LINX(™) Reflux Management System: magnetic sphincter augmentation in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease

Development of Novel Balloon-Integrated Optical Catheter for Endoscopic and Circumferential Laser Application

The current study aims to demonstrate the feasibility of a novel balloon-integrated optical catheter (BIOC) to achieve endoscopic laser application for circumferential coagulation of a tubular tissue structure. Both optical and thermal numerical simulations were developed to predict the propagation of laser light and a spatio-temporal distribution of temperature in tissue. Ex vivo esophagus tissue was tested with 980 nm laser light at 30 W for 90 s for quantitative evaluations. In vivo porcine models were used to validate the performance of BIOC for circumferential and endoscopic laser coagulation of esophagus in terms of acute tissue responses post-irradiation. Optical simulations confirmed that a diffusing applicator was able to generate a circumferential light distribution in a tubular tissue structure. Both numerical and experimental results presented that the maximum temperature elevation occurred at 3-5 mm (muscle layer) below the mucosa surface after 90 s irradiation. In vivo tests confirmed the circumferential delivery of laser light to a deep muscle layer as well as no evidence of thermal damage to the esophageal mucosa. The proposed BIOC can be a feasible optical device to provide circumferential laser irradiation as well as endoscopic coagulation of tubular esophagus tissue for clinical applications.

Comparative outcomes of Toupet fundoplication and magnetic sphincter augmentation

Laparoscopic fundoplication is the current surgical gold standard for the treatment of refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Magnetic sphincter augmentation (MSA) is a less invasive, standardized, and reversible option to restore competency of the lower esophageal sphincter. A comparative cohort study was conducted at a tertiary-care referral center on patients with typical GERD symptoms treated with systematic crural repair combined with Toupet fundoplication or MSA. Primary study outcome was decrease of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease-Health Related Quality of Life (GERD-HRQL) score. Between January 2014 and December 2021, a total of 199 patients (60.3% female, median [Q1-Q3] age: 51.0 [40.0-61.0]) underwent MSA (n = 130) or Toupet fundoplication (n = 69). Operative time and hospital stay were significantly shorter in MSA patients (P < 0.0001). At a median follow-up of 12.0 [12.0-24.0] months, there was a statistically significant decrease of GERD-HRQL score in both patient groups (P = 0.001). The mean delta values did not significantly differ between groups (P = 0.7373). The incidence of severe gas bloating symptoms was similar in the two groups (P = 0.7604), but the rate of persistent postoperative dysphagia was greater in MSA patients (P = 0.0009). Six (8.7%) patients in the Toupet group had recurrent hiatal hernia requiring revisional surgery in one (1.4%). In the MSA group, eight (7.9%) patients necessitated through-the-scope balloon dilation for relief of dysphagia, and six patients had the device removed (4.6%) because of persistent dysphagia (n = 3), device disconnection (n = 1), persistent reflux (n = 1) or need of magnetic resonance (n = 1). Toupet and MSA procedures provide similar clinical outcomes, but MSA is associated with a greater risk of reoperation. Randomized clinical trials comparing fundoplication and MSA are eagerly awaited.

Reoperative surgery after magnetic sphincter augmentation

Reoperative surgery following magnetic sphincter augmentation (MSA) is rare. The clinical indications include the removal of MSA for dysphagia, the recurrence of reflux, or the issues of erosion. Diagnostic evaluation follows that of patients with recurrent reflux and dysphagia following surgical fundoplication. Procedures following the complications of MSA can be performed in a minimally invasive fashion, either endoscopically or robotic/laparoscopically, with good clinical outcomes.

The Impact of Ineffective Esophageal Motility on Patients Undergoing Magnetic Sphincter Augmentation

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate and characterize outcomes of MSA in patients with IEM.

SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA

MSA improves patients with gastroesophageal reflux and normal motility. However, many patients have IEM, which could impact the outcomes of MSA and discourage use.

METHODS

An international, multi-institutional case control study of IEM patients undergoing MSA matched to normal patients was performed. Primary outcomes were new onset dysphagia and need for postoperative interventions.

RESULTS

A total of 105 IEM patients underwent MSA with matching controls. At 1 year after MSA: GERD-Health Related Quality of Life was similar; DeMeester scores in IEM patients improved to 15.7 and 8.5 in controls ( P = 0.021); and normalization of the DeMeester score for IEM = 61.7% and controls = 73.1% ( P = 0.079).In IEM patients, 10/12 (83%) with preop dysphagia had resolution; 11/66 (17%) had new onset dysphagia and 55/66 (83%) never had dysphagia. Comparatively, in non-IEM patients, 22/24 (92%) had dysphagia resolve; 2/24 (8%) had persistent dysphagia; 7/69 (10%) had new onset dysphagia, and 62/69 (90%) never had dysphagia.Overall, 19 (18%) IEM patients were dilated after MSA, whereas 12 (11%) non-IEM patients underwent dilation ( P = 0.151). Nine (9%) patients in both groups had their device explanted.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with IEM undergoing MSA demonstrate improved quality of life and reduction in acid exposure. Key differences in IEM patients include lower rates of objective GERD resolution, lower resolution of existing dysphagia, higher rates of new onset dysphagia and need for dilation. GERD patients with IEM should be counselled about these possibilities.

