Existing dietary guidelines for Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis

Impact of Coffee Consumption on Subjective Perception and Inflammatory Markers in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are chronic conditions marked by persistent inflammation, impacting patients' quality of life. This study assessed differences in coffee consumption between CD and UC patients and its potential effects on the subjective perception and objective changes in inflammation markers in these two categories of patients. Using questionnaires, coffee consumption patterns, and perceived symptom effects were evaluated. Biological samples were collected to measure the following inflammatory markers: leukocytes, C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and fecal calprotectin (FC). Among 148 patients, 60% reported regular coffee consumption, with no significant difference between CD and UC patients. While 45.93% perceived no impact on symptoms, 48% of those reporting exacerbation continued their regular coffee consumption. FC values were significantly lower in coffee consumers than in non-consumers (p < 0.05), particularly in those consuming natural coffee (p < 0.001), and the case was observed for UC patients (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in other inflammatory markers, regardless of coffee type, frequency, or milk addition. This study highlights the commonality of coffee consumption among IBD patients and the association of lower FC levels with coffee consumption, especially in UC patients, suggesting that coffee may influence intestinal inflammatory responses.

A reverse translational approach reveals the protective roles of Mangifera indica in inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic intestinal disorders often characterized by a dysregulation of T cells, specifically T helper (Th) 1, 17 and T regulatory (Treg) repertoire. Increasing evidence demonstrates that dietary polyphenols from Mangifera indica L. extract (MIE, commonly known as mango) mitigate intestinal inflammation and splenic Th17/Treg ratio. In this study, we aimed to dissect the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties of MIE using a reverse translational approach, by initially using blood from an adult IBD inception cohort and then investigating the mechanism of action in a preclinical model of T cell-driven colitis. Of clinical relevance, MIE modulates TNF-α and IL-17 levels in LPS spiked sera from IBD patients as an ex vivo model of intestinal barrier breakdown. Preclinically, therapeutic administration of MIE significantly reduced colitis severity, pathogenic T-cell intestinal infiltrate and intestinal pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-6, IL-17A, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-22). Moreover, MIE reversed colitis-induced gut permeability and restored tight junction functionality and intestinal metabolites. Mechanistic insights revealed MIE had direct effects on blood vascular endothelial cells, blocking TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced up-regulation of COX-2 and the DP2 receptors. Collectively, we demonstrate the therapeutic potential of MIE to reverse the immunological perturbance during the onset of colitis and dampen the systemic inflammatory response, paving the way for its clinical use as nutraceutical and/or functional food.

Interaction between diet and genetics in patients with inflammatory bowel disease

In this editorial, we comment on the article by Marangoni et al, published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Gastroenterology 2023; 29: 5618-5629, about "Diet as an epigenetic factor in inflammatory bowel disease". The authors emphasized the role of diet, especially the interaction with genetics, in promoting the inflammatory process in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients, focusing on DNA methylation, histone modifications, and the influence of microRNAs. In this editorial, we explore the interaction between genetics, gut microbiota, and diet, in an only way. Furthermore, we provided dietary recommendations for patients with IBD. The Western diet, characterized by a low fiber content and deficiency the micronutrients, impacts short-chain fatty acids production and may be related to the pathogenesis of IBD. On the other hand, the consumption of the Mediterranean diet and dietary fibers are associated with reduced risk of IBD flares, particularly in Crohn's disease (CD) patients. According to the dietary guidance from the International Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IOIBD), the regular consumption of fruits and vegetables while reducing the consumption of saturated, trans, dairy fat, additives, processed foods rich in maltodextrins, and artificial sweeteners containing sucralose or saccharine is recommended to CD patients. For patients with ulcerative colitis, the IOIBD recommends the increased intake of natural sources of omega-3 fatty acids and follows the same restrictive recommendations aimed at CD patients, with the possible inclusion of red meats. In conclusion, IBD is a complex and heterogeneous disease, and future studies are needed to elucidate the influence of epigenetics on diet and microbiota in IBD patients.

A scoping review of the dietary information needs of people with inflammatory bowel disease

AIMS

This review aimed to explore and describe the dietary information needs of individuals with inflammatory bowel disease and sources of information.

METHODS

A scoping review of English language articles and grey literature, using electronic databases with a predefined search strategy was undertaken. Data were synthesised based on the identified variables (e.g. dietary information needs and sources of dietary information) corresponding to the aims of this review.

RESULTS

Forty-six studies were included, reporting data from 7557 people with inflammatory bowel disease, of which 58.6% had Crohn's disease and 60.1% were males. Dietary information was rated very important and appeared to be influenced by the disease course. The need to discuss it is heightened at important stages, namely diagnosis and relapse. Dietary information was described broadly and included advice about foods to avoid and dietary advice for symptoms management. No major differences were noted in the dietary information needs of people with Crohn's disease compared to ulcerative colitis. The main sources of dietary information were the gastroenterologist (36%-98%), the internet (9%-60%) and non-dietetic professionals (84.7%).

CONCLUSION

This review highlights limited literature describing the dietary information needs of people with inflammatory bowel disease. Importantly, the limited access to specialised dietary advice for this cohort is concerning. Future studies are required to explore not only the nuances in the needs of those with active disease and in remission, but to further understand issues of access to specialised dietary advice to provide holistic person-centred care desired by this cohort.

A critical review on inflammatory bowel diseases risk factors, dietary nutrients regulation and protective pathways based on gut microbiota during recent 5 years

The treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) has become a worldwide problem. Intestinal flora plays an important role in the development and progression of IBDs. Various risk factors (psychology, living habits, dietary patterns, environment) influence the structure and composition of the gut microbiota and contribute to the susceptibility to IBDs. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on risk factors regulating intestinal microenvironment which was contributed to IBDs. Five protective pathways related to intestinal flora were also discussed. We hope to provide systemic and comprehensive insights of IBDs treatment and to offer theoretical guidance for personalized patients with precision nutrition.

Effect of Wheat-Derived Arabinoxylan on the Gut Microbiota Composition and Colonic Regulatory T Cells

The health benefits of wheat-derived arabinoxylan, a commonly consumed dietary fiber, have been studied for decades. However, its effect on the gut microenvironment and inflammatory bowel disease remains unclear. The objective of this study was to understand the effect of wheat-derived arabinoxylan on gut microbiota, colonic regulatory T cells (Tregs), and experimental colitis. In this study, healthy and chronic colitis model mice were fed chow containing cellulose or wheat-derived arabinoxylan for 2-6 weeks and subjected to subsequent analysis. A 16S-based metagenomic analysis of the fecal DNA revealed that Lachnospiraceae, comprising butyrate-producing and Treg-inducing bacteria, were overrepresented in arabinoxylan-fed mice. In line with the changes in the gut microbiota, both the fecal butyrate concentration and the colonic Treg population were elevated in the arabinoxylan-fed mice. In a T cell transfer model of chronic colitis, wheat-derived arabinoxylan ameliorated body weight loss and colonic tissue inflammation, which may, in part, be mediated by Treg induction. Moreover, wheat-derived arabinoxylan suppressed TNFα production from type 1 helper T cells in this colitis model. In conclusion, wheat-derived arabinoxylans, by altering the gut microenvironment, may be a promising prebiotic for the prevention of colitis.

