composition and function, we developed an intranasal vaccine delivery system that coupled the recruitment of moDCs with the sustained release of antigen into the NALTs, and we were able to substantially improve T cell responses after intranasal immunization. Thus, homeostasis and immunity to inhaled antigens is tuned by inflammatory signals that regulate the balance between conventional and moDC populations within the NALTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G. Bedford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Melanie Heinlein
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexandra L. Garnham
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thi H. O. Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Tom Loudovaris
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Chenghao Ge
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Stuart I. Mannering
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Michael Elliott
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Chris O’Brien Lifehouse Cancer Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Stuart G. Tangye
- Immunity & Inflammation Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Daniel H. D. Gray
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - William R. Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Linda M. Wakim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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8
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Vela Ramirez JE, Sharpe LA, Peppas NA. Current state and challenges in developing oral vaccines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 114:116-131. [PMID: 28438674 PMCID: PMC6132247 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
While vaccination remains the most cost effective strategy for disease prevention, communicable diseases persist as the second leading cause of death worldwide. There is a need to design safe, novel vaccine delivery methods to protect against unaddressed and emerging diseases. Development of vaccines administered orally is preferable to traditional injection-based formulations for numerous reasons including improved safety and compliance, and easier manufacturing and administration. Additionally, the oral route enables stimulation of humoral and cellular immune responses at both systemic and mucosal sites to establish broader and long-lasting protection. However, oral delivery is challenging, requiring formulations to overcome the harsh gastrointestinal (GI) environment and avoid tolerance induction to achieve effective protection. Here we address the rationale for oral vaccines, including key biological and physicochemical considerations for next-generation oral vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Vela Ramirez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Lindsey A Sharpe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas A Peppas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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9
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Mann JFS, Tregoning JS, Aldon Y, Shattock RJ, McKay PF. CD71 targeting boosts immunogenicity of sublingually delivered influenza haemagglutinin antigen and protects against viral challenge in mice. J Control Release 2016; 232:75-82. [PMID: 27094605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The delivery of vaccines to the sublingual mucosa is an attractive prospect due to the ease and acceptability of such an approach. However, novel adjuvant and delivery approaches are required to optimally vaccinate at this site. We have previously shown that conjugation of protein antigen to the iron transport molecule, transferrin, can significantly enhance mucosal immune responses. We tested whether conjugating influenza haemagglutinin to transferrin could improve the immune response to sublingually delivered antigen. Transferrin conjugated haemagglutinin induced a significant antibody and T cell response in both naïve animals and previously immunized animals. The immune response generated was able to protect mice against influenza virus challenge. Sublingually administered antigen dispersed more widely through the gastro-intestinal tract than intranasally delivered antigen and transferrin conjugation had a more marked effect on sublingually delivered antigen than intranasal immunisation. From these studies we conclude that transferrin conjugation of antigen is effective at boosting immune responses to sublingually delivered antigen and may be an attractive approach for influenza vaccines, particularly when mass campaigns are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie F S Mann
- Imperial College London, Mucosal Infection and Immunity, Section of Virology, St Mary's Campus, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - John S Tregoning
- Imperial College London, Mucosal Infection and Immunity, Section of Virology, St Mary's Campus, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Yoann Aldon
- Imperial College London, Mucosal Infection and Immunity, Section of Virology, St Mary's Campus, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Imperial College London, Mucosal Infection and Immunity, Section of Virology, St Mary's Campus, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Paul F McKay
- Imperial College London, Mucosal Infection and Immunity, Section of Virology, St Mary's Campus, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom.
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10
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Lunney JK, Fang Y, Ladinig A, Chen N, Li Y, Rowland B, Renukaradhya GJ. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV): Pathogenesis and Interaction with the Immune System. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2015; 4:129-54. [PMID: 26646630 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-022114-111025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 461] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses important issues of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection, immunity, pathogenesis, and control. Worldwide, PRRS is the most economically important infectious disease of pigs. We highlight the latest information on viral genome structure, pathogenic mechanisms, and host immunity, with a special focus on immune factors that modulate PRRSV infections during the acute and chronic/persistent disease phases. We address genetic control of host resistance and probe effects of PRRSV infection on reproductive traits. A major goal is to identify cellular/viral targets and pathways for designing more effective vaccines and therapeutics. Based on progress in viral reverse genetics, host transcriptomics and genomics, and vaccinology and adjuvant technologies, we have identified new areas for PRRS control and prevention. Finally, we highlight the gaps in our knowledge base and the need for advanced molecular and immune tools to stimulate PRRS research and field applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan K Lunney
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, BARC ARS USDA, Beltsville, Maryland 20705;
| | - Ying Fang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5600; , ,
| | - Andrea Ladinig
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna 1210, Austria;
| | - Nanhua Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5600; , , .,College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China;
| | - Yanhua Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5600; , ,
| | - Bob Rowland
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5600; , ,
