1
|
Marin A, Morales F, Walbaum B. Fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer: mechanisms and role in endocrine resistance. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1406951. [PMID: 39040443 PMCID: PMC11260626 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1406951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors (FGFRs) play a significant role in Estrogen Receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer by contributing to tumorigenesis and endocrine resistance. This review explores the structure, signaling pathways, and implications of FGFRs, particularly FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, and FGFR4, in ER+ breast cancer. FGFR1 is frequently amplified, especially in aggressive Luminal B-like tumors, and its amplification is associated with poor prognosis and treatment resistance. The co-amplification of FGFR1 with oncogenes like EIF4EBP1 and NSD3 complicates its role as a standalone oncogenic driver. FGFR2 amplification, though less common, is critical in hormone receptor regulation, driving proliferation and treatment resistance. FGFR3 and FGFR4 also contribute to endocrine resistance through various mechanisms, including the activation of alternate signaling pathways like PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK. Endocrine resistance remains a major clinical challenge, with around 70% of breast cancers initially hormone receptor positive. Despite the success of CDK 4/6 inhibitors in combination with endocrine therapy (ET), resistance often develops, necessitating new treatment strategies. FGFR inhibitors have shown potential in preclinical studies, but clinical trials have yielded limited success due to off-target toxicities and lack of predictive biomarkers. Current clinical trials, including those evaluating FGFR inhibitors like erdafitinib, lucitanib, and dovitinib, have demonstrated mixed outcomes, underscoring the complexity of FGFR signaling in breast cancer. The interplay between FGFR and other signaling pathways highlights the need for comprehensive molecular profiling and personalized treatment approaches. Future research should focus on identifying robust biomarkers and developing combination therapies to enhance the efficacy of FGFR-targeted treatments. In conclusion, targeting FGFR signaling in ER+ breast cancer presents both challenges and opportunities. A deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms and resistance pathways is crucial for the successful integration of FGFR inhibitors into clinical practice, aiming to improve outcomes for patients with endocrine-resistant breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaldo Marin
- Doctoral Program in Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Oncology Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Basic and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernanda Morales
- Department of Basic and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Benjamín Walbaum
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pan D, Su M, Xu D, Wang Y, Gao H, Smith JD, Sun J, Wang X, Yan Q, Song G, Lu Y, Feng W, Wang S, Sun G. Exploring the Interplay Between Vitamin B 12-related Biomarkers, DNA Methylation, and Gene-Nutrition Interaction in Esophageal Precancerous Lesions. Arch Med Res 2023; 54:102889. [PMID: 37738887 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2023.102889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin B12 depletion has been suggested to be associated with esophageal precancerous lesions (EPL). However, the potential mechanisms remain unclear. AIMS This study aims to evaluate the role of vitamin B12 and its regulated epigenetic modification in EPL and provide preliminary information on the identification of potential molecular biomarkers for the early prediction of EPL. METHODS We collected information and samples from the Early Diagnosis and Early Treatment Project of Esophageal Cancer database from 200 EPL cases and 200 matched controls. Vitamin B12, one-carbon metabolism biomarkers, genetic polymorphism of TCN2 C776G, and DNA methylation were compared. Preliminarily identified candidate promoters of differentially methylated CpG positions were further verified by targeted bisulfite sequencing. RESULTS EPL cases had significantly lower serum levels of vitamin B12 and transcobalamin II, and higher serum levels of homocysteine and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate than controls. The TCN2 C776G polymorphism was found to be associated with susceptibility to EPL and may interact with vitamin B12 nutritional status to influence the risk of EPL in male subjects. In addition, global hypomethylation related to vitamin B12 depletion was observed in EPL cases, along with region-specific hypermethylation of UGT2B15 and FGFR2 promoters. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that vitamin B12 depletion may be associated with aberrant DNA methylation and increased risk of EPL through the one-carbon metabolism pathway, presents that the TCN2 C776G polymorphism may interact with vitamin B12 nutritional status to affect EPL risk in males, and also identifies specific locations in the UGT2B15 and FGFR2 promoters with potential as promising molecular biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Da Pan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Ming Su
- Huai'an District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huai'an, PR China
| | - Dengfeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Han Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen/University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Jihan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Huai'an District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huai'an, PR China
| | - Qingyang Yan
- Huai'an District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huai'an, PR China
| | - Guang Song
- Huai'an District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huai'an, PR China
| | - Yifei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Wuqiong Feng
- Huai'an District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huai'an, PR China
| | - Shaokang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China; School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, PR China
| | - Guiju Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhu M, Li S, Cao X, Rashid K, Liu T. The STAT family: Key transcription factors mediating crosstalk between cancer stem cells and tumor immune microenvironment. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 88:18-31. [PMID: 36410636 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins compose a family of transcription factors critical for cancer stem cells (CSCs), and they are involved in maintaining stemness properties, enhancing cell proliferation, and promoting metastasis. Recent studies suggest that STAT proteins engage in reciprocal communication between CSCs and infiltrate immune cell populations in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Emerging evidence has substantiated the influence of immune cells, including macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and T cells, on CSC survival through the regulation of STAT signaling. Conversely, dysregulation of STATs in CSCs or immune cells contributes to the establishment of an immunosuppressive TME. Thus, STAT proteins are promising therapeutic targets for cancer treatment, especially when used in combination with immunotherapy. From this perspective, we discuss the complex roles of STATs in CSCs and highlight their functions in the crosstalk between CSCs and the immune microenvironment. Finally, cutting-edge clinical trial progress with STAT signaling inhibitors is summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengxuan Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Center of Evidence-based Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Suyao Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Center of Evidence-based Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Cao
- Institute of Clinical Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Khalid Rashid
