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The HLA-G Immune Checkpoint Plays a Pivotal Role in the Regulation of Immune Response in Autoimmune Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413348. [PMID: 34948145 PMCID: PMC8706866 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human G-leukocyte antigen (HLA-G) molecule is a non-classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecule. The pertinence of HLA-G has been investigated in numerous studies which have sought to elucidate the relevance of HLA-G in pathologic conditions, such as autoimmune diseases, cancers, and hematologic malignancies. One of the main goals of the current research on HLA-G is to use this molecule in clinical practice, either in diagnostics or as a therapeutic target. Since HLA-G antigens are currently considered as immunomodulatory molecules that are involved in reducing inflammatory and immune responses, in this review, we decided to focus on this group of antigens as potential determinants of progression in autoimmune diseases. This article highlights what we consider as recent pivotal findings on the immunomodulatory function of HLA-G, not only to establish the role of HLA-G in the human body, but also to explain how these proteins mediate the immune response.
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Nilashi M, Samad S, Yusuf SYM, Akbari E. Can complementary and alternative medicines be beneficial in the treatment of COVID-19 through improving immune system function? J Infect Public Health 2020; 13:893-896. [PMID: 32451258 PMCID: PMC7237937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mehrbakhsh Nilashi
- Informetrics Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Faculty of Information Technology, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Sarminah Samad
- Department of Business Administration, College of Business and Administration, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salma Yasmin Mohd Yusuf
- Primary Care Medicine Discipline, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, 47000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Elnaz Akbari
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam; Faculty of Information Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam.
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Shirvani SS, Nouri M, Sakhinia E, Babaloo Z, Mohammadzaeh A, Alipour S, Jadideslam G, Khabbazi A. The molecular and clinical evidence of vitamin D signaling as a modulator of the immune system: Role in Behçet's disease. Immunol Lett 2019; 210:10-19. [PMID: 30935876 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Various tissues and cell types are the targets of vitamin D. However, the major targets of vitamin D in the immune system are monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), as well as B and T cells. Vitamin D plays an important role in the immune system modulation via regulating the expression of genes that generate pro-inflammatory mediators and inhibiting the proliferation of pro-inflammatory cells, both of which have been implicated in the pathophysiology of the inflammatory diseases. Recent studies have revealed the important relations between vitamin D and Behçet's disease (BD). Vitamin D function and its deficiency have been linked to a wide range of metabolic disorders including malignant, cardiovascular, infectious, neuromuscular, and autoimmune diseases. Here, we provide a brief analysis of the recent literature regarding immune-regulatory effects as well as clinical evidence of vitamin D influence on the molecular level in BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Seydi Shirvani
- Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Sakhinia
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Tabriz Genetic Analysis Centre (TGAC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Daneshgah Street, 516661557, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zohreh Babaloo
- Department of Immunology Medicine faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Adel Mohammadzaeh
- Department of Immunology and Genetic, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Shahriar Alipour
- Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Golamreza Jadideslam
- Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Khabbazi
- Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran.
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Salmaninejad A, Zamani MR, Shabgah AG, Hosseini S, Mollaei F, Hosseini N, Sahebkar A. Behçet's disease: An immunogenetic perspective. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:8055-8074. [PMID: 30341905 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Behçet's disease (BD) is a chronic and rare multisystemic disorder defined by autoimmunity and inflammatory characteristics, manifested by ocular lesions, recurrent genital and oral ulcers, skin symptoms and arthritis as well as neurological, intestinal, and vascular involvement. Despite the unknown cause of BD, there is some strong documentation for immunological, genetic, environmental, and infectious factors playing a role in the pathogenesis of BD. While the nature of the genetic variants remains unidentified, many genetic risk factors are considered to contribute to BD susceptibility. Along with human leukocyte antigen gene encoding B*51 (HLA-B*51) and areas including the major histocompatibility complex class I, genome-wide association studies have recognized numerous other BD susceptibility genes including those encoding interleukin (IL)-10, IL-12 receptor β 2 (IL-12RB2), IL-23 receptor (IL-23R), C-C chemokine receptor 1 gene, signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4), endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase (ERAP1), and genes encoding killer cell lectin-like receptor family members (KLRC4-KLRK1). It is believed that BD could be considered as a disorder lying in between autoimmune and autoinflammatory syndromes. The positive responses to classical immunosuppressive agents like azathioprine and cyclosporine and involvement of autoantigens in the initiation of the disorder are the main BD features that reflect the autoimmune nature of the disorder. In this review, we address recent findings on the role of common cytokines, antibodies and immunogenetic factors in BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Salmaninejad
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Medical Genetics, Medical Genetics Research Center, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zamani
- Department of Immunology and Biology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezoo Gowhari Shabgah
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyedmojtaba Hosseini
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical Genetics Research Center, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mollaei
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical Genetics Research Center, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nayyerehalsadat Hosseini
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical Genetics Research Center, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Sonmez C, Yucel AA, Yesil TH, Kucuk H, Sezgin B, Mercan R, Yucel AE, Demirel GY. Correlation between IL-17A/F, IL-23, IL-35 and IL-12/-23 (p40) levels in peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures and disease activity in Behcet’s patients. Clin Rheumatol 2018; 37:2797-2804. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-018-4049-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Kaabachi W, Bouali E, Berraïes A, Dhifallh IB, Hamdi B, Hamzaoui K, Hamzaoui A. Interleukin-26 is overexpressed in Behçet's disease and enhances Th17 related -cytokines. Immunol Lett 2017; 190:177-184. [PMID: 28811236 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Behçet's disease (BD) is a multi-systemic inflammatory disorder characterized by the "triple symptom complex". Several pro-inflammatory cytokines, mainly derived from the immune Th17 axis, seem to be involved in different pathogenic pathways leading to development of the clinical manifestations. Here, we have analyzed the expression and role of IL-26 in active BD patients, an inflammatory disorder characterized by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inflammation. On this basis, the primary aim of our work was to study IL-26 levels in serum, BAL CSF) from active BD patients. Samples were collected from 95 BD patients (55 patients were in active stage) and 50 healthy controls (HC). They were investigated with ELISA for estimation of cytokines levels. Serum concentration of IL-26 resulted higher in both active [4.80±1.32] and inactive [2.77±1.026] BD than HC [0.31±0.14ng/ml; p<0.0001]. Level of IL-26 was associated with the BD clinical severity score from moderate to severe (P<0.0001). IL-26 was highly expressed in CSF [10.80±2.05ng/ml] and in BAL [12.89±3.03ng/ml] fluid from BD patients comparatively to their respective controls. IL-26 levels in CSF and in BAL fluid showed positive correlations with IL-17 level and an inversely correlation with IL-37. Interestingly, IL-26-stimulated CD4+ T cells and monocytes promote the generation of Th17 (IL-17A, IL-23) and suppress Treg (IL-10, TGF-β) cytokines. Our findings may suggest a signature of IL-26 probably responsible for the inflammatory process to correlate positively with Th17 cytokines and inversely with Treg mediators. This evidence could contribute to improve the knowledge regarding the role of IL-26 in BD severity. For the first time, IL-26 expression is demonstrated in BAL and CSF, supporting a role for this cytokine in the pathogenesis of BD. IL-26 thereby appears as a novel proinflammatory cytokine favoring the generation of Th17 cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajih Kaabachi
- Unit Research 12SP15 "Expression moléculaire des interactions cellulaires et leur mode de communication dans le poumon profond", A. Mami Hospital, Ariana, Tunisia; Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Department of Basic Sciences, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Eya Bouali
- Unit Research 12SP15 "Expression moléculaire des interactions cellulaires et leur mode de communication dans le poumon profond", A. Mami Hospital, Ariana, Tunisia; Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Department of Basic Sciences, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Anissa Berraïes