Assessment of dietary nutrient intake and its relationship to the nutritional status of patients with Crohn's Disease in Guangdong Province of China

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

to investigate the association between the dietary nutrient intake and nutritional status of patients with Crohn's disease (CD).

METHODS

sixty CD patients who had been diagnosed but had not begun treatment were enrolled. The dietary nutrient intake was recorded after three days of 24-hour recall and was calculated using NCCW2006 software. The nutrition levels were assessed using the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA). Indicators included body mass index (BMI), mid-arm circumference, the circumference of the upper-arm muscle, triceps skinfold thickness, handgrip strength, and the circumference of the lower legs.

RESULTS

eighty-five per cent of CD patients did not meet the necessary energy requirements. Of these, the protein and dietary fiber intake in 63.33 % and 100 %, respectively, were below the standard of the Chinese dietary reference. Many patients had insufficient intake of vitamins, as well as other macro- and micronutrients. An inverse association was observed between the risk of malnutrition and higher levels of energy (1,590.0-2,070.6 kcal/d, OR = 0.050, 95 % CI: 0.009-0.279) and protein (55.6-70.5 g/d, OR = 0.150, 95 % CI: 0.029-0.773). Appropriate supplementation of vitamin E, calcium, and other dietary nutrients helped to reduce the risk of malnutrition.

CONCLUSIONS

significant deficiencies in dietary nutrient intake were found in CD patients, and dietary intake was associated with the nutritional status of the patient. Appropriate adjustment and supplementation of nutrient intake may reduce malnutrition risk in CD patients. The gap between actual consumption and recommendation indicates a need for improved nutritional counseling and monitoring. Early relevant advice for the dietary guidance of CD patients may be beneficial for long-term effects associated with nutritional status.

Effect of soluble oat fiber on intestinal microenvironment and TNBS-induced colitis

Soluble oat fibers, including β-glucan, have been shown to alter the gut microbiome composition and ameliorate DSS-induced colitis; however, the beneficial effect of soluble oat fiber on colonic inflammation is not yet fully understood. In this study, we demonstrated that soluble oat fibers ameliorate T cell-dependent colitis through the induction of peripherally induced regulatory T cells (pTregs). Soluble oat fibers elevated colonic butyrate production dose-dependently, which coincided with the overrepresentation of Faecalibaculum rodentium (an analog of butyrate-producing Holdemanella biformis) in the gut microbiome. Soluble oat fibers promoted the growth of F. rodentium and H. biformis even in vitro, and increased the concentration of butyrate in the culture supernatant. These results indicate that soluble oat fibers are an energy source for butyrate-producing bacteria and are a fermentation substrate. Soluble oat fibers increased the percentage of colonic pTregs and ameliorated the weight loss and inflammation in acute 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis; this may in part be mediated by the increase in IL-10-producing T cells. In conclusion, our results suggest that the administration of soluble oat fibers is a promising prebiotic treatment for the prevention of colitis mediated via altered gut microbiota composition and elevated butyrate production.

Possible role of nutrition in the prevention of inflammatory bowel disease-related colorectal cancer: A focus on human studies

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at substantially high risk for colorectal cancer (CRC). IBD-associated CRC accounts for roughly 10% to 15% of the annual mortality in patients with IBD. IBD-related CRC also affects younger patients compared with sporadic CRC, with a 5-y survival rate of 50%. Regardless of medical therapies, the persistent inflammatory state characterizing IBD raises the risk for precancerous changes and CRC, with additional input from several elements, including genetic and environmental risk factors, IBD-associated comorbidities, intestinal barrier dysfunction, and gut microbiota modifications. It is well known that nutritional habits and dietary bioactive compounds can influence IBD-associated inflammation, microbiome abundance and composition, oxidative stress balance, and gut permeability. Additionally, in recent years, results from broad epidemiologic and experimental studies have associated certain foods or nutritional patterns with the risk for colorectal neoplasia. The present study aimed to review the possible role of nutrition in preventing IBD-related CRC, focusing specifically on human studies. It emerges that nutritional interventions based on healthy, nutrient-dense dietary patterns characterized by a high intake of fiber, vegetables, fruit, ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and a low amount of animal proteins, processed foods, and alcohol, combined with probiotic supplementation have the potential of reducing IBD-activity and preventing the risk of IBD-related CRC through different mechanisms, suggesting that targeted nutritional interventions may represent a novel promising approach for the prevention and management of IBD-associated CRC.

The Role of Dietary Fibers in the Management of IBD Symptoms

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic, progressive, immune-mediated diseases of the intestinal tract. The main subtypes of IBDs are Chron's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The etiology is still unclear, but there are genetic, environmental and host-related factors that contribute to the development of these diseases. Recent literature has shown that dietary therapy is the cornerstone of IBD treatment in terms of management of symptoms, relapse and care of the pathology. IBD patients show that microbiota dysbiosis and diet, especially dietary fiber, can modulate its composition. These patients are more at risk of energy protein malnutrition than the general population and are deficient in micronutrients. So far, no dietary component is considered responsible for IBD and there is not a specific therapeutic diet for it. The aim of this review is to evaluate the role of dietary fibers in CD and UC and help health professionals in the nutritional management of these pathologies. Further studies are necessary to determine the appropriate amount and type of fiber to suggest in the case of IBD to ameliorate psychosocial conditions and patients' quality of life.

The Impact of Low-Viscosity Soluble Dietary Fibers on Intestinal Microenvironment and Experimental Colitis: A Possible Preventive Application of Alpha-Cyclodextrin in Intestinal Inflammation

SCOPE

The purpose of this study is to compare the impact of four low-viscosity soluble dietary fibers (DFs) on the intestinal microenvironment, in terms of microbiota composition, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, proportion of colonic peripherally induced regulatory T cells (pTregs), and experimental colitis in mice.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Mice are administered 5% w/v low-viscosity soluble DFs in drinking water for 2 weeks. The gut microbiota composition is determined using 16S rRNA sequencing. Luminal SCFAs are quantified by gas chromatography, and colonic pTregs are analyzed using flow cytometry. All low-viscosity soluble DFs promote the growth of beneficial bacteria such as Akkermansia muciniphila and Bacteroides acidifaciens, while eliminating pathogenic bacteria such as Clostridium perfringens. Moreover, two low-viscosity soluble DFs significantly increase the abundance of commensal bacteria and promote the accumulation of propionate and butyrate, leading to marked induction of colonic pTregs. Consistently, these two fibers, in particular α-cyclodextrin, show remarkable anti-inflammatory properties in a colitis mouse model.

CONCLUSION

Mice administered any low-viscosity soluble DF show comparable gut microbiota compositions, but differ in terms of bacterial abundance, SCFA concentration, pTreg population, and colitis development. This exploratory study suggests that administration of α-cyclodextrin may be a possible strategy for the prevention of colitis.

Medical conditions associated with coffee consumption: Disease-trajectory and comorbidity network analyses of a prospective cohort study in UK Biobank

BACKGROUND

Habitual coffee consumption has been associated with multiple health benefits. A comprehensive analysis of disease trajectory and comorbidity networks in relation to coffee consumption is, however, currently lacking.

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to comprehensively examine the health outcomes associated with habitual coffee consumption, through clarifying its disease trajectory and comorbidity networks.