- Department of Cancer Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Tianshu Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Center of Evidence-based Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zeng J, Ran K, Li X, Tao L, Wang Q, Ren J, Hu R, Zhu Y, Liu Z, Yu L. A novel small molecule RK-019 inhibits FGFR2-amplification gastric cancer cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:998199. [PMID: 36210834 PMCID: PMC9532703 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.998199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most malignant cancers and is estimated to be fifth in incidence ratio and the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Despite advances in GC treatment, poor prognosis and low survival rate necessitate the development of novel treatment options. Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) have been suggested to be potential targets for GC treatment. In this study, we report a novel selective FGFR inhibitor, RK-019, with a pyrido [1, 2-a] pyrimidinone skeleton. In vitro, RK-019 showed excellent FGFR1-4 inhibitory activities and strong anti-proliferative effects against FGFR2-amplification (FGFR2-amp) GC cells, including SNU-16 and KATO III cells. Treatment with RK-019 suppressed phosphorylation of FGFR and its downstream pathway proteins, such as FRS2, PLCγ, AKT, and Erk, resulting in cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis. Furthermore, daily oral administration of RK-019 could attenuate tumor xenograft growth with no adverse effects. Here, we reported a novel specific FGFR inhibitor, RK-019, with potent anti-FGFR2-amp GC activity both in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Ran
- College of Pharmacy, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Longyue Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiangtao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongxia Zhu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- Research Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Luoting Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
FGFR1 Overexpression Induces Cancer Cell Stemness and Enhanced Akt/Erk-ER Signaling to Promote Palbociclib Resistance in Luminal A Breast Cancer Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113008. [PMID: 34831231 PMCID: PMC8616148 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors (CDKis) is emerging as a clinical challenge. Identification of the factors contributing to CDKi resistance, with mechanistic insight, is of pivotal significance. Recent studies linked aberrant FGFR signaling to CDKi resistance. However, detailed mechanisms are less clear. Based on control and FGFR1 overexpressing luminal A cell line models, we demonstrated that FGFR1 overexpression rendered the cells resistant to palbociclib. FGFR1 overexpression abolished palbociclib-mediated cell cycle arrest, as well as the attenuated palbociclib-induced inhibition of G1/S transition regulators (pRb, E2F1, and cyclin D3) and factors that promote G2/M transition (cyclin B1, cdc2/CDK1, and cdc25). Importantly, FGFR1-induced palbociclib resistance was associated with promotion of cancer cell stemness and the upregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. We found that palbociclib may function as an ER agonist in MCF-7/FGFR1 cells. Upregulation of the ER-mediated transcription in MCF-7/FGFR1 cells was associated with ERα phosphorylation and enhanced receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. The combination of palbociclib with FGFR-targeting AZD4547 resulted in remarkable synergistic effects on MCF-7/FGFR1 cells, especially for the inhibition of cancer cell stemness. Our findings of FGFR1-induced palbociclib resistance, promotion of cancer stem cells and associated molecular changes advance our mechanistic understanding of CDKi resistance, which will facilitate the development of strategies targeting CDKi resistance in breast cancer treatment.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ye Y, Li J, Jiang D, Li J, Xiao C, Li Y, Han C, Zhao C. FGFR4 Gly388Arg Polymorphism Affects the Progression of Gastric Cancer by Activating STAT3 Pathway to Induce Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition. Cancer Res Treat 2020; 52:1162-1177. [PMID: 32599983 PMCID: PMC7577822 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2020.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) plays a critical role in cancer progression involving in tumor proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. This study clarified the role of FGFR4-Arg388 variant in gastric cancer (GC), and more importantly highlighted the possibility of this single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) as potential therapeutic targets. Materials and Methods FGFR4 polymorphism was characterized in advanced GC patients to perform statistical analysis. FGFR4-dependent signal pathways involving cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and resistance to oxaliplatin (OXA) in accordance with the SNP were also assessed in transfected GC cell lines. Results Among 102 GC patients, the FGFR4-Arg388 patients showed significantly higher tumor stage (p=0.047) and worse overall survival (p=0.033) than the Gly388 patients. Immunohistochemical results showed that FGFR4-Arg388 patients were more likely to have higher vimentin (p=0.025) and p-STAT3 (p=0.009) expression compared with FGFR4-Gly388 patients. In transfected GC cells, the overexpression of FGFR4-Arg388 variant increased proliferation and invasion of GC cells, increasing resistance of GC cells to OXA compared with cells overexpressing the Gly388 allele. Conclusion The exploration mechanism may be through FGFR4-Arg388/STAT3/epithelial to mesenchymal transition axis regulating pivotal oncogenic properties of GC cells. The FGFR4-Arg388 variant may be a biomarker and a candidate target for adjuvant treatment of GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Ye
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of General Surgery, Tongchuan People's Hospital, Shanxi, China
| | - Dongbao Jiang
- Department of Thyroid, and Breast Surgery, Xinxiang Central Hospital, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chuangfeng Xiao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yingze Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chao Han
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chunlin Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhan W, Liao X, Chen Z, Li L, Tian T, Yu L, Wang W, Hu Q. Circular RNA hsa_circRNA_103809 promoted hepatocellular carcinoma development by regulating miR‐377‐3p/FGFR1/ERK axis. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:1733-1745. [PMID: 31317555 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University Guiyang Guizhou China
| | - Xin Liao
- Department of Imaging Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University Guiyang Guizhou China
| | - Zhongsheng Chen
- Clinical Medical College Guizhou Medical University Guiyang Guizhou China
| | - Lianghe Li
- Clinical Medical College Guizhou Medical University Guiyang Guizhou China
| | - Tian Tian
- Centre of Clinical Laboratory Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Hospital Guiyang City Guizhou China
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Pathology Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Hospital Guiyang Guizhou China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science Xiangyang Hubei China
| | - Qiyan Hu
- Department of Oncology Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science Xiangyang Hubei China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bahleda R, Italiano A, Hierro C, Mita A, Cervantes A, Chan N, Awad M, Calvo E, Moreno V, Govindan R, Spira A, Gonzalez M, Zhong B, Santiago-Walker A, Poggesi I, Parekh T, Xie H, Infante J, Tabernero J. Multicenter Phase I Study of Erdafitinib (JNJ-42756493), Oral Pan-Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitor, in Patients with Advanced or Refractory Solid Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:4888-4897. [PMID: 31088831 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-3334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Here, we report results of the first phase I study of erdafitinib, a potent, oral pan-FGFR inhibitor. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients age ≥18 years with advanced solid tumors for which standard antineoplastic therapy was no longer effective were enrolled (NCT01703481). Parts 2 to 4 employed molecular screening for activating FGFR genomic alterations. In patients with such alterations, two selected doses/schedules identified during part 1 dose-escalation [9 mg once daily and 10 mg intermittently (7 days on/7 days off), as previously published (Tabernero JCO 2015;33:3401-8)] were tested. RESULTS The study included 187 patients. The most common treatment-related adverse events were hyperphosphatemia (64%), dry mouth (42%), and asthenia (28%), generally grade 1/2 severity. All cases of hyperphosphatemia were grade 1/2 except for 1 grade 3 event. Skin, nail, and eye changes were observed in 43%, 33%, and 28% of patients, respectively (mostly grade 1/2 and reversible after temporary dosing interruption). Urothelial carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma were most responsive to erdafitinib, with objective response rates (ORR) of 46.2% (12/26) and 27.3% (3/11), respectively, in response-evaluable patients with FGFR mutations or fusions. All patients with urothelial carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma who responded to erdafitinib carried FGFR mutations or fusions. Median response duration was 5.6 months for urothelial carcinoma and 11.4 months for cholangiocarcinoma. ORRs in other tumor types were <10%. CONCLUSIONS Erdafitinib shows tolerability and preliminary clinical activity in advanced solid tumors with genomic changes in the FGFR pathway, at two different dosing schedules and with particularly encouraging responses in urothelial carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rastislav Bahleda