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González Aznar E, Romeu B, Lastre M, Zayas C, Cuello M, Cabrera O, Valdez Y, Fariñas M, Pérez O. Mucosal and systemic immune responses induced by a single time vaccination strategy in mice. Can J Microbiol 2015; 61:531-8. [PMID: 26140382 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2015-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is considered by the World Health Organization as the most cost-effective strategy for controlling infectious diseases. In spite of great successes with vaccines, many infectious diseases are still leading killers, because of the inadequate coverage of many vaccines. Several factors have been responsible: number of doses, high vaccine reactogenicity, vaccine costs, vaccination policy, among others. Contradictorily, few vaccines are of single dose and even less of mucosal administration. However, more common infections occur via mucosa, where secretory immunoglobulin A plays an essential role. As an alternative, we proposed a novel protocol of vaccination called Single Time Vaccination Strategy (SinTimVaS) by immunizing 2 priming doses at the same time: one by mucosal route and the other by parenteral route. Here, the mucosal and systemic responses induced by Finlay adjuvants (AF Proteoliposome 1 and AF Cochleate 1) implementing SinTimVaS in BALB/c mice were evaluated. One intranasal dose of AF Cochleate 1 and an intramuscular dose of AF Proteoliposome 1 adsorbed onto aluminum hydroxide, with bovine serum albumin or tetanus toxoid as model antigens, administrated at the same time, induced potent specific mucosal and systemic immune responses. Also, we demonstrated that SinTimVaS using other mucosal routes like oral and sublingual, in combination with the subcutaneous route elicits immune responses. SinTimVaS, as a new immunization strategy, could increase vaccination coverage and reduce time-cost vaccines campaigns, adding the benefits of immune response in mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Belkis Romeu
- a Immunology Department, Finlay Institute, P.O. Box 16017, Havana, Cuba.,b Permanent Mission of Cuba, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Caridad Zayas
- a Immunology Department, Finlay Institute, P.O. Box 16017, Havana, Cuba
| | - Maribel Cuello
- a Immunology Department, Finlay Institute, P.O. Box 16017, Havana, Cuba
| | - Osmir Cabrera
- a Immunology Department, Finlay Institute, P.O. Box 16017, Havana, Cuba
| | - Yolanda Valdez
- a Immunology Department, Finlay Institute, P.O. Box 16017, Havana, Cuba.,d Animal Models Direction, Finlay Institute, P.O. Box 16017, Havana, Cuba
| | - Mildrey Fariñas
- a Immunology Department, Finlay Institute, P.O. Box 16017, Havana, Cuba.,d Animal Models Direction, Finlay Institute, P.O. Box 16017, Havana, Cuba
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Multifunctional liposomes constituting microneedles induced robust systemic and mucosal immunoresponses against the loaded antigens via oral mucosal vaccination. Vaccine 2015; 33:4330-40. [PMID: 25858854 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To develop effective, convenient and stable mucosal vaccines, mannose-PEG-cholesterol (MPC)/lipid A-liposomes (MLLs) entrapping model antigen bovine serum albumin (BSA) were prepared by the procedure of emulsification-lyophilization and used to constitute microneedles, forming the proMLL-filled microneedle arrays (proMMAs). The proMMAs were rather stable and hard enough to pierce porcine skin and, upon rehydration, dissolved rapidly recovering the MLLs without size and entrapment change. The proMMAs given to mice via oral mucosal (o.m.) route, rather than routine intradermal administration, elicited robust systemic and mucosal immunoresponses against the loaded antigens as evidenced by high levels of BSA-specific IgG in the sera and IgA in the salivary, intestinal and vaginal secretions of mice. Enhanced levels of IgG2a and IFN-γ in treated mice revealed that proMMAs induced a mixed Th1/Th2 immunoresponse. Moreover, a significant increase in CD8(+) T cells confirmed that strong cellular immunity had also been established by the immunization of the proMMAs. Thus, the proMMAs can be immunized via o.m. route to set up an effective multiple defense against pathogen invasion and may be an effective vaccine adjuvant-delivery system (VADS) applicable in the controlled temperature chain.
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Intranasal administration of a therapeutic HIV vaccine (Vacc-4x) induces dose-dependent systemic and mucosal immune responses in a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112556. [PMID: 25398137 PMCID: PMC4232368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vacc-4x, a Gag p24-based therapeutic HIV vaccine, has been shown to reduce viral load set-points after intradermal administration. In this randomized controlled pilot study we investigate intranasal administration of Vacc-4x with Endocine as adjuvant. Methods Safety and immunogenicity were tested in patients on effective ART. They were randomized to low, medium or high dose Vacc-4x or adjuvant alone, administered four times at weekly intervals with no booster. Vacc-4x-specific T cell responses were measured in vitro by proliferation and in vivo by a single DTH skin test at the end of study. Nasal and rectal mucosal secretions were analyzed for Vacc-4x-specific antibodies by ELISA. Immune regulation induced by Vacc-4x was assessed by functional blockade of the regulatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β. Results Vacc-4x proliferative T cell responses increased only among the vaccinated (p≤0.031). The low dose group showed the greatest increase in Vacc-4x CD8+T cell responses (p = 0.037) and developed larger DTH (p = 0.005) than the adjuvant group. Rectal (distal) Vacc-4x IgA and IgG antibodies also increased (p = 0.043) in this group. In contrast, the high dose generated higher nasal (local) Vacc-4x IgA (p = 0.028) and serum IgG (p = 0.030) antibodies than the adjuvant. Irrespective of dose, increased Vacc-4x CD4+T cell responses were associated with low proliferation (r = −0.82, p<0.001) and high regulation (r = 0.61, p = 0.010) at baseline. Conclusion Intranasal administration of Vacc-4x with Endocine was safe and induced dose-dependent vaccine-specific T cell responses and both mucosal and systemic humoral responses. The clinical significance of dose, immune regulation and mucosal immunity warrants further investigation. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01473810
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Wang N, Wang T, Zhang M, Chen R, Niu R, Deng Y. Mannose derivative and lipid A dually decorated cationic liposomes as an effective cold chain free oral mucosal vaccine adjuvant-delivery system. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 88:194-206. [PMID: 24769065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
To develop convenient, effective cold chain-free subunit vaccines, a mannose-PEG-cholesterol conjugate (MPC) was synthesized as a lectin binding molecule and anchored onto liposomes which entrapped lipid A and model antigen to form a vaccine adjuvant-delivery system targeting antigen presenting cells. With MPC, soy phosphatidylcholine, stearylamine and monophosphoryl lipid A as emulsifiers dissolved in oil phase (O), and sucrose and BSA in water phase (W), the O/W emulsions were prepared and subsequently lyophilized. The lyophilized product was stable enough to be stored at room temperature and, upon rehydration, formed MPC-/lipid A-liposomes (MLLs) with a size under 300 nm and antigen association rates of around 36%. The MLLs given to mice via oral mucosal (o.m.) administration showed no side effects but induced potent immune responses as evidenced by the high levels of IgG in the sera and IgA in the salivary, intestinal and vaginal secretions of mice. High levels of IgG2a and IFN-γ in treated mice revealed that MLLs via o.m. vaccination induced a mixed Th1/Th2 response against antigens, establishing both humoral and cellular immunity. Thus, the MLLs may be a potent cold chain-free oral mucosal vaccine adjuvant-delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical College, Sunshine City, China.
| | - Meiling Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ruonan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ruowen Niu
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yihui Deng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.