The Impact of Magnetic Sphincter Augmentation (MSA) on Esophagogastric Junction (EGJ) and Esophageal Body Physiology and Manometric Characteristics

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the impact of MSA on lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and esophageal body using high resolution impedance manometry.

BACKGROUND

MSA is an effective treatment in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease, but there is limited data on its impact on esophageal functional physiology.

METHODS

Patients who underwent MSA were approached 1-year after surgery for objective foregut testing consists of upper endoscopy, esophagram, high resolution impedance manometry, and esophageal pH-monitoring. Postoperative data were then compared to the preoperative measurements.

RESULTS

A total of 100 patients were included in this study. At a mean follow up of 14.9(10.1) months, 72% had normalization of esophageal acid exposure. MSA resulted in an increase in mean LES resting pressure [29.3(12.9) vs 25(12.3), P < 0.001]. This was also true for LES overall length [2.9(0.6) vs 2.6(0.6), P = 0.02] and intra-abdominal length [1.2(0.7) vs 0.8(0.8), P < 0.001]. Outflow resistance at the EGJ increased after MSA as demonstrated by elevation in intrabolus pressure (19.6 vs 13.5 mmHg, P < 0.001) and integrated relaxation pressure (13.5 vs 7.2, P < 0.001). MSA was also associated with an increase in distal esophageal body contraction amplitude [103.8(45.4) vs 94.1(39.1), P = 0.015] and distal contractile integral [2647.1(2064.4) vs 2099.7(1656.1), P < 0.001]. The percent peristalsis and incomplete bolus clearance remained unchanged ( P = 0.47 and 0.08, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

MSA results in improvement in the LES manometric characteristics. Although the device results in an increased outflow resistance at the EGJ, the compensatory increase in the force of esophageal contraction will result in unaltered esophageal peristaltic progression and bolus clearance.

Real-world evidence with magnetic sphincter augmentation for gastroesophageal reflux disease: a scoping review

Background

The burden of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is high, with up to 30% of the Western population reporting reflux-related symptoms with or without hiatal hernia. Magnetic sphincter augmentation (MSA) is a standardized laparoscopic procedure for patients who are dissatisfied with medical therapy and for those with early-stage disease who would not usually be considered ideal candidates for fundoplication. The MSA device is manufactured in different sizes and is designed to augment the physiologic barrier to reflux by magnetic force.

Methods

An extensive scoping review was performed to provide a map of current evidence with respect to MSA, to identify gaps in knowledge, and to make recommendations for future research. All the authors contributed to the literature search in PubMed and Web of Science and contributed to summarizing the evidence.

Results

Magnetic sphincter augmentation, especially in combination with crural repair, is effective in reducing GERD symptoms, proton pump inhibitor use, and esophageal acid exposure, and in improving patients’ quality of life. Safety issues such as device erosion or migration have been rare and not associated with mortality. The MSA device can be removed laparoscopically if necessary, thereby preserving the option of fundoplication or other therapies in the future. Contraindication to scanning in high-power Tesla magnetic resonance systems remains a potential limitation of the MSA procedure. High-resolution manometry and functional lumen imaging probes appear to be promising tools to predict procedural outcomes by improving reflux control and reducing the incidence of dysphagia.

Conclusion

A consensus on acquisition and interpretation of high-resolution manometry and impedance planimetry data is needed to gain better understanding of physiology, to improve patient selection, and to pave the way for a personalized surgical approach in antireflux surgery.

Magnetic sphincter augmentation in treating refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

In this systematic review and meta-analysis we aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of magnetic sphincter augmentation (MSA) in the management of refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease (rGERD).

METHODS

Literature search was conducted in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Web of Science, OpenGrey and ClincalTrials.gov for single-arm studies evaluating the efficacy and safety of MSA in rGERD or comparative studies with proton pump inhibitor (PPI) or laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication (LNF) serving as the control published until April 2020. Primary outcome was the rate of postoperative PPI use, and secondary outcomes included postoperative GERD-health-related quality of life (GERD-HRQL), normalization of acid exposure time (AET) and incidence of procedure-related adverse events (AE).

RESULTS

Ten single-arm studies, one randomized controlled trial and three cohort studies involving 1138 participants were included. Post-MSA PPI withdrawal, significant GERD-HRQL improvement and AET normalization were achieved in 87.0%, 88.0% and 75.0% of the patients, respectively. The incidence of postoperative dysphagia was 29% and endoscopic dilation was required in 7.4% of patients undergoing MSA. MSA showed a better efficacy in symptom control than PPI (PPI cessation: 91% vs 0%; GERD-HRQL improvement: 81% vs 8%) and similar effectiveness but a lower risk of gas-bloat syndrome (risk ratio [RR] 0.69, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.51-0.93, P = 0.01) and better reserved ability to belch (RR 1.48, 95% CI 0.76-2.86, P = 0.25) compared with LNF.

