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Hayati RF, Nakajima R, Zhou Y, Shirasawa M, Zhao L, Fikriyanti M, Iwanaga R, Bradford AP, Kurayoshi K, Araki K, Ohtani K. Trans-Activation of the Coactivator-Associated Arginine Methyltransferase 1 ( Carm1) Gene by the Oncogene Product Tax of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:698. [PMID: 38927636 PMCID: PMC11202806 DOI: 10.3390/genes15060698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. The oncogene product Tax of HTLV-I is thought to play crucial roles in leukemogenesis by promoting proliferation of the virus-infected cells through activation of growth-promoting genes. These genes code for growth factors and their receptors, cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, growth signal transducers, transcription factors and cell cycle regulators. We show here that Tax activates the gene coding for coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1 (CARM1), which epigenetically enhances gene expression through methylation of histones. Tax activated the Carm1 gene and increased protein expression, not only in human T-cell lines but also in normal peripheral blood lymphocytes (PHA-PBLs). Tax increased R17-methylated histone H3 on the target gene IL-2Rα, concomitant with increased expression of CARM1. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown of CARM1 decreased Tax-mediated induction of IL-2Rα and Cyclin D2 gene expression, reduced E2F activation and inhibited cell cycle progression. Tax acted via response elements in intron 1 of the Carm1 gene, through the NF-κB pathway. These results suggest that Tax-mediated activation of the Carm1 gene contributes to leukemogenic target-gene expression and cell cycle progression, identifying the first epigenetic target gene for Tax-mediated trans-activation in cell growth promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahma F. Hayati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan; (R.F.H.); (R.N.); (Y.Z.); (M.S.); (L.Z.); (M.F.)
| | - Rinka Nakajima
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan; (R.F.H.); (R.N.); (Y.Z.); (M.S.); (L.Z.); (M.F.)
| | - Yaxuan Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan; (R.F.H.); (R.N.); (Y.Z.); (M.S.); (L.Z.); (M.F.)
| | - Mashiro Shirasawa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan; (R.F.H.); (R.N.); (Y.Z.); (M.S.); (L.Z.); (M.F.)
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan; (R.F.H.); (R.N.); (Y.Z.); (M.S.); (L.Z.); (M.F.)
| | - Mariana Fikriyanti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan; (R.F.H.); (R.N.); (Y.Z.); (M.S.); (L.Z.); (M.F.)
| | - Ritsuko Iwanaga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (R.I.); (A.P.B.)
| | - Andrew P. Bradford
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (R.I.); (A.P.B.)
| | - Kenta Kurayoshi
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Ishikawa, Japan;
| | - Keigo Araki
- Department of Morphological Biology, Ohu University School of Dentistry, 31-1 Misumido Tomitamachi, Koriyama 963-8611, Fukushima, Japan;
| | - Kiyoshi Ohtani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan; (R.F.H.); (R.N.); (Y.Z.); (M.S.); (L.Z.); (M.F.)
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Letafati A, Bahavar A, Tabarraei A, Norouzi M, Amiri A, Mozhgani SH. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) grip on T-cells: investigating the viral tapestry of activation. Infect Agent Cancer 2024; 19:23. [PMID: 38734673 PMCID: PMC11088018 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-024-00584-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human T-cell Lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) belongs to retroviridae which is connected to two major diseases, including HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). This study aims to investigate the mRNA expressions of key proteins correlated to T-cell activation in asymptomatic carriers (ACs) HTLV-1 infected patients, shedding light on early molecular events and T-cell activation following HTLV-1 infection. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study involved 40 participants, including 20 ACs and 20 healthy subjects. Blood samples were collected, ELISA assessment for screening and confirmation with PCR for Trans-activating transcriptional regulatory protein (Tax) and HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ) of the HTLV-1 were done. mRNA expressions of C-terminal Src kinase (CSK), Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Beta (GSK3β), Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 14 (MAP3K14 or NIK), Phospholipase C Gamma-1 (PLCG1), Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase non-Receptor Type 6 (PTPN6) and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase-7 (SLP-76) and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase14 (MAP3K7 or TAK1) were assayed using RT-qPCR. Statistical analyses were performed using PRISM and SPSS software. RESULTS While there were no significant upregulation in CSK and PTPN6 in ACs compared to healthy individuals, expression levels of GSK3β, MAP3K14, PLCG1, SLP-76, and TAK1 were significantly higher in ACs compared to healthy subjects which directly contributes to T-cell activation in the HTLV-1 ACs. CONCLUSION HTLV-1 infection induces differential mRNA expressions in key proteins associated with T-cell activation. mRNAs related to T-cell activation showed significant upregulation compared to PTPN6 and CSK which contributed to T-cell regulation. Understanding these early molecular events in ACs may provide potential markers for disease progression and identify therapeutic targets for controlling viral replication and mitigating associated diseases. The study contributes novel insights to the limited literature on T-cell activation and HTLV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Letafati
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefeh Bahavar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Alijan Tabarraei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Norouzi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abdollah Amiri
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Sayed-Hamidreza Mozhgani
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
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Gutowska A, Sarkis S, Rahman MA, Goldfarbmuren KC, Moles R, Bissa M, Doster M, Washington-Parks R, McKinnon K, Silva de Castro I, Schifanella L, Franchini G, Pise-Masison CA. Complete Rescue of HTLV-1 p12KO Infectivity by Depletion of Monocytes Together with NK and CD8 + T Cells. Pathogens 2024; 13:292. [PMID: 38668247 PMCID: PMC11054408 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The transient depletion of monocytes alone prior to exposure of macaques to HTLV-1 enhances both HTLV-1WT (wild type) and HTLV-1p12KO (Orf-1 knockout) infectivity, but seroconversion to either virus is not sustained over time, suggesting a progressive decrease in virus expression. These results raise the hypotheses that either HTLV-1 persistence depends on a monocyte reservoir or monocyte depletion provides a transient immune evasion benefit. To test these hypotheses, we simultaneously depleted NK cells, CD8+ T cells, and monocytes (triple depletion) prior to exposure to HTLV-1WT or HTLV-1p12KO. Remarkably, triple depletion resulted in exacerbation of infection by both viruses and complete rescue of HTLV-1p12KO infectivity. Following triple depletion, we observed rapid and sustained seroconversion, high titers of antibodies against HTLV-1 p24Gag, and frequent detection of viral DNA in the blood and tissues of all animals when compared with depletion of only CD8+ and NK cells, or monocytes alone. The infection of macaques with HTLV-1WT or HTLV-1p12KO was associated with higher plasma levels of IL-10 after 21 weeks, while IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-18, and IL-1β were only elevated in animals infected with HTLV-1WT. The repeat depletion of monocytes, NK, and CD8+ cells seven months following the first exposure to HTLV-1 did not further exacerbate viral replication. These results underscore the contribution of monocytes in orchestrating anti-viral immunity. Indeed, the absence of orf-1 expression was fully compensated by the simultaneous depletion of CD8+ T cells, NK cells, and monocytes, underlining the primary role of orf-1 in hijacking host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gutowska
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
| | - Sarkis Sarkis
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
| | - Mohammad Arif Rahman
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
| | - Katherine C. Goldfarbmuren
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ramona Moles
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
| | - Massimiliano Bissa
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
| | - Melvin Doster
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
| | - Robyn Washington-Parks
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
| | - Katherine McKinnon
- Vaccine Branch Flow Cytometry Core, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Isabela Silva de Castro
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
| | - Luca Schifanella
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
| | - Cynthia A. Pise-Masison
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
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Machado NR, Fagundes BO, Fernandes LA, de Oliveira ACP, Nukui Y, Casseb J, Cunha FRM, Nali LHDS, Sanabani SS, Victor JR. Differential modulation of IL-4, IL-10, IL-17, and IFN-γ production mediated by IgG from Human T-lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1) infected patients on healthy peripheral T (CD4+, CD8+, and γδ) and B cells. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1239706. [PMID: 37711742 PMCID: PMC10498471 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1239706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) infected individuals remain as asymptomatic carriers (ACs) or can develop the chronic neurological disorder HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP) or the adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), and the immunological mechanisms involved in this pathologies need to be elucidated. Recently, it has been demonstrated that induced or naturally developed IgG repertoires obtained from different groups of donors, grouped by immune status, can modulate human T and B cell functions. Here we aimed to evaluate if the IgG obtained from HTLV-1-infected ACs, HAM/TSP, and ATLL patients can differentially modulate the production of cytokines by human T and B cells. With this purpose, we cultured PBMCs with IgG purified from ACs, HAM/TSP, or ATLL donors and evaluated the frequency and intracellular cytokine production by flow cytometry. Our results indicate that IgG from HAM/TSP patients could induce an augment of IL-17-producing CD4+ T cells, reduce the frequency of IL-4-producing CD4+ T cells, increase IFN-γ-producing CD8+ T cells, and reduce IL-4-producing CD8+ T cells. IgG from ATLL could reduce the frequency of IL-4-producing CD4+ T cells, similarly to IgG from HAM/TSP /TSP, and could reduce the frequency of IFN-γ-producing γδT cells without influence on IL-17- and IL4-producing γδT and could reduce the frequency of IL-10- producing B cells. Finally, IgG from both HAM/TSP and ATLL patients could reduce the frequency of IFN-γ producing B cells. In conclusion, these results suggest that these preparations are active, partly overlapping in their effects, and able to elicit distinct effects on target populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolle Rakanidis Machado
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM-56, Division of Dermatology, University of São Paulo, Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Oliveira Fagundes
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM-56, Division of Dermatology, University of São Paulo, Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lorena Abreu Fernandes
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM-56, Division of Dermatology, University of São Paulo, Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Youko Nukui
- Clinics Hospital, Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge Casseb
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM-56, Division of Dermatology, University of São Paulo, Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sabri Saeed Sanabani
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM-03, Clinics Hospital, University of São Paulo, Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Russo Victor
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM-56, Division of Dermatology, University of São Paulo, Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Post Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Santo Amaro University (UNISA), São Paulo, Brazil
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Chowdhary S, Deka R, Panda K, Kumar R, Solomon AD, Das J, Kanoujiya S, Gupta AK, Sinha S, Ruokolainen J, Kesari KK, Gupta PK. Recent Updates on Viral Oncogenesis: Available Preventive and Therapeutic Entities. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:3698-3740. [PMID: 37486263 PMCID: PMC10410670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c01080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Human viral oncogenesis is a complex phenomenon and a major contributor to the global cancer burden. Several recent findings revealed cellular and molecular pathways that promote the development and initiation of malignancy when viruses cause an infection. Even, antiviral treatment has become an approach to eliminate the viral infections and prevent the activation of oncogenesis. Therefore, for a better understanding, the molecular pathogenesis of various oncogenic viruses like, hepatitis virus, human immunodeficiency viral (HIV), human papillomavirus (HPV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), could be explored, especially, to expand many potent antivirals that may escalate the apoptosis of infected malignant cells while sparing normal and healthy ones. Moreover, contemporary therapies, such as engineered antibodies antiviral agents targeting signaling pathways and cell biomarkers, could inhibit viral oncogenesis. This review elaborates the recent advancements in both natural and synthetic antivirals to control viral oncogenesis. The study also highlights the challenges and future perspectives of using antivirals in viral oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivam Chowdhary
- Department
of Industrial Microbiology, Sam Higginbottom
University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj 211007, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Rahul Deka