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15
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Wang N, Wang T, Zhang M, Chen R, Deng Y. Using procedure of emulsification-lyophilization to form lipid A-incorporating cochleates as an effective oral mucosal vaccine adjuvant-delivery system (VADS). Int J Pharm 2014; 468:39-49. [PMID: 24704308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Using a procedure of emulsification-lyophilization (PEL), adjuvant lipid A-cochleates (LACs) were prepared as a carrier for model antigen bovine serum albumin (BSA). With phosphatidylserine and lipid A as emulsifiers dissolved in oil phase (O), sucrose and CaCl2 in the inner water phase (W1), and BSA, sucrose and PEG2000 in the outer water phase (W2), the W1/O/W2 emulsions were prepared and subsequently lyophilized to form a dry product which was stable enough to be stored at room temperature. Upon rehydration of the dry products, cochleates formed with a size of 800 nm and antigen association rates of 38%. After vaccination of mice through oral mucosal (o.m.) administration, LACs showed no side effects but induced potent immune responses as evidenced by high levels of IgG in the sera and IgA in the salivary, intestinal and vaginal secretions of mice. In addition, high levels of IgG2a and IFN-γ in the sera or culture supernatants of splenocytes of the immunized mice were also detected. These results revealed that LACs induced a mixed Th1/Th2 response against the loaded antigens. Thus, the LACs prepared by PEL were able to induce both systemic and mucosal immune responses and may act as a potent cold-chain-free oral mucosal vaccine adjuvant delivery system (VADS).
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/chemistry
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemistry, Pharmaceutical
- Drug Carriers
- Drug Stability
- Emulsions
- Excipients/chemistry
- Female
- Freeze Drying
- Immunity, Humoral/drug effects
- Immunity, Mucosal/drug effects
- Immunoglobulin A, Secretory/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Lipid A/administration & dosage
- Lipid A/chemistry
- Lipid A/immunology
- Mice
- Mouth Mucosa/drug effects
- Mouth Mucosa/immunology
- Particle Size
- Phagocytosis/drug effects
- Powders
- Serum Albumin, Bovine/administration & dosage
- Serum Albumin, Bovine/chemistry
- Serum Albumin, Bovine/immunology
- Technology, Pharmaceutical/methods
- Th1 Cells/drug effects
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/drug effects
- Th2 Cells/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Mei Hill Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, China; Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical College, 669 Xueyuan Road, Sunshine City, Shandong Province 276826, China.
| | - Meiling Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Mei Hill Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, China
| | - Ruonan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Mei Hill Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, China
| | - Yihui Deng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, China.
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De Smet R, Allais L, Cuvelier CA. Recent advances in oral vaccine development: yeast-derived β-glucan particles. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:1309-18. [PMID: 24553259 DOI: 10.4161/hv.28166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral vaccination is the most challenging vaccination method due to the administration route. However, oral vaccination has socio-economic benefits and provides the possibility of stimulating both humoral and cellular immune responses at systemic and mucosal sites. Despite the advantages of oral vaccination, only a limited number of oral vaccines are currently approved for human use. During the last decade, extensive research regarding antigen-based oral vaccination methods have improved immunogenicity and induced desired immunological outcomes. Nevertheless, several factors such as the harsh gastro-intestinal environment and oral tolerance impede the clinical application of oral delivery systems. To date, human clinical trials investigating the efficacy of these systems are still lacking. This review addresses the rationale and key biological and physicochemical aspects of oral vaccine design and highlights the use of yeast-derived β-glucan microparticles as an oral vaccine delivery platform.
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Gebril A, Alsaadi M, Acevedo R, Mullen AB, Ferro VA. Optimizing efficacy of mucosal vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 11:1139-55. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Patel GB, Chen W. Archaeal lipid mucosal vaccine adjuvant and delivery system. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 9:431-40. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Lipopolysaccharide modifications of a cholera vaccine candidate based on outer membrane vesicles reduce endotoxicity and reveal the major protective antigen. Infect Immun 2013; 81:2379-93. [PMID: 23630951 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01382-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The causative agent of the life-threatening gastrointestinal infectious disease cholera is the Gram-negative, facultative human pathogen Vibrio cholerae. We recently started to investigate the potential of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) derived from V. cholerae as an alternative approach for a vaccine candidate against cholera and successfully demonstrated the induction of a long-lasting, high-titer, protective immune response upon immunization with OMVs using the mouse model. In this study, we present immunization data using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-modified OMVs derived from V. cholerae, which allowed us to improve and identify the major protective antigen of the vaccine candidate. Our results indicate that reduction of endotoxicity can be achieved without diminishing the immunogenic potential of the vaccine candidate by genetic modification of lipid A. Although the protective potential of anti-LPS antibodies has been suggested many times, this is the first comprehensive study that uses defined LPS mutants to characterize the LPS-directed immune response of a cholera vaccine candidate in more detail. Our results pinpoint the O antigen to be the essential immunogenic structure and provide a protective mechanism based on inhibition of motility, which prevents a successful colonization. In a detailed analysis using defined antisera, we can demonstrate that only anti-O antigen antibodies, but not antibodies directed against the major flagellar subunit FlaA or the most abundant outer membrane protein, OmpU, are capable of effectively blocking the motility by binding to the sheathed flagellum and provide protection in a passive immunization assay.