CONCLUSIONS

MSA was an effective and safe therapy for rGERD. Well-designed randomized trials that compare the efficacy of MSA with other therapies are needed.

Magnetic sphincter augmentation device removal: surgical technique and results at medium-term follow-up

Background

The magnetic sphincter augmentation (MSA) device has become a common option for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Knowledge of MSA-related complications, indications for removal, and techniques are puzzled. With this study, we aimed to evaluate indications, techniques for removal, surgical approach, and outcomes with MSA removal.

Methods

This is an observational singe-center study. Patients were followed up regularly with endoscopy, pH monitoring, and assessed for specific gastroesophageal reflux disease health-related quality of life (GERD-HRQL) and generic short-form 36 (SF-36) quality of life.

Results

Five patients underwent MSA explant. Four patients were males and the median age was 47 years (range 44–55). Heartburn, epigastric/chest pain, and dysphagia were commonly reported. The median implant duration was 46 months (range 31–72). A laparoscopic approach was adopted in all patients. Intraoperative findings included normal anatomy (40%), herniation in the mediastinum (40%), and erosion (20%). The most common anti-reflux procedures were Dor (n = 2), Toupet (n = 2), and anterior partial fundoplication (n = 1). The median operative time was 145 min (range 60–185), and the median hospital length of stay was 4 days (range 3–6). The median postoperative follow-up was 41 months (range 12–51). At the last follow-up, 80% of patients were off PPI; the GERD-HRQL and SF-36 questionnaire were improved with DeMeester score and esophageal acid exposure normalization.

Conclusion

The MSA device can be safely explanted through a single-stage laparoscopic procedure. Tailoring a fundoplication, according to preoperative patient symptoms and intraoperative findings, seems feasible and safe with a promising trend toward improved symptoms and quality of life.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00423-021-02294-7.

Stability and in vivo safety of gold, titanium nitride and parylene C coatings on NdFeB magnets implanted in muscles towards a new generation of myokinetic prosthetic limbs

Rare earth magnets are the elective choice when high magnetic field density is required and they are particularly intriguing for inclusion in implantable devices. A safe implantation of NdFeB magnets in muscles would enable the control of limb prostheses using a myokinetic interface i.e., direct control of artificial limb movements by means of magnetic tracking of residual muscle contractions. However, myokinetic prosthesis control is prevented by NdFeB magnets poor biocompatibility, at present. Here we investigated three biocompatible materials as NdFeB magnet coating candidates, namely gold, titanium nitride and parylene C, which have not been analyzed in a systematic way for this purpose, so far. In vitro testing in a tissue-mimicking environment and upon contact with C2C12 myoblasts enabled assessment of the superiority of parylene C coated magnets in terms of corrosion prevention and lack of cytotoxicity. In addition, parylene C coated magnets implanted in rabbit muscles for 28 days confirmed, both locally and systemically, their biocompatibility, with a lack of irritation and toxicity associated with the implant. These findings pave the way towards the development of implantable devices based on permanent magnets and of a new generation of limb prostheses.

Measurement of outflow resistance imposed by magnetic sphincter augmentation: defining normal values and clinical implication

Introduction

No manometric criteria have been defined to select patients for magnetic sphincter augmentation (MSA). The first step to establish such criteria is to measure the outflow resistance at esophagogastric junction (EGJ) imposed by MSA. This resistance needs to be overcome by the esophageal contraction in order for the esophagus to empty and to avoid postoperative dysphagia. This study was designed to measure the outflow resistance caused by MSA in patients free of postoperative dysphagia.

Methods

Records of the patients who underwent MSA in our institution were reviewed. A group of MSA patients with excellent functional outcome, who were free of clinically significant postoperative dysphagia, were selected. These patients then underwent high-resolution impedance manometry (HRIM) at a target date of 1 year after surgery. The outflow resistance was measured by the esophageal intrabolus pressure (iBP) recorded 2 cm proximal to the lower esophageal sphincter (LES).

Results

The study population consisted of 43 patients. HRIM was performed at mean of 20.4 (10.4) months after surgery. The mean (SD) amplitude of the iBP was 13.5 (4.3) before surgery and increased to 19.1 (5.6) after MSA (p < 0.0001). Patients with a smaller size LINX device (≤ 14 beads) had a similar iBP when compared to those with a larger device (> 15 beads) [19.7 (4.5) vs. 18.4 (5.9), p = 0.35]. There was a significant correlation between the iBP and % incomplete bolus clearance [Spearman R: 0.44 (95% CI 0.15–0.66), p = 0.0032]. The 95th percentile value for iBP after MSA was 30.4 mmHg.

Conclusion

The EGJ outflow resistance measured by iBP is increased after MSA. The upper limit of normal for iBP is 30 mmHg in this cohort of patients who were free of dysphagia after MSA. This degree of resistance needs to be overcome by distal esophageal contraction and will likely be requisite to prevent persistent postoperative dysphagia.