- Department
of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Birla
Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215, Jharkhand, India
| | - Kingshuk Panda
- Department
of Applied Microbiology, Vellore Institute
of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rohit Kumar
- Department
of Life Sciences, Sharda School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhishikt David Solomon
- Department
of Molecular & Cellular Engineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj 211007, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jimli Das
- Centre
for
Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Dibrugarh
University, Assam 786004, India
| | - Supriya Kanoujiya
- School
of
Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Gupta
- Department
of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical
Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Somya Sinha
- Department
of Biotechnology, Graphic Era Deemed to
Be University, Dehradun 248002, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Janne Ruokolainen
- Department
of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto
University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Kavindra Kumar Kesari
- Department
of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto
University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
- Division
of Research and Development, Lovely Professional
University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Piyush Kumar Gupta
- Department
of Life Sciences, Sharda School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department
of Biotechnology, Graphic Era Deemed to
Be University, Dehradun 248002, Uttarakhand, India
- Faculty
of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International
University, Nilai 71800, Malaysia
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Kendle W, Hoang K, Korleski E, Panfil AR, Polakowski N, Lemasson I. Upregulation of Neuropilin-1 Inhibits HTLV-1 Infection. Pathogens 2023; 12:831. [PMID: 37375521 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) can produce a spectrum of pathological effects ranging from inflammatory disorders to leukemia. In vivo, HTLV-1 predominantly infects CD4+ T-cells. Infectious spread within this population involves the transfer of HTLV-1 virus particles from infected cells to target cells only upon cell-to-cell contact. The viral protein, HBZ, was found to enhance HTLV-1 infection through transcriptional activation of ICAM1 and MYOF, two genes that facilitate viral infection. In this study, we found that HBZ upregulates the transcription of COL4A1, GEM, and NRP1. COL4A1 and GEM are genes involved in viral infection, while NRP1, which encodes neuropilin 1 (Nrp1), serves as an HTLV-1 receptor on target cells but has no reported function on HTLV-1-infected cells. With a focus on Nrp1, cumulative results from chromatin immunoprecipitation assays and analyses of HBZ mutants support a model in which HBZ upregulates NRP1 transcription by augmenting recruitment of Jun proteins to an enhancer downstream of the gene. Results from in vitro infection assays demonstrate that Nrp1 expressed on HTLV-1-infected cells inhibits viral infection. Nrp1 was found to be incorporated into HTLV-1 virions, and deletion of its ectodomain removed the inhibitory effect. These results suggest that inhibition of HTLV-1 infection by Nrp1 is caused by the ectodomain of Nrp1 extended from virus particles, which may inhibit the binding of virus particles to target cells. While HBZ has been found to enhance HTLV-1 infection using cell-based models, there may be certain circumstances in which activation of Nrp1 expression negatively impacts viral infection, which is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Kendle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Kimson Hoang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Erica Korleski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Amanda R Panfil
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Nicholas Polakowski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Isabelle Lemasson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
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7
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Dixon L, McNamara C, Dhasmana D, Taylor GP, Davies N. Imaging Spectrum of HTLV-1–Related Neurologic Disease. Neurol Clin Pract 2023; 13:e200147. [PMID: 37066106 PMCID: PMC10092304 DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000200147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of ReviewHuman T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)–associated myelopathy (HAM) is a well-recognized neurologic complication of HTLV-1. Beyond HAM, several other neurologic manifestations are increasingly recognized, including acute myelopathy, encephalopathy, and myositis. The clinical and imaging features of these presentations are less well understood and potentially underdiagnosed. In this study, we summarize the imaging features of HTLV-1–related neurologic disease, providing both a pictorial review and pooled series of the less well-recognized presentations.Recent Findings35 cases of acute/subacute HAM and 12 cases of HTLV-1–related encephalopathy were found. In subacute HAM, cervical and upper thoracic longitudinally extensive tranverse myelitis was noted, while in HTLV-1–related encephalopathy, confluent lesions in the frontoparietal white matter and along the corticospinal tracts were the most prevalent finding.SummaryThere are varied clinical and imaging presentations of HTLV-1–related neurologic disease. Recognition of these features aids early diagnosis where therapy may have the greatest benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Dixon
- Department of Neuroradiology (LD, CM), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK; National Centre for Human Retrovirology (DD, GPT, ND), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK; Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Disease (GPT), Imperial College London, UK; Department of Neurology (GPT), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK; Department of Neurology (GPT), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Cillian McNamara
- Department of Neuroradiology (LD, CM), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK; National Centre for Human Retrovirology (DD, GPT, ND), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK; Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Disease (GPT), Imperial College London, UK; Department of Neurology (GPT), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK; Department of Neurology (GPT), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Divya Dhasmana
- Department of Neuroradiology (LD, CM), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK; National Centre for Human Retrovirology (DD, GPT, ND), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK; Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Disease (GPT), Imperial College London, UK; Department of Neurology (GPT), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK; Department of Neurology (GPT), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Graham P Taylor
- Department of Neuroradiology (LD, CM), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK; National Centre for Human Retrovirology (DD, GPT, ND), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK; Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Disease (GPT), Imperial College London, UK; Department of Neurology (GPT), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK; Department of Neurology (GPT), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Nicholas Davies
- Department of Neuroradiology (LD, CM), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK; National Centre for Human Retrovirology (DD, GPT, ND), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK; Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Disease (GPT), Imperial College London, UK; Department of Neurology (GPT), Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK; Department of Neurology (GPT), Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
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8
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Guiraud V, Crémoux F, Leroy I, Cohier J, Hernandez P, Mansaly S, Gautheret-Dejean A. Comparison of two new HTLV-I/II screening methods, Abbott Alinity i rHTLV-I/II and Diasorin LIAISON® XL murex recHTLV-I/II, to Abbott architect rHTLVI/II assay. J Clin Virol 2023; 164:105446. [PMID: 37148674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2023.105446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnosis of Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) types I and II infection requires sequencial testing with firstly a screening using an Enzyme immunoassay followed by a confirmatory test. OBJECTIVES To compare the performances of the Alinity i rHTLV-I/II (Abbott®) and LIAISON® XL murex recHTLV-I/II serological screening tests to the ARCHITECT rHTLVI/II test followed if positive by HTLV BLOT 2.4, MP Diagnostics as the reference. STUDY DESIGN 119 serum samples from 92 known HTLV-I infected patients and 184 from uninfected patients with HTLV were analyzed in parallel with, Alinity i rHTLV-I/II, LIAISON® XL murex recHTLV-I/II and ARCHITECT rHTLVI/II. RESULTS Alinity i rHTLV-I/II and LIAISON® XL murex recHTLV-I/II exhibited a total agreement with ARCHITECT rHTLVI/II for both positive and negative samples. Both tests are suitable alternatives for HTLV screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Guiraud
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Service de Virologie, F-75013 Paris, France.
| | - Florian Crémoux
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Service de Virologie, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Leroy
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Service de Virologie, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Julien Cohier
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Service de Virologie, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Hernandez
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Service de Virologie, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Safietou Mansaly
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Service de Virologie, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Agnès Gautheret-Dejean
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Service de Virologie, F-75013 Paris, France; Université Paris cité, INSERM UMR-S 1139 Physiopathologie et pharmacotoxicologie placentaire humaine, microbiote pré & post-natal, F-75006 Paris, France.
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9
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Ernzen K, Melvin C, Yu L, Phelps C, Niewiesk S, Green PL, Panfil AR. The PRMT5 inhibitor EPZ015666 is effective against HTLV-1-transformed T-cell lines in vitro and in vivo. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1101544. [PMID: 36819050 PMCID: PMC9932813 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1101544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the infectious cause of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), an extremely aggressive and fatal malignancy of CD4+ T-cells. Due to the chemotherapy-resistance of ATL and the absence of long-term therapy regimens currently available for ATL patients, there is an urgent need to characterize novel therapeutic targets against this disease. Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) is a type II PRMT enzyme that is directly involved in the pathogenesis of multiple different lymphomas through the transcriptional regulation of relevant oncogenes. Recently, our group identified that PRMT5 is overexpressed in HTLV-1-transformed T-cell lines, during the HTLV-1-mediated T-cell immortalization process, and in ATL patient samples. The objective of this study was to determine the importance of PRMT5 on HTLV-1 infected cell viability, T-cell transformation, and ultimately disease induction. Inhibition of PRMT5 enzymatic activity with a commercially available small molecule inhibitor (EPZ015666) resulted in selective in vitro toxicity of actively proliferating and transformed T-cells. EPZ015666-treatment resulted in a dose-dependent increase in apoptosis in HTLV-1-transformed and ATL-derived cell lines compared to uninfected Jurkat T-cells. Using a co-culture model of infection and immortalization, we found that EPZ015666 is capable of blocking HTLV-1-mediated T-cell immortalization in vitro, indicating that PRMT5 enzymatic activity is essential for the HTLV-1 T-cell transformation process. Administration of EPZ015666 in both NSG xenograft and HTLV-1-infected humanized immune system (HIS) mice significantly improved survival outcomes. The cumulative findings of this study demonstrate that the epigenetic regulator PRMT5 is critical for the survival, transformation, and pathogenesis of HTLV-1, illustrating the value of this cellular enzyme as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of ATL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Ernzen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Corrine Melvin
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Lianbo Yu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Cameron Phelps
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Stefan Niewiesk
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Patrick L. Green
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Amanda R. Panfil
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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Advances in the treatment of HTLV-1-associated adult T-cell leukemia lymphoma. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 58:101289. [PMID: 36584476 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2022.101289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is an aggressive hematologic malignancy linked to HTLV-1 infection, which is refractory to therapy. The precise mechanism of oncogenesis in ATLL is incompletely understood, however, oncogenic viral genes Tax and Hbz are implicated, and recent large genomic and transcriptome studies provide further insight. Despite progress in understanding the disease, survival and outcome with current therapies remain poor. Long-term survivors are reported, primarily among those with indolent disease or activating CC chemokine receptor 4 mutations, however, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant is the only curative treatment option. The majority of patients succumb to their disease and ongoing and collaborative research efforts are needed. I will review recent updates in HTLV-1-associated ATLL epidemiology, pathogenesis, therapy, and prevention.