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Cochleates derived from Vibrio cholerae O1 proteoliposomes: the impact of structure transformation on mucosal immunisation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46461. [PMID: 23077508 PMCID: PMC3470579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cochleates are phospholipid-calcium precipitates derived from the interaction of anionic lipid vesicles with divalent cations. Proteoliposomes from bacteria may also be used as a source of negatively charged components, to induce calcium-cochleate formation. In this study, proteoliposomes from V. cholerae O1 (PLc) (sized 160.7±1.6 nm) were transformed into larger (16.3±4.6 µm) cochleate-like structures (named Adjuvant Finlay Cochleate 2, AFCo2) and evaluated by electron microscopy (EM). Measurements from transmission EM (TEM) showed the structures had a similar size to that previously reported using light microscopy, while observations from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that the structures were multilayered and of cochleate-like formation. The edges of the AFCo2 structures appeared to have spaces that allowed penetration of negative stain or Ovalbumin labeled with Texas Red (OVA-TR) observed by epi-fluorescence microscopy. In addition, freeze fracture electron microscopy confirmed that the AFCo2 structures consisted of multiple overlapping layers, which corresponds to previous descriptions of cochleates. TEM also showed that small vesicles co-existed with the larger cochleate structures, and in vitro treatment with a calcium chelator caused the AFCo2 to unfold and reassemble into small proteoliposome-like structures. Using OVA as a model antigen, we demonstrated the potential loading capacity of a heterologous antigen and in vivo studies showed that with simple admixing and administration via intragastric and intranasal routes AFCo2 provided enhanced adjuvant properties compared with PLc.
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21
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Subunit vaccines of the future: the need for safe, customized and optimized particulate delivery systems. Ther Deliv 2012; 2:1057-77. [PMID: 22826868 DOI: 10.4155/tde.11.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge for current vaccine development is the fact that many new subunit vaccines based on highly purified recombinant proteins are poorly immunogenic and mobilize insufficient immune responses for protective immunity. Adjuvants are therefore needed in vaccine formulations to enhance, direct and maintain the immune response to vaccine antigens. Few adjuvants are currently approved for human use that mainly induce humoral immunity, and there is therefore an unmet medical need for development of effective and safe adjuvants that in addition can stimulate cellular or mucosal immunity, or combinations thereof, depending on the requirements for protection against the specific disease. Vaccine delivery systems are important components of adjuvants that allow proper delivery of antigens to antigen-presenting cells. Moreover, they often possess intrinsic immunopotentiating activity and/or can be customized towards a given immunological profile by the appropriate combination with immunopotentiating compounds. This article reviews the current status of human-tailored vaccine delivery with special focus on how to design safe particulate vaccine delivery systems with respect to composition, physicochemical properties, antigen association and choice of administration route, in order to better customize vaccine formulations towards specific diseases in the future.
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22
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Tawde SA, Chablani L, Akalkotkar A, D'Souza C, Chiriva-Internati M, Selvaraj P, D'Souza MJ. Formulation and evaluation of oral microparticulate ovarian cancer vaccines. Vaccine 2012; 30:5675-81. [PMID: 22750042 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the fifth most leading cause of cancer related deaths in women in the US. Customized immunotherapeutic strategies may serve as an alternative method to control the recurrence or progression of ovarian cancer and to avoid severe adverse effects of chemotherapy. In this study, a microparticulate vaccine using whole cell lysate of a murine ovarian cancer cell line, ID8 was prepared with the use of a spray dryer. These particles were designed for oral delivery using enteric polymers such as methacrylic copolymer, Eudragit(®) FS30D and hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate. These particles were targeted for uptake via microfold cell (M-cell) in Peyer's patches of small intestine using M-cell targeting ligand, Aleuria aurantia lectin. The interleukins (ILs) such as IL-2 and IL-12 were added to the vaccine formulation to further enhance the immune response. The particles obtained were of 1.58±0.62 μm size with a charge of 12.48±2.32 mV. The vaccine efficacy was evaluated by administering the particles via oral route to C57BL/6 female mice. At the end of vaccination, mice were challenged with live tumor cells. Vaccinated mice showed significant (around six-fold) retardation of tumor volume in comparison to non-vaccinated animals for 3 weeks after the tumor challenge (p<0.001). The serum IgG antibody levels were found to be elevated in case of vaccinated animals in comparison to non-vaccinated group (p<0.05). Analysis of IgG1 titers (indicative of Th2 response) and IgG2a titers (indicative of Th1 response) showed a mixed Th1 and Th2 immune response in case vaccine alone and Th2 response in case of vaccine with interleukins group. Moreover, CD8+ T-cell, CD4+ T-cell and B-cell populations in different lymphatic organs were elevated in case of vaccinated mice. Thus, whole cell lysate vaccine microparticles formulated by spray drying could trigger humoral as well as cellular immune response when administered orally. Such vaccine could potentially be an effective treatment for patients with residual tumor or high tumor-relapse probability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suprita A Tawde
- Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mercer University, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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Romeu B, Gonzalez E, Lastre M, Pérez O. Can mucosal adjuvants contribute to the induction of immunological memory induced via unconjugated T-cell-independent antigens? J Drug Target 2012; 20:502-8. [PMID: 22632258 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2012.693497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination remains the most cost-effective method for preventing infectious diseases. Key to vaccine design is the development of immunological memory, which is an essential property of the adaptive immune system. Bacterial polysaccharide conjugate vaccines are the gold standard currently used to confer protection of the host by inducing humoral immune responses against T-cell-independent antigens. Conjugate vaccines are effective, but we propose that local mucosal immune responses are likely to also play an important role in inducing immunity, and they have been less explored than systemic and adaptive immune responses. Adjuvants have been used to improve the immune response to vaccine antigens, however, no mucosal adjuvant has been licensed for human use. Here we describe the recent progress in the use of mucosal adjuvants to achieve significant immune responses against T-cell-independent antigens. We also introduce the idea that studying the mechanisms that induce cell sub-populations with strong immunological memory may facilitate the design of novel vaccine formulations, in particular in cases of B-cell unresponsiveness to thymus-independent stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belkis Romeu
- Immunology Department, Research and Development, Finlay Institute, Havana, Cuba
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24
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Mucosal vaccines to prevent porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome: a new perspective. Anim Health Res Rev 2012; 13:21-37. [PMID: 22717576 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252312000023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an economically important infectious disease of swine. Constant emergence of variant strains of PRRS virus (PPRSV) and virus-mediated immune evasion followed by viral persistence result in increased incidence and recurrence of PRRS in swine herds. Current live and killed PRRSV vaccines administered by a parenteral route are ineffective in inducing complete protection. Thus, new approaches in design and delivery of PRRSV vaccines are needed to reduce the disease burden of the swine industry. Induction of an effective mucosal immunity to several respiratory pathogens by direct delivery of a vaccine to mucosal sites has proven to be effective in a mouse model. However, there are challenges in eliciting mucosal immunity to PRRS due to our limited understanding of safe and potent mucosal adjuvants, which could potentiate the mucosal immune response to PRRSV. The purpose of this review is to discuss methods for induction of protective mucosal immune responses in the respiratory tract of pigs. The manuscript also discusses how PRRSV modulates innate, adaptive and immunoregulatory responses at both mucosal and systemic sites of infected and/or vaccinated pigs. This information may help in the design of innovative mucosal vaccines to elicit superior cross-protective immunity against divergent field strains of PRRSV.
