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Biomedical importance of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in diabetes and metabolic transdifferentiation of pancreatic duct epithelial cells into β-cells. Gene 2023; 858:147191. [PMID: 36632913 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a major pathway for cellular protein degradation. The molecular function of the UPS is the removal of damaged proteins, and this function is applied in many biological processes, including inflammation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Accumulating evidence also suggests that the UPS also has a key role in pancreatic β-cell transdifferentiation in diabetes and can be targeted for treatment of diabetic diseases. In this review, we summarized the mechanistic roles of the UPS in the biochemical activities of pancreatic β-cells, including the role of the UPS in insulin synthesis and secretion, as well as β-cell degradation. Also, we discuss how the UPS mediates the transdifferentiation of pancreatic duct epithelial cells into β-cells as the experimental basis for the development of new strategies for the treatment of diabetes in regenerative medicine.
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Samojlik MM, Stabler CL. Designing biomaterials for the modulation of allogeneic and autoimmune responses to cellular implants in Type 1 Diabetes. Acta Biomater 2021; 133:87-101. [PMID: 34102338 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The effective suppression of adaptive immune responses is essential for the success of allogeneic cell therapies. In islet transplantation for Type 1 Diabetes, pre-existing autoimmunity provides an additional hurdle, as memory autoimmune T cells mediate both an autoantigen-specific attack on the donor beta cells and an alloantigen-specific attack on the donor graft cells. Immunosuppressive agents used for islet transplantation are generally successful in suppressing alloimmune responses, but dramatically hinder the widespread adoption of this therapeutic approach and fail to control memory T cell populations, which leaves the graft vulnerable to destruction. In this review, we highlight the capacity of biomaterials to provide local and nuanced instruction to suppress or alter immune pathways activated in response to an allogeneic islet transplant. Biomaterial immunoisolation is a common approach employed to block direct antigen recognition and downstream cell-mediated graft destruction; however, immunoisolation alone still permits shed donor antigens to escape into the host environment, resulting in indirect antigen recognition, immune cell activation, and the creation of a toxic graft site. Designing materials to decrease antigen escape, improve cell viability, and increase material compatibility are all approaches that can decrease the local release of antigen and danger signals into the implant microenvironment. Implant materials can be further enhanced through the local delivery of anti-inflammatory, suppressive, chemotactic, and/or tolerogenic agents, which serve to control both the innate and adaptive immune responses to the implant with a benefit of reduced systemic effects. Lessons learned from understanding how to manipulate allogeneic and autogenic immune responses to pancreatic islets can also be applied to other cell therapies to improve their efficacy and duration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This review explores key immunologic concepts and critical pathways mediating graft rejection in Type 1 Diabetes, which can instruct the future purposeful design of immunomodulatory biomaterials for cell therapy. A summary of immunological pathways initiated following cellular implantation, as well as current systemic immunomodulatory agents used, is provided. We then outline the potential of biomaterials to modulate these responses. The capacity of polymeric encapsulation to block some powerful rejection pathways is covered. We also highlight the role of cellular health and biocompatibility in mitigating immune responses. Finally, we review the use of bioactive materials to proactively modulate local immune responses, focusing on key concepts of anti-inflammatory, suppressive, and tolerogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena M Samojlik
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Cherie L Stabler
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA; Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Kolb H, von Herrath M. Immunotherapy for Type 1 Diabetes: Why Do Current Protocols Not Halt the Underlying Disease Process? Cell Metab 2017; 25:233-241. [PMID: 27839907 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
T cell-directed immunosuppression only transiently delays the loss of β cell function in recent-onset type 1 diabetes. We argue here that the underlying disease process is carried by innate immune reactivity. Inducing a non-polarized functional state of local innate immunity will support regulatory T cell development and β cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Kolb
- West-German Centre of Diabetes and Health, Düsseldorf Catholic Hospital Group, Hohensandweg 37, 40591 Düsseldorf, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Matthias von Herrath
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92014, USA; Novo Nordisk Diabetes Research and Development Center, Seattle, WA 98191, USA.