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11
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Ohmoto A, Fuji S, Kohmo S, Katsura K. HTLV-I associated bronchioloalveolar disorder (HABA): disease concept and differential diagnosis of an unsolved disease entity. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2023; 21:57-63. [PMID: 36437745 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2151437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-I) associated bronchioloalveolar disorder (HABA) is a chronic and progressive bronchiolar/alveolar disorder related to HTLV-1 infection. Clinical knowledge and guidance are lacking for the diagnosis and management of this condition. AREAS COVERED This work aimed to review the latest information and challenges regarding HABA diagnosis and treatment. EXPERT OPINION HABA is an immune-mediated state induced by HTLV-1. For diagnosis of HABA, other infectious diseases and pulmonary infiltration of adult T-cell leukemia should be excluded by investigations such as computed tomography (CT), transbronchial biopsy, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) analysis. Typical CT findings in HABA include diffuse panbronchiolitis-like or bronchiectasis patterns, whereas cases with other abnormalities, including interstitial pneumonia, have also been reported. A high rate of polyclonal CD4+ and CD25+ lymphocytes is detected in BALF of patients with HABA, reflecting the infiltration of HTLV-1 infected T-cells in the lung. Current treatment options are not HABA specific, and include corticosteroids, macrolide antibiotics, and pirfenidone. Mitigation of the adverse effects of HTLV-1 infection requires the establishment of diagnostic criteria for the disease, screening programs for HABA in HTLV-1 infected individuals, and the development of effective disease treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Ohmoto
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Fuji
- Department of Hematology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kohmo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Pref Osaka Saiseikai Izuo Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kaoruko Katsura
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Pref Osaka Saiseikai Izuo Hospital, Osaka, Japan
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12
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Santana CS, Andrade FDO, da Silva GCS, Nascimento JODS, Campos RF, Giovanetti M, Santos LA, Gois LL, Alcantara LCJ, Barreto FK. Advances in preventive vaccine development against HTLV-1 infection: A systematic review of the last 35 years. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1073779. [PMID: 36860854 PMCID: PMC9968880 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1073779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was the first described human retrovirus. It is currently estimated that around 5 to 10 million people worldwide are infected with this virus. Despite its high prevalence, there is still no preventive vaccine against the HTLV-1 infection. It is known that vaccine development and large-scale immunization play an important role in global public health. To understand the advances in this field we performed a systematic review regarding the current progress in the development of a preventive vaccine against the HTLV-1 infection. Methods This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA®) guidelines and was registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). The search for articles was performed in PubMed, Lilacs, Embase and SciELO databases. From the 2,485 articles identified, 25 were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results The analysis of these articles indicated that potential vaccine designs in development are available, although there is still a paucity of studies in the human clinical trial phase. Discussion Although HTLV-1 was discovered almost 40 years ago, it remains a great challenge and a worldwide neglected threat. The scarcity of funding contributes decisively to the inconclusiveness of the vaccine development. The data summarized here intends to highlight the necessity to improve the current knowledge of this neglected retrovirus, encouraging for more studies on vaccine development aiming the to eliminate this human threat. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero, identifier (CRD42021270412).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Souza Santana
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Raissa Frazão Campos
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Marta Giovanetti
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Vetores: Endossimbiontes e Interação Patógeno-Vetor, Instituto René Rachou - Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, University of Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Luciane Amorim Santos
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Luana Leandro Gois
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências da Biointeração, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Júnior Alcantara
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Vetores: Endossimbiontes e Interação Patógeno-Vetor, Instituto René Rachou - Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Khouri Barreto
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
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13
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de Lima ACR, Lopes FT, de Oliveira Freitas V, Assad MN, de Sousa RS, Gonçalves JSS, Gomes JLC, dos Santos BC, Lima CNC, Abreu IN, dos Santos Brito WR, Pereira KAS, da Silva Torres MK, Lima SS, Aben-Athar CYU, Guerreiro JF, Cayres Vallinoto IMV, Vallinoto ACR, Feitosa RNM. Prevalence and Risk Factors for HTLV-1/2 Infection inRiverside and Rural Populations of the State of Pará. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102262. [PMID: 36298817 PMCID: PMC9610156 DOI: 10.3390/v14102262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic viruses 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) infection has been described in several Amazonian populations; however, there is still a lack of data on the prevalence of the virus in riparian populations living in rural areas of the state of Pará. The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of HTLV-1/2 infection in four riverine communities and one rural area in the state of Pará and to describe the possible risk factors for infection. A total of 907 individuals responded to an epidemiological survey and gave blood samples collected for anti-HTLV-1/2 antibodies by immunoenzymatic assay (EIA). The serum-reactive samples were subjected to confirmation by an in-line assay (Inno-Lia) and by proviral DNA screening using real-time PCR (qPCR). The total prevalence was 0.8% (7/907) for HTLV-1/2 (CI: 0.2−1.3%), with 0.66% HTLV-1 and 0.11% HTLV-2. The prevalence by sex was 0.7% in women (4/565) and 0.9% in men (3/342). Among seropositive patients, 83.3% (5/7) reported being sexually active, and 57.1% (4/7) reported not having the habit of using condoms during their sexual relations. Intrafamily infection was also observed. The results reinforce the need for public policies to prevent and block the spread of HTLV, especially in riparian communities that are subject to difficulties in accessing the Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde/SUS) because infected individuals need clinical monitoring for surveillance and early diagnosis of symptoms associated with HTLV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Cecy Rocha de Lima
- Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075110, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075110, Brazil
| | - Felipe Teixeira Lopes
- Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075110, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075110, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Janete Silvana Souza Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075110, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075110, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carlos Neandro Cordeiro Lima
- Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075110, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075110, Brazil
| | - Isabella Nogueira Abreu
- Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075110, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075110, Brazil
| | - Wandrey Roberto dos Santos Brito
- Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075110, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075110, Brazil
| | - Keise Adrielle Santos Pereira
- Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075110, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075110, Brazil
| | - Maria Karoliny da Silva Torres
- Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075110, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075110, Brazil
| | - Sandra Souza Lima
- Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075110, Brazil
| | | | - João Farias Guerreiro
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075110, Brazil
| | - Izaura M. V. Cayres Vallinoto
- Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075110, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075110, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
- Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075110, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075110, Brazil
| | - Rosimar Neris Martins Feitosa
- Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075110, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075110, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-919-9117-9811
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Schnell AP, Kohrt S, Aristodemou A, Taylor GP, Bangham CRM, Thoma-Kress AK. HDAC inhibitors Panobinostat and Romidepsin enhance tax transcription in HTLV-1-infected cell lines and freshly isolated patients’ T-cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:978800. [PMID: 36052071 PMCID: PMC9424546 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.978800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The viral transactivator Tax plays a key role in HTLV-1 reactivation and de novo infection. Previous approaches focused on the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) Valproate as a latency-reversing agent to boost Tax expression and expose infected cells to the host’s immune response. However, following treatment with Valproate proviral load decreases in patients with HAM/TSP were only transient. Here, we hypothesize that other compounds, including more potent and selective HDACi, might prove superior to Valproate in manipulating Tax expression. Thus, a panel of HDACi (Vorinostat/SAHA/Zolinza, Panobinostat/LBH589/Farydak, Belinostat/PXD101/Beleodaq, Valproate, Entinostat/MS-275, Romidepsin/FK228/Istodax, and MC1568) was selected and tested for toxicity and potency in enhancing Tax expression. The impact of the compounds was evaluated in different model systems, including transiently transfected T-cells, chronically HTLV-1-infected T-cell lines, and freshly isolated PBMCs from HTLV-1 carriers ex vivo. We identified the pan-HDACi Panobinostat and class I HDACi Romidepsin as particularly potent agents at raising Tax expression. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that these inhibitors considerably boost tax and Tax-target gene transcription. However, despite this significant increase in tax transcription and histone acetylation, protein levels of Tax were only moderately enhanced. In conclusion, these data demonstrate the ability of Panobinostat and Romidepsin to manipulate Tax expression and provide a foundation for further research into eliminating latently infected cells. These findings also contribute to a better understanding of conditions limiting transcription and translation of viral gene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika P. Schnell
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephan Kohrt
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aris Aristodemou
- Section of Immunology of Infection, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graham P. Taylor
- Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles R. M. Bangham
- Section of Immunology of Infection, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea K. Thoma-Kress
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Andrea K. Thoma-Kress,
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15
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Umekita K. Effect of HTLV-1 Infection on the Clinical Course of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071460. [PMID: 35891440 PMCID: PMC9323945 DOI: 10.3390/v14071460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The effects of HTLV-1 on health are not fully elucidated. Epidemiological studies have shown that the prevalence of HTLV-1 infection is high in patients with rheumatic diseases. The prevalence of comorbidities, such as Sjögren’s syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), is higher in patients with HAM/TSP than the in general population. Studies have shown the effects of HTLV-1-infection on the clinical course of RA. Major questions on the association between HTLV-1 infection and RA: (1) Is it possible that HTLV-1 infection causes RA? (2) Do patients with RA who are infected with HTLV-1 have different clinical features? (3) Are immunosuppressants associated with an increased prevalence of HAM/TSP or ATL in RA patients with HTLV-1 infection? Is ATL an immunosuppressive therapy-associated lymphoproliferative disorder? No large-scale studies have investigated the incidence of ATL in patients with RA. However, several studies have reported the development of ATL in patients with RA who have HTLV-1 infection. This review aimed to shed light on the association between HTLV-1 infection and RA and summarize the unmet medical needs of RA patients with HTLV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiko Umekita
- Division of Respirology, Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases and Neurology, Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
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16
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Luo I, Bradhurst P, Chen R. Intravenous immunoglobulin infusion contributes to a high incidence of false reactive screen results for human T-lymphotropic virus. Pathology 2022; 54:768-771. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Fowler F, Einsiedel L. A Qualitative Study Exploring Perceptions to the Human T Cell Leukaemia Virus Type 1 in Central Australia: Barriers to Preventing Transmission in a Remote Aboriginal Population. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:845594. [PMID: 35572972 PMCID: PMC9100826 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.845594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Central Australia has the highest recorded prevalence of infection with the human T cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) worldwide. Each of the clinical diseases associated with HTLV-1 have been reported in this region, including deaths due to adult T cell leukaemia, which is causally linked to HTLV-1. Nevertheless, no public health response has been implemented to reduce HTLV-1 transmission among the affected Aboriginal population. In the first study to explore the perceptions of healthcare professionals along with those of Aboriginal people whose communities are actually impacted by HTLV-1, we sought to understand the barriers to preventing HTLV-1 transmission in this remote area. Methodology/Principal Findings Semi and un-structured interviews were conducted with 30 Australian Aboriginal people, 26 non-Aboriginal healthcare professionals and 3 non-Aboriginal community workers. The purpose of the interviews was to explore perceptions towards HTLV-1 in a health context with a focus on sexual and reproductive rights. Deductive and inductive analyses were applied to the data and a decolonizing lens brought peripheral stories to the fore. A major finding was the contrast between views expressed by Aboriginal participants and healthcare professionals regarding the provision of knowledge to those affected. Aboriginal participants consistently articulated that they and their communities should be informed of, and can hold, knowledges pertaining to HTLV-1. This finding controverted the perceptions of healthcare professionals that the complexities of the virus would not be well-understood by their Aboriginal patients and that sharing HTLV-1 knowledges might overwhelm Aboriginal people. Further analyses revealed a spectrum of understanding and clinical practice, while also delineating signs of an imagined public health response. Conclusions/Significance HTLV-1 remains a neglected infection in Australia. Knowledge of HTLV-1 is held by a privileged medical elite and does not flow to marginalised Aboriginal people living in affected communities. We demonstrate that differences in the perspectives of stakeholders presents a significant barrier to the development of cohesive, culturally safe prevention programs that foster a shared knowledge of HTLV-1. The interview data suggests that a successful public health program is likely to require a dual approach that includes clinical care and community-driven health promotion. Aspects of this approach, which would raise awareness and potentially reduce transmission and lower HTLV-1 prevalence in Central Australia, may be applicable to other endemic settings with similar conditions of social disadvantage, geographic remoteness, resource limitations and cross-cultural challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Fowler
- Department of Social Work, Alice Salomon University of Applied Sciences, Berlin, Germany
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18
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Gallo RC, Tagaya Y. Reflections on Some of the Exceptional Features of HTLV-1 and HTLV-1 Research: A Perspective. Front Immunol 2022; 13:859654. [PMID: 35432297 PMCID: PMC9010860 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.859654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The report is not a review or a summary. In a manner, it is a perspective but an unusual one. It looks back to the years my colleagues and I (RG) began preparing for human retroviruses (beginning in 1970), how they evolved, and attempts to bring to light or simply to emphasize many exceptional characteristics of a retrovirus known as HTLV-1 and some fortuitous coincidences, with emphasis on the needs of the field. These events cover over one half a century. We have had many reviews on HTLV-1 disease, epidemiology, and basic aspects of its replication, genome, gene functions, structure, and pathogenesis, though continued updates are needed. However, some of its truly exceptional features have not been highlighted, or at least not in a comprehensive manner. This article attempts to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Gallo
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Robert C. Gallo,
| | - Yutaka Tagaya
- Cell Biology Lab, Division of Virology, Pathogenesis and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Regulation of HTLV-1 Transformation. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:230803. [PMID: 35169839 PMCID: PMC8919135 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20211921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the only identified oncogenic human retrovirus. HTLV-1 infects approximately 5–10 million people worldwide and is the infectious cause of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and several chronic inflammatory diseases, including HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), dermatitis, and uveitis. Unlike other oncogenic retroviruses, HTLV-1 does not capture a cellular proto-oncogene or induce proviral insertional mutagenesis. HTLV-1 is a trans-activating retrovirus and encodes accessory proteins that induce cellular transformation over an extended period of time, upwards of several years to decades. Inarguably the most important viral accessory protein involved in transformation is Tax. Tax is a multifunctional protein that regulates several different pathways and cellular processes. This single viral protein is able to modulate viral gene expression, activate NF-κB signaling pathways, deregulate the cell cycle, disrupt apoptosis, and induce genomic instability. The summation of these processes results in cellular transformation and virus-mediated oncogenesis. Interestingly, HTLV-1 also encodes a protein called Hbz from the antisense strand of the proviral genome that counters many Tax functions in the infected cell, such as Tax-mediated viral transcription and NF-κB activation. However, Hbz also promotes cellular proliferation, inhibits apoptosis, and disrupts genomic integrity. In addition to viral proteins, there are other cellular factors such as MEF-2, superoxide-generating NAPDH oxidase 5-α (Nox5α), and PDLIM2 which have been shown to be critical for HTLV-1-mediated T-cell transformation. This review will highlight the important viral and cellular factors involved in HTLV-1 transformation and the available in vitro and in vivo tools used to study this complex process.