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25
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Pérez O, Batista-Duharte A, González E, Zayas C, Balboa J, Cuello M, Cabrera O, Lastre M, Schijns VEJC. Human prophylactic vaccine adjuvants and their determinant role in new vaccine formulations. Braz J Med Biol Res 2012; 45:681-92. [PMID: 22527130 PMCID: PMC3854239 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2012007500067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants have been considered for a long time to be an accessory and empirical component of vaccine formulations. However, accumulating evidence of their crucial role in initiating and directing the immune response has increased our awareness of the importance of adjuvant research in the past decade. Nevertheless, the importance of adjuvants still is not fully realized by many researchers working in the vaccine field, who are involved mostly in the search for better target antigens. The choice of a proper adjuvant can be determinant for obtaining the best results for a given vaccine candidate, but it is restricted due to intellectual property and know-how issues. Consequently, in most cases the selected adjuvant continues to be the aluminum salt, which has a record of safety, but predominantly constitutes a delivery system (DS). Ideally, new strategies should combine immune potentiators (IP) and DS by mixing both compounds or by obtaining structures that contain both IP and DS. In addition, the term immune polarizer has been introduced as an essential concept in the vaccine design strategies. Here, we review the theme, with emphasis on the discussion of the few licensed new adjuvants, the need for safe mucosal adjuvants and the adjuvant/immunopotentiating activity of conjugation. A summary of toxicology and regulatory issues will also be discussed, and the Finlay Adjuvant Platform is briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Pérez
- Immunology Department, Research Vice Presidency, Finlay Institute, Havana City, Cuba.
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Hirschberg H, van Kuijk S, Loch J, Jiskoot W, Bouwstra J, Kersten G, Amorij JP. A combined approach of vesicle formulations and microneedle arrays for transcutaneous immunization against hepatitis B virus. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 46:1-7. [PMID: 22330147 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the search for an optimal approach for the transcutaneous immunization (TCI) of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), two vesicle formulations, L595 vesicles (composed of sucrose-laurate ester and octaoxyethylene-laurate ester) and sPC vesicles (composed of soybean-phosphatidylcholine and Span-80) were prepared and characterized in vitro and in vivo. HBsAg was associated to the vesicles, resulting in sPC-HBsAg vesicles (±170nm) with 79% HBsAg association and L595-HBsAg vesicles (±75nm) with only 29% HBsAg association. The vesicles induced in mice via TCI an antibody response only when the skin was pretreated with microneedles. This response was improved by the adjuvant cholera toxin. The sPC-HBsAg vesicle formulations showed to be the most immunogenic for TCI, which was related to the higher degree of HBsAg association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Hirschberg
- Unit Vaccinology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), A. van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Akalkotkar A, Tawde SA, Chablani L, D’Souza MJ. Oral delivery of particulate prostate cancer vaccine:In vitroandin vivoevaluation. J Drug Target 2012; 20:338-46. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2011.654122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
Pasteur’s principle ‘isolate, inactivate, inject’ was the starting point for the successful development of many vaccines, but now, new ways for antigen discovery and vaccine administration present a challenge. Whereas vaccines against polio, measles and influenza are common for many parts of the world, the development of thermostable vaccines not being injected would ease vaccine distribution in developing countries. This review summarizes the general principles of vaccination and looks at common and novel vaccination targets. It also gives a rationale for using other routes than parenteral administration, such as mucosal or transdermal vaccination, and focuses on novel vaccination vehicles, as well as their formulation and stability aspects. Additionally, the review looks at novel application devices for the administration of vaccines.