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Vendrame F, Hopfner Y, Diamantopoulos S, Virdi SK, Allende G, Snowhite IV, Reijonen HK, Chen L, Ruiz P, Ciancio G, Hutton JC, Messinger S, Burke GW, Pugliese A. Risk Factors for Type 1 Diabetes Recurrence in Immunosuppressed Recipients of Simultaneous Pancreas-Kidney Transplants. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:235-45. [PMID: 26317167 PMCID: PMC5053280 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) who are recipients of pancreas transplants are believed to rarely develop T1D recurrence in the allograft if effectively immunosuppressed. We evaluated a cohort of 223 recipients of simultaneous pancreas-kidney allografts for T1D recurrence and its risk factors. With long-term follow-up, recurrence was observed in approximately 7% of patients. Comparing the therapeutic regimens employed in this cohort over time, lack of induction therapy was associated with recurrence, but this occurs even with the current regimen, which includes induction; there was no influence of maintenance regimens. Longitudinal testing for T1D-associated autoantibodies identified autoantibody positivity, number of autoantibodies, and autoantibody conversion after transplantation as critical risk factors. Autoantibodies to the zinc transporter 8 had the strongest and closest temporal association with recurrence, which was not explained by genetically encoded amino acid sequence donor-recipient mismatches for this autoantigen. Genetic risk factors included the presence of the T1D-predisposing HLA-DR3/DR4 genotype in the recipient and donor-recipient sharing of HLA-DR alleles, especially HLA-DR3. Thus, T1D recurrence is not uncommon and is developing in patients treated with current immunosuppression. The risk factors identified in this study can be assessed in the transplant clinic to identify recurrent T1D and may lead to therapeutic advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Vendrame
- Diabetes Research InstituteLeonard Miller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFL
| | - Y‐Y. Hopfner
- Diabetes Research InstituteLeonard Miller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFL
| | - S. Diamantopoulos
- Diabetes Research InstituteLeonard Miller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFL,Department of Pediatrics, Leonard Miller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFL
| | - S. K. Virdi
- Diabetes Research InstituteLeonard Miller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFL
| | - G. Allende
- Diabetes Research InstituteLeonard Miller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFL
| | - I. V. Snowhite
- Diabetes Research InstituteLeonard Miller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFL
| | | | - L. Chen
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Leonard Miller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFL
| | - P. Ruiz
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Leonard Miller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFL
| | - G. Ciancio
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Leonard Miller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFL
| | - J. C. Hutton
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood DiabetesUniversity of Colorado DenverAuroraCO
| | - S. Messinger
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics, Leonard Miller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFL
| | - G. W. Burke
- Diabetes Research InstituteLeonard Miller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFL,Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Leonard Miller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFL
| | - A. Pugliese
- Diabetes Research InstituteLeonard Miller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFL,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leonard Miller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFL,Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyLeonard Miller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFL
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Van Thi Do H, Loke WT, Kee I, Liang V, David SJ, Gan SU, Lee SS, Ng WH, Koong HN, Ong HS, Lee KO, Calne RY, Kon OL. Characterization of Insulin-Secreting Porcine Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Ex Vivo and Autologous Cell Therapy in Vivo. Cell Transplant 2015; 24:1205-20. [DOI: 10.3727/096368914x679363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy could potentially meet the need for pancreas and islet transplantations in diabetes mellitus that far exceeds the number of available donors. Bone marrow stromal cells are widely used in clinical trials mainly for their immunomodulatory effects with a record of safety. However, less focus has been paid to developing these cells for insulin secretion by transfection. Although murine models of diabetes have been extensively used in gene and cell therapy research, few studies have shown efficacy in large preclinical animal models. Here we report optimized conditions for ex vivo expansion and characterization of porcine bone marrow stromal cells and their permissive expression of a transfected insulin gene. Our data show that these cells resemble human bone marrow stromal cells in surface antigen expression, are homogeneous, and can be reproducibly isolated from outbred Yorkshire–Landrace pigs. Porcine bone marrow stromal cells were efficiently expanded in vitro to >1010 cells from 20 ml of bone marrow and remained karyotypically normal during expansion. These cells were electroporated with an insulin expression plasmid vector with high efficiency and viability, and secreted human insulin and C-peptide indicating appropriate processing of proinsulin. We showed that autologous insulin-secreting bone marrow stromal cells implanted and engrafted in the liver of a streptozotocin-diabetic pig that modeled type 1 diabetes resulted in partial, but significant, improvement in hyperglycemia that could not be ascribed to regeneration of endogenous β-cells. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vivo from implanted cells in the treated pig was documented by a rise in serum human C-peptide levels during intravenous glucose tolerance tests. Compared to a sham-treated control pig, this resulted in significantly reduced fasting hyperglycemia, a slower rise in serum fructosamine, and prevented weight loss. Taken together, this study suggests that bone marrow stromal cells merit further development as autologous cell therapy for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Van Thi Do
- Division of Medical Sciences, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wan Ting Loke
- Division of Medical Sciences, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Irene Kee
- SingHealth Experimental Medicine Centre, The Academia, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Vivienne Liang
- SingHealth Experimental Medicine Centre, The Academia, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Sebastian J. David
- SingHealth Experimental Medicine Centre, The Academia, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Shu Uin Gan
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Sze Sing Lee
- Division of Medical Sciences, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wai Har Ng
- Division of Medical Sciences, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Heng Nung Koong
- Department of Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hock Soo Ong
- Department of General Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kok Onn Lee
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Roy Y. Calne
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Oi Lian Kon
- Division of Medical Sciences, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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Dadon D, Tornovsky-Babaey S, Furth-Lavi J, Ben-Zvi D, Ziv O, Schyr-Ben-Haroush R, Stolovich-Rain M, Hija A, Porat S, Granot Z, Weinberg-Corem N, Dor Y, Glaser B. Glucose metabolism: key endogenous regulator of β-cell replication and survival. Diabetes Obes Metab 2012; 14 Suppl 3:101-8. [PMID: 22928570 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2012.01646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies in mice have shown that pancreatic β-cells have a significant potential for regeneration, suggesting that regenerative therapy for diabetes is feasible. Genetic lineage tracing studies indicate that β-cell regeneration is based on the replication of fully differentiated, insulin-positive β-cells. Thus, a major challenge for this field is to identify and enhance the molecular pathways that control β-cell replication and mass. We review evidence, from human genetics and mouse models, that glucose is a major signal for β-cell replication. The mitogenic effect of blood glucose is transmitted via glucose metabolism within β-cells, and through a signalling cascade that resembles the pathway for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. We introduce the concept that the individual β-cell workload, defined as the amount of insulin that an individual β-cell must secrete to maintain euglycaemia, is the primary determinant of replication, survival and mass. We also propose that a cell-autonomous pathway, similar to that regulating replication, appears to be responsible for at least some of the toxic effects of glucose on β-cells. Understanding and uncoupling the mitogenic and toxic effects of glucose metabolism on β-cells may allow for the development of effective regenerative therapies for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dadon
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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