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Ye L, Taylor GP, Rosadas C. Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 and Strongyloides stercoralis Co-infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:832430. [PMID: 35237633 PMCID: PMC8882768 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.832430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe distribution of human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) overlaps with that of Strongyloides stercoralis. Strongyloides stercoralis infection has been reported to be impacted by co-infection with HTLV-1. Disseminated strongyloidiasis and hyperinfection syndrome, which are commonly fatal, are observed in HTLV-1 co-infected patients. Reduced efficacy of anti-strongyloidiasis treatment in HTLV-1 carriers has been reported. The aim of this meta-analysis and systematic review is to better understand the association between HTLV-1 and S. stercoralis infection.MethodsPubMed, Embase, MEDLINE, Global Health, Healthcare Management Information Consortium databases were searched. Studies regarding the prevalence of S. stercoralis, those evaluating the frequency of mild or severe strongyloidiasis, and treatment response in people living with and without HTLV-1 infection were included. Data were extracted and odds ratios were calculated. Random-effect meta-analysis was used to assess the pooled OR and 95% confidence intervals.ResultsFourteen studies were included after full-text reviewing of which seven described the prevalence of S. stercoralis and HTLV-1. The odds of S. stercoralis infection were higher in HTLV-1 carriers when compared with HTLV-1 seronegative subjects (OR 3.2 95%CI 1.7–6.2). A strong association was found between severe strongyloidiasis and HTLV-1 infection (OR 59.9, 95%CI 18.1–198). Co-infection with HTLV-1 was associated with a higher rate of strongyloidiasis treatment failure (OR 5.05, 95%CI 2.5–10.1).ConclusionStrongyloides stercoralis infection is more prevalent in people living with HTLV-1. Co-infected patients are more likely to develop severe presentation and to fail treatment. Screening for HTLV-1 and Strongyloides sp. should be routine when either is diagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqing Ye
- Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graham P. Taylor
- Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Centre for Human Retrovirology, St. Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Graham P. Taylor
| | - Carolina Rosadas
- Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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21
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Bastos Ferreira AP, do Nascimento ADFS, Sampaio Rocha-Filho PA. Cerebral and spinal cord changes observed through magnetic resonance imaging in patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis: a systematic review. J Neurovirol 2022; 28:1-16. [PMID: 34981435 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-021-01043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To verify brain and spinal changes using magnetic resonance imaging in patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. This was a systematic review. The descriptors used were tropical spastic paraparesis and magnetic resonance image. The keyword HTLV-1-associated myelopathy was also used. Twenty-three articles were included: 16 detected brain changes and 18 detected spinal changes. White matter lesions were the most frequent finding in the brain. Brain injuries were most frequently identified in the periventricular region, in the subcortical region, in the centrum semiovale, in the brain stem, and corpus callosum. Atrophy was the most frequent finding of the spinal cord, affecting the thoracic and cervical regions, and was associated with a longer evolution of myelopathy. White matter lesions in these regions were also observed. Cortical white matter lesions and thoracic spinal cord atrophy were the most frequently reported changes in patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Patrícia Bastos Ferreira
- Post-Graduation Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Posneuro), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil.,Rua Carlos Pereira Falcão, 1136, Recife, 51021-350, Brazil
| | - Ana Dolores Firmino Santos do Nascimento
- Post-Graduation Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Posneuro), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil.,Rua Arlindo Gouveia, 145, Recife, 50720-595, Brazil
| | - Pedro Augusto Sampaio Rocha-Filho
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil. .,Rua General Joaquim Inácio, Pernambuco- CEP, 1412 - Edifício The Plaza Business Center, Recife, Sala, 83052011-270, Brazil.
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22
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Luciano CA, Caraballo-Cartagena S. Treatment and Management of Infectious, Granulomatous, and Toxic Neuromuscular Disorders. Neuromuscul Disord 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-71317-7.00016-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Cordeiro PAS, Assone T, Prates G, Tedeschi MRM, Fonseca LAM, Casseb J. The role of IFN-γ production during retroviral infections: an important cytokine involved in chronic inflammation and pathogenesis. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2022; 64:e64. [PMID: 36197425 PMCID: PMC9528752 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202264064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) plays a crucial role in viral infections by preventing viral replication and in the promotion of innate and adaptive immune responses. However, IFN-gamma can exert distinct effects in different persistent viral infections. The long-term overproduction of IFN-γ in retroviral infections, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), and human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), resulting in inflammation, may cause neuronal damage. This review is provocative about the role of IFN-γ during persistent retroviral infections and its relationship with the causation of some neurological disorders that are important for public health.
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Souza LS, Lins-Silva DH, Dorea-Bandeira I, Barouh JL, Tolentino A, Bandeira ID, Quarantini LC. Prevalence and factors associated with depression and anxiety in people living with HTLV-1: A systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2021; 73:54-63. [PMID: 34600354 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) infection is a neglected tropical disease associated with many clinical manifestations, such as erythematous-scaling skin lesions, cutaneous lymphomas, and spastic paraparesis, which could be a potential cause of mental health concerns. This study investigates the prevalence of symptoms and diagnoses of depression and anxiety and its associated factors in people living with HTLV-1 (PLWH). METHOD A systematic review was performed in the Pubmed/MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS, and PsycINFO databases for original studies investigating symptoms of depression and anxiety and diagnoses of major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders in PLWH, and a random-effects meta-analysis with meta-regression was performed to obtain a summary frequency of symptoms and diagnoses of depression and anxiety. RESULTS Considering both symptoms and diagnoses, the pooled prevalence for depression was 35% (95% CI: 27 to 43) and for anxiety was 33% (95% CI: 23 to 45). Clinically significant symptoms were more prevalent than diagnosed disorders for depression (47% vs. 21%) and anxiety (44% vs. 11%). PLWH were more likely than seronegative controls to present symptoms and diagnoses of depression (pooled OR: 4.25; 95% CI: 2.7 to 6.68) and anxiety (pooled OR: 3.79; 95% CI: 2.6 to 5.52). Spastic paraparesis was significantly associated with symptoms and diagnoses of depression (pooled OR: 1.81; 95% CI: 1.11 to 2.95) and anxiety (pooled OR: 2.75; 95% CI 1.26 to 5.96). CONCLUSIONS PLWH present a much higher prevalence of symptoms and diagnoses of depression and anxiety than seronegative controls, which could be explained by social vulnerability or neurological impairment associated with spastic paraparesis. More studies comparing asymptomatic PLWH and seronegative controls are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucca S Souza
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Serviço de Psiquiatria do Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Daniel H Lins-Silva
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Serviço de Psiquiatria do Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Dorea-Bandeira
- Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Serviço de Psiquiatria do Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ciências, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Judah L Barouh
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Arthur Tolentino
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Igor D Bandeira
- Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Serviço de Psiquiatria do Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Lucas C Quarantini
- Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Serviço de Psiquiatria do Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Departamento de Neurociências e Saúde Mental, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.
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Talukder MR, Clauss CS, Cherian S, Woodman R, Einsiedel L. Risk factors for HTLV-1, acute kidney injury, and urinary tract infection among aboriginal adults with end stage kidney disease in central Australia. J Med Virol 2021; 93:6362-6370. [PMID: 34173977 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Central Australia is a human T-cell leukemia virus type 1c (HTLV-1c) endemic region and has the highest incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Australia. The factors associated with HTLV-1 seropositivity among Aboriginal Australian adults with CKD receiving hemodialysis (HD) were determined. A retrospective observational study of Aboriginal adults (≥ 18 years) who were receiving regular HD at the two main dialysis units in Alice Springs, December 1, 2010 to December 31, 2015. Demographic and clinical data before commencing HD were extracted from hospital records from the first presentation to Alice Springs Hospital (ASH) to HD commencement and associations were determined using logistic regression. Among 373 patients receiving HD, 133 (35.9%) were HTLV-1 infected. Identifiable factors associated with HTLV-1 status included increasing age, male gender, and diabetes before HD. The odds of diabetes mellitus were significantly higher among patients with HTLV-1 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 2.76, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.19, 6.39; p = 0.017). More than one-fifth of participants had an acute kidney injury, the risk of which was increased among those with a previous blood stream infection (aOR: 3.02, 95% CI: 1.71, 5.34, p < 0.001). Men with a high HTLV-1 proviral load (≥500 copies per 105 peripheral blood leukocytes) had an increased risk of urinary tract infection (UTI) before HD (aOR: 5.15, 95% CI: 1.62, 16.40; p = 0.006). A strong association between HTLV-1 and diabetes, and an increased risk of UTI among men with a high HTLV-1 PVL, suggest that interactions between HTLV-1 infection and conventional risk factors may increase the risk for CKD in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad R Talukder
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Cornelia S Clauss
- Department of Medicine, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Sajiv Cherian
- Central Australia Renal Services, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Richard Woodman
- Flinders Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lloyd Einsiedel
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia
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26
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Schnell AP, Kohrt S, Thoma-Kress AK. Latency Reversing Agents: Kick and Kill of HTLV-1? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115545. [PMID: 34073995 PMCID: PMC8197370 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the cause of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), is a retrovirus, which integrates into the host genome and persistently infects CD4+ T-cells. Virus propagation is stimulated by (1) clonal expansion of infected cells and (2) de novo infection. Viral gene expression is induced by the transactivator protein Tax, which recruits host factors like positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) to the viral promoter. Since HTLV-1 gene expression is repressed in vivo by viral, cellular, and epigenetic mechanisms in late phases of infection, HTLV-1 avoids an efficient CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response directed against the immunodominant viral Tax antigen. Hence, therapeutic strategies using latency reversing agents (LRAs) sought to transiently activate viral gene expression and antigen presentation of Tax to enhance CTL responses towards HTLV-1, and thus, to expose the latent HTLV-1 reservoir to immune destruction. Here, we review strategies that aimed at enhancing Tax expression and Tax-specific CTL responses to interfere with HTLV-1 latency. Further, we provide an overview of LRAs including (1) histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) and (2) activators of P-TEFb, that have mainly been studied in context of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but which may also be powerful in the context of HTLV-1.