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Martel CJM, Agger EM, Poulsen JJ, Hammer Jensen T, Andresen L, Christensen D, Nielsen LP, Blixenkrone-Møller M, Andersen P, Aasted B. CAF01 potentiates immune responses and efficacy of an inactivated influenza vaccine in ferrets. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22891. [PMID: 21850242 PMCID: PMC3151275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Trivalent inactivated vaccines (TIV) against influenza are given to 350 million people every year. Most of these are non-adjuvanted vaccines whose immunogenicity and protective efficacy are considered suboptimal. Commercially available non-adjuvanted TIV are known to elicit mainly a humoral immune response, whereas the induction of cell-mediated immune responses is negligible. Recently, a cationic liposomal adjuvant (dimethyldioctadecylammonium/trehalose 6,6'-dibehenate, CAF01) was developed. CAF01 has proven to enhance both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to a number of different experimental vaccine candidates. In this study, we compared the immune responses in ferrets to a commercially available TIV with the responses to the same vaccine mixed with the CAF01 adjuvant. Two recently circulating H1N1 viruses were used as challenge to test the vaccine efficacy. CAF01 improved the immunogenicity of the vaccine, with increased influenza-specific IgA and IgG levels. Additionally, CAF01 promoted cellular-mediated immunity as indicated by interferon-gamma expressing lymphocytes, measured by flow cytometry. CAF01 also enhanced the protection conferred by the vaccine by reducing the viral load measured in nasal washes by RT-PCR. Finally, CAF01 allowed for dose-reduction and led to higher levels of protection compared to TIV adjuvanted with a squalene emulsion. The data obtained in this human-relevant challenge model supports the potential of CAF01 in future influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Jean-Marie Martel
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Else Marie Agger
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie Juul Poulsen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trine Hammer Jensen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Andresen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Peter Nielsen
- National Influenza Laboratory, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Merete Blixenkrone-Møller
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bent Aasted
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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30
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Camacho AI, Da Costa Martins R, Tamayo I, de Souza J, Lasarte JJ, Mansilla C, Esparza I, Irache JM, Gamazo C. Poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic anhydride) nanoparticles as innate immune system activators. Vaccine 2011; 29:7130-5. [PMID: 21651945 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvant research is being oriented to TLR-agonists, but complement activation has been relatively unexplored. In previous studies it was demonstrated that poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic anhydride) nanoparticles (PVMA NPs) used as adjuvant differentially activate dendritic cells through toll like receptors (TLR) stimulation, however, a high dose of these NPs was used. Now, we demonstrated a dose-response effect, with a concentration as low as 20μg/mL able to stimulate TLR2 and TLR4 transfected dendritic cells. In addition, we investigated whether PVMA NPs are able to exploit also the immunomodulatory benefits of complement activation. Results indicated that the hydroxylated surface of these NPs highly activated the complement cascade, as measured by adsorption studies and a complement fixation bioassay. Stable binding of C3b to NPs was confirmed as indicated by lability to SDS treatment after washing resistance. Complement consumption was confirmed as the lytic capacity of complement exposed to NPs was abolished against antibody-sensitized sheep erythrocytes, with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 50μg NPs, equivalent to a surface of 1cm(2). On the contrary, nanoparticles prepared with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), used as a reference, did not consume complement at a concentration ≥3mg NPs (≥40cm(2)). Complement consumption was inhibited when PVMA NPs were cross-linked with diamino groups (1,3-diaminopropane), indicating the role of hydroxyl groups as responsible of the phenomenon. These results favour a model whereby PVMA NPs adjuvant activate complement on site to attract immature antigen presenting cells that are activated through TLR2 and TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Camacho
- Department of Microbiology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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31
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Dwivedi V, Manickam C, Patterson R, Dodson K, Weeman M, Renukaradhya GJ. Intranasal delivery of whole cell lysate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces protective immune responses to a modified live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine in pigs. Vaccine 2011; 29:4067-76. [PMID: 21419164 PMCID: PMC7126640 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an economically important disease to pork producers worldwide. Commercially, both live and killed PRRSV vaccines are available to control PRRS, but they are not always successful. Based on the results of mucosal immunization studies in other viral models, a good mucosal vaccine may be an effective way to elicit protective immunity to control PRRS outbreaks. In the present study, mucosal adjuvanticity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis whole cell lysate (Mtb WCL) was evaluated in pigs administered a modified live PRRS virus vaccine (PRRS-MLV) intranasally. A Mtb WCL mediated increase in the frequency of NK cells, CD8(+)and CD4(+) T cells, and γδ T cells in pig lungs were detected. Importantly, an increased and early generation of PRRSV specific neutralizing antibodies were detected in PRRS-MLV+ Mtb WCL compared to pigs inoculated with vaccine alone. In addition, there was an increased secretion of Th1 cytokines (IFNγ and IL-12) that correlated with a reciprocal reduction in the production of immunosuppressive cytokines (IL-10 and TGFβ) as well as T-regulatory cells in pigs vaccinated with PRRS-MLV+ Mtb WCL. Further, a complete rescue in arginase levels in the lungs mediated through Mtb WCL was observed in pigs inoculated with PRRS-MLV. In conclusion, Mtb WCL may be a potent mucosal adjuvant for PRRS-MLV in order to potentiate the anti-PRRSV specific immune responses to control PRRS effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Dwivedi
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
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32
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Dwivedi V, Manickam C, Patterson R, Dodson K, Murtaugh M, Torrelles JB, Schlesinger LS, Renukaradhya GJ. Cross-protective immunity to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by intranasal delivery of a live virus vaccine with a potent adjuvant. Vaccine 2011; 29:4058-66. [PMID: 21419162 PMCID: PMC7127856 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an immunosuppressive chronic respiratory viral disease of pigs that is responsible for major economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. The efficacy of parenteral administration of widely used modified live virus PRRS vaccine (PRRS-MLV) against genetically divergent PRRSV strains remains questionable. Therefore, we evaluated an alternate and proven mucosal immunization approach by intranasal delivery of PRRS-MLV (strain VR2332) with a potent adjuvant to elicit cross-protective immunity against a heterologous PRRSV (strain MN184). Mycobacterium tuberculosis whole cell lysate (Mtb WCL) was chosen as a potent mucosal adjuvant due to its Th1 biased immune response to PRRS-MLV. Unvaccinated pigs challenged with MN184 had clinical PRRS with severe lung pathology; however, vaccinated (PRRS-MLV+ Mtb WCL) pigs challenged with MN184 were apparently healthy. There was a significant increase in the body weight gain in vaccinated compared to unvaccinated PRRSV challenged pigs. Vaccinated compared to unvaccinated, virus-challenged pigs had reduced lung pathology associated with enhanced PRRSV neutralizing antibody titers and reduced viremia. Immunologically, an increased frequency of Th cells, Th/memory cells, γδ T cells, dendritic cells, and activated Th cells and a reduced frequency of T-regulatory cells were detected at both mucosal and systemic sites. Further, reduced secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β) and upregulation of the Th1 cytokine IFN-γ in blood and lungs were detected in mucosally vaccinated, PRRSV-challenged pigs. In conclusion, intranasal immunization of pigs with PRRS-MLV administered with Mtb WCL generated effective cross-protective immunity against PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Dwivedi