Rethinking gastroesophageal reflux disorder

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common clinical condition for which our understanding has evolved over the past decades. It is now considered a cluster of phenotypes with numerous anatomical and physiological abnormalities contributing to its pathophysiology. As such, it is important to first understand the underlying mechanism of the disease process for each patient before embarking on therapeutic interventions. The aim of our paper is to highlight the mechanisms contributing to GERD and review investigations and interpretation of these results. Finally, the paper reviews the available treatment modalities for this condition, ranging from medical intervention, endoscopic options through to surgery and its various techniques.

LINX® reflux management system to bridge the “treatment gap” in gastroesophageal reflux disease: A systematic review of 35 studies

BACKGROUND

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occurs when the reflux of stomach contents causes troublesome symptoms and/or complications. When medical therapy is insufficient, surgical therapy is indicated and, until now, Laparoscopic fundoplication (LF) constitutes the gold-standard method. However, magnetic sphincter augmentation (MSA) using the LINX^® Reflux Management System has recently emerged and disputes the standard therapeutic approach.

AIM

To investigate the device’s safety and efficacy in resolving GERD symptoms.

METHODS

This is a systematic review conducted in accordance to the PRISMA guidelines. We searched MEDLINE, Clinicaltrials.gov, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials CENTRAL databases from inception until September 2019.

RESULTS

Overall, 35 studies with a total number of 2511 MSA patients were included and analyzed. Post-operative proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) cessation rates reached 100%, with less bloating symptoms and a better ability to belch or vomit in comparison to LF. Special patient groups (e.g., bariatric or large hiatal-hernias) had promising results too. The most common postoperative complication was dysphagia ranging between 6% and 83%. Dilation due to dysphagia occurred in 8% of patients with typical inclusion criteria. Esophageal erosion may occur in up to 0.03% of patients. Furthermore, a recent trial indicated MSA as an efficient alternative to double-dose PPIs in moderate-to-severe GERD.

CONCLUSION

The findings of our review suggest that MSA has the potential to bridge the treatment gap between maxed-out medical treatment and LF. However, further studies with longer follow-up are needed for a better elucidation of these results.

Magnetic sphincter augmentation (MSA) in patients with hiatal hernia: clinical outcome and patterns of recurrence

Introduction

Magnetic sphincter augmentation (MSA) is an effective treatment for patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. In early studies, patients with a hiatal hernia (HH) ≥ 3 cm were excluded from consideration for implantation and initially the FDA considered its use as “precautionary” in this context. This early approach has led to an attitude of hesitance among some surgeons to offer this therapy to patients with HH. This study was designed to evaluate the impact of HH status on the outcome of MSA and to report the rate of HH recurrence after MSA.

Methods and procedures

This is a retrospective review of prospectively collected data of patients who underwent MSA between June 2013 and August 2017. Baseline clinical and objective data were collected. Patients were divided into four groups based on HH status: no HH, small HH (< 3 cm), large HH (≥ 3 cm), and paraesophageal hernia (PEH). Patient satisfaction, GERD–HRQL and RSI data, freedom from PPI, need for postoperative dilation, length of hospitalization, 90-day readmission rate, need for device removal, and HH recurrence was compared between groups.

Results

There were 350 patients [60% female, mean (SD) age: 53.5 (13.8)] who underwent MSA. There were 65 (18.6%) with no HH, 205 (58.6%) with small HH (< 3 cm), 58 (16.6%) with large HH (≥ 3 cm) and 22 (6.2%) with PEH. At a mean follow-up of 13.6 (10.4) months, the rate of outcome satisfaction was similar between the groups (86%, 87.9%, 92.2% and 93.8%, p = 0.72). This was also true for GERD–HRQL total score clinical improvement (79.1%, 77.8%, 82% and 87.5%, p = 0.77). The rate of postoperative dysphagia (p = 0.33) and freedom from PPIs (p = 0.96) were similar among the four groups. Duration of hospitalization was higher among those with a large HH or PEH, and only PEH patients had a higher 90-day readmission rate (p = 0.0004). There was no difference between the need for dilation among groups (p = 0.13). The need for device removal (5% overall) was similar between the four groups (p = 0.28). HH recurrence was 10% in all groups combined, and only 7 of 240 (2.9%) patients required reoperation; the majority of these patients underwent a minimal dissection approach (no hernia repair) at the index operation. The incidence of recurrent HH increased in direct correlation with the preoperative HH size (0%, 10.1%, 16.6 and 20%, p = 0.032).

Conclusion

In the largest series of MSA implantation, we demonstrate that the excellent outcomes and high degree of satisfaction after MSA are independent of the presence or size of HH. Despite higher rates of hernia recurrence in large HH and PEH patients, the rates of postoperative endoscopic intervention, and device removal is similar to those with no or small HH. The minimal dissection approach to MSA should be abandoned.