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus and University Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Cinta Hierro
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alain Mita
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Andres Cervantes
- Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nancy Chan
- Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Mark Awad
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emiliano Calvo
- START Madrid-CIOCC, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Moreno
- START Madrid-FJD, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Alexander Spira
- Virginia Cancer Specialists Research Institute, Fairfax, Virginia; and US Oncology Research, The Woodlands, Texas
| | | | - Bob Zhong
- Janssen Research & Development, Raritan, New Jersey
| | | | | | | | - Hong Xie
- Janssen Research & Development, Raritan, New Jersey
| | | | - Josep Tabernero
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Godone RLN, Leitão GM, Araújo NB, Castelletti CHM, Lima-Filho JL, Martins DBG. Clinical and molecular aspects of breast cancer: Targets and therapies. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:14-34. [PMID: 29945114 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast Cancer is a complex disease characterized by the occurrence of multiple molecular alterations. Currently, some molecular markers are in use for breast cancer diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive purposes. Thus, genetic signatures are available for improving the decision-making. The biomarkers are also essential as therapeutic approaches, but many questions remain due to the lack of efficacy on breast cancer treatment, mainly for triple-negative breast cancer subtype. Since the genetic profile of breast cancer can also be related to different ethnic groups and geographic areas, the reference populations of the genetic assays and clinical trials need to include a broader population beyond the European and North American patients. In this review, we analyzed the current and potential molecular markers that could help to improve the strategies for breast cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R L N Godone
- Molecular Prospection and Bioinformatics Group, Laboratory Keizo Asami of Immunopathology (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Brazil
| | - G M Leitão
- Molecular Prospection and Bioinformatics Group, Laboratory Keizo Asami of Immunopathology (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Brazil; Clinical Hospital of Pernambuco - Professor Romero Marques, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Brazil
| | - N B Araújo
- Molecular Prospection and Bioinformatics Group, Laboratory Keizo Asami of Immunopathology (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Brazil
| | - C H M Castelletti
- Molecular Prospection and Bioinformatics Group, Laboratory Keizo Asami of Immunopathology (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Brazil; Agronomic Institute of Pernambuco (IPA), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - J L Lima-Filho
- Laboratory Keizo Asami of Immunopathology (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Brazil
| | - D B G Martins
- Molecular Prospection and Bioinformatics Group, Laboratory Keizo Asami of Immunopathology (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ren C, Chen H, Han C, Fu D, Wang F, Wang D, Ma L, Zhou L, Han D. The anti-apoptotic and prognostic value of fibroblast growth factor 9 in gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 7:36655-36665. [PMID: 27166269 PMCID: PMC5095029 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 9 is a member of the FGF family, which promotes carcinogenesis in some solid tumours. However, its biological and prognostic significance in gastric cancer (GC) is unclear. We examined FGF9 expression in 180 GC and corresponding non-tumorous gastric tissue samples by immunohistochemistry and evaluated its role in predicting tumour prognosis. Knockdown of FGF9 by siRNA inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis in GC cell lines. Fifty of the 180 GC specimens (27.8%) had high FGF9 protein expression, whereas decreased or unchanged expression was observed in 130 cases (72.2%). High FGF9 expression was a significant predictor of poor survival (28.1 vs. 55.8 months, P < 0.001). After stratification according to AJCC stage, FGF9 remained a significant predictor of shorter survival in stage II (30.6 vs. 64.9 months, P < 0.001) and stage III GC (29.7 vs. 58.9 months, P < 0.001). Multivariate and univariate analysis showed that higher expression of FGF9 can be used as a predictor for poor prognosis (HR, 2.95; 95% CI, 1.97–4.41; P < 0.001; and HR, 2.94; 95% CI, 2.01–4.31; P < 0.001, respectively). FGF9 may provide the anti-apoptotic function and be useful as a novel independent marker for evaluating GC prognosis
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanli Ren
- Clinical Medical Testing Laboratory, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital and Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Geriatric Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital and Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chongxu Han
- Clinical Medical Testing Laboratory, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital and Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Deyuan Fu
- Breast Oncology Surgery, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital and Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Fuan Wang
- Department of Interventional Radiography, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital and Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Daxin Wang
- Clinical Medical Testing Laboratory, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital and Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Li Ma
- Laboratory of Hematology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital and Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Clinical Medical Testing Laboratory, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital and Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dongsheng Han
- Clinical Medical Testing Laboratory, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital and Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Park J, Kim SY, Kim HJ, Kim KM, Choi EY, Kang MS. A reciprocal regulatory circuit between CD44 and FGFR2 via c-myc controls gastric cancer cell growth. Oncotarget 2017; 7:28670-83. [PMID: 27107424 PMCID: PMC5053754 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their suggested importance, the mechanistic roles of FGFR2 and gastric cancer stem cell (GCSC) marker CD44 remain unclear. We investigated cross talk between CD44 and FGFR2. FGFR2 and CD44 positively regulate each other's expression. While FGFR2 suppresses c-Myc transcription, CD44 activates it. c-Myc in turn augments FGFR2 transcription. CD44 knockdown (KD) depleted FGFR2 and other GCSC markers, decreased c-Myc and Sox2 expression, and suppressed tumor growth, whereas CD44 activation led to FGFR2 induction. FGFR2 KD decreased most GCSC marker expression, including CD44, but increased c-Myc and Sox2 expression and attenuated tumor growth. FGFR2 kinase inhibitor and FGFR2 neutralizing antibody decreased the CD44+/hi GCSC fraction. Conversely, FGFR2 overexpression increased CD44 and accelerated tumor growth in mice. FGFR2 was co-expressed and colocalized diffusively with CD44, EpCAM, and LGR5. In contrast, phospho-FGFR2 colocalized densely with CD44, forming an aggregated signaling complex that was prevented by FGFR2 inhibition. The c-Myc KD depleted FGFR2 but not CD44. Similarly to CD44+/hi phenotypes, sorted FGFR+/hi cells had larger volumes, formed more tumor spheres, grew faster in vivo with bigger tumor mass, and expressed more CD44, EpCAM, and HER2. These findings suggest that FGFR2+/hi cells have stemness properties. Moreover, in situ FGFR2 expression in patient-derived gastric cancer tissue correlated with tumorigenic potential in a xenograft model. In conclusion, CD44 and FGFR2 maintain stemness in gastric cancer by differentially regulating c-Myc transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Park
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University and Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Sun Young Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Ha-Jung Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University and Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Mee Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University and Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea.,Department of Pathology & Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea.,Samsung Biomedical Research Institute (SBRI), Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Eun Young Choi