- Unit Research 12SP15 "Expression moléculaire des interactions cellulaires et leur mode de communication dans le poumon profond", A. Mami Hospital, Ariana, Tunisia; Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Department of Basic Sciences, Tunis, Tunisia; Division of Pulmonology, Department of Paediatric Respiratory Diseases, Abderrahman Mami Hospital, Pavillon B, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Imen Ben Dhifallh
- Unit Research 12SP15 "Expression moléculaire des interactions cellulaires et leur mode de communication dans le poumon profond", A. Mami Hospital, Ariana, Tunisia; Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Pasteur Institute, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Besma Hamdi
- Unit Research 12SP15 "Expression moléculaire des interactions cellulaires et leur mode de communication dans le poumon profond", A. Mami Hospital, Ariana, Tunisia; Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Department of Basic Sciences, Tunis, Tunisia; Division of Pulmonology, Department of Paediatric Respiratory Diseases, Abderrahman Mami Hospital, Pavillon B, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Kamel Hamzaoui
- Unit Research 12SP15 "Expression moléculaire des interactions cellulaires et leur mode de communication dans le poumon profond", A. Mami Hospital, Ariana, Tunisia; Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Department of Basic Sciences, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Agnès Hamzaoui
- Unit Research 12SP15 "Expression moléculaire des interactions cellulaires et leur mode de communication dans le poumon profond", A. Mami Hospital, Ariana, Tunisia; Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Department of Basic Sciences, Tunis, Tunisia; Division of Pulmonology, Department of Paediatric Respiratory Diseases, Abderrahman Mami Hospital, Pavillon B, Ariana, Tunisia
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HLA-G 14 bp insertion/deletion polymorphism and its association with sHLA-G levels in Behçet’s disease Tunisian patients. Hum Immunol 2016; 77:90-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Bouali E, Kaabachi W, Hamzaoui A, Hamzaoui K. Interleukin-37 expression is decreased in Behçet's disease and is associated with inflammation. Immunol Lett 2015; 167:87-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hamzaoui K, Bouali E, Hamzaoui A. Interleukin-33 and Behçet disease: Another cytokine among others. Hum Immunol 2015; 76:301-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Naouali A, Kaabachi W, Tizaoui K, Amor AB, Hamzaoui A, Hamzaoui K. Association of MMP-9 gene polymorphisms with Behçet's disease risk. Immunol Lett 2015; 164:18-24. [PMID: 25639450 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The human matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are importantly involved in aneurysm formation. Since the clinical manifestations in Behçet disease (BD) include aneurysm formation among major symptoms, polymorphisms in MMP-9 might be associated with BD susceptibility. The aim of the current case-control study was to investigate the association of four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in MMP-9 gene: -1562 C/T, 2003 G/A (R668Q), 836 A/G (Q279R) and 1721 C/G (R574P) with BD risk in the Tunisian population. The distribution of MMP-9 gene polymorphisms was analyzed by polymerase chain-reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) for 240 BD patients and 288 controls. Our study indicated that the MMP-9 -1562 C/T polymorphism (rs3918242) was not associated with BD risk. We found a significant association of the MMP-9 2003 G/A (rs17577) with an increased susceptibility to BD. However, the MMP-9 1721 C/G polymorphism (rs2250889) had a protective role against the development of BD. Subgroup analysis based on stratification by gender revealed that the MMP-9 2003 G/A polymorphism was associated with a highly significant BD risk in women's group (G vs. A: P=0.0000001). However, the MMP-9 836 A/G polymorphism had a protective role in men's group (G vs. A: P=0.00043). The MMP-9 1721 C/G polymorphism was associated with a protective effect in both men and women groups (CG+GG vs. CC: P=0.04 and P=0.0002, respectively). The haplotype analysis did not show any association with BD risk. A significant difference in the MMP-9 serum levels were observed in the patient subgroup with ocular lesions manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir Naouali
- Department of Basic Sciences, Medicine Faculty of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1007, Tunisia.
| | - Wajih Kaabachi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Medicine Faculty of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1007, Tunisia.
| | - Kalthoum Tizaoui
- Department of Basic Sciences, Medicine Faculty of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1007, Tunisia.
| | - Amira Ben Amor
- Department of Basic Sciences, Medicine Faculty of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1007, Tunisia.
| | - Agnès Hamzaoui
- Department of Basic Sciences, Medicine Faculty of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1007, Tunisia; A. Mami Hospital, Ariana Homeostasis and Cell Dysfunction, UR/12-SP-15, Tunisia.
| | - Kamel Hamzaoui
- Department of Basic Sciences, Medicine Faculty of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1007, Tunisia.