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27
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Liu W, Su Y, Li S, Chen H, Liu Y, Li X, Shen W, Zhong X, Wu F, Meng Q, Jiang X. Weighted gene coexpression network reveals downregulation of genes in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatr Pulmonol 2021; 56:392-399. [PMID: 33118673 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.25141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a serious lung disease observed in premature infants, known to cause considerable morbidity and mortality. Its prognosis is influenced by a complex network of genetic interactions. In this study, we determined the potential key factors in the pathogenesis of this condition. METHODS We constructed scale-free gene coexpression network using weighted gene coexpression network analysis. The analysis was carried out on the GSE8586 dataset, which contains the expression profiles of umbilical cord tissue homogenates from 20 neonates with BPD and 34 unaffected controls. RESULTS Our analysis identified one significantly downregulated coexpression module related to the BPD phenotype. It was significantly enriched in genes related to human T-cell leukemia virus infection and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. In this module, the expression of the following four hub genes in infants with BPD was significantly decreased: Fos proto-oncogene (FOS), BTG antiproliferation factor 2 (BTG2), Jun proto-oncogene (JUN), and early growth response protein 1 (EGR1). The downregulation of these hub genes was verified in clinical samples derived from blood and umbilical cord tissue. CONCLUSION The decreased expression of FOS, BTG2, JUN, and EGR1 is associated with BPD and, therefore, could be used as biomarkers to diagnose early BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangkai Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yihua Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sitao Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haitian Chen
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yumei Liu
- Department of Neonatology, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Department of Pediatrics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinqi Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics, Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Meng
- Department of Pediatrics, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyun Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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28
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Bastos Ferreira AP, Cassilhas APP, Moura P, Sampaio Rocha-Filho PA. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Cell Apoptotic Pathways in Patients with HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis: A Systematic Review. Viral Immunol 2021; 34:380-391. [PMID: 33470891 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to verify the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic cell apoptotic pathways on the inhibition of cellular apoptosis in patients with tropical spastic paralysis/myelopathy related to human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1. The databases accessed were PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science. Neither the time of publishing nor the language of the articles was limited. The descriptors used for this systematic literature review were: Tropical Paraparesis, Proto-Oncogenic Protein C, Bcl-2, Bcl-X Protein, Bax protein, Fas ligand (FasL) protein, Fas receptor, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand and Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD)-like apoptosis regulating. The search resulted in 546 articles from which 9 articles were selected for analysis; ranging from serum levels of Bcl-2, Fas and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the levels of cellular expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL the TCD4+ lymphocytes accessed by western blot. Most studies accessed either gene expression or polymorphism of Fas, FasL, and TRAIL in patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), whereas one study used flow cytometry and fluorescence to determine Fas expression. Increased Bcl-xL expression inhibited T lymphocyte apoptosis, whereas Bcl-2, serum levels, and cellular expression did not influence T lymphocyte apoptosis and serum levels of Fas were significantly higher and associated with markers of leukocyte activation in patients with HAM/TSP. In addition, Fas polymorphism (FAS-670AA) was associated with higher proviral load. There is a need for additional research on this issue since the number of patients was small and the studies presented higher heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Patrícia Bastos Ferreira
- Post-graduation Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (POSNEURO), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | | | | | - Pedro Augusto Sampaio Rocha-Filho
- Post-graduation Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (POSNEURO), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil.,Division of Neuropsychiatry, Centro de Ciências Médicas, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
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29
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Einsiedel L, Chiong F, Jersmann H, Taylor GP. Human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 associated pulmonary disease: clinical and pathological features of an under-recognised complication of HTLV-1 infection. Retrovirology 2021; 18:1. [PMID: 33407607 PMCID: PMC7789585 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-020-00543-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The lung is one of several organs that can be affected by HTLV-1 mediated inflammation. Pulmonary inflammation associated with HTLV-1 infection involves the interstitium, airways and alveoli, resulting in several clinical entities including interstitial pneumonias, bronchiolitis and alveolitis, depending on which structures are most affected. Augmentation of the inflammatory effects of HTLV-1 infected lymphocytes by recruitment of other inflammatory cells in a positive feedback loop is likely to underlie the pathogenesis of HTLV-1 associated pulmonary disease, as has been proposed for HTLV-1 associated myelopathy. In contrast to the conclusions of early case series, HTLV-1 associated pulmonary disease can be associated with significant parenchymal damage, which may progress to bronchiectasis where this involves the airways. Based on our current understanding of HTLV-1 associated pulmonary disease, diagnostic criteria are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd Einsiedel
- Department of Medicine, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, 0870, Australia.
| | - Fabian Chiong
- Department of Medicine, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, 0870, Australia
| | - Hubertus Jersmann
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Graham P Taylor
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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30
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Newman RA, Sastry KJ, Arav-Boger R, Cai H, Matos R, Harrod R. Antiviral Effects of Oleandrin. J Exp Pharmacol 2020; 12:503-515. [PMID: 33262663 PMCID: PMC7686471 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s273120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 15 years, investigators have reported on the utility and safety of cardiac glycosides for numerous health benefits including those as treatments for malignant disease, stroke-mediated ischemic injury and certain neurodegenerative diseases. In addition to those, there is a growing body of evidence for novel antiviral effects of selected cardiac glycoside molecules. One unique cardiac glycoside, oleandrin derived from Nerium oleander, has been reported to have antiviral activity specifically against 'enveloped' viruses including HIV and HTLV-1. Importantly, a recent publication has presented in vitro evidence for oleandrin's ability to inhibit production of infectious virus particles when used for treatment prior to, as well as after infection by SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19. This review will highlight the known in vitro antiviral effects of oleandrin as well as present previously unpublished effects of this novel cardiac glycoside against Ebola virus, Cytomegalovirus, and Herpes simplex viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Newman
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.,Phoenix Biotechnology, Inc, San Antonio, TX 78217, USA
| | - K Jagannadha Sastry
- Departments of Thoracic, Head and Neck Medical Oncology and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ravit Arav-Boger
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Hongyi Cai
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Robert Harrod
- Department of Biological Sciences, the Dedman College Center for Drug Discovery, Design & Delivery, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA
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Barski MS, Minnell JJ, Hodakova Z, Pye VE, Nans A, Cherepanov P, Maertens GN. Cryo-EM structure of the deltaretroviral intasome in complex with the PP2A regulatory subunit B56γ. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5043. [PMID: 33028863 PMCID: PMC7542444 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18874-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a deltaretrovirus and the most oncogenic pathogen. Many of the ~20 million HTLV-1 infected people will develop severe leukaemia or an ALS-like motor disease, unless a therapy becomes available. A key step in the establishment of infection is the integration of viral genetic material into the host genome, catalysed by the retroviral integrase (IN) enzyme. Here, we use X-ray crystallography and single-particle cryo-electron microscopy to determine the structure of the functional deltaretroviral IN assembled on viral DNA ends and bound to the B56γ subunit of its human host factor, protein phosphatase 2 A. The structure reveals a tetrameric IN assembly bound to two molecules of the phosphatase via a conserved short linear motif. Insight into the deltaretroviral intasome and its interaction with the host will be crucial for understanding the pattern of integration events in infected individuals and therefore bears important clinical implications.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- DNA, Viral/metabolism
- DNA, Viral/ultrastructure
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/enzymology
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/genetics
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/pathogenicity
- Humans
- Integrases/genetics
- Integrases/metabolism
- Integrases/ultrastructure
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/virology
- Molecular Docking Simulation
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/pathology
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/virology
- Protein Multimerization
- Protein Phosphatase 2/genetics
- Protein Phosphatase 2/metabolism
- Protein Phosphatase 2/ultrastructure
- Protein Structure, Quaternary
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/ultrastructure
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Simian T-lymphotropic virus 1/enzymology
- Simian T-lymphotropic virus 1/genetics
- Single Molecule Imaging
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
- Viral Proteins/ultrastructure
- Virus Integration
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał S Barski
- Imperial College London, St Mary's Hospital, Department of Infectious Disease, Section of Virology, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Jordan J Minnell
- Imperial College London, St Mary's Hospital, Department of Infectious Disease, Section of Virology, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Zuzana Hodakova
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Valerie E Pye
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Andrea Nans
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Peter Cherepanov
- Imperial College London, St Mary's Hospital, Department of Infectious Disease, Section of Virology, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Goedele N Maertens
- Imperial College London, St Mary's Hospital, Department of Infectious Disease, Section of Virology, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
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Einsiedel L, Pham H, Talukder MRR, Liddle J, Taylor K, Wilson K, Jersmann H, Gessain A, Woodman R, Kaldor J. Pulmonary Disease Is Associated With Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1c Infection: A Cross-sectional Survey in Remote Aboriginal Communities. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 73:e1498-e1506. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) subtype c is endemic to central Australia. We report the first large-scale, community-based, health survey of HTLV-1 and its disease associations in this setting.
Methods
Aboriginal community residents aged >2 years in 7 remote communities were invited to do a health survey that included a questionnaire, spirometry, and clinical examination by a physician blinded to HTLV-1 status, clinical records, and spirometry results. Blood was drawn for HTLV-1 serology and proviral load (PVL). Pulmonary disease was assessed clinically and spirometrically and, where records were available, radiologically after the clinical assessment. Associations between specific diseases and HTLV-1 status were determined using logistic regression, adjusting for available confounders.
Results
Overall, 579 residents (164 children aged 3–17 years; 415 adults) were examined (37.7% of the estimated resident population). HTLV-1 prevalences for children and adults were 6.1% and 39.3%, respectively. No associations were found between HTLV-1 and any assessed clinical condition among children. Chronic pulmonary disease and gait abnormalities were more common among adults with HTLV-1 infection. Adjusted odds ratios among participants with PVL ≥1000 per 105 peripheral blood leukocytes were 7.08 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.67–18.74; P < .001), 9.81 (95% CI, 3.52–27.35; P < .001), and 14.4 (95% CI, 4.99–41.69; P < .001) for clinically defined chronic pulmonary disease, moderate-severe expiratory airflow limitation, and radiologically determined bronchiectasis/bronchiolitis, respectively, and 5.21 (95% CI, 1.50–18.07; P = .009) for gait abnormalities.