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, and Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
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33
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Abstract
The ability of Vibrio cholerae to persist in bodies of water will continue to confound our ability to eradicate cholera through improvements to infrastructure, and thus cholera vaccines are needed. We aim for an inexpensive vaccine that can provide long-lasting protection from all epidemic cholera infections, currently caused by O1 or O139 serogroups. Recent insights into correlates of protection, epidemiology and pathogenesis may help us design improved vaccines. This notwithstanding, we have come to appreciate that even marginally protective vaccines, such as oral whole-cell killed vaccines, if widely distributed, can provide significant protection, owing to herd immunity. Further efforts are still required to provide more effective protection of young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne L Bishop
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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34
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Cross ML, Zheng T, Duckworth JA, Cowan PE. Could recombinant technology facilitate the realisation of a fertility-control vaccine for possums? NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2010.541468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- ML Cross
- a Landcare Research – Manaaki Whenua , Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - T Zheng
- b AgResearch , Hopkirk Research Institute , Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - JA Duckworth
- a Landcare Research – Manaaki Whenua , Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - PE Cowan
- c Landcare Research , Palmerston North, New Zealand
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35
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Romero EL, Morilla MJ. Topical and mucosal liposomes for vaccine delivery. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 3:356-75. [PMID: 21360692 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal (and in minor extent transcutanous) stimulation can induce local or distant mucosa secretory IgA. Liposomes and other vesicles as mucosal and transcutaneous adjuvants are attractive alternatives to parenteral vaccination. Liposomes can be massively produced under good manufacturing practices and stored for long periods, at high antigen/vesicle mass ratios. However, their uptake by antigen-presenting cells (APC) at the inductive sites remains as a major challenge. As neurotoxicity is a major concern in intranasal delivery, complexes between archaeosomes and calcium as well as cationic liposomes complexed with plasmids encoding for antigenic proteins could safely elicit secretory and systemic antigen-specific immune responses. Oral bilosomes generate intense immune responses that remain to be tested against challenge, but the admixing with toxins or derivatives is mandatory to reduce the amount of antigen. Most of the current experimental designs, however, underestimate the mucus blanket 100- to 1000-fold thicker than a 100-nm diameter liposome, which has first to be penetrated to access the underlying M cells. Overall, designing mucoadhesive chemoenzymatic resistant liposomes, or selectively targeted to M cells, has produced less relevant results than tailoring the liposomes to make them mucus penetrating. Opposing, the nearly 10 µm thickness stratum corneum interposed between liposomes and underlying APC can be surpassed by ultradeformable liposomes (UDL), with lipid matrices that penetrate up to the limit with the viable epidermis. UDL made of phospholipids and detergents, proved to be better transfection agents than conventional liposomes and niosomes, without the toxicity of ethosomes, in the absence of classical immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eder Lilia Romero
- Nanomedicine Research Program, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina.
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36
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Wang SH, Thompson AL, Hickey AJ, Staats HF. Dry powder vaccines for mucosal administration: critical factors in manufacture and delivery. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2011; 354:121-56. [PMID: 21822816 DOI: 10.1007/82_2011_167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Dry powder vaccine formulations have proved effective for induction of systemic and mucosal immune responses. Here we review the use of dry vaccines for immunization in the respiratory tract. We discuss techniques for powder formulation, manufacture, characterization and delivery in addition to methods used for evaluation of stability and safety. We review the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of dry powder vaccines as compared to liquid vaccines delivered by mucosal or parenteral routes. Included is information on mucosal adjuvants and mucoadhesives that can be used to enhance nasal or pulmonary dry vaccines. Mucosal immunization with dry powder vaccines offers the potential to provide a needle-free and cold chain-independent vaccination strategy for the induction of protective immunity against either systemic or mucosal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena H Wang
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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37
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Hirschberg HJ, van de Wijdeven GG, Kraan H, Amorij JP, Kersten GF. Bioneedles as alternative delivery system for hepatitis B vaccine. J Control Release 2010; 147:211-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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38
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Mucosal immunization with Vibrio cholerae outer membrane vesicles provides maternal protection mediated by antilipopolysaccharide antibodies that inhibit bacterial motility. Infect Immun 2010; 78:4402-20. [PMID: 20679439 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00398-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera, a severe diarrheal disease that remains endemic in many parts of the world and can cause outbreaks wherever sanitation and clean water systems break down. Prevention of disease could be achieved through improved sanitation and clean water provision supported by vaccination. V. cholerae serogroup O1 is the major cause of cholera; O1 serotypes Inaba and Ogawa have similar disease burdens, while O139 is the only non-O1 serogroup to cause epidemics. We showed previously that immunization of adult female mice with purified V. cholerae outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) elicits an antibody response that protect neonates from oral V. cholerae challenge and that suckling from an immunized dam accounts for the majority of protection from V. cholerae colonization. Here we report that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major OMV protective antigen. Mucosal immunization with OMVs from Inaba or Ogawa provides significant cross-serotype protection from V. cholerae colonization, although serotype-specific antigens are dominant. OMVs from O1 or O139 do not provide cross-serogroup protection, but by immunization with a mixture of O1 and O139 OMVs, cross-serogroup protection was achieved. Neonatal protection is not associated with significant bacterial death but may involve inhibition of motility, as antibodies from OMV-immunized mice inhibit V. cholerae motility in vitro, with trends that parallel in vivo protection. Motility assays also reveal that a higher antibody titer is required to immobilize O139 compared to O1, a phenotype that is O139 capsule dependent.