METHODS

Based on the UK Biobank cohort, we included 395,539 individuals with available information on coffee intake collected at recruitment between 2006 and 2010. These individuals were categorized as having low (<1 cup per day), moderate (1-3 cups), and high (≥4 cups) levels of coffee intake, and were followed through 2020 to ascertain 496 medical conditions. Cox regression was used to assess the associations between high-level coffee intake and the risk of medical conditions with a prevalence ≥0.5% in the study population, after adjusting for multiple confounders, using low-level coffee intake as the reference. Disease-trajectory and comorbidity network analyses were then applied to visualize the temporal and nontemporal relationships between the medical conditions that had an inverse association with high-level coffee intake.

RESULTS

During a median follow-up of 11.8 years, 31 medical conditions were found to be associated with high-level coffee intake, among which 30 showed an inverse association (HRs ranged from 0.61 to 0.94). The inverse associations were more pronounced for women, compared with men. Disease-trajectory and comorbidity network analyses of these 30 conditions identified 4 major clusters of medical conditions, mainly in the cardiometabolic and gastrointestinal systems, among both men and women; 1 cluster of medical conditions following alcohol-related disorders, primarily among men; as well as a cluster of estrogen-related conditions among women.

CONCLUSIONS

Habitual coffee consumption was associated with lower risks of many medical conditions, especially those in the cardiometabolic and gastrointestinal systems and those related to alcohol use and estrogen regulation.

Аtherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk in patients with inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can cause early atherosclerosis. There is a correlation between inflammatory activity in IBD and cardiovascular events. Chronic inflammation can lead to endothelial dysfunction. This review discusses the possibilities of the mechanisms underlying the relationship between IBD and atherosclerosis, the role of innate and humoral immunity, intestinal microbiota, biomarkers (C-reactive protein, homocysteine, etc.), as well as the possibility of early instrumental diagnosis of subclinical manifestations of atherosclerosis in patients with IBD by measuring carotid intimamedia thickness and aortic pulse wave velocity. The need for active prevention of cardiovascular diseases in this group of patients is emphasized, including through the control of inflammation activity, as well as the inclusion of IBD in one of the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.

Emerging Comorbidities in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Eating Disorders, Alcohol and Narcotics Misuse

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and potentially devastating condition of the digestive tract which is exemplified by increasing prevalence worldwide, byzantine pathogenesis with a poorly defined role of the environmental factors, and complex clinical demonstration. As a systemic disease, IBD may progress with a wide spectrum of extraintestinal manifestations (EMs) and comorbidities affecting different organs and systems, from anaemia, undernutrition, and cancer to those which are often neglected like anxiety and depression. Evolving IBD epidemiology and changing environment are reflected by an expanding list of IBD-related comorbidities. In contrast to the well-established role of smoking the connection between alcohol and IBD is still debatable on many levels, from pathogenesis to complications. Furthermore, little is known about narcotics use in IBD patients, even if there are obvious factors that may predispose them to narcotics as well as alcohol misuse. Last but not least, the question arises what is the prevalence of eating disorders in IBD. In our paper, we aimed to discuss the current knowledge on alcohol and drugs misuse and eating disorders as emerging extraintestinal comorbidities in IBD.

Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases and nutrition: results from an online survey on patients' practices and perceptions

Background

The central role of microbiota and the contribution of diet in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMID) are increasingly examined. However, patients’ perspectives on nutrition and its impact on their disease has not received a lot of attention. We aimed to directly collect information from patients with IMID about their dietary behaviors and their perceptions of the influence of nutrition on their disease.

Methods

Adult patients with rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis or psoriasis registered in an online patient community were invited to participate in the study and complete an online self-administered questionnaire. We assessed patients’ dietary knowledge and choices by collecting information on the diet regimens they were following or recommended and their perceptions of the diet and its consequences on their disease.

Results

Fifty patients per target disease were included with a mean age of 48.1 years (95%CI 46.7–49.6). Other sociodemographic and clinical characteristics varied across the diseases. Since diagnosis, 44% of the patients changed their eating habits, mainly patients with inflammatory bowel disease with 69% of these making the change on their own initiative. Patients who did not change their diet habits reported not having received nutritional advice from their healthcare professionals (HCP) in 69% of the cases. The perceived impact of nutrition on their symptoms was mixed (overall 74% of the patients reported positive consequences and 60% negative ones) and varied across the diseases. Patients with psoriasis only experienced positive consequences from changing their diet, such as reduction of stress and improved mental health, while patients with Crohn’s disease reported more negative effects such as increased fatigue and disturbed sleep. Patients with rheumatic diseases and ulcerative colitis reported weight loss and better physical fitness, but also increased fatigue.

Conclusions

Even if differences exist across diseases, the importance of nutrition and its potential positive role in symptom management is acknowledged by the majority of the patients. However, there is a need and a demand from patients to receive more dietary advice. Developing therapeutic education tools on nutrition for people with IMID and involving patients’ organizations would provide useful information and encourage communication between HCP and patients.

[Pediatric-onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease: What Are Different from Adult in the Treatment?]

Pediatric-onset inflammatory bowel disease differs from adults in its epidemiological and clinical characteristics and courses. Since it is diagnosed at a young age, the duration of the disease is relatively longer than in adults. Therefore, it is necessary to select drugs in consideration of long-term risks and benefits, and efforts such as therapeutic drug monitoring to maximize the treatment effects and minimize side effects are required. In addition, special considerations for treating pediatric-onset inflammatory bowel disease include attention to the effects of the disease on growth and development, nutrition, and psychosocial problems. In children, more aggressive treatment is needed to avoid missing therapeutic window of opportunity during periods of rapid growth and development. Finally, efforts should be made to ensure that the therapeutic goals of mucosal healing are achieved, the quality of life is restored, and the transition to adult therapy is well carried out.

Food groups associated with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: a Mendelian randomization and disease severity study

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) are prevalent diseases. There is, however, a lack of understanding of the link between diet and IMIDs, how much dietary patterns vary between them and if there are food groups associated with a worsening of the disease.

SUBJECTS/METHODS

To answer these questions we analyzed a nation-wide cohort of n = 11,308 patients from six prevalent IMIDs and 2050 healthy controls. We compared their weekly intake of the major food categories, and used a Mendelian randomization approach to determine which dietary changes are caused by disease. Within each IMID, we analyzed the association between food frequency and disease severity.

RESULTS

After quality control, n = 11,230 recruited individuals were used in this study. We found that diet is profoundly altered in all IMIDs: at least three food categories are significantly altered in each disease (P < 0.05). Inflammatory bowel diseases showed the largest differences compared to controls (n ≥ 8 categories, P < 0.05). Mendelian randomization analysis supported that some of these dietary changes, like vegetable reduction in Crohn's Disease (P = 2.5 × 10^-10, OR(95% CI) = 0.73(0.65, 0.80)), are caused by the disease. Except for Psoriatic Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, we have found ≥2 food groups significantly associated with disease severity in the other IMIDs (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

This cross-disease study demonstrates that prevalent IMIDs are associated to a significant change in the normal dietary patterns. This variation is highly disease-specific and, in some cases, it is caused by the disease itself. Severity in IMIDs is also associated with specific food groups. The results of this study underscore the importance of studying diet in IMIDs.

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Is There a Role for Nutritional Suggestions?