- BioMembrane Plasticity Research Center (MPRC), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Myung-Soo Kang
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University and Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea.,Samsung Biomedical Research Institute (SBRI), Seoul 06351, Korea.,BioMembrane Plasticity Research Center (MPRC), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jiang D, Li J, Li J, Wang M, Han C, Wang X, Zhao C, Ye Y. Combination of FGFR4 inhibitor Blu9931 and 5-fluorouracil effects on the biological characteristics of colorectal cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:1611-1620. [PMID: 29048661 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the effects of single agent treatments and combination of Blu9931 and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on the biological characteristics of colorectal cancer cells and its mechanism. Blu9931 is the first selective small molecule inhibitor of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) and exquisitely selective for FGFR4 versus other FGFR family members and all other kinases. The colorectal cancer cells HCT116 and SW620 with high expression of FGFR4 were selected for a series of functional tests including cell viability, cell proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle detection. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of related molecules including signal pathway (STAT3), apoptosis (cleaved caspase‑3), cell cycle (cyclin D1 and P27kip1) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (E-cadherin and vimentin) in HCT116 and SW620 cells used as single and combination treatments of 5‑FU and Blu9931. The cell viability gradually decreased when the concentration of 5‑FU and Blu9931 increased. Blu9931 can inhibit FGFR4 protein expression while 5‑FU cannot, as assessed by western blot analysis. The single agent treatment and combinations of 5‑FU and Blu9931 arrest cell cycle (P<0.05), increased p27kip1 expression and reduced cyclin D1 expression. The single agent treatment and combinations of 5‑FU and Blu9931 inhibited EMT. Furthermore, the combination of 5‑FU and Blu9931 has a synergistic effect in reducing colorectal cancer cell proliferation and preventing cell cycle. Taken together, this study provides the first evidence that Blu9931 functions as a FGFR4-selective inhibitor in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells, and Blu9931 may be a new targeted drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongbao Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 45000, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 45000, P.R. China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 45000, P.R. China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Function, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 45000, P.R. China
| | - Chao Han
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 45000, P.R. China
| | - Xinru Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 45000, P.R. China
| | - Chunlin Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 45000, P.R. China
| | - Yanwei Ye
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 45000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Gastric cancer represents a major cause of cancer mortality worldwide despite a declining incidence. New molecular classification schemes developed from genomic and molecular analyses of gastric cancer have provided a framework for understanding this heterogenous disease, and early findings suggest these classifications will be relevant for designing and implementing new targeted therapies. The success of targeted therapy and immunotherapy in breast cancer and melanoma, respectively, has not been duplicated in gastric cancer, but trastuzumab and ramucirumab have demonstrated efficacy in select populations. New markers that predict therapeutic response are needed to improve patient selection for both targeted and immunotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Strand
- Department of Surgery, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8109, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Albert Craig Lockhart
- Department of Medicine, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8056, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ryan C Fields
- Department of Surgery, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8109, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
γKlotho is a novel marker and cell survival factor in a subset of triple negative breast cancers. Oncotarget 2016; 7:2611-28. [PMID: 26556877 PMCID: PMC4823059 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, breast cancer mortality has declined. However, triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains a challenging problem mostly due to early recurrence and lack of molecularly driven treatments. There is a critical need to identify subgroups of TNBC with common molecular features that can be therapeutically targeted. Here we show that in contrast to Klotho and βKlotho, the third member of the Klotho protein family, γKlotho, is overexpressed in more than 60% of TNBCs and correlates with poorer disease progression. Furthermore, we find that γKlotho is expressed in a subset of TNBC cell lines promoting cell growth. Importantly, we demonstrate that in these cells γKlotho is necessary for cell survival and that its depletion leads to constitutive ERK activation, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Interestingly, we observe increased oxidative stress in γKlotho-depleted cells suggesting that γKlotho enables cancer cells to cope with an oxidative environment and that cells become dependent on its expression to maintain this survival advantage. These findings indicate that γKlotho might be a potential marker for patients that would benefit from treatments that alter oxidative stress and constitutes a novel drug target for a subset of TN breast cancers.
Collapse
|
15
|
Sun J, Li J, Zhang W, Zhang J, Sun S, Li G, Song H, Wan D. MicroRNA-509-3p Inhibits Cancer Cell Proliferation and Migration via Upregulation of XIAP in Gastric Cancer Cells. Oncol Res 2016; 25:455-461. [PMID: 27697095 PMCID: PMC7841147 DOI: 10.3727/096504016x14747283032017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth most common cancer globally. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been suggested to be closely associated with tumorigenesis. Aberrant expression of miR-509-3p has been reported in cancer studies. However, the expression and mechanism of its function in GC remain unclear. Here we showed that miR-509-3p was downregulated in GC specimens, which was associated with overall survival. Functional investigations demonstrated that the overexpression of miR-509-3p inhibited the migration and proliferation of the GC cells. Additionally, we identified X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) as a direct target of miR-509-3p. Knockdown of XIAP significantly attenuated the ability of proliferation, migration, and invasion of GC cells. The data therefore suggest that miR-509-3p plays an important role in the development and progression of GC, implicating possible applications in the clinic as a biomarker and a potential new target.
Collapse
|
16
|
Upregulated lncRNA-UCA1 contributes to progression of hepatocellular carcinoma through inhibition of miR-216b and activation of FGFR1/ERK signaling pathway. Oncotarget 2016; 6:7899-917. [PMID: 25760077 PMCID: PMC4480724 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) urothelial carcinoma-associated 1 (UCA1) has been recently shown to be dysregulated, which plays an important role in the progression of several cancers. However, the biological role and clinical significance of UCA1 in the carcinogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unclear. Herein, we found that UCA1 was aberrantly upregulated in HCC tissues and associated with TNM stage, metastasis and postoperative survival. UCA1 depletion inhibited the growth and metastasis of HCC cell lines in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, UCA1 could act as an endogenous sponge by directly binding to miR-216b and downregulation miR-216b expression. In addition, UCA1 could reverse the inhibitory effect of miR-216b on the growth and metastasis of HCC cells, which might be involved in the derepression of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) expression, a target gene of miR-216b, and the activation of ERK signaling pathway. Taken together, our data highlights the pivotal role of UCA1 in the tumorigenesis of HCC. Moreover, the present study elucidates a novel lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network that is UCA1-miR-216b-FGFR1-ERK signaling pathway in HCC, which may help to lead a better understanding the pathogenesis of HCC and probe the feasibility of lncRNA-directed diagnosis and therapy for this deadly disease.