Left Transthoracic Approach for Magnetic Sphincter Augmentation Device LINX Implantation

Magnetic sphincter augmentation with the LINX Reflux Management System (Torax Medical, St. Paul, MN) is a recently introduced surgical option with comparable therapeutic efficacy for medically refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease. An appropriately sized LINX device is usually placed around the gastroesophageal junction through a laparoscopic approach. In general, redo abdominal surgeries are technically challenging, with a higher risk of associated morbidity. This highlights the need to obtain feasible alternative access to place the LINX device for certain patient populations. In this case series, we described 2 patients who underwent LINX device implantation through left thoracotomy because of previous abdominal surgeries that prohibited a transabdominal approach.

Laparoscopic magnetic sphincter augmentation versus double-dose proton pump inhibitors for management of moderate-to-severe regurgitation in GERD: a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

GERD patients frequently complain of regurgitation of gastric contents. Medical therapy with proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) is frequently ineffective in alleviating regurgitation symptoms, because PPIs do nothing to restore a weak lower esophageal sphincter. Our aim was to compare effectiveness of increased PPI dosing with laparoscopic magnetic sphincter augmentation (MSA) in patients with moderate-to-severe regurgitation despite once-daily PPI therapy.

METHODS

One hundred fifty-two patients with GERD, aged ≥21 years with moderate-to-severe regurgitation despite 8 weeks of once-daily PPI therapy, were prospectively enrolled at 21 U.S. sites. Participants were randomized 2:1 to treatment with twice-daily (BID) PPIs (N = 102) or to laparoscopic MSA (N = 50). Standardized foregut symptom questionnaires and ambulatory esophageal reflux monitoring were performed at baseline and at 6 months. Relief of regurgitation, improvement in foregut questionnaire scores, decrease in esophageal acid exposure and reflux events, discontinuation of PPIs, and adverse events were the measures of efficacy.

RESULTS

Per protocol, 89% (42/47) of treated patients with MSA reported relief of regurgitation compared with 10% (10/101) of the BID PPI group (P < .001) at the 6-month primary endpoint. By intention-to-treat analysis, 84% (42/50) of patients in the MSA group and 10% (10/102) in the BID PPI group met this primary endpoint (P < .001). Eighty-one percent (38/47) of patients with MSA versus 8% (7/87) of patients with BID PPI had ≥50% improvement in GERD-health-related quality of life scores (P < .001), and 91% (43/47) remained off of PPI therapy. A normal number of reflux episodes and acid exposures was observed in 91% (40/44) and 89% (39/44) of MSA patients, respectively, compared with 58% (46/79) (P < .001) and 75% (59/79) (P = .065) of BID PPI patients at 6 months. No significant safety issues were observed. In MSA patients, 28% reported transient dysphagia; 4% reported ongoing dysphagia.

CONCLUSION

Patients with GERD with moderate-to-severe regurgitation, especially despite once-daily PPI treatment, should be considered for minimally invasive treatment with MSA rather than increased PPI therapy. (Clinical trial registration number: NCT02505945.).

Spotlight on the Linx™ Reflux Management System for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease: evidence and research

BACKGROUND

The initial approach to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) management typically involves lifestyle modification and medical therapy utilizing acid reducing agents such as histamine blockers and proton pump inhibitors. In severe cases refractory to such treatments, surgical therapy may be indicated. The gold standard for surgical treatment of GERD is the laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. In recent years, a new technique known as magnetic sphincter augmentation (MSA) has been developed using the Linx™ Reflux Management System. This is an implantable ring of magnetic beads that is placed around the esophagus at the gastroesophageal junction to restore lower esophageal integrity. The aim of this review is to discuss the current literature regarding indications, surgical technique, efficacy, and complications of MSA using the Linx device.

METHODS

A standardized literature search was performed yielding 367 abstracts. After elimination due to duplicates between databases and irrelevance, 96 articles remained. The information found to be significant and non-redundant was included in this review.

CONCLUSION

After several years of clinical application, the Linx device has been shown to not only be effective for the management of GERD but also be as effective as fundoplication. With respect to safety, the most common complication of MSA is dysphagia. This often resolved without intervention, but esophageal dilation or device explanation are occasionally necessary. Not fully appreciated in earlier reviews, erosion of the device into the esophagus appears to be the most significant complication of the device after extended follow-up. While very rare, the potentially severe consequences of this phenomenon suggest that the device should be used with some restraint and that patients should be made aware of this potential morbidity. Fortunately, in the few cases of device erosion described in the literature reviewed, the Linx device was easily and safely removed.