Nutrition has an important impact on inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). In particular, several studies have addressed its role in their pathogenesis, showing how the incidence of IBD significantly increased in recent years. Meanwhile, nutrition should be considered a component of the treatment of the disease, both as a therapy itself, and especially in the perspective of correcting the various nutritional deficiencies shown by these patients. In this perspective, nutritional suggestions are very important even in the most severe forms of IBD, requiring hospitalization or surgical treatment. Although current knowledge about nutrition in IBD is increasing over time, nutritional suggestions are often underestimated by clinicians. This narrative review is an update summary of current knowledge on nutritional suggestions in IBD, in order to address the impact of nutrition on pathogenesis, micro- and macro-nutrients deficiencies (especially in the case of sarcopenia and obesity), as well as in hospitalized patients.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Associated Changes in the Gut: Focus on Kazan Patients

BACKGROUND

Several studies have highlighted the role of host-microbiome interactions in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), resulting in an increasing amount of data mainly focusing on Western patients. Because of the increasing prevalence of IBD in newly industrialized countries such as those in Asia, the Middle East, and South America, there is mounting interest in elucidating the gut microbiota of these populations. We present a comprehensive analysis of several IBD-related biomarkers and gut microbiota profiles and functions of a unique population of patients with IBD and healthy patients from Kazan (Republic of Tatarstan, Russia).

METHODS

Blood and fecal IBD biomarkers, serum cytokines, and fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) content were profiled. Finally, fecal microbiota composition was analyzed by 16S and whole-genome shotgun sequencing.

RESULTS

Fecal microbiota whole-genome sequencing confirmed the presence of classic IBD dysbiotic features at the phylum level, with increased abundance of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Fusobacteria and decreased abundance of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Verrucomicrobia. At the genus level, the abundance of both fermentative (SCFA-producing and hydrogen (H2)-releasing) and hydrogenotrophic (H2-consuming) microbes was affected in patients with IBD. This imbalance was confirmed by the decreased abundance of SCFA species in the feces of patients with IBD and the change in anaerobic index, which mirrors the redox status of the intestine.

CONCLUSIONS

Our analyses highlighted how IBD-related dysbiotic microbiota-which are generally mainly linked to SCFA imbalance-may affect other important metabolic pathways, such as H2 metabolism, that are critical for host physiology and disease development.

Not All Fibers Are Born Equal; Variable Response to Dietary Fiber Subtypes in IBD

Diet provides a safe and attractive alternative to available treatment options in a variety of diseases; however, research has only just begun to elucidate the role of diet in chronic diseases, such as the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The chronic and highly debilitating IBDs, Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis, are hallmarked by intestinal inflammation, immune dysregulation, and dysbiosis; and evidence supports a role for genetics, microbiota, and the environment, including diet, in disease pathogenesis. This is true especially in children with IBD, where diet-based treatments have shown excellent results. One interesting group of dietary factors that readily links microbiota to gut health is dietary fibers. Fibers are not digested by human cells, but rather fermented by the gut microbes within the bowel. Evidence has been mounting over the last decade in support of the importance of dietary fibers in the maintenance of gut health and in IBD; however, more recent studies highlight the complexity of this interaction and importance of understanding the role of each individual dietary fiber subtype, especially during disease. There are roughly ten subtypes of dietary fibers described to date, categorized as soluble or insoluble, with varying chemical structures, and large differences in their fermentation profiles. Many studies to date have described the benefits of the byproducts of fermentation in healthy individuals and the potential health benefits in select disease models. However, there remains a void in our understanding of how each of these individual fibers affect human health in dysbiotic settings where appropriate fermentation may not be achieved. This review highlights the possibilities for better defining the role of individual dietary fibers for use in regulating inflammation in IBD.

Alcohol decreases intestinal ratio of Lactobacillus to Enterobacteriaceae and induces hepatic immune tolerance in a murine model of DSS-colitis

Alcohol can potentiate disease in a mouse model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) colitis; however, the underlying mechanism remains to be established. In this study, we assessed whether the potentiated disease could be related to Enterobacteriaceae and Lactobacillus, as changes in their relative abundance can impact intestinal health. We also assessed whether the intestinal barrier is compromised after alcohol and DSS as it may increase bacterial translocation and liver inflammation. Mice were administered DSS followed by binge ethanol or water vehicle, generating four experimental groups: (Control+Vehicle, Control+Ethanol, DSS+Vehicle, DSS+Ethanol). DNA was isolated from colon and cecal contents followed by qPCR for levels of Enterobacteriaceae and Lactobacillus. Colon and liver sections were taken for histology. Intestinal epithelial cells were isolated from the colon for RNA expression. DSS+Ethanol cecal contents exhibited a 1 log increase in Enterobacteriaceae (p < .05), a 0.5 log decrease in Lactobacillus, and a 1.5 log decrease (p < .05) in the Lactobacillus:Enterobacteriaceae ratio compared to DSS+Vehicle, with similar trends in colon contents. These changes correlated with shorter colons and more weight loss. Irrespective of ethanol administration, DSS compromised the mucosal barrier integrity, however only DSS+Ethanol exhibited significant increases in circulating endotoxin. Furthermore, the livers of DSS+Ethanol mice had significantly increased levels of triglycerides, mononuclear cells, yet exhibited significantly depressed expression of liver inflammatory pathways, suggestive of tolerance induction, compared to mice receiving DSS+Vehicle. Our results suggest that ethanol after DSS colitis increases the intestinal burden of Enterobacteriaceae which may contribute to intestinal and liver damage, and the induction of immune tolerance.

Role of Diet in the Management of Carcinoid Syndrome: Clinical Recommendations for Nutrition in Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumors

Nutrition and metabolism are altered in patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, which is related to excessive production of gastrointestinal hormones, peptides, and amines that can cause maldigestion, diarrhea, steatorrhea, and altered gastrointestinal motility. Patients with carcinoid syndrome are at risk of malnutrition due to tryptophan depletion, reduced intake of food, and loss of appetite because of diarrhea and/or flushing. To date, there is limited information on the nutritional issues faced by patients with neuroendocrine tumors, and on what specific recommendations should be made to patients concerning nutrition at various stages of the disease process. Dietary planning should therefore be an integral part of multidisciplinary management for patients with neuroendocrine tumors. Herein, we review current guidance for nutrition in patients with neuroendocrine tumors, focusing on intake of amines and foods to avoid, as well as concurrent medications. We also propose a new and practical food pyramid based on the principles of Mediterranean diet 4.0 that can be easily adapted according to the unmet needs of patients with neuroendocrine tumors at all stages of disease. The overarching goal of the present review is to create greater awareness of nutritional care and considerations that should be given to patients with neuroendocrine tumors.

Diet Recommendations for Hospitalized Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Better Options Than Nil Per Os

Hospitalizations are a time when providers often have uncertainty about what to feed patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). While there are many trials evaluating the role of diet in the management of IBD, the role of diet for the hospitalized patient is less clear. The hospitalization may serve as an opportunity to educate patients about the role of diet, try different diets, and develop dietary recommendations for after discharge. Here, we review the literature for dietary considerations during hospitalizations and acute settings, as well as upon discharge. Patients with IBD benefit from screening and nutritional support for malnutrition and nutritional deficiencies. Enteral nutrition and exclusion diets are promising as induction and maintenance therapies, but no specific recommendations during hospitalization for adult patients are available currently. There are very few reasons to enforce bowel rest or clear liquids other than bowel obstruction, uncontrolled sepsis, or need for urgent or emergent surgery; most patients - including many with penetrating or stricturing disease - benefit from feeding in whichever capacity is tolerated, with enteral and parenteral nutrition used as needed to reach nutritional goals. Future studies are needed to define how the use of different diets can influence the outcomes of patients hospitalized for IBD.