Collapse
|
17
|
Li J, Ye Y, Wang M, Lu L, Han C, Zhou Y, Zhang J, Yu Z, Zhang X, Zhao C, Wen J, Kan Q. The over-expression of FGFR4 could influence the features of gastric cancer cells and inhibit the efficacy of PD173074 and 5-fluorouracil towards gastric cancer. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:6881-91. [PMID: 26662569 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4411-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim was to investigate the function of fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) in gastric cancer (GC) and explore the treatment value of agent targeted to FGFR4. Function assays in vitro and in vivo were performed to investigate the discrepancy of biological features among the GC cells with different expression of FGFR4. GC cells were treated with the single and combination of PD173074 (PD, an inhibitor of FGFR4) and 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu). The invasion ability were stronger, and the apoptosis rates were lower in MGC803 and BGC823 cells treated with FGFR4-LV5 (over-expression of FGFR4 protein) (P < 0.05). The proliferation ability of GC cells is reduced when treated by the single and combination of 5-Fu and PD while that of the FGFR4-LV5 group was less inhibited compared with control group (P < 0.05). The apoptosis rates are remarkably increased in GC cells treated with the single and combination of 5-Fu and PD (P < 0.05). However, the apoptosis rate obviously is reduced in GC cells treated with FGFR4-LV5 compared with control group (P < 0.05). The expression of PCNA and Bcl-XL is remarkably decreased, and the expression of Caspase-3 and cleaved Caspase-3 is obviously increased in GC cells treated with the single and combination of 5-Fu and PD. The tumor volumes of nude mice in FGFR4-LV5 group were much more increased (P < 0.05). The over-expression of FGFR4 enhanced the proliferation ability of GC in vitro and in vivo. The combination of 5-Fu and PD exerted synergetic effect in weakening the proliferation ability and promoting apoptosis in GC cells, while the over-expression of FGFR4 might inhibit the efficacy of two drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jian-She Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yanwei Ye
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jian-She Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jian-She Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Function, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lisha Lu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chao Han
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yubing Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingmin Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zujiang Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiefu Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jian-She Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jian-She Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Chunlin Zhao
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jian-She Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jian-She Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Jianguo Wen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jian-She Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Quancheng Kan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tabernero J, Bahleda R, Dienstmann R, Infante JR, Mita A, Italiano A, Calvo E, Moreno V, Adamo B, Gazzah A, Zhong B, Platero SJ, Smit JW, Stuyckens K, Chatterjee-Kishore M, Rodon J, Peddareddigari V, Luo FR, Soria JC. Phase I Dose-Escalation Study of JNJ-42756493, an Oral Pan–Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitor, in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33:3401-8. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.60.7341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose JNJ-42756493 is an orally administered pan-fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor. This first-in-human study evaluates the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics and defines the recommended phase II dose (RP2D) of JNJ-42756493. Patients and Methods Eligible patients with advanced solid tumors received escalating doses of JNJ-42756493 from 0.5 to 12 mg administered continuously daily or JNJ-42756493 10 or 12 mg administered intermittently (7 days on/7 days off). Results Sixty-five patients were enrolled. The most common treatment-emergent adverse events included hyperphosphatemia (65%), asthenia (55%), dry mouth (45%), nail toxicity (35%), constipation (34%), decreased appetite (32%), and dysgeusia (31%). Twenty-seven patients (42%) experienced grade ≥ 3 treatment-emergent adverse events, and one dose-limiting toxicity of grade 3 ALT elevation was observed at 12 mg daily. Maximum-tolerated dose was not defined. Nine milligrams daily was considered as the initial RP2D; however, tolerability was improved with intermittent schedules, and 10 mg administered on a 7-days-on/7-days-off schedule was considered the final RP2D. Pharmacokinetics were linear, dose proportional, and predictable, with a half-life of 50 to 60 hours. Dose-dependent elevations in serum phosphate, a manifestation of pharmacodynamic effect, occurred in all patients starting at 4 mg daily. Among 23 response-evaluable patients with tumor FGFR pathway alterations, four confirmed responses and one unconfirmed partial response were observed in patients with glioblastoma and urothelial and endometrial cancer (all with FGFR2 or FGFR3 translocations); 16 patients had stable disease. Conclusion JNJ-42756493 administered at 10 mg on a 7-days-on/7-days-off schedule achieved exposures at which clinical responses were observed, demonstrated pharmacodynamic biomarker activity, and had a manageable safety profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josep Tabernero
- Josep Tabernero, Rodrigo Dienstmann, Barbara Adamo, and Jordi Rodon, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Emiliano Calvo, START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal; Victor Moreno, START Madrid, Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Rastislav Bahleda, Anas Gazzah, and Jean-Charles Soria, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus and University Paris-Sud, Villejuif; Antoine Italiano, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France; Jeffrey
| | - Rastislav Bahleda
- Josep Tabernero, Rodrigo Dienstmann, Barbara Adamo, and Jordi Rodon, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Emiliano Calvo, START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal; Victor Moreno, START Madrid, Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Rastislav Bahleda, Anas Gazzah, and Jean-Charles Soria, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus and University Paris-Sud, Villejuif; Antoine Italiano, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France; Jeffrey
| | - Rodrigo Dienstmann
- Josep Tabernero, Rodrigo Dienstmann, Barbara Adamo, and Jordi Rodon, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Emiliano Calvo, START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal; Victor Moreno, START Madrid, Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Rastislav Bahleda, Anas Gazzah, and Jean-Charles Soria, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus and University Paris-Sud, Villejuif; Antoine Italiano, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France; Jeffrey
| | - Jeffrey R. Infante
- Josep Tabernero, Rodrigo Dienstmann, Barbara Adamo, and Jordi Rodon, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Emiliano Calvo, START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal; Victor Moreno, START Madrid, Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Rastislav Bahleda, Anas Gazzah, and Jean-Charles Soria, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus and University Paris-Sud, Villejuif; Antoine Italiano, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France; Jeffrey
| | - Alain Mita
- Josep Tabernero, Rodrigo Dienstmann, Barbara Adamo, and Jordi Rodon, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Emiliano Calvo, START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal; Victor Moreno, START Madrid, Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Rastislav Bahleda, Anas Gazzah, and Jean-Charles Soria, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus and University Paris-Sud, Villejuif; Antoine Italiano, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France; Jeffrey
| | - Antoine Italiano
- Josep Tabernero, Rodrigo Dienstmann, Barbara Adamo, and Jordi Rodon, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Emiliano Calvo, START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal; Victor Moreno, START Madrid, Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Rastislav Bahleda, Anas Gazzah, and Jean-Charles Soria, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus and University Paris-Sud, Villejuif; Antoine Italiano, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France; Jeffrey
| | - Emiliano Calvo
- Josep Tabernero, Rodrigo Dienstmann, Barbara Adamo, and Jordi Rodon, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Emiliano Calvo, START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal; Victor Moreno, START Madrid, Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Rastislav Bahleda, Anas Gazzah, and Jean-Charles Soria, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus and University Paris-Sud, Villejuif; Antoine Italiano, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France; Jeffrey
| | - Victor Moreno
- Josep Tabernero, Rodrigo Dienstmann, Barbara Adamo, and Jordi Rodon, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Emiliano Calvo, START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal; Victor Moreno, START Madrid, Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Rastislav Bahleda, Anas Gazzah, and Jean-Charles Soria, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus and University Paris-Sud, Villejuif; Antoine Italiano, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France; Jeffrey
| | - Barbara Adamo