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Tizaoui K, Kaabachi W, Ouled Salah M, Ben Amor A, Hamzaoui A, Hamzaoui K. Vitamin D receptor TaqI and ApaI polymorphisms: a comparative study in patients with Behçet's disease and Rheumatoid arthritis in Tunisian population. Cell Immunol 2014; 290:66-71. [PMID: 24880677 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent genetic surveys have identified vitamin D receptor (VDR) as a susceptibility gene for several autoimmune diseases. This study was designed to investigate the association of VDR gene polymorphisms with Behçet's disease (BD) and Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A case-control study including 151 BD, 106 RA patients and an appropriate number of healthy control subjects were performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) techniques. Association between TaqI polymorphism and BD was marginal under codominant and recessive models (P=0.078 and P=0.058, respectively). After stratification, we found evidence for a significant association between TaqI polymorphism and BD in the elderly subjects (P=0.037). The minor ApaI a allele tended to confer an increased risk for BD susceptibility (P=0.087). BD patients with VDR homozygous AA or aa genotypes were at increased risk for development of erythema nodosum (EN) skin manifestation (P=0.038). No significant association was observed for VDR ApaI and TaqI polymorphisms with RA risk (P>0.05). TaqI and ApaI polymorphisms might be modestly implicated in BD pathogenesis. They could be considered as potential biomarkers in BD rather than susceptibility genes. However, TaqI and ApaI seemed not to be implicated in RA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalthoum Tizaoui
- Tunis El Manar University, Medicine Faculty of Tunis, Division of Histology and Immunology, Department of Basic Sciences, 15 Rue Djebel Lakdar, 1007 Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Wajih Kaabachi
- Tunis El Manar University, Medicine Faculty of Tunis, Division of Histology and Immunology, Department of Basic Sciences, 15 Rue Djebel Lakdar, 1007 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Marwa Ouled Salah
- Tunis El Manar University, Medicine Faculty of Tunis, Division of Histology and Immunology, Department of Basic Sciences, 15 Rue Djebel Lakdar, 1007 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amira Ben Amor
- Tunis El Manar University, Medicine Faculty of Tunis, Division of Histology and Immunology, Department of Basic Sciences, 15 Rue Djebel Lakdar, 1007 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Agnès Hamzaoui
- Tunis El Manar University, Medicine Faculty of Tunis, Division of Histology and Immunology, Department of Basic Sciences, 15 Rue Djebel Lakdar, 1007 Tunis, Tunisia; Abdurrahman Mami Hospital, Pneumology Service and Tunis El Manar University, Tunisia
| | - Kamel Hamzaoui
- Tunis El Manar University, Medicine Faculty of Tunis, Division of Histology and Immunology, Department of Basic Sciences, 15 Rue Djebel Lakdar, 1007 Tunis, Tunisia
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Hamzaoui K, Berraies A, Kaabachi W, Ammar J, Hamzaoui A. Pulmonary manifestations in Behçet disease: impaired natural killer cells activity. Multidiscip Respir Med 2013; 8:29. [PMID: 23556512 PMCID: PMC3637264 DOI: 10.1186/2049-6958-8-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Behçet’s disease (BD) is a systemic vasculitis with unknown aetiology, where, besides genetic predisposition, an immune dysregulation involving T and B lymphocytes and hyperactive neutrophils contribute to disease pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine the cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from BD patients with pulmonary manifestations. Methods BAL was performed in 27 patients with BD and pulmonary manifestations, 14 patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and 23 healthy controls (HC). Related orphan receptor C (RORC) and forkheadbox P3 (FOXP3) mRNA transcript were determined in BAL by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). NK cells, NK cell cytotoxicity, and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) activity against K562 cells were measured by flow cytometry. Proportions of NK precursors and expression of genes for IL-2 receptor β (IL-2Rβ; CD122), perforin, and granzyme in NK cells were measured by flow cytometry or RT-PCR. Results The analysis of transcription factors revealed an increase in the RORC/FOXP3 ratio (Th17/Treg cells) in BAL from BD patients. Percentages of NK were significantly lower in BD than in RA patients and healthy controls. Purified NK cells derived from BD patients were found to have lower cytotoxicity and LAK activity than those from controls. This defect of NK cells in BD patients was related to down-regulation of perforin and granzyme expression in NK cells. Conclusion In BD patients, the increased RORC/FOXP3 ratio indicated an inflammatory state of the lung. NK cells were decreased together with an impairment of their activity due to a defective expression of granzyme and perforin. These abnormalities possibly contribute to immune system dysregulation found in BAL of BD patients with pulmonary manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamel Hamzaoui
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Histology and Immunology, Medicine School of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, 15 Rue DjebelLakdar, Tunis, 1007, Tunisia.
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Cho S, Kim J, Cho SB, Zheng Z, Choi M, Kim D, Bang D. Immunopathogenic characterization of cutaneous inflammation in Behçet’s disease. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012; 28:51-7. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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