Role of dietary maize formulations in the healing of experimental acetic acid induced ulcerative colitis in male rats

Dietary factors do not only contribute to remission of diseases but also play important roles in the progression of medical conditions. We investigated the effect of different formulations of maize diets on the healing of experimental acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) in male rats. Thirty-five (35) male Wistar rats (150-170 g) were randomly divided into control (CTR), UC, UC + high maize diet (HMD), UC + low maize diet (LMD), and UC + maize-free diet (MFD) groups. CTR, UC, UC + HMD, UC + LMD, and UC + MFD groups were administered different formulations of dietary maize ranging from 0% to 70%. Body weight change (BWC), colon weight, macroscopic ulcer score, catalase, glutathione (GSH), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), myeloperoxidase, diarrhea score, superoxide dismutase (SOD), Ki-67 expression, and histological studies were done. Results were analyzed using SPSS 23. UC + LMD and UC + MFD groups showed a duration-dependent reduction in negative BWC, respectively. When compared with UC group, UC + LMD and UC + MFD significantly increased (P < 0.05) GSH and SOD respectively but had no effect on TNF-α and diarrhea score. UC + HMD increased diarrhea and macroscopic ulcer scores with Ki-67 expression highest in UC + MFD. The study indicated that consumption of either LMD or maize-free diet by colitic rats relatively enhanced healing of UC.

A food pyramid, based on a review of the emerging literature, for subjects with inflammatory bowel disease

Emerging literature suggests that diet plays an important modulatory role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) through the management of inflammation and oxidative stress. The aim of this narrative review is to evaluate the evidence collected up till now regarding optimum diet therapy for IBD and to design a food pyramid for these patients. The pyramid shows that carbohydrates should be consumed every day (3 portions), together with tolerated fruits and vegetables (5 portions), yogurt (125ml), and extra virgin olive oil; weekly, fish (4 portions), white meat (3 portions), eggs (3 portions), pureed legumes (2 portions), seasoned cheeses (2 portions), and red or processed meats (once a week). At the top of the pyramid, there are two pennants: the red one means that subjects with IBD need some personalized supplementation and the black one means that there are some foods that are banned. The food pyramid makes it easier for patients to decide what they should eat.

Nutritional Aspects in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are chronic, relapsing, inflammatory disorders of the digestive tract that characteristically develop in adolescence and early adulthood. The reported prevalence of malnutrition in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients ranges between 20% and 85%. Several factors, including reduced oral food intake, malabsorption, chronic blood and proteins loss, and intestinal bacterial overgrowth, contribute to malnutrition in IBD patients. Poor nutritional status, as well as selective malnutrition or sarcopenia, is associated with poor clinical outcomes, response to therapy and, therefore, quality of life. The nutritional assessment should include a dietetic evaluation with the assessment of daily caloric intake and energy expenditure, radiological assessment, and measurement of functional capacity.

Models of the Gut for Analyzing the Impact of Food and Drugs

Models of the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) can be powerful tools for examining the biological interactions of food products and pharmaceuticals. This can be done under normal healthy conditions or using models of disease-many of which have no curative therapy. This report outlines the field of gastrointestinal modeling, with a particular focus on the intestine. Traditional in vivo animal models are compared to a range of in vitro models. In vitro systems are elaborated over time, recently culminating with microfluidic intestines-on-chips (IsOC) and 3D bioengineered models. Macroscale models are also reviewed for their important contribution in the microbiota studies. Lastly, it is discussed how in silico approaches may have utility in predicting and interpreting experimental data. The various advantages and limitations of the different systems are contrasted. It is posited that only through complementary use of these models will salient research questions be able to be addressed.

Inflammatory bowel disease and the risk for cardiovascular disease: Does all inflammation lead to heart disease?

Inflammation has a strong role in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Several systemic inflammatory conditions have been linked to an increased risk of ASCVD; however, this has not been well established in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). IBD is comprised of Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's disease, both of which involve chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract, often with evidence of systemic involvement. Several ASCVD risk factors such as smoking, diabetes, poor diet and the presence of obesity may increase the risk of ASCVD in patients suffering from IBD, despite a lower prevalence of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. Medications used to treat IBD and target inflammation, such as steroids, may also accelerate the risk of the risk for ASCVD heart failure while exacerbating ASCVD risk factors. Several studies have demonstrated an elevated risk of acute myocardial infarction and stroke in these patients, most notably in women and in younger patients. Some cohort studies have also suggested a link between IBD and both atrial fibrillation and heart failure, particularly during periods of active flares. All IBD patients, particularly younger individuals, should be screened for ASCVD risk factors with aggressive risk factor modification to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events. Further research is needed to identify how to prevent and treat cardiovascular events that occur in patients with IBD, particularly during active flares.

Enteral Nutrition in Adult Crohn's Disease: Toward a Paradigm Shift

Medical and surgical treatments for Crohn's disease are associated with toxic effects. Medical therapy aims for mucosal healing and is achievable with biologics, immunosuppressive therapy, and specialised enteral nutrition, but not with corticosteroids. Sustained remission remains a therapeutic challenge. Enteral nutrition, containing macro- and micro-nutrients, is nutritionally complete, and is provided in powder or liquid form. Enteral nutrition is a low-risk and minimally invasive therapy. It is well-established and recommended as first line induction therapy in paediatric Crohn's disease with remission rates of up to 80%. Other than in Japan, enteral nutrition is not routinely used in the adult population among Western countries, mainly due to unpalatable formulations which lead to poor compliance. This study aims to offer a comprehensive review of available enteral nutrition formulations and the literature supporting the use and mechanisms of action of enteral nutrition in adult Crohn's disease patients, in order to support clinicians in real world decision-making when offering/accepting treatment. The mechanisms of actions of enteral feed, including their impact on the gut microbiome, were explored. Barriers to the use of enteral nutrition, such as compliance and the route of administration, were considered. All available enteral preparations have been comprehensively described as a practical guide for clinical use. Likewise, guidelines are reported and discussed.

Summary of the 2018 Alcohol and Immunology Research Interest Group (AIRIG) meeting

On January 26, 2018, the 23rd annual Alcohol and Immunology Research Interest Group (AIRIG) meeting was held at the University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado. The meeting consisted of plenary sessions with oral presentations and a poster presentation session. There were four plenary sessions that covered a wide range of topics relating to alcohol use: Alcohol and Liver Disease; Alcohol, Inflammation and Immune Response; Alcohol and Organ Injury; Heath Consequences and Alcohol Drinking. The meeting provided a forum for the presentation and discussion of novel research findings regarding alcohol use and immunology.

Dietary interventions for induction and maintenance of remission in inflammatory bowel disease

BACKGROUND

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprised of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is characterized by chronic mucosal inflammation, frequent hospitalizations, adverse health economics, and compromised quality of life. Diet has been hypothesised to influence IBD activity.

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of dietary interventions on IBD outcomes.