Complications of Antireflux Surgery

Antireflux surgery anatomically restores the antireflux barrier and is a therapeutic option for proton pump inhibitor (PPI)-refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease or PPI intolerance. Laparoscopic fundoplication is the standard antireflux surgery, though its popularity has declined due to concerns regarding wrap durability and adverse events. As the esophagogastric junction is an anatomically complex and dynamic area subject to mechanical stress, wraps are susceptible to disruption, herniation or slippage. Additionally, recreating an antireflux barrier to balance bidirectional bolus flow is challenging, and wraps may be too tight or too loose. Given these complexities it is not surprising that post-fundoplication symptoms and complications are common. Perioperative mortality rates range from 0.1 to 0.2% and prolonged structural complications occur in up to 30% of cases. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with a comprehensive retroflexed examination of the fundoplication and barium esophagram are the primary tests to assess for structural complications. Management hinges on differentiating complications that can be managed with medical and lifestyle optimization versus those that require surgical revision. Reoperation is best reserved for severe structural abnormalities and troublesome symptoms despite medical and endoscopic therapy given its increased morbidity and mortality. Though further data are needed, magnetic sphincter augmentation may be a safer alternative to fundoplication.

Early results of magnetic sphincter augmentation versus fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Laparoscopic Nissen and Toupet fundoplication (LF) are currently considered gold-standard surgical treatment for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). Magnetic Sphincter Augmentation (MSA) is an innovative surgical procedure that has been showed to be effective to control GERD symptoms and to reduce esophageal acid exposure. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare early outcomes of LF and MSA.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane databases were consulted matching the terms "Gastroesophageal reflux or heartburn", "LINX or magnetic sphincter augmentation" and "fundoplication". Pooled effect measures were calculated using an inverse-variance weighted or Mantel-Haenszel in random effects meta-analysis. Heterogeneity was evaluated using I²-index and Cochrane Q-test. Meta-regression was used to address the effect of potential confounders.

RESULTS

Seven observational cohort studies, published between 2014 and 2017, matched the inclusion criteria. Overall, 1211 patients, 686 MSA and 525 LF, were included. Postoperative morbidity ranged from 0 to 3% in the MSA group and from 0 to 7% in the LF group, and there was no mortality. Dysphagia requiring endoscopic dilatation occurred in 9.3% and 6.6% of patients respectively (OR = 1.56, 95% CI = 0.61-3.95, p = 0.119). The pooled OR of gas/bloat symptoms, ability to vomit, and ability to belch were 0.39 (95% CI 0.25-0.61; p < 0.001), 10.10 (95% CI 5.33-19.15; p < 0.001), and 5.53 (95% CI 3.73-8.19; p < 0.001), respectively. The postoperative GERD-HRQL was similar (p = 0.101). The pooled OR of PPI suspension, endoscopic dilation, and reoperation were similar in the two patients groups (p = 0.548, p = 0.119, p = 0.183, respectively).

CONCLUSION

Both anti-reflux procedures are safe and effective up to 1-year follow-up. PPI suspension rate, dysphagia requiring endoscopic dilatation, and disease-related quality of life are similar in the two patient groups. MSA is associated with less gas/bloat symptoms and increased ability to vomit and belch.

LINX® magnetic esophageal sphincter augmentation versus Nissen fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

The LINX^® magnetic sphincter augmentation system (MSA) is a surgical technique with short-term evidence demonstrating efficacy in the treatment of medically refractory or chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Currently, the Nissen fundoplication is the gold-standard surgical treatment for GERD. We are the first to systematically review the literature and perform a meta-analysis comparing MSA to the Nissen fundoplication.

METHODS

A comprehensive search of electronic databases (e.g., MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library) using search terms "Gastroesophageal reflux or heartburn" and "LINX or endoluminal or magnetic" and "fundoplication or Nissen" was completed. All randomized controlled trials, non-randomized comparison study and case series with greater than 5 patients were included. Five hundred and forty-seven titles were identified through primary search, and 197 titles or abstracts were screened after removing duplicates. Meta-analysis was performed on postoperative quality of life outcomes, procedural efficacy and patient procedural satisfaction.

RESULTS

Three primary studies identified a total of 688 patients, of whom 273 and 415 underwent Nissen fundoplication and MSA, respectively. MSA was statistically superior to LNF in preserving patient's ability to belch (95.2 vs 65.9%, p < 0.00001) and ability to emesis (93.5 vs 49.5%, p < 0.0001). There was no statistically significant difference between MSA and LNF in gas/bloating (26.7 vs 53.4%, p = 0.06), postoperative dysphagia (33.9 vs 47.1%, p = 0.43) and proton pump inhibitor (PPI) elimination (81.4 vs 81.5%, p = 0.68).

CONCLUSION

Magnetic sphincter augmentation appears to be an effective treatment for GERD with short-term outcomes comparable to the more technically challenging and time-consuming Nissen fundoplication. Long-term comparative outcome data past 1 year are needed in order to further understand the efficacy of magnetic sphincter augmentation.

Long-term Outcomes of Patients Receiving a Magnetic Sphincter Augmentation Device for Gastroesophageal Reflux

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Based on results from year 2 of a 5-year trial, in 2012 the US Food and Drug Administration approved the use of a magnetic device to augment lower esophageal sphincter function in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). We report the final results of 5 years of follow-up evaluation of patients who received this device.