- Josep Tabernero, Rodrigo Dienstmann, Barbara Adamo, and Jordi Rodon, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Emiliano Calvo, START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal; Victor Moreno, START Madrid, Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Rastislav Bahleda, Anas Gazzah, and Jean-Charles Soria, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus and University Paris-Sud, Villejuif; Antoine Italiano, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France; Jeffrey
| | - Anas Gazzah
- Josep Tabernero, Rodrigo Dienstmann, Barbara Adamo, and Jordi Rodon, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Emiliano Calvo, START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal; Victor Moreno, START Madrid, Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Rastislav Bahleda, Anas Gazzah, and Jean-Charles Soria, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus and University Paris-Sud, Villejuif; Antoine Italiano, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France; Jeffrey
| | - Bob Zhong
- Josep Tabernero, Rodrigo Dienstmann, Barbara Adamo, and Jordi Rodon, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Emiliano Calvo, START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal; Victor Moreno, START Madrid, Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Rastislav Bahleda, Anas Gazzah, and Jean-Charles Soria, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus and University Paris-Sud, Villejuif; Antoine Italiano, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France; Jeffrey
| | - Suso J. Platero
- Josep Tabernero, Rodrigo Dienstmann, Barbara Adamo, and Jordi Rodon, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Emiliano Calvo, START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal; Victor Moreno, START Madrid, Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Rastislav Bahleda, Anas Gazzah, and Jean-Charles Soria, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus and University Paris-Sud, Villejuif; Antoine Italiano, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France; Jeffrey
| | - Johan W. Smit
- Josep Tabernero, Rodrigo Dienstmann, Barbara Adamo, and Jordi Rodon, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Emiliano Calvo, START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal; Victor Moreno, START Madrid, Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Rastislav Bahleda, Anas Gazzah, and Jean-Charles Soria, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus and University Paris-Sud, Villejuif; Antoine Italiano, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France; Jeffrey
| | - Kim Stuyckens
- Josep Tabernero, Rodrigo Dienstmann, Barbara Adamo, and Jordi Rodon, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Emiliano Calvo, START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal; Victor Moreno, START Madrid, Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Rastislav Bahleda, Anas Gazzah, and Jean-Charles Soria, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus and University Paris-Sud, Villejuif; Antoine Italiano, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France; Jeffrey
| | - Moitreyee Chatterjee-Kishore
- Josep Tabernero, Rodrigo Dienstmann, Barbara Adamo, and Jordi Rodon, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Emiliano Calvo, START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal; Victor Moreno, START Madrid, Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Rastislav Bahleda, Anas Gazzah, and Jean-Charles Soria, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus and University Paris-Sud, Villejuif; Antoine Italiano, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France; Jeffrey
| | - Jordi Rodon
- Josep Tabernero, Rodrigo Dienstmann, Barbara Adamo, and Jordi Rodon, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Emiliano Calvo, START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal; Victor Moreno, START Madrid, Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Rastislav Bahleda, Anas Gazzah, and Jean-Charles Soria, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus and University Paris-Sud, Villejuif; Antoine Italiano, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France; Jeffrey
| | - Vijay Peddareddigari
- Josep Tabernero, Rodrigo Dienstmann, Barbara Adamo, and Jordi Rodon, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Emiliano Calvo, START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal; Victor Moreno, START Madrid, Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Rastislav Bahleda, Anas Gazzah, and Jean-Charles Soria, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus and University Paris-Sud, Villejuif; Antoine Italiano, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France; Jeffrey
| | - Feng R. Luo
- Josep Tabernero, Rodrigo Dienstmann, Barbara Adamo, and Jordi Rodon, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Emiliano Calvo, START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal; Victor Moreno, START Madrid, Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Rastislav Bahleda, Anas Gazzah, and Jean-Charles Soria, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus and University Paris-Sud, Villejuif; Antoine Italiano, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France; Jeffrey
| | - Jean-Charles Soria
- Josep Tabernero, Rodrigo Dienstmann, Barbara Adamo, and Jordi Rodon, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Emiliano Calvo, START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal; Victor Moreno, START Madrid, Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Rastislav Bahleda, Anas Gazzah, and Jean-Charles Soria, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus and University Paris-Sud, Villejuif; Antoine Italiano, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France; Jeffrey
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ye Y, Jiang D, Li J, Wang M, Han C, Zhang X, Zhao C, Wen J, Kan Q. Silencing of FGFR4 could influence the biological features of gastric cancer cells and its therapeutic value in gastric cancer. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:3185-95. [PMID: 26432329 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4100-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To clarify the role of fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) in gastric cancer (GC) and explore the therapeutic value of BGJ398 targeted to FGFR4. We constructed lentivirus vectors to stably knockdown FGFR4 expression in GC cells. Function assays in vitro and in vivo, treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) and BGJ398, were performed to study the change of biological behaviors of GC cells and related mechanism. The proliferation and invasive ability of HGC27 and MKN45 significantly decreased while the apoptosis rate of GC cells obviously increased in shRNA group (P < 0.05). The expressions of Bcl-xl, FLIP, PCNA, vimentin, p-erk, and p-STAT3 significantly reduced while the expressions of caspase-3 and E-cadherin markly enhanced in shRNA group. The proliferation abilities of GC cells were more significantly inhibited by the combination of BGJ398 and 5-Fu in shRNA group (P < 0.05). Compared to negative control (NC), the single and combination of 5-Fu and BGJ398 all significantly increased the apoptosis rate of GC cells, especially in the combination group (P < 0.01). The single and combination of 5-Fu and BGJ398 decreased the expressions of PCNA, Bcl-xl, and FLIP while increased the expression of caspase-3 in GC cells, especially in shRNA groups. Furthermore, knockdown of FGFR4 expression might prevent the growth of GC in vivo. Silencing of FGFR4 expression could weaken the invasive ability, increase the apoptosis rate, and decrease the proliferation ability of GC cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the combination of 5-Fu and BGJ398 had synergy in inhibiting the proliferation ability and increasing apoptosis rate of GC cells, directing a new target drug in GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Ye
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China. .,Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Dongbao Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Function, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chao Han
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiefu Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chunlin Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Wen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Quancheng Kan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rationale for targeting fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015; 150:1-8. [PMID: 25677745 PMCID: PMC4344551 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-015-3301-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling is involved in multiple biological processes, including cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis during embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. Given its role in the activation of critical signaling pathways, aberrant FGFR signaling has been implicated in multiple cancer types. A comprehensive search of PubMed and congress abstracts was conducted to identify reports on FGFR pathway components in breast cancer. In breast cancers, FGFR1 and FGFR4 gene amplification and single nucleotide polymorphisms in FGFR2 and FGFR4 have been detected. Commonly, these FGFR aberrations and gene amplifications lead to increased FGFR signaling and have been linked with poor prognosis and resistance to breast cancer treatments. Here, we review the role of FGFR signaling and the impact of FGFR genetic amplifications/aberrations on breast tumors. In addition, we summarize the most recent preclinical and clinical data on FGFR-targeted therapies in breast cancer. Finally, we highlight the ongoing clinical trials of the FGFR-targeted agents dovitinib, AZD4547, lucitanib, BGJ398, and JNJ-42756493, which are selected for patients with FGFR pathway-amplified breast cancer. Aberrant FGFR pathway amplification may drive some breast cancers. Inhibition of FGFR signaling is being explored in the clinic, and data from these trials may refine our ability to select patients who would best respond to these treatments.