SEARCH METHODS

We searched the Cochrane IBD Group Specialized Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Clinicaltrials.gov and the WHO ICTRP from inception to 31 January 2019. We also scanned reference lists of included studies, relevant reviews and guidelines.

SELECTION CRITERIA

We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the effects of dietary manipulations to other diets in participants with IBD. Studies that exclusively focused on enteral nutrition, oral nutrient supplementation, medical foods, probiotics, and parenteral nutrition were excluded.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Two review authors independently performed study selection, extracted data and assessed bias using the risk of bias tool. We conducted meta-analyses where possible using a random-effects model and calculated the risk ratio (RR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) for dichotomous outcomes. We assessed the certainty of evidence using GRADE.

MAIN RESULTS

The review included 18 RCTs with 1878 participants. The studies assessed different dietary interventions for active CD (six studies), inactive CD (seven studies), active UC (one study) and inactive UC (four studies). Dietary interventions involved either the consumption of low amounts or complete exclusion of one or more food groups known to trigger IBD symptoms. There was limited scope for data pooling as the interventions and control diets were diverse. The studies were mostly inadequately powered. Fourteen studies were rated as high risk of bias. The other studies were rated as unclear risk of bias.The effect of high fiber, low refined carbohydrates, low microparticle diet, low calcium diet, symptoms-guided diet and highly restricted organic diet on clinical remission in active CD is uncertain. At 4 weeks, remission was induced in: 100% (4/4) of participants in the low refined carbohydrates diet group compared to 0% (0/3) of participants in the control group (RR 7.20, 95% CI 0.53 to 97.83; 7 participants; 1 study; very low certainty evidence). At 16 weeks, 44% (23/52) of participants in the low microparticle diet achieved clinical remission compared to 25% (13/51) of control-group participants (RR 3.13, 95% CI 0.22 to 43.84; 103 participants; 2 studies; I² = 73%; very low certainty evidence). Fifty per cent (16/32) of participants in the symptoms-guided diet group achieved clinical remission compared to 0% (0/19) of control group participants (RR 20.00, 95% CI 1.27 to 315.40; 51 participants ; 1 study; very low certainty evidence) (follow-up unclear). At 24 weeks, 50% (4/8) of participants in the highly restricted organic diet achieved clinical remission compared to 50% (5/10) of participants in the control group (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.39 to 2.53; 18 participants; 1 study; very low certainty evidence). At 16 weeks, 37% (16/43) participants following a low calcium diet achieved clinical remission compared to 30% (12/40) in the control group (RR 1.24, 95% CI 0.67 to 2.29; 83 participants; 1 study; very low certainty evidence).The effect of low refined carbohydrate diets, symptoms-guided diets and low red processed meat diets on relapse in inactive CD is uncertain. At 12 to 24 months, 67% (176/264) of participants in low refined carbohydrate diet relapsed compared to 64% (193/303) in the control group (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.25; 567 participants; 3 studies; I² = 35%; low certainty evidence). At 6 to 24 months, 48% (24/50) of participants in the symptoms-guided diet group relapsed compared to 83% (40/48) participants in the control diet (RR 0.53, 95% CI 0.28 to 1.01; 98 participants ; 2 studies; I² = 54%; low certainty evidence). At 48 weeks, 66% (63/96) of participants in the low red and processed meat diet group relapsed compared to 63% (75/118) of the control group (RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.26; 214 participants; 1 study; low certainty evidence). At 12 months, 0% (0/16) of participants on an exclusion diet comprised of low disaccharides / grains / saturated fats / red and processed meat experienced clinical relapse compared to 26% (10/38) of participants on a control group (RR 0.11, 95% CI 0.01 to 1.76; 54 participants; 1 study; very low certainty evidence).The effect of a symptoms-guided diet on clinical remission in active UC is uncertain. At six weeks, 36% (4/11) of symptoms-guided diet participants achieved remission compared to 0% (0/10) of usual diet participants (RR 8.25, 95% CI 0.50 to 136.33; 21 participants; 1 study; very low certainty evidence).The effect of the Alberta-based anti-inflammatory diet, the Carrageenan-free diet or milk-free diet on relapse rates in inactive UC is uncertain. At 6 months, 36% (5/14) of participants in the Alberta-based anti-inflammatory diet group relapsed compared to 29% (4/14) of participants in the control group (RR 1.25, 95% CI 0.42 to 3.70; 28 participants; 1 study; very low certainty evidence). Thirty per cent (3/10) of participants following the carrageenan-free diet for 12 months relapsed compared to 60% (3/5) of the participants in the control group (RR 0.50, 95% CI 0.15 to 1.64; 15 participants; 1 study; very low certainty evidence). At 12 months, 59% (23/39) of milk free diet participants relapsed compared to 68% (26/38) of control diet participants (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.60 to 1.15; 77 participants; 2 studies; I² = 0%; low certainty evidence).None of the included studies reported on diet-related adverse events.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

The effects of dietary interventions on CD and UC are uncertain. Thus no firm conclusions regarding the benefits and harms of dietary interventions in CD and UC can be drawn. There is need for consensus on the composition of dietary interventions in IBD and more RCTs are required to evaluate these interventions. Currently, there are at least five ongoing studies (estimated enrollment of 498 participants). This review will be updated when the results of these studies are available.

Serum Metabolomics Identifies Altered Bioenergetics, Signaling Cascades in Parallel with Exposome Markers in Crohn's Disease

: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has stimulated much interest due to its surging incidences and health impacts in the U.S. and worldwide. However, the exact cause of IBD remains incompletely understood, and biomarker is lacking towards early diagnostics and effective therapy assessment. To tackle these, the emerging high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS)-based metabolomics shows promise. Here, we conducted a pilot untargeted LC/MS metabolomic profiling in Crohn's disease, for which serum samples of both active and inactive cases were collected, extracted, and profiled by a state-of-the-art compound identification workflow. Results show a distinct metabolic profile of Crohn's from control, with most metabolites downregulated. The identified compounds are structurally diverse, pointing to important pathway perturbations ranging from energy metabolism (e.g., β-oxidation of fatty acids) to signaling cascades of lipids (e.g., DHA) and amino acid (e.g., L-tryptophan). Importantly, an integral role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease is highlighted. Xenobiotics and their biotransformants were widely detected, calling for massive exposomic profiling for future cohort studies as such. This study endorses the analytical capacity of untargeted metabolomics for biomarker development, cohort stratification, and mechanistic interpretation; the findings might be valuable for advancing biomarker research and etiologic inquiry in IBD.