METHODS

We performed a prospective study of the safety and efficacy of a magnetic device in 100 adults with GERD for 6 months or more, who were partially responsive to daily proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and had evidence of pathologic esophageal acid exposure, at 14 centers in the United States and The Netherlands. The magnetic device was placed using standard laparoscopic tools and techniques. Eighty-five subjects were followed up for 5 years to evaluate quality of life, reflux control, use of PPIs, and side effects. The GERD-health-related quality of life (GERD-HRQL) questionnaire was administered at baseline to patients on and off PPIs, and after placement of the device; patients served as their own controls. A partial response to PPIs was defined as a GERD-HRQL score of 10 or less on PPIs and a score of 15 or higher off PPIs, or a 6-point or more improvement when scores on vs off PPI were compared.

RESULTS

Over the follow-up period, no device erosions, migrations, or malfunctions occurred. At baseline, the median GERD-HRQL scores were 27 in patients not taking PPIs and 11 in patients on PPIs; 5 years after device placement this score decreased to 4. All patients used PPIs at baseline; this value decreased to 15.3% at 5 years. Moderate or severe regurgitation occurred in 57% of subjects at baseline, but only 1.2% at 5 years. All patients reported the ability to belch and vomit if needed. Bothersome dysphagia was present in 5% at baseline and in 6% at 5 years. Bothersome gas-bloat was present in 52% at baseline and decreased to 8.3% at 5 years.

CONCLUSIONS

Augmentation of the lower esophageal sphincter with a magnetic device provides significant and sustained control of reflux, with minimal side effects or complications. No new safety risks emerged over a 5-year follow-up period. These findings validate the long-term safety and efficacy of the magnetic sphincter augmentation device for patients with GERD. ClinicalTrials.gov no: NCT00776997.

Randomised clinical trial: transoral incisionless fundoplication vs. sham intervention to control chronic GERD

BACKGROUND

Until recently only two therapeutic options have been available to control symptoms and the esophagitis in chronic gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD), i.e. lifelong proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy or anti-reflux surgery. Lately, transoral incisionless fundoplication (TIF) has been developed and found to offer a therapeutic alternative for these patients.

AIM

To perform a double-blind sham-controlled study in GERD patients who were chronic PPI users.

METHODS

We studied patients with objectively confirmed GERD and persistent moderate to severe GERD symptoms without PPI therapy. Of 121 patients screened, we finally randomised 44 patients with 22 patients in each group. Those allocated to TIF had the TIF2 procedure completed during general anaesthesia by the EsophyX device with SerosaFuse fasteners. The sham procedure consisted of upper GI endoscopy under general anaesthesia. Neither the patient nor the assessor was aware of the patients' group affiliation. The primary effectiveness endpoint was the proportion of patients in clinical remission after 6-month follow-up. Secondary outcomes were: PPI consumption, oesophageal acid exposure, reduction in Quality of Life in Reflux and Dyspepsia and Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale scores and healing of reflux esophagitis.

RESULTS

The time (average days) in remission offered by the TIF2 procedure (197) was significantly longer compared to those submitted to the sham intervention (107), P < 0.001. After 6 months 13/22 (59%) of the chronic GERD patients remained in clinical remission after the active intervention. Likewise, the secondary outcome measures were all in favour of the TIF2 procedure. No safety issues were raised.

CONCLUSION

Transoral incisionless fundoplication (TIF2) is effective in chronic PPI-dependent GERD patients when followed up for 6 months. Clinicaltrials.gov: CT01110811.

Efficacy of transoral fundoplication vs omeprazole for treatment of regurgitation in a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Transoral esophagogastric fundoplication (TF) can decrease or eliminate features of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in some patients whose symptoms persist despite proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy. We performed a prospective, sham-controlled trial to determine if TF reduced troublesome regurgitation to a greater extent than PPIs in patients with GERD.

METHODS

We screened 696 patients with troublesome regurgitation despite daily PPI use with 3 validated GERD-specific symptom scales, on and off PPIs. Those with at least troublesome regurgitation (based on the Montreal definition) on PPIs underwent barium swallow, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, 48-hour esophageal pH monitoring (off PPIs), and high-resolution esophageal manometry analyses. Patients with GERD and hiatal hernias ≤2 cm were randomly assigned to groups that underwent TF and then received 6 months of placebo (n = 87), or sham surgery and 6 months of once- or twice-daily omeprazole (controls, n = 42). Patients were blinded to therapy during follow-up period and reassessed at 2, 12, and 26 weeks. At 6 months, patients underwent 48-hour esophageal pH monitoring and esophagogastroduodenoscopy.

RESULTS

By intention-to-treat analysis, TF eliminated troublesome regurgitation in a larger proportion of patients (67%) than PPIs (45%) (P = .023). A larger proportion of controls had no response at 3 months (36%) than subjects that received TF (11%; P = .004). Control of esophageal pH improved after TF (mean 9.3% before and 6.3% after; P < .001), but not after sham surgery (mean 8.6% before and 8.9% after). Subjects from both groups who completed the protocol had similar reductions in GERD symptom scores. Severe complications were rare (3 subjects receiving TF and 1 receiving the sham surgery).