Collapse
|
21
|
Kilday JP, Bartels UK, Bouffet E. Targeted therapy in pediatric low-grade glioma. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2014; 14:441. [PMID: 24604059 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-014-0441-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Collectively, pediatric low-grade gliomas account for most brain tumors reported in children. Surgery is typically curable for operable lesions. However, more effective therapies are required for inaccessible tumors, both to overcome refractory disease and to minimize the toxicity associated with conventional adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy regimens. Recent years have witnessed rapid improvements in our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of several childhood tumors, including low-grade gliomas. As a result, several novel compounds targeting and inhibiting critical components of molecular signaling pathways purported to be overactive in the disease have been developed. This article summarizes the most recent literature evaluating such novel targeted agents in childhood low-grade gliomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John-Paul Kilday
- Department of Haematology/Oncology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Diaz C, Corentin H, Thierry V, Chantal A, Tanguy B, David S, Jean-Marc H, Pascual F, Françoise B, Edgardo F. Virtual screening on an α-helix to β-strand switchable region of the FGFR2 extracellular domain revealed positive and negative modulators. Proteins 2014; 82:2982-97. [PMID: 25082719 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The secondary structure of some protein segments may vary between α-helix and β-strand. To predict these switchable segments, we have developed an algorithm, Switch-P, based solely on the protein sequence. This algorithm was used on the extracellular parts of FGF receptors. For FGFR2, it predicted that β4 and β5 strands of the third Ig-like domain were highly switchable. These two strands possess a high number of somatic mutations associated with cancer. Analysis of PDB structures of FGF receptors confirmed the switchability prediction for β5. We thus evaluated if compound-driven α-helix/β-strand switching of β5 could modulate FGFR2 signaling. We performed the virtual screening of a library containing 1.4 million of chemical compounds with two models of the third Ig-like domain of FGFR2 showing different secondary structures for β5, and we selected 32 compounds. Experimental testing using proliferation assays with FGF7-stimulated SNU-16 cells and a FGFR2-dependent Erk1/2 phosphorylation assay with FGFR2-transfected L6 cells, revealed activators and inhibitors of FGFR2. Our method for the identification of switchable proteinic regions, associated with our virtual screening approach, provides an opportunity to discover new generation of drugs with under-explored mechanism of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constantino Diaz
- Exploratory Unit, Sanofi-Aventis Research and Development, 195 Route d'Espagne, 31036, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Su X, Zhan P, Gavine PR, Morgan S, Womack C, Ni X, Shen D, Bang YJ, Im SA, Ho Kim W, Jung EJ, Grabsch HI, Kilgour E. FGFR2 amplification has prognostic significance in gastric cancer: results from a large international multicentre study. Br J Cancer 2014; 110:967-75. [PMID: 24457912 PMCID: PMC3929881 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In preclinical gastric cancer (GC) models, FGFR2 amplification was associated with increased tumour cell proliferation and survival, and drugs targeting this pathway are now in clinical trials. METHODS FGFR2 FISH was performed on 961 GCs from the United Kingdom, China and Korea, and the relationship with clinicopathological data and overlap with HER2 amplification were analysed. RESULTS The prevalence of FGFR2 amplification was similar between the three cohorts (UK 7.4%, China 4.6% and Korea 4.2%), and intratumoral heterogeneity was observed in 24% of FGFR2 amplified cases. FGFR2 amplification was associated with lymph node metastases (P<0.0001). FGFR2 amplification and polysomy were associated with poor overall survival (OS) in the Korean (OS: 1.83 vs 6.17 years, P=0.0073) and UK (OS: 0.45 vs 1.9 years, P<0.0001) cohorts, and FGFR2 amplification was an independent marker of poor survival in the UK cohort (P=0.0002). Co-amplification of FGFR2 and HER2 was rare, and when high-level amplifications did co-occur these were detected in distinct areas of the tumour. CONCLUSION A similar incidence of FGFR2 amplification was found in Asian and UK GCs and was associated with lymphatic invasion and poor prognosis. This study also shows that HER2 and FGFR2 amplifications are mostly exclusive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Su
- AstraZeneca Asia & Emerging Markets, Innovative Medicines, Shanghai, China
| | - P Zhan
- AstraZeneca Asia & Emerging Markets, Innovative Medicines, Shanghai, China
| | - P R Gavine
- AstraZeneca Asia & Emerging Markets, Innovative Medicines, Shanghai, China
| | - S Morgan
- AstraZeneca, Oncology Innovative Medicines, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, UK
| | - C Womack
- AstraZeneca, Oncology Innovative Medicines, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, UK
| | - X Ni
- Department of General Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - D Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y-J Bang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - S-A Im
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - W Ho Kim
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - E-J Jung
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - H I Grabsch
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - E Kilgour
- AstraZeneca, Oncology Innovative Medicines, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hong L, Han Y, Liu J, Brain L. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2: a therapeutic target in gastric cancer. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 7:759-65. [PMID: 24134151 DOI: 10.1586/17474124.2013.837804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related death in the world. FGF receptor 2 (FGFR2) is preferentially amplified and overexpressed in the diffuse type of gastric cancer. This review evaluates the expression and function of FGFR2 in gastric cancer, and analyzes the use of its inhibitors for gastric cancer therapy. This review also discusses the limitations of FGFR2-based therapy, and envisages future developments toward the clinical applications of FGFR2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhang MH, Man HT, Zhao XD, Dong N, Ma SL. Estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer molecular signatures and therapeutic potentials (Review). Biomed Rep 2013; 2:41-52. [PMID: 24649067 DOI: 10.3892/br.2013.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, the advances in the study of breast cancer molecular classifications and the molecular signatures of the luminal subtypes A and B of breast cancer were summarized. Effective clinical outcomes depend mainly on successful preclinical diagnosis and therapeutic decisions. Over the last few years, the ever-expanding investigations focusing on breast cancer diagnosis and the clinical trials have provided accumulating information on the molecular characteristics of breast cancer. Specifically, among the estrogen receptor (ER)-positive types of breast cancer, the luminal subtype A breast cancer has been shown to exhibit good clinical outcomes with endocrine therapy, whereas the luminal subtype B breast cancer represents the more complicated type, diagnostically as well as therapeutically. Furthermore, even in luminal subtype A breast cancer, the resistance to treatment has become the major limitation for endocrine-based therapy. Accumulating molecular data and further clinical trials may enable more accurate diagnostic and therapeutic decisions. The molecular signatures have emerged as a powerful tool for future diagnosis and therapeutic decisions, although currently available data are limited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Hong Zhang
