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Lin E, Lin CH, Lane HY. Machine Learning and Deep Learning for the Pharmacogenomics of Antidepressant Treatments. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN COLLEGE OF NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 19:577-588. [PMID: 34690113 PMCID: PMC8553527 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2021.19.4.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence now proposes that machine learning and deep learning techniques can serve as a vital foundation for the pharmacogenomics of antidepressant treatments in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). In this review, we focus on the latest developments for pharmacogenomics research using machine learning and deep learning approaches together with neuroimaging and multi-omics data. First, we review relevant pharmacogenomics studies that leverage numerous machine learning and deep learning techniques to determine treatment prediction and potential biomarkers for antidepressant treatments in MDD. In addition, we depict some neuroimaging pharmacogenomics studies that utilize various machine learning approaches to predict antidepressant treatment outcomes in MDD based on the integration of research on pharmacogenomics and neuroimaging. Moreover, we summarize the limitations in regard to the past pharmacogenomics studies of antidepressant treatments in MDD. Finally, we outline a discussion of challenges and directions for future research. In light of latest advancements in neuroimaging and multi-omics, various genomic variants and biomarkers associated with antidepressant treatments in MDD are being identified in pharmacogenomics research by employing machine learning and deep learning algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Hsin Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yuan Lane
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Brain Disease Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Lin E, Lin CH, Lane HY. Deep Learning with Neuroimaging and Genomics in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7911. [PMID: 34360676 PMCID: PMC8347529 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence currently proposes that deep learning approaches can serve as an essential cornerstone for the diagnosis and prediction of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In light of the latest advancements in neuroimaging and genomics, numerous deep learning models are being exploited to distinguish AD from normal controls and/or to distinguish AD from mild cognitive impairment in recent research studies. In this review, we focus on the latest developments for AD prediction using deep learning techniques in cooperation with the principles of neuroimaging and genomics. First, we narrate various investigations that make use of deep learning algorithms to establish AD prediction using genomics or neuroimaging data. Particularly, we delineate relevant integrative neuroimaging genomics investigations that leverage deep learning methods to forecast AD on the basis of incorporating both neuroimaging and genomics data. Moreover, we outline the limitations as regards to the recent AD investigations of deep learning with neuroimaging and genomics. Finally, we depict a discussion of challenges and directions for future research. The main novelty of this work is that we summarize the major points of these investigations and scrutinize the similarities and differences among these investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Hsin Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yuan Lane
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- Brain Disease Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
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Ma Y, Li B, Wang C, Zhang W, Rao Y, Han S. Allelic variation in 5-HTTLPR and the effects of citalopram on the emotional neural network. Br J Psychiatry 2015; 206:385-92. [PMID: 25745133 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.114.150128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as citalopram, which selectively block serotonin transporter (5-HTT) activity, are widely used in the treatment of depression and anxiety disorders. Numerous neuroimaging studies have examined the effects of SSRIs on emotional processes. However, there are considerable inter-individual differences in SSRI effect, and a recent meta-analysis further revealed discrepant effects of acute SSRI administration on neural responses to negative emotions in healthy adults. AIMS We examined how a variant of the serotonin-transporter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR), which affects the expression and function of 5-HTT, influenced the acute effects of an SSRI (citalopram) on emotion-related brain activity in healthy adults. METHOD Combining genetic neuroimaging, pharmacological technique and a psychological paradigm of emotion recognition, we scanned the short/short (s/s) and long/long (l/l) variants of 5-HTTLPR during perception of fearful, happy and neutral facial expressions after the acute administration of an SSRI (i.e. 30 mg citalopram administered orally) or placebo administration. RESULTS We found that 5-HTTLPR modulated the acute effects of citalopram on neural responses to negative emotions. Specifically, relative to placebo, citalopram increased amygdala and insula activity in l/l but not s/s homozygotes during perception of fearful faces. Similar analyses of brain activity in response to happy faces did not show any significant effects. CONCLUSIONS Our combined pharmacogenetic and functional imaging results provide a neurogenetic mechanism for discrepant acute effects of SSRIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Ma
- Yina Ma, PhD, Department of Psychology, Peking University, China, and Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA; Bingfeng Li, BS, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China; Chenbo Wang, PhD, Department of Psychology and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China; Wenxia Zhang, PhD, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China; Yi Rao, PhD, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China; Shihui Han, PhD, Department of Psychology and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Bingfeng Li
- Yina Ma, PhD, Department of Psychology, Peking University, China, and Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA; Bingfeng Li, BS, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China; Chenbo Wang, PhD, Department of Psychology and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China; Wenxia Zhang, PhD, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China; Yi Rao, PhD, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China; Shihui Han, PhD, Department of Psychology and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenbo Wang
- Yina Ma, PhD, Department of Psychology, Peking University, China, and Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA; Bingfeng Li, BS, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China; Chenbo Wang, PhD, Department of Psychology and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China; Wenxia Zhang, PhD, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China; Yi Rao, PhD, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China; Shihui Han, PhD, Department of Psychology and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxia Zhang
- Yina Ma, PhD, Department of Psychology, Peking University, China, and Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA; Bingfeng Li, BS, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China; Chenbo Wang, PhD, Department of Psychology and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China; Wenxia Zhang, PhD, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China; Yi Rao, PhD, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China; Shihui Han, PhD, Department of Psychology and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Rao
- Yina Ma, PhD, Department of Psychology, Peking University, China, and Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA; Bingfeng Li, BS, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China; Chenbo Wang, PhD, Department of Psychology and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China; Wenxia Zhang, PhD, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China; Yi Rao, PhD, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China; Shihui Han, PhD, Department of Psychology and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shihui Han
- Yina Ma, PhD, Department of Psychology, Peking University, China, and Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA; Bingfeng Li, BS, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China; Chenbo Wang, PhD, Department of Psychology and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China; Wenxia Zhang, PhD, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China; Yi Rao, PhD, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China; Shihui Han, PhD, Department of Psychology and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Michl J, Scharinger C, Zauner M, Kasper S, Freissmuth M, Sitte HH, Ecker GF, Pezawas L. A multivariate approach linking reported side effects of clinical antidepressant and antipsychotic trials to in vitro binding affinities. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:1463-74. [PMID: 25044049 PMCID: PMC4502613 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of approved antidepressants and antipsychotics exhibit a complex pharmacology. The mechanistic understanding of how these psychotropic medications are related to adverse drug reactions (ADRs) is crucial for the development of novel drug candidates and patient adherence. This study aims to associate in vitro assessed binding affinity profiles (39 compounds, 24 molecular drug targets) and ADRs (n=22) reported in clinical trials of antidepressants and antipsychotics (n>59.000 patients) by the use of robust multivariate statistics. Orthogonal projection to latent structures (O-PLS) regression models with reasonable predictability were found for several frequent ADRs such as nausea, diarrhea, hypotension, dizziness, headache, insomnia, sedation, sleepiness, increased sweating, and weight gain. Results of the present study support many well-known pharmacological principles such as the association of hypotension and dizziness with α1-receptor or sedation with H1-receptor antagonism. Moreover, the analyses revealed novel or hardly investigated mechanisms for common ADRs including the potential involvement of 5-HT6-antagonism in weight gain, muscarinic receptor antagonism in dizziness, or 5-HT7-antagonism in sedation. To summarize, the presented study underlines the feasibility and value of a multivariate data mining approach in psychopharmacological development of antidepressants and antipsychotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Michl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Scharinger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Miriam Zauner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Siegfried Kasper
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Harald H Sitte
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard F Ecker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Lukas Pezawas
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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