CONCLUSIONS

TF was an effective treatment for patients with GERD symptoms, particularly in those with persistent regurgitation despite PPI therapy, based on evaluation 6 months after the procedure. Clinicaltrials.gov no: NCT01136980.

Disruption of the gastroesophageal junction by central obesity and waist belt: role of raised intra-abdominal pressure

Obesity is a major reason for the recent increase in incidence of reflux disease and cancers at the distal esophagus and gastroesophageal junction (GOJ) and is mediated through a rise in the intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) but the exact mechanisms are unclear. Raised IAP from obesity and with application of waist belt produces mechanical distortion of the GOJ through formation of partial hiatus hernia. Even though there is no trans-sphincteric acid reflux, there is increased ingress of acid into the lower sphincter (intra-sphincteric reflux) as a consequence of raised IAP. In addition, short segment acid reflux is more evident in obese subjects with a belt on. Acid pocket is also enlarged in hiatus hernia, and acts as a reservoir of acid available to reflux whenever the sphincter fails. Above mechanisms may explain the common occurrence of cardiac lengthening and inflammation found in asymptomatic obese subjects. The inflamed cardia is also immunohistochemically similar to non-intestinal Barrett's mucosa, which is of etiological importance for cancers at the GOJ. Interventions that can reduce the mechanical distortion and acid exposure at the GOJ, including diet, exercise, drugs, sphincter augmentation therapy, and surgery, are clinically relevant in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease but more data are needed whether if these strategies are also effective in preventing cancer. As a conclusion, raised IAP produces silent mechanical disruption of the GOJ, which may explain the high occurrence of cancers in this region and it is potentially reversible with early interventions.

Long-term maintenance effect of radiofrequency energy delivery for refractory GERD: a decade later

BACKGROUND

Patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) often seek alternative therapy for inadequate symptom control, with over 40% not responding to medical treatment. We evaluated the long-term safety, efficacy, and durability of response to radiofrequency treatment of the lower esophageal sphincter (Stretta).

METHODS

Using an intent-to-treat analysis, we prospectively assessed 217 patients with medically refractory GERD before and after Stretta. There was no concurrent control group in the study. Primary outcome measure was normalization of GERD-health-related quality of life (GERD-HRQL) in 70% or greater of patients at 10 years. Secondary outcomes were 50% reduction or elimination of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and 60% or greater improvement in satisfaction at 10 years. Successful treatment was defined as achievement of secondary outcomes in a minimum of 50% of patients. Complications and effect on existing comorbidities were evaluated. The results of a 10-year study are reported.

RESULTS

The primary outcome was achieved in 72% of patients (95% confidence interval 65-79). For secondary outcomes, a 50% or greater reduction in PPI use occurred in 64% of patients, (41% eliminating PPIs entirely), and a 60% or greater increase in satisfaction occurred in 54% of patients. Both secondary endpoints were achieved. The most common side effect was short-term chest pain (50%). Pre-existing Barrett's metaplasia regressed in 85% of biopsied patients. No cases of esophageal cancer occurred.

CONCLUSIONS

In this single-group evaluation of 217 patients before and after Stretta, GERD-HRQL scores, satisfaction, and PPI use significantly improved and results were immediate and durable at 10 years.

Introduction of mechanical sphincter augmentation for gastroesophageal reflux disease into practice: early clinical outcomes and keys to successful adoption

BACKGROUND

A new device for mechanical sphincter augmentation (MSA) of the lower esophageal sphincter was approved by the FDA on March 22, 2012. We report early experience with MSA, specifically addressing postoperative management.

STUDY DESIGN

Between October 1, 2011 and June 1, 2013, 150 patients were evaluated for MSA. Of these, 66 patients underwent device implantation; the first implant was April 10, 2012. All patients had objectively confirmed gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) with pH testing, acceptable esophageal motility, and no significant hiatal hernia (>3 cm). All patients experienced clinical improvement on antisecretory medication, but incomplete symptom control or medication intolerance.

RESULTS

All patients were successfully implanted without intra- or perioperative complications. Average length of hospital stay was 0.7 days. At an average follow-up of 5.8 months (range 1 to 18.6 months), 92% of patients are satisfied or neutral with their GERD condition, and 83% are proton pump inhibitor free. The GERD-Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQL) scores are similar to those of patients without GERD. There were no device ulcers or erosions and no devices explanted. Thirteen patients underwent additional testing for dysphagia or persistent symptoms. Calls with questions and nursing involvement in the first 6 months postoperatively were 3 times what is typical for fundoplication patients. Dysphagia and regurgitation were the most common concerns. All these symptoms were improving over time.

CONCLUSIONS

Single-center early results are promising and parallel those from a multicenter trial. There is significant interest in MSA, with referrals and direct patient appointments specifically for MSA. Outcomes improve over time after implantation. The surgeon learning curve is different than with the Nissen, both in operative technique and postoperative management. This is a promising new offering for patients with GERD, and surgeons will need to learn how to integrate this into their practices.