Conclusions
In the first study of HTLV-1 disease associations based on community recruitment and blinded assessment, HTLV-1 infection was strongly associated with pulmonary disease and gait abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd Einsiedel
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Australia
| | - Hai Pham
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Australia
| | | | - Joel Liddle
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Australia
| | - Kerry Taylor
- Poche Centre for Indigenous Health and Wellbeing, Alice Springs, Australia
| | - Kim Wilson
- National Serology Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Antoine Gessain
- Oncogenic virus epidemiology and pathophysiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - John Kaldor
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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33
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Gomes Y, Caterino-de-Araujo A, Campos K, Gonçalves MG, Leite AC, Lima MA, Araújo A, Silva MT, Espíndola O. Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Assay for Rapid and Accurate Confirmatory Diagnosis of HTLV-1/2 Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090981. [PMID: 32899621 PMCID: PMC7552020 DOI: 10.3390/v12090981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratory diagnosis of human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLV) 1 and 2 infection is performed by serological screening and further confirmation with serological or molecular assays. Thus, we developed a loop-mediated isothermal nucleic acid amplification (LAMP) assay for the detection of HTLV-1/2 in blood samples. The sensitivity and accuracy of HTLV-1/2 LAMP were defined with DNA samples from individuals infected with HTLV-1 (n = 125), HTLV-2 (n = 19), and coinfected with HIV (n = 82), and compared with real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The overall accuracy of HTLV-1/2 LAMP (95% CI 74.8-85.5%) was slightly superior to qPCR (95% CI 69.5-81.1%) and similar to PCR-RFLP (95% CI 79.5-89.3%). The sensitivity of LAMP was greater for HTLV-1 (95% CI 83.2-93.4%) than for HTLV-2 (95% CI 43.2-70.8%). This was also observed in qPCR and PCR-RFLP, which was associated with the commonly lower HTLV-2 proviral load. All molecular assays tested showed better results with samples from HTLV-1/2 mono-infected individuals compared with HIV-coinfected patients, who present lower CD4 T-cell counts. In conclusion, HTLV-1/2 LAMP had similar to superior performance than PCR-based assays, and therefore may represent an attractive alternative for HTLV-1/2 diagnosis due to reduced working time and costs, and the simple infrastructure needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yago Gomes
- Laboratory for Clinical Research in Neuroinfections, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (A.C.L.); (M.A.L.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (M.T.S.); (O.E.)
| | - Adele Caterino-de-Araujo
- Laboratory of HTLV Research, Immunology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (A.C.-d.-A.); (K.C.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Karoline Campos
- Laboratory of HTLV Research, Immunology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (A.C.-d.-A.); (K.C.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Maria Gisele Gonçalves
- Laboratory of HTLV Research, Immunology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (A.C.-d.-A.); (K.C.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Ana Claudia Leite
- Laboratory for Clinical Research in Neuroinfections, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (A.C.L.); (M.A.L.); (A.A.)
| | - Marco Antonio Lima
- Laboratory for Clinical Research in Neuroinfections, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (A.C.L.); (M.A.L.); (A.A.)
| | - Abelardo Araújo
- Laboratory for Clinical Research in Neuroinfections, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (A.C.L.); (M.A.L.); (A.A.)
| | - Marcus Tulius Silva
- Laboratory for Clinical Research in Neuroinfections, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (A.C.L.); (M.A.L.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (M.T.S.); (O.E.)
| | - Otávio Espíndola
- Laboratory for Clinical Research in Neuroinfections, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (A.C.L.); (M.A.L.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (M.T.S.); (O.E.)
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Okuma K, Kuramitsu M, Niwa T, Taniguchi T, Masaki Y, Ueda G, Matsumoto C, Sobata R, Sagara Y, Nakamura H, Satake M, Miura K, Fuchi N, Masuzaki H, Okayama A, Umeki K, Yamano Y, Sato T, Iwanaga M, Uchimaru K, Nakashima M, Utsunomiya A, Kubota R, Ishitsuka K, Hasegawa H, Sasaki D, Koh KR, Taki M, Nosaka K, Ogata M, Naruse I, Kaneko N, Okajima S, Tezuka K, Ikebe E, Matsuoka S, Itabashi K, Saito S, Watanabe T, Hamaguchi I. Establishment of a novel diagnostic test algorithm for human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 infection with line immunoassay replacement of western blotting: a collaborative study for performance evaluation of diagnostic assays in Japan. Retrovirology 2020; 17:26. [PMID: 32831150 PMCID: PMC7444053 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-020-00534-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reliable diagnosis of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection is important, particularly as it can be vertically transmitted by breast feeding mothers to their infants. However, current diagnosis in Japan requires a confirmatory western blot (WB) test after screening/primary testing for HTLV-1 antibodies, but this test often gives indeterminate results. Thus, this collaborative study evaluated the reliability of diagnostic assays for HTLV-1 infection, including a WB-based one, along with line immunoassay (LIA) as an alternative to WB for confirmatory testing. RESULTS Using peripheral blood samples from blood donors and pregnant women previously serologically screened and subjected to WB analysis, we analyzed the performances of 10 HTLV-1 antibody assay kits commercially available in Japan. No marked differences in the performances of eight of the screening kits were apparent. However, LIA determined most of the WB-indeterminate samples to be conclusively positive or negative (an 88.0% detection rate). When we also compared the sensitivity to HTLV-1 envelope gp21 with that of other antigens by LIA, the sensitivity to gp21 was the strongest. When we also compared the sensitivity to envelope gp46 by LIA with that of WB, LIA showed stronger sensitivity to gp46 than WB did. These findings indicate that LIA is an alternative confirmatory test to WB analysis without gp21. Therefore, we established a novel diagnostic test algorithm for HTLV-1 infection in Japan, including both the performance of a confirmatory test where LIA replaced WB on primary test-reactive samples and an additional decision based on a standardized nucleic acid detection step (polymerase chain reaction, PCR) on the confirmatory test-indeterminate samples. The final assessment of the clinical usefulness of this algorithm involved performing WB analysis, LIA, and/or PCR in parallel for confirmatory testing of known reactive samples serologically screened at clinical laboratories. Consequently, LIA followed by PCR (LIA/PCR), but neither WB/PCR nor PCR/LIA, was found to be the most reliable diagnostic algorithm. CONCLUSIONS Because the above results show that our novel algorithm is clinically useful, we propose that it is recommended for solving the aforementioned WB-associated reliability issues and for providing a more rapid and precise diagnosis of HTLV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazu Okuma
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Madoka Kuramitsu
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Niwa
- Research and Development Division, Fujirebio Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Chieko Matsumoto
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rieko Sobata
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuko Sagara
- Department of Quality, Japanese Red Cross Kyushu Block Blood Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hitomi Nakamura
- Department of Quality, Japanese Red Cross Kyushu Block Blood Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Satake
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyonori Miura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Naoki Fuchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hideaki Masuzaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Akihiko Okayama
- Department of Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kazumi Umeki
- Department of Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.,Department of Medical Life Science, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Yamano
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan.,Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Tomoo Sato
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Masako Iwanaga
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kaoru Uchimaru
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakashima
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atae Utsunomiya
- Department of Hematology, Imamura General Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ryuji Kubota
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kenji Ishitsuka
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiroo Hasegawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sasaki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ki-Ryang Koh
- Department of Hematology, Osaka General Hospital of West Japan Railway Company, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mai Taki
- Rakuwakai Kyoto Medical Examination Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kisato Nosaka
- Department of Hematology, Kumamoto University of Medicine, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masao Ogata
- Department of Hematology, Oita University Hospital, Oita, Japan
| | - Isao Naruse
- Department of Infection and Immunology, SRL Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriaki Kaneko
- Department of Infection and Immunology, SRL Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sara Okajima
- Department of Infection and Immunology, SRL Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenta Tezuka
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emi Ikebe
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sahoko Matsuoka
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Itabashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Saito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Toshiki Watanabe
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Practical Management of Medical Information, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Isao Hamaguchi
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
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Mohanty S, Harhaj EW. Mechanisms of Oncogenesis by HTLV-1 Tax. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9070543. [PMID: 32645846 PMCID: PMC7399876 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), a neoplasm of CD4+CD25+ T cells that occurs in 2-5% of infected individuals after decades of asymptomatic latent infection. Multiple HTLV-1-encoded regulatory proteins, including Tax and HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ), play key roles in viral persistence and latency. The HTLV-1 Tax oncoprotein interacts with a plethora of host cellular proteins to regulate viral gene expression and also promote the aberrant activation of signaling pathways such as NF-κB to drive clonal proliferation and survival of T cells bearing the HTLV-1 provirus. Tax undergoes various post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination that regulate its function and subcellular localization. Tax shuttles in different subcellular compartments for the activation of anti-apoptotic genes and deregulates the cell cycle with the induction of DNA damage for the accumulation of genomic instability that can result in cellular immortalization and malignant transformation. However, Tax is highly immunogenic and therefore HTLV-1 has evolved numerous strategies to tightly regulate Tax expression while maintaining the pool of anti-apoptotic genes through HBZ. In this review, we summarize the key findings on the oncogenic mechanisms used by Tax that set the stage for the development of ATLL, and the strategies used by HTLV-1 to tightly regulate Tax expression for immune evasion and viral persistence.
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36
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Early-Onset HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060450. [PMID: 32517313 PMCID: PMC7350296 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Vertical transmission of HTLV-1 could lead to the early development of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). This significantly affects quality of life and increases morbimortality. Objective: To describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with early-onset HAM/TSP, defined as disease onset before 20 years of age. Methods: This is a retrospective study from an HTLV-1 clinical cohort between 1989 and 2019. We searched for medical records of patients with (1) diagnosis of HTLV-1 infection using two ELISA and/or one Western blot, (2) clinical diagnosis of HAM/TSP by neurological assessment, and (3) HAM/TSP symptom-onset before 20 years of age. Results: A total of 38 cases were identified in the cohort; 25 were female (66%). The median age of onset was 14 years old. 31 (82%) cases had HTLV-1 testing done among family members; 22 out of 25 tested mothers (88%) were HTLV-1 positive. Most patients (27/34) were breastfed for more than one year. Disease progression measured through EDSS and IPEC-1 showed an upward trend towards worsening spasticity with 18 patients (47%) eventually requiring mobility aids. Conclusions: Cases of early-onset HAM/TSP are not of rare occurrence, which translates into many more years of dependency, the use of mobility aids, and increased overall morbidity.
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37
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Abstract
In the absence of clinical data on Human T leukaemia Type 1 and COVID-19 infection, we are providing guidance to clinicians who look after people living with HTLV-1.