The role of diet in the prevention and treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) – Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) – are chronic conditions characterised by relapsing inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. They represent an increasing public health concern and an aetiological enigma due to unknown causal factors. The current knowledge on the pathogenesis of IBD is that genetically susceptible individuals develop intolerance to a dysregulated gut microflora (dysbiosis) and chronic inflammation develops as a result of environmental triggers. Among the environmental factors associated with IBD, diet plays an important role in modulating the gut microbiome, and, consequently, it could have a therapeutic impact on the disease course. An overabundance of calories and some macronutrients typical of the Western dietetic pattern increase gut inflammation, whereas several micronutrients characteristic of the Mediterranean Diet have the potential to modulate gut inflammation, according to recent evidence. Immunonutrition has emerged as a new concept putting forward the role of vitamins such as vitamins A, C, E, and D, folic acid, beta carotene and trace elements such as zinc, selenium, manganese and iron. However, when assessed in clinical trials, specific micronutrients showed a limited benefit. Further research is required to evaluate the role of individual food compounds and complex nutritional interventions with the potential to decrease inflammation as a means of prevention and management of IBD. The current dietary recommendations for disease prevention and management are scarce and non evidence-based. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the complex interaction between diet, microbiome and immune-modulation in IBD, with particular focus to the role of the Mediterranean Diet as a tool for prevention and treatment of the disease. (www.actabiomedica.it)

Non-pharmacological therapies for inflammatory bowel disease: Recommendations for self-care and physician guidance

We performed a scoping review on sought-after complementary therapies for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), specifically diet, physical activity and exercise (PA/E), and psychotherapy. We aim to update patients with IBD on therapies for self-care and provide physicians with guidance on how to direct their patients for the management of IBD. A search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PUBMED was completed in Sept 2016. Studies on diet, PA/E, or psychotherapy in patients with IBD were included. Medical Subject Heading terms and Boolean operators were used. The search was limited to full-text English articles describing an adult population. This review included 67 studies: Diet (n = 19); PA/E (n = 19); and psychotherapy (n = 29). We have made the following recommendations: (1) Diet: Consumption of diets rich in vegetables, fruit and soluble fiber may be beneficial in IBD. A trial of a low FODMAP diet can be considered in those patients with functional gastrointestinal symptoms. Restrictive diets are lacking in evidence and should be avoided; (2) PA/E: Regular low-moderate intensity activity, including cardiovascular and resistance exercise, has been shown to improve quality of life (QOL) and may improve inflammation; and (3) psychotherapy: Therapies such as cognitive-behavioural interventions, mindfulness, hypnosis, and stress management have been shown to improve QOL, but evidence is limited on their impact on anxiety, depression, and disease activity. Overall, these complementary therapies are promising and should be used to treat patients with IBD from a more holistic perspective.

Alcohol enhances symptoms and propensity for infection in inflammatory bowel disease patients and a murine model of DSS-induced colitis

Over 1.4 million Americans have been diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and ulcerative colitis (UC) makes up approximately half of those diagnoses. As a disease, UC cycles between periods of remission and flare, which is characterized by intense abdominal pain, increased weight loss, intestinal inflammation, rectal bleeding, and dehydration. Interestingly, a widespread recommendation to IBD patients for avoidance of a flare period is "Don't Drink Alcohol" as recent work correlated alcohol consumption with increased GI symptoms in patients with IBD. Alcohol alone not only induces a systemic pro-inflammatory response, but can also be directly harmful to gut barrier integrity. However, how alcohol could result in the exacerbation of UC in both patients and murine models of colitis has yet to be elucidated. Therefore, we conducted a retrospective analysis of patients admitted for IBD with a documented history of alcohol use in conjunction with a newly developed mouse model of binge alcohol consumption following dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. We found that alcohol negatively impacts clinical outcomes of patients with IBD, specifically increased intestinal infections, antibiotic injections, abdomen CT scans, and large intestine biopsies. Furthermore, in our mouse model of binge alcohol consumption following an induced colitis flare, we found alcohol exacerbates weight loss, clinical scores, colonic shortening and inflammation, and propensity to infection. These findings highlight alcohol's ability to potentiate symptoms and susceptibility to infection in UC and suggest alcohol as an underlying factor in perpetuating symptoms of IBD.

Dietary Fiber Intake in Children With Inflammatory Bowel Disease

OBJECTIVES

The aim of the study was to estimate intake of total dietary fiber, and its soluble and insoluble fractions, by children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in comparison with healthy controls.

METHODS

This was a prospective controlled study on children with IBD. Food consumption data were collected by using the 3-day diet record. For intake of soluble and insoluble fibers author's questionnaire was used.

RESULTS

The study included 50 children with IBD (80% in clinical remission) and 50 healthy controls. There were no statistically significant differences in age, weight, height, and BMI percentiles between both groups. The mean disease duration was 3.5 ± 2.5 years. The daily median dietary fiber intake in patients was 15.3 ± 4.2 g, whereas controls consumed about 14.1 ± 3.6 g/day; differences were not statistically significant. The median intake of soluble fiber in the study group was 5.0 g/day and in controls 4.7 g/day, whereas the intake of insoluble fractions was 10.2 versus 9.7 g/day, respectively. The total fiber intake significantly increased with age and it was higher among boys in each age group. The boys better achieved adequate intake recommendations (P = 0.003). Both, children with IBD and healthy controls, did not meet the adequate intake recommendations.

CONCLUSIONS

Intake of fiber in patients with IBD and healthy controls was comparable; however, in both groups, it was lower than recommended.

Dietary interventions for induction and maintenance of remission in inflammatory bowel disease

This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (Intervention). The objectives are as follows:

The objective of this systematic review is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of dietary interventions on IBD outcomes.

The role of smoking and alcohol behaviour in the management of inflammatory bowel disease

In the era of increasing use of immunosuppressive and biologic therapy for inflammatory bowel disease, environmental influences remain important independent risk factors to modify the course of the disease, affect the need for surgery and recurrence rates post-surgical resection. The effect of smoking on inflammatory bowel disease has been established over the decades, however the exact mechanism of how smoking affects remains as area of research. Alcohol is also among the socio-environmental factors which has been recognised to cause a flare of symptoms in inflammatory bowel disease patients. Nonetheless, the exact relation to date is not fully understood, and various paradoxical results from different studies are still a point of controversy.

Impact of dietary beliefs and practices on patients with inflammatory bowel disease: An observational study from India

Background and Aim

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at a risk of nutritional deficits because of poor dietary beliefs and practices. There are no data on this aspect from Asia, which is experiencing a rise in IBD incidence. We aimed to establish dietary beliefs and practices in patients of IBD from India.

Methods

Patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) followed up between November 2016 and March 2017 were included. A questionnaire extracted information on the patients' sociodemographic, nutritional and disease profile, smoking and drinking habits, dietary beliefs and practices, current dietary preferences, intake and avoidance, dietary changes made after diagnosis of IBD, dietary changes made during relapse, frequency of consumption of major food groups, and the attitudes toward dietary advice.

Results

A total of 316 patients (218 UC and 98 CD; mean age: 38.5 ± 12.2 years) were included. Forty-four percent patients perceived food as a risk factor for IBD, 52% felt dietary habits to have a more important role than medicines in disease control, 77% reported certain foods improve symptoms during relapse, 86% had modified their diet since the diagnosis of IBD (UC > CD, P = 0.04), 90% imposed food restrictions, and <50% had received dietary counseling. About 40% of patients could not meet their dietary requirements and 66% had decreased their dietary intake since diagnosis, which further decreased during relapse (85%).

Conclusion

Dietary beliefs and practices play a central role in perception of disease in IBD patients. A large majority of them make dietary changes which can lead to undernutrition. Proper dietary counseling is required in these patients to prevent malnutrition.