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39
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Poly(anhydride) nanoparticles act as active Th1 adjuvants through Toll-like receptor exploitation. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:1356-62. [PMID: 20631332 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00164-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms that underlie the potent Th1-adjuvant capacity of poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic anhydride) nanoparticles (NPs) were investigated. Traditionally, polymer NPs have been considered delivery systems that promote a closer interaction between antigen and antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Our results revealed that poly(anhydride) NPs also act as agonists of various Toll-like receptors (TLRs) (TLR2, -4, and -5), triggering a Th1-profile cytokine release (gamma interferon [IFN-gamma], 478 pg/ml versus 39.6 pg/ml from negative control; interleukin-12 [IL-12], 40 pg/ml versus 7.2 pg/ml from negative control) and, after incubation with dendritic cells, inducing a 2.5- to 3.5-fold increase of CD54 and CD86 costimulatory molecule expression. Furthermore, in vivo studies suggest that NPs actively elicit a CD8(+) T-cell response. Immunization with empty NPs resulted in a significant delay in the mean survival date (from day 7 until day 23 postchallenge) and a protection level of 30% after challenge against a lethal dose of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Taken together, our results provide a better understanding of how NPs act as active Th1 adjuvants in immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy through TLR exploitation.
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40
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Rivero FD, Saura A, Prucca CG, Carranza PG, Torri A, Lujan HD. Disruption of antigenic variation is crucial for effective parasite vaccine. Nat Med 2010; 16:551-7, 1p following 557. [DOI: 10.1038/nm.2141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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41
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Mishra N, Goyal AK, Tiwari S, Paliwal R, Paliwal SR, Vaidya B, Mangal S, Gupta M, Dube D, Mehta A, Vyas SP. Recent advances in mucosal delivery of vaccines: role of mucoadhesive/biodegradable polymeric carriers. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 20:661-79. [DOI: 10.1517/13543771003730425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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42
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Acevedo R, Callicó A, del Campo J, González E, Cedré B, González L, Romeu B, Zayas C, Lastre M, Fernández S, Oliva R, García L, Pérez JL, Pérez O. Intranasal administration of proteoliposome-derived cochleates from Vibrio cholerae O1 induce mucosal and systemic immune responses in mice. Methods 2009; 49:309-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2009.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Revised: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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43
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Ferro VA, Pérez O. Adjuvant strategies required for targeting mucosal tissues. Methods 2009; 49:299-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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44
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Shukla A, Katare OP, Singh B, Vyas SP. M-cell targeted delivery of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen using cholera toxin B subunit conjugated bilosomes. Int J Pharm 2009; 385:47-52. [PMID: 19835938 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to improve upon our earlier findings with bilosomes as potential delivery vehicle through oral route for recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). The work entails the conjugation of bilosomal system with cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) to increase transmucosal uptake via M-cell specific delivery approach. The study encompasses the development and characterization of HBsAg-loaded CTB-conjugated system for percent antigen entrapment, size, shape, and stability in SGF (USP, pH 1.2), SIF (USP, pH 7.5) and in bile salt solutions. Biological activity of CTB, subsequent to conjugation, was verified by hemagglutination test. Anti-HBsAg IgG response in serum and anti-HBsAg sIgA in various body secretions were estimated using ELISA, following oral immunization with 10 microg dose-loaded CTB-conjugated bilosomes (CTB2) and 20 microg dose-loaded CTB-conjugated bilosomes (CTB1) in BALB/c mice. The results showed that CTB1 produced anti-HBsAg IgG antibody titre response comparable to that of the intramuscular (i.m.) injection of 10 microg of alum-adsorbed HBsAg. Moreover, all the bilosomal preparations elicited measurable sIgA vis-à-vis negligible response with i.m. administered HBsAg. Thus, HBsAg-loaded CTB-conjugated bilosomes provide a promising potential for targeted oral immunization against hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuman Shukla
- Drug Delivery Research Group, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences-UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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45
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Abstract
Vaccine development, which began with Edward Jenner's observations in the late 18th century, has entered its 4th century. From its beginnings, with the use of whole organisms that had been weakened or inactivated, to the modern-day use of genetic engineering, it has taken advantage of the tools discovered in other branches of microbiology. Numerous successful vaccines are in use, but the list of diseases for which vaccines do not exist is long. However, the multiplicity of strategies now available, discussed in this article, portends even more successful development of vaccines.
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46
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Immunogenicity of self-adjuvanticity oral vaccine candidate based on use of Bacillus subtilis spore displaying Schistosoma japonicum 26 KDa GST protein. Parasitol Res 2009; 105:1643-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1606-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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47
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Vendetti S, Riccomi A, Negri DRM, Veglia F, Sciaraffia E, De Magistris MT. Development of antigen-specific T cells in mediastinal lymph nodes after intranasal immunization. Methods 2009; 49:334-9. [PMID: 19426804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2009.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 04/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The power of cholera toxin (CT) as an effective mucosal adjuvant is well established. Because of the high toxicity of CT, its clinical use is unlikely. Therefore, the need to identify effective and non toxic mucosal adjuvants for human use is important. For this purpose, CT is largely used as a reference molecule for testing the efficacy of new candidate adjuvants in animal models. Here, we evaluated the kinetics and the localization of antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses elicited by intranasal immunization with tetanus toxoid antigen in the presence of CT. We show that an antigen-specific cellular immune response localized in the mediastinal lymph nodes can be observed already 1 week after the first immunization. The induction of an appreciable titer of an antibody-specific immune response was assessed after two immunizations. Therefore, we suggest that the efficacy of new candidate mucosal adjuvants can be tested by evaluating the cellular immune response in the mediastinal lymph nodes at early stages of immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Vendetti
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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