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38
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Iwanaga M. Epidemiology of HTLV-1 Infection and ATL in Japan: An Update. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1124. [PMID: 32547527 PMCID: PMC7273189 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATL) is an aggressive T-cell malignancy caused by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection that often occurs in HTLV-1-endemic areas, such as Japan, the Caribbean islands, Central and South America, Intertropical Africa, and the Middle East. In Japan, the nationwide estimation of the number of HTLV-1 carriers was at least 1.08 million in 2006–2007. Furthermore, in 2016, the nationwide annual incidence of newly infected with HTLV-1 was first estimated to be 3.8 per 100,000 person-years based on the age-specific seroconversion rates of blood donors in almost all areas of Japan. The incidence rate was three times higher in women than in men, and it was estimated that at least 4,000 new HTLV-1 infections occur yearly among adolescents and adults in Japan. As well known that HTLV-1 infection alone is not a sufficient condition for ATL to develop. To date, a variety of molecular abnormalities and host susceptibilities have been reported as candidate progression factors for the development of ATL in HTLV-1-carriers. In particular, quite recently in Japan, a variety of immunosuppressive conditions have been recognized as the most important host susceptibilities associated with the development of ATL from HTLV-1-carrier status. Furthermore, in 2013–2016 in Japan, a new nationwide epidemiological study of ATL was conducted targeting patients newly diagnosed with ATL in 2010–2011, from which the most current knowledge about the epidemiological characteristics of Japanese patients with ATL was updated as follows: (1) continuing regional unevenness of the distribution of people with HTLV-1, (2) further aging, with the mean age at diagnosis being 67.5 years, (3) declining M/F ratio, (4) increase of the lymphoma subtype, (5) sex differences in subtype distribution, (6) age differences in subtype distribution, and (7) comorbidity condition. In particular, 32.2% of ATL patients had comorbid malignancies other than ATL. However, the number of deaths due to ATL in Japan has been relatively stable, at around 1,000 patients annually, without significant decline from 1999 to 2017. Because the current epidemiological evidence about HTLV-1 and ATL is insufficient, further epidemiological studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Iwanaga
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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39
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Marino-Merlo F, Balestrieri E, Matteucci C, Mastino A, Grelli S, Macchi B. Antiretroviral Therapy in HTLV-1 Infection: An Updated Overview. Pathogens 2020; 9:E342. [PMID: 32369988 PMCID: PMC7281255 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The human T cell leukemic/lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), discovered several years ago, is the causative agent for a rapid progressive haematological malignancy, adult T cell leukemia (ATL), for debilitating neurological diseases and for a number of inflammatory based diseases. Although the heterogeneous features of the diseases caused by HTLV-1, a common topic concerning related therapeutic treatments relies on the use of antiretrovirals. This review will compare the different approaches and opinions in this matter, giving a concise overview of preclinical as well as clinical studies covering all the aspects of antiretrovirals in HTLV-1 infection. Studies will be grouped on the basis of the class of antiretroviral, putting together both pre-clinical and clinical results and generally following a chronological order. Analysis of the existing literature highlights that a number of preclinical studies clearly demonstrate that different classes of antiretrovirals, already utilized as anti-HIV agents, are actually capable to efficiently contrast HTLV-1 infection. Nevertheless, the results of most of the clinical studies are generally discouraging on the same point. In conclusion, the design of new antiretrovirals more specifically focused on HTLV-1 targets, and/or the establishment of early treatments with antiretrovirals could hopefully change the perspectives of diseases caused by HTLV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emanuela Balestrieri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (C.M.); (S.G.)
| | - Claudia Matteucci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (C.M.); (S.G.)
| | - Antonio Mastino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
- The Institute of Translational Pharmacology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Sandro Grelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (C.M.); (S.G.)
| | - Beatrice Macchi
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
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40
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Araujo A, Bangham CRM, Casseb J, Gotuzzo E, Jacobson S, Martin F, Penalva de Oliveira A, Puccioni-Sohler M, Taylor GP, Yamano Y. Management of HAM/TSP: Systematic Review and Consensus-based Recommendations 2019. Neurol Clin Pract 2020; 11:49-56. [PMID: 33968472 PMCID: PMC8101298 DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000000832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review To provide an evidence-based approach to the use of therapies that are prescribed to improve the natural history of HTLV-1–associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP)—a rare disease. Recent Findings All 41 articles on the clinical outcome of disease-modifying therapy for HAM/TSP were included in a systematic review by members of the International Retrovirology Association; we report here the consensus assessment and recommendations. The quality of available evidence is low, based for the most part on observational studies, with only 1 double-masked placebo-controlled randomized trial. Summary There is evidence to support the use of both high-dose pulsed methyl prednisolone for induction and low-dose (5 mg) oral prednisolone as maintenance therapy for progressive disease. There is no evidence to support the use of antiretroviral therapy. There is insufficient evidence to support the use of interferon-α as a first-line therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abelardo Araujo
- Laboratory for Clinical Research in Neuroinfections (AA), Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Section of Immunology of Infection (CRMB), Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo/Institute of Tropical Medicine of Sao Paulo (JC), Brazil; Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt" (EG), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Viral Immunology Section (SJ), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Stonewall Medical Centre (FM), Windsor, Australia; Instituto de Infectologia Hospital Emilio Ribas (APO), Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO)/Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) (MP-S), Brazil; Section of Virology (GPT), Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and Department of Rare Diseases Research (YY), Institute of Medical Science, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Charles R M Bangham
- Laboratory for Clinical Research in Neuroinfections (AA), Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Section of Immunology of Infection (CRMB), Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo/Institute of Tropical Medicine of Sao Paulo (JC), Brazil; Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt" (EG), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Viral Immunology Section (SJ), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Stonewall Medical Centre (FM), Windsor, Australia; Instituto de Infectologia Hospital Emilio Ribas (APO), Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO)/Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) (MP-S), Brazil; Section of Virology (GPT), Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and Department of Rare Diseases Research (YY), Institute of Medical Science, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Jorge Casseb
- Laboratory for Clinical Research in Neuroinfections (AA), Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Section of Immunology of Infection (CRMB), Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo/Institute of Tropical Medicine of Sao Paulo (JC), Brazil; Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt" (EG), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Viral Immunology Section (SJ), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Stonewall Medical Centre (FM), Windsor, Australia; Instituto de Infectologia Hospital Emilio Ribas (APO), Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO)/Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) (MP-S), Brazil; Section of Virology (GPT), Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and Department of Rare Diseases Research (YY), Institute of Medical Science, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Eduardo Gotuzzo
- Laboratory for Clinical Research in Neuroinfections (AA), Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Section of Immunology of Infection (CRMB), Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo/Institute of Tropical Medicine of Sao Paulo (JC), Brazil; Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt" (EG), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Viral Immunology Section (SJ), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Stonewall Medical Centre (FM), Windsor, Australia; Instituto de Infectologia Hospital Emilio Ribas (APO), Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO)/Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) (MP-S), Brazil; Section of Virology (GPT), Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and Department of Rare Diseases Research (YY), Institute of Medical Science, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Steve Jacobson
- Laboratory for Clinical Research in Neuroinfections (AA), Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Section of Immunology of Infection (CRMB), Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo/Institute of Tropical Medicine of Sao Paulo (JC), Brazil; Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt" (EG), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Viral Immunology Section (SJ), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Stonewall Medical Centre (FM), Windsor, Australia; Instituto de Infectologia Hospital Emilio Ribas (APO), Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO)/Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) (MP-S), Brazil; Section of Virology (GPT), Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and Department of Rare Diseases Research (YY), Institute of Medical Science, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Fabiola Martin
- Laboratory for Clinical Research in Neuroinfections (AA), Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Section of Immunology of Infection (CRMB), Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo/Institute of Tropical Medicine of Sao Paulo (JC), Brazil; Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt" (EG), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Viral Immunology Section (SJ), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Stonewall Medical Centre (FM), Windsor, Australia; Instituto de Infectologia Hospital Emilio Ribas (APO), Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO)/Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) (MP-S), Brazil; Section of Virology (GPT), Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and Department of Rare Diseases Research (YY), Institute of Medical Science, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Augusto Penalva de Oliveira
- Laboratory for Clinical Research in Neuroinfections (AA), Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Section of Immunology of Infection (CRMB), Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo/Institute of Tropical Medicine of Sao Paulo (JC), Brazil; Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt" (EG), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Viral Immunology Section (SJ), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Stonewall Medical Centre (FM), Windsor, Australia; Instituto de Infectologia Hospital Emilio Ribas (APO), Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO)/Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) (MP-S), Brazil; Section of Virology (GPT), Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and Department of Rare Diseases Research (YY), Institute of Medical Science, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Marzia Puccioni-Sohler
- Laboratory for Clinical Research in Neuroinfections (AA), Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Section of Immunology of Infection (CRMB), Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo/Institute of Tropical Medicine of Sao Paulo (JC), Brazil; Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt" (EG), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Viral Immunology Section (SJ), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Stonewall Medical Centre (FM), Windsor, Australia; Instituto de Infectologia Hospital Emilio Ribas (APO), Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO)/Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) (MP-S), Brazil; Section of Virology (GPT), Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and Department of Rare Diseases Research (YY), Institute of Medical Science, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Graham P Taylor
- Laboratory for Clinical Research in Neuroinfections (AA), Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Section of Immunology of Infection (CRMB), Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo/Institute of Tropical Medicine of Sao Paulo (JC), Brazil; Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt" (EG), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Viral Immunology Section (SJ), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Stonewall Medical Centre (FM), Windsor, Australia; Instituto de Infectologia Hospital Emilio Ribas (APO), Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO)/Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) (MP-S), Brazil; Section of Virology (GPT), Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and Department of Rare Diseases Research (YY), Institute of Medical Science, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Yamano
- Laboratory for Clinical Research in Neuroinfections (AA), Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Section of Immunology of Infection (CRMB), Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo/Institute of Tropical Medicine of Sao Paulo (JC), Brazil; Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt" (EG), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Viral Immunology Section (SJ), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Stonewall Medical Centre (FM), Windsor, Australia; Instituto de Infectologia Hospital Emilio Ribas (APO), Sao Paulo University, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO)/Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) (MP-S), Brazil; Section of Virology (GPT), Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and Department of Rare Diseases Research (YY), Institute of Medical Science, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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Ishak R, de Oliveira Guimarães Ishak M, Vallinoto ACR. The challenge of describing the epidemiology of HTLV in the Amazon region of Brazil. Retrovirology 2020; 17:4. [PMID: 32059740 PMCID: PMC7023703 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-020-0512-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
HTLV-1 was the first described human retrovirus and was soon found to be associated with severe clinical diseases, including a devastating lymphoma/leukemia and other inflammatory diseases. Although HTLV-2 is not usually pathogenic, it is widely distributed among native Indian populations in Brazil, particularly in the Amazon region of the country. Presently, HTLV spreads mainly by the sexual route and from mother to child, and virus persistence is an active biological factor aiding its transmission. Recently, the use of illicit drugs has been shown to be an additional risk factor, showing the influence of new habits on the epidemiology of HTLV in the region. Despite the detection of the virus in several different populations in the Amazon region of Brazil for almost 30 years, the exact prevalence of HTLV-1/2 is not well defined. The original biases in sampling and the selection of epidemiologically unsuitable populations were commonly repeated in most prevalence studies, generating unreliable and conflicting figures that do not represent the actual prevalence of HTLV. The improvements in clinical and laboratory facilities have resulted in the description of several clinical manifestations that were previously unknown in the region. The extent of the spread of the virus must be defined in this region, which is the largest geographical area of the country. As prophylaxis advances toward the use of vaccines against HTLV-1, it is important to determine who is at risk of being infected and developing a disease to successfully implement preventive measures, particularly as proposals are made to eradicate the virus among humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa no.1, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil.