Diet, Gut Microbiome and Epigenetics: Emerging Links with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Prospects for Management and Prevention

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) represent a growing public health concern due to increasing incidence worldwide. The current notion on the pathogenesis of IBD is that genetically susceptible individuals develop intolerance to dysregulated gut microflora (dysbiosis) and chronic inflammation develops as a result of environmental triggers. Among the environmental factors associated with IBD, diet plays an important role in modulating the gut microbiome, influencing epigenetic changes, and, therefore, could be applied as a therapeutic tool to improve the disease course. Nevertheless, the current dietary recommendations for disease prevention and management are scarce and have weak evidence. This review summarises the current knowledge on the complex interactions between diet, microbiome and epigenetics in IBD. Whereas an overabundance of calories and some macronutrients increase gut inflammation, several micronutrients have the potential to modulate it. Immunonutrition has emerged as a new concept putting forward the importance of vitamins such as vitamins A, C, E, and D, folic acid, beta carotene and trace elements such as zinc, selenium, manganese and iron. However, when assessed in clinical trials, specific micronutrients exerted a limited benefit. Beyond nutrients, an anti-inflammatory dietary pattern as a complex intervention approach has become popular in recent years. Hence, exclusive enteral nutrition in paediatric Crohn’s disease is the only nutritional intervention currently recommended as a first-line therapy. Other nutritional interventions or specific diets including the Specific Carbohydrate Diet (SCD), the low fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyol (FODMAP) diet and, most recently, the Mediterranean diet have shown strong anti-inflammatory properties and show promise for improving disease symptoms. More work is required to evaluate the role of individual food compounds and complex nutritional interventions with the potential to decrease inflammation as a means of prevention and management of IBD.

Probiotics, fibre and herbal medicinal products for functional and inflammatory bowel disorders

Functional bowel disorders (FBD), mainly irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and functional constipation (FC, also called chronic idiopathic constipation), are very common worldwide. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, although less common, has a strong impact on patients' quality of life, as well as being highly expensive for our healthcare. A definite cure for those disorders is still yet to come. Over the years, several therapeutic approaches complementary or alternative to traditional pharmacological treatments, including probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, fibre and herbal medicinal products, have been investigated for the management of both groups of diseases. However, most available studies are biased by several drawbacks, including small samples and poor methodological quality. Probiotics, in particular Saccharomyces boulardii and Lactobacilli (among which Lactobacillus rhamnosus), synbiotics, psyllium, and some herbal medicinal products, primarily peppermint oil, seem to be effective in ameliorating IBS symptoms. Synbiotics and fibre seem to be beneficial in FC patients. The probiotic combination VSL#3 may be effective in inducing remission in patients with mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis, in whom Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 seems to be as effective as mesalamine in maintaining remission. No definite conclusions can be drawn as to the efficacy of fibre and herbal medicinal products in IBD patients due to the low number of studies and the lack of randomized controlled trials that replicate the results obtained in the individual studies conducted so far. Thus, further, well-designed studies are needed to address the real role of these therapeutic options in the management of both FBD and IBD.

LINKED ARTICLES

This article is part of a themed section on Principles of Pharmacological Research of Nutraceuticals. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.11/issuetoc.

Modifiable Environmental Factors in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Environmental factors may influence predisposition to develop inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis) or alter its natural history by modification of both the host immune response and intestinal microbial composition. The purpose of this review is to translate such evidence into clinical practice by a focus on interventional studies that have modified such environmental influences to improve disease outcomes.

RECENT FINDINGS

Several environmental influences have been identified in the recent literature including tobacco use, diet, antibiotics, vitamin D deficiency, stress, appendectomy, and oral contraceptive use. Some risk factors have similar influences on both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis while others are disease-specific or have divergent effects. Emerging epidemiologic evidence has confirmed the association of many of these factors with incident disease using prospective data. In addition, laboratory data has supported their mechanistic plausibility and relevance to intestinal inflammation.

An Examination of Diet for the Maintenance of Remission in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Diet has been speculated to be a factor in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease and may be an important factor in managing disease symptoms. Patients manipulate their diet in attempt to control symptoms, often leading to the adoption of inappropriately restrictive diets, which places them at risk for nutritional complications. Health professionals struggle to provide evidence-based nutrition guidance to patients due to an overall lack of uniformity or clarity amongst research studies. Well-designed diet studies are urgently needed to create an enhanced understanding of the role diet plays in the management of inflammatory bowel disease. The aim of this review is to summarize the current data available on dietary management of inflammatory bowel disease and to demonstrate that dietary modulation may be an important consideration in managing disease. By addressing the relevance of diet in inflammatory bowel disease, health professionals are able to better support patients and collaborate with dietitians to improve nutrition therapy.

Choline Deficiency Causes Colonic Type II Natural Killer T (NKT) Cell Loss and Alleviates Murine Colitis under Type I NKT Cell Deficiency

Serum levels of choline and its derivatives are lower in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) than in healthy individuals. However, the effect of choline deficiency on the severity of colitis has not been investigated. In the present study, we investigated the role of choline deficiency in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. Methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet lowered the levels of type II natural killer T (NKT) cells in the colonic lamina propria, peritoneal cavity, and mesenteric lymph nodes, and increased the levels of type II NKT cells in the livers of wild-type B6 mice compared with that in mice fed a control (CTR) diet. The gene expression pattern of the chemokine receptor CXCR6, which promotes NKT cell accumulation, varied between colon and liver in a manner dependent on the changes in the type II NKT cell levels. To examine the role of type II NKT cells in colitis under choline-deficient conditions, we assessed the severity of DSS-induced colitis in type I NKT cell-deficient (Jα18^-/-) or type I and type II NKT cell-deficient (CD1d^-/-) mice fed the MCD or CTR diets. The MCD diet led to amelioration of inflammation, decreases in interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-4 secretion, and a decrease in the number of IFN-γ and IL-4-producing NKT cells in Jα18^-/- mice but not in CD1d^-/- mice. Finally, adaptive transfer of lymphocytes with type II NKT cells exacerbated DSS-induced colitis in Jα18^-/- mice with MCD diet. These results suggest that choline deficiency causes proinflammatory type II NKT cell loss and alleviates DSS-induced colitis. Thus, inflammation in DSS-induced colitis under choline deficiency is caused by type II NKT cell-dependent mechanisms, including decreased type II NKT cell and proinflammatory cytokine levels.

IBD: In Food We Trust

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Both science and patients associate diet with inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]. There is no doubt that links between IBD and diet are numerous, based on both epidemiological studies and experimental studies. However, scientific evidence to support dietary advice is currently lacking, and dietary counselling for IBD patients is often limited in clinical practice to the improvement of nutrient intake. This review aimed to focus on both patient's beliefs about and molecular mechanisms for crosstalk between nutrients and inflammation.

METHODS

A literature search using PubMed was performed to identify relevant studies on diet and/or nutrients and their role in IBD. Pubmed [from inception to January 20, 2016] was searched using the terms: 'Crohn', 'colitis',' intestinal epithelial cells', and a list of terms relating to diet or numerous specific nutrients. Terms associated with nutrients were individually tested in the context of IBD. Reference lists from studies selected were manually searched to identify further relevant reports. Manuscripts about diet in the context of IBD from basic science, epidemiological studies, or clinical trials were selected and reviewed. Only articles published in English were included.

RESULTS

Epidemiological studies highlight the key role of diet in IBD development, and many IBD patients report diet as a triggering factor in relapse of disease. In addition, we present research on the impact of nutrients on innate immunity.

CONCLUSION

Diet may offer an alternative approach to restoring deficient innate immunity in IBD, and this may be the scientific rationale for providing dietary counselling for IBD patients.