| | - Marluísa de Oliveira Guimarães Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa no.1, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos R Vallinoto
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa no.1, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil
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42
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Umekita K, Okayama A. HTLV-1 Infection and Rheumatic Diseases. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:152. [PMID: 32117170 PMCID: PMC7025999 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Some major research and clinical questions about human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection and rheumatic diseases remain: (1) Does HTLV-1 infection cause rheumatic diseases? (2) Do patients with rheumatic diseases display different responses to treatment with anti-rheumatic agents when they are HTLV-1 carriers? (3) Is adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) or HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) more prevalent in HTLV-1 carriers with rheumatic diseases who are treated with anti-rheumatic agents? These questions are important because increasing numbers of patients with rheumatic diseases are currently receiving treatment with aggressive medicines such as immunosuppressants and biologics. Studies on HTLV-1 gene-transgenic mice have shown manifestations resembling rheumatic diseases. Epidemiological studies have shown a high incidence of HTLV-1 infection in patients with rheumatic diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Sjogren’s syndrome, and polymyositis. HTLV-1-positive and HTLV-1-negative patients with RA have displayed similar immunological features including the seroprevalence of anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies. Conversely, attenuated effectiveness of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors for HTLV-1-positive patients with RA in Japan has been reported. Therefore, although no direct evidence has shown that HTLV-1 infection alone causes rheumatic diseases, HTLV-1 may affect the inflammation of RA. Although the incidence of ATL or HAM/TSP among patients with rheumatic diseases has not been investigated in large-scale studies, ATL or HAM/TSP has developed among HTLV-1-positive patients with rheumatic diseases. HTLV-1 infection may affect the clinical course of patients with rheumatic diseases, particularly after receiving anti-rheumatic agents. Because studies on these issues are limited, further investigation with large sample sizes is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiko Umekita
- Department of Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases, and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Akihiko Okayama
- Department of Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases, and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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HTLV-1c associated bronchiolitis in an Aboriginal man from central Australia. IDCases 2020; 19:e00714. [PMID: 32123663 PMCID: PMC7037585 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the first case of HTLV associated bronchiolitis to be associated with HTLV-1c subtype infection. An Aboriginal man with HTLV-1 infection was repeatedly admitted to Alice Springs Hospital, central Australia, with hypercapnic respiratory failure from the age of 28 years. High resolution CT chest findings were consistent with bronchiolitis and large numbers of lymphocytes were found in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). After extensive investigations failed to find a cause, he was tested for HTLV-1 and found to have a high HTLV-1c proviral load (6.8 %) in peripheral blood leukocytes and in BALF (4.7 %). The administration of systemic corticosteroids resulted in a rapid clinical response; however, he did not continue treatment after discharge and died due to respiratory failure in the community.
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Raynal M, Frumholtz L, Galicier L, Saussine A, Vignon‐Pennamen M, Battistella M, Bagot M, Rybojad M, Bouaziz J. Infective dermatitis-like lesions as a novel skin manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Case Rep 2020; 8:51-54. [PMID: 31998485 PMCID: PMC6982487 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.2525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a unique case of human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1)-associated infective dermatitis-like lesions in systemic lupus erythematosus. This suggests that some lupus patients may have immunological abnormalities resembling to those described in chronic HTLV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Raynal
- Dermatology DepartmentSaint‐Louis HospitalParisFrance
| | | | - Lionel Galicier
- Immunology DepartmentSaint‐Louis HospitalParisFrance
- Université de ParisParisFrance
| | - Anne Saussine
- Dermatology DepartmentSaint‐Louis HospitalParisFrance
| | | | - Maxime Battistella
- Université de ParisParisFrance
- Pathology DepartmentSaint‐Louis HospitalParisFrance
| | - Martine Bagot
- Dermatology DepartmentSaint‐Louis HospitalParisFrance
- Université de ParisParisFrance
| | | | - Jean‐David Bouaziz
- Dermatology DepartmentSaint‐Louis HospitalParisFrance
- Université de ParisParisFrance
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Tang AR, Taylor GP, Dhasmana D. Self-Flagellation as Possible Route of Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type-1 Transmission. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:811-813. [PMID: 30882326 PMCID: PMC6433044 DOI: 10.3201/eid2504.180984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 infection associated with self-flagellation in 10 UK residents. These persons were heterosexual men from Pakistan, India, and Iraq. One person showed seroconversion in adulthood; 1 was co-infected with hepatitis C virus. No other risk factors for bloodborne virus acquisition were identified. Onward sexual transmission has occurred.
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Rocamonde B, Carcone A, Mahieux R, Dutartre H. HTLV-1 infection of myeloid cells: from transmission to immune alterations. Retrovirology 2019; 16:45. [PMID: 31870397 PMCID: PMC6929313 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-019-0506-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and the demyelinating neuroinflammatory disease known as HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP), was the first human retrovirus to be discovered. T-cells, which represent the main reservoir for HTLV-1, have been the main focus of studies aimed at understanding viral transmission and disease progression. However, other cell types such as myeloid cells are also target of HTLV-1 infection and display functional alterations as a consequence. In this work, we review the current investigations that shed light on infection, transmission and functional alterations subsequent to HTLV-1 infection of the different myeloid cells types, and we highlight the lack of knowledge in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Rocamonde
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
- Equipe labelisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Labex Ecofect, Lyon, France
| | - Auriane Carcone
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
- Equipe labelisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Labex Ecofect, Lyon, France
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
- Equipe labelisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Labex Ecofect, Lyon, France
| | - Hélène Dutartre
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France.
- Equipe labelisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Labex Ecofect, Lyon, France.
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Moles R, Sarkis S, Galli V, Omsland M, Purcell DFJ, Yurick D, Khoury G, Pise-Masison CA, Franchini G. p30 protein: a critical regulator of HTLV-1 viral latency and host immunity. Retrovirology 2019; 16:42. [PMID: 31852501 PMCID: PMC6921414 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-019-0501-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The extraordinarily high prevalence of HTLV-1 subtype C (HTLV-1C) in some isolated indigenous communities in Oceania and the severity of the health conditions associated with the virus impress the great need for basic and translational research to prevent and treat HTLV-1 infection. The genome of the virus’s most common subtype, HTLV-1A, encodes structural, enzymatic, and regulatory proteins that contribute to viral persistence and pathogenesis. Among these is the p30 protein encoded by the doubly spliced Tax-orf II mRNA, a nuclear/nucleolar protein with both transcriptional and post-transcriptional activity. The p30 protein inhibits the productive replication cycle via nuclear retention of the mRNA that encodes for both the viral transcriptional trans-activator Tax, and the Rex proteins that regulate the transport of incompletely spliced viral mRNA to the cytoplasm. In myeloid cells, p30 inhibits the PU-1 transcription factor that regulates interferon expression and is a critical mediator of innate and adaptive immunity. Furthermore, p30 alters gene expression, cell cycle progression, and DNA damage responses in T-cells, raising the hypothesis that p30 may directly contribute to T cell transformation. By fine-tuning viral expression while also inhibiting host innate responses, p30 is likely essential for viral infection and persistence. This concept is supported by the finding that macaques, a natural host for the closely genetically related simian T-cell leukemia virus 1 (STLV-1), exposed to an HTLV-1 knockout for p30 expression by a single point mutation do not became infected unless reversion and selection of the wild type HTLV-1 genotype occurs. All together, these data suggest that inhibition of p30 may help to curb and eventually eradicate viral infection by exposing infected cells to an effective host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Moles
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarkis Sarkis
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Veronica Galli
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maria Omsland
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Damian F J Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David Yurick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Georges Khoury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Cynthia A Pise-Masison
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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48
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Afonso PV, Cassar O, Gessain A. Molecular epidemiology, genetic variability and evolution of HTLV-1 with special emphasis on African genotypes. Retrovirology 2019; 16:39. [PMID: 31842895 PMCID: PMC6916231 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-019-0504-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1) is an oncoretrovirus that infects at least 10 million people worldwide. HTLV-1 exhibits a remarkable genetic stability, however, viral strains have been classified in several genotypes and subgroups, which often mirror the geographic origin of the viral strain. The Cosmopolitan genotype HTLV-1a, can be subdivided into geographically related subgroups, e.g. Transcontinental (a-TC), Japanese (a-Jpn), West-African (a-WA), North-African (a-NA), and Senegalese (a-Sen). Within each subgroup, the genetic diversity is low. Genotype HTLV-1b is found in Central Africa; it is the major genotype in Gabon, Cameroon and Democratic Republic of Congo. While strains from the HTLV-1d genotype represent only a few percent of the strains present in Central African countries, genotypes -e, -f, and -g have been only reported sporadically in particular in Cameroon Gabon, and Central African Republic. HTLV-1c genotype, which is found exclusively in Australo-Melanesia, is the most divergent genotype. This reflects an ancient speciation, with a long period of isolation of the infected populations in the different islands of this region (Australia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu archipelago). Until now, no viral genotype or subgroup is associated with a specific HTLV-1-associated disease. HTLV-1 originates from a simian reservoir (STLV-1); it derives from interspecies zoonotic transmission from non-human primates to humans (ancient or recent). In this review, we describe the genetic diversity of HTLV-1, and analyze the molecular mechanisms that are at play in HTLV-1 evolution. Similar to other retroviruses, HTLV-1 evolves either through accumulation of point mutations or recombination. Molecular studies point to a fairly low evolution rate of HTLV-1 (between 5.6E−7 and 1.5E−6 substitutions/site/year), supposedly because the virus persists within the host via clonal expansion (instead of new infectious cycles that use reverse transcriptase).
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe V Afonso
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, CRNS-UMR 3569, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Bâtiment Lwoff, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724, Paris cedex 15, France.
| | - Olivier Cassar
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, CRNS-UMR 3569, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Bâtiment Lwoff, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724, Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, CRNS-UMR 3569, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Bâtiment Lwoff, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724, Paris cedex 15, France.
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49
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Noninvasive Detection of Antibodies to Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Types 1 and 2 by Use of Oral Fluid. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 57:JCM.01179-19. [PMID: 31597746 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01179-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic viruses type 1 and 2 (HTLV-1/2) are prevalent in endemic clusters globally, and HTLV-1 infects at least 5 to 10 million individuals. Infection can lead to inflammation in the spinal cord, resulting in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), or adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). Obtaining venous blood for serological screening, typically performed using enzyme immunoassays (EIAs), is invasive, sometimes socially unacceptable, and has restricted large-scale seroprevalence studies. Collecting oral fluid (OF) is a noninvasive alternative to venesection. In this study, an IgG antibody capture EIA was developed and validated to detect anti-HTLV-1/2 IgG in OF. OF and plasma specimens were obtained from seropositive HTLV-1/2-infected patients attending the National Centre for Human Retrovirology (n = 131) and from HTLV-1/2-uninfected individuals (n = 64). The assay showed good reproducibility and high diagnostic sensitivity (100%) and specificity (100%) using both OF and plasma. The Murex HTLV I+II commercial assay was evaluated and did not detect anti-HTLV-1/2 IgG in 14% (5/36) of OF specimens from seropositive donors. The reactivities of OF and plasma in the IgG capture correlated strongly (r = 0.9290) and were not significantly affected by delayed extraction when held between 3°C and 45°C for up to 7 days to simulate field testing. The use of OF serological screening for HTLV-1/2 infection could facilitate large-scale seroprevalence studies, enabling active surveillance of infection on a population level.
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Cook LBM, Taylor GP. HTLV-1: the silent impact revealed. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019; 20:12-14. [PMID: 31648941 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(19)30432-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy B M Cook
- National Centre for Human Retrovirology, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK; Section of Virology, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Graham P Taylor
- National Centre for Human Retrovirology, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK; Section of Virology, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.
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