- College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, P.R. China
| | - Hong Tao Man
- College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Dan Zhao
- College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, P.R. China
| | - Ni Dong
- College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, P.R. China
| | - Shi Liang Ma
- College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ye YW, Hu S, Shi YQ, Zhang XF, Zhou Y, Zhao CL, Wang GJ, Wen JG, Zong H. Combination of the FGFR4 inhibitor PD173074 and 5-fluorouracil reduces proliferation and promotes apoptosis in gastric cancer. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:2777-84. [PMID: 24126887 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous findings revealed that FGFR4 may be a novel therapeutic target for gastric cancer. The aim of the present study was to explore the effects of a combination of PD173074 (PD) and 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) on the biological behavior of gastric cancer cell lines and the relevant mechanisms involved. MKN45, a gastric cancer cell line, was treated with each single agent alone or a combination of FGF19, PD and 5-Fu. Then, a series of functional assays were performed using CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry. Western blot analysis was used to determine the expression of signaling pathway and downstream-related molecules in the MKN45 cells following the different treatments. As the concentration of PD and 5-Fu increased, the cell viability gradually decreased; the viability of the combination group was less than the viability following single administration. Western blot analysis showed that FGFR4 expression was weak in the 5-Fu-treated groups when compared with the control. PD markedly increased the apoptosis rate of MKN45 cells when compared to the control; the apoptosis rate in the cells treated with the combination of PD and 5-Fu was higher than that in the cells following single treatment. Furthermore, PD reduced the expression of p-ERK and Bcl-xl and increased caspase-3 expression. Inhibition of the activity of FGFR4 may be the main mechanisms of PD effect while 5-Fu reduced FGFR4 expression. Furthermore, the effects of the combination of 5-Fu and PD in inhibiting proliferation, increasing apoptosis and arresting cell cycle were superior to these effects following the single agent treatments, suggesting that the two drugs applied in combination may contribute to the effective treatment of gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Wei Ye
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhang J, Wu G, Miller CP, Tatevossian RG, Dalton JD, Tang B, Orisme W, Punchihewa C, Parker M, Qaddoumi I, Boop FA, Lu C, Kandoth C, Ding L, Lee R, Huether R, Chen X, Hedlund E, Nagahawatte P, Rusch M, Boggs K, Cheng J, Becksfort J, Ma J, Song G, Li Y, Wei L, Wang J, Shurtleff S, Easton J, Zhao D, Fulton RS, Fulton LL, Dooling DJ, Vadodaria B, Mulder HL, Tang C, Ochoa K, Mullighan CG, Gajjar A, Kriwacki R, Sheer D, Gilbertson RJ, Mardis ER, Wilson RK, Downing JR, Baker SJ, Ellison DW. Whole-genome sequencing identifies genetic alterations in pediatric low-grade gliomas. Nat Genet 2013; 45:602-12. [PMID: 23583981 PMCID: PMC3727232 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 595] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The most common pediatric brain tumors are low-grade gliomas (LGGs). We used whole-genome sequencing to identify multiple new genetic alterations involving BRAF, RAF1, FGFR1, MYB, MYBL1 and genes with histone-related functions, including H3F3A and ATRX, in 39 LGGs and low-grade glioneuronal tumors (LGGNTs). Only a single non-silent somatic alteration was detected in 24 of 39 (62%) tumors. Intragenic duplications of the portion of FGFR1 encoding the tyrosine kinase domain (TKD) and rearrangements of MYB were recurrent and mutually exclusive in 53% of grade II diffuse LGGs. Transplantation of Trp53-null neonatal astrocytes expressing FGFR1 with the duplication involving the TKD into the brains of nude mice generated high-grade astrocytomas with short latency and 100% penetrance. FGFR1 with the duplication induced FGFR1 autophosphorylation and upregulation of the MAPK/ERK and PI3K pathways, which could be blocked by specific inhibitors. Focusing on the therapeutically challenging diffuse LGGs, our study of 151 tumors has discovered genetic alterations and potential therapeutic targets across the entire range of pediatric LGGs and LGGNTs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are involved in a variety of cellular processes, such as stemness, proliferation, anti-apoptosis, drug resistance, and angiogenesis. Here, FGF signaling network, cancer genetics/genomics of FGF receptors (FGFRs), and FGFR-targeted therapeutics will be reviewed. FGF signaling to RAS-MAPK branch and canonical WNT signaling cascade mutually regulate transcription programming. FGF signaling to PI3K-AKT branch and Hedgehog, Notch, TGFβ, and noncanonical WNT signaling cascades regulate epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and invasion. Gene amplification of FGFR1 occurs in lung cancer and estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer, and that of FGFR2 in diffuse-type gastric cancer and triple-negative breast cancer. Chromosomal translocation of FGFR1 occurs in the 8p11 myeloproliferative syndrome and alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, as with FGFR3 in multiple myeloma and peripheral T-cell lymphoma. FGFR1 and FGFR3 genes are fused to neighboring TACC1 and TACC3 genes, respectively, due to interstitial deletions in glioblastoma multiforme. Missense mutations of FGFR2 are found in endometrial uterine cancer and melanoma, and similar FGFR3 mutations in invasive bladder tumors, and FGFR4 mutations in rhabdomyosarcoma. Dovitinib, Ki23057, ponatinib, and AZD4547 are orally bioavailable FGFR inhibitors, which have demonstrated striking effects in preclinical model experiments. Dovitinib, ponatinib, and AZD4547 are currently in clinical trial as anticancer drugs. Because there are multiple mechanisms of actions for FGFR inhibitors to overcome drug resistance, FGFR-targeted therapy is a promising strategy for the treatment of refractory cancer. Whole exome/transcriptome sequencing will be introduced to the clinical laboratory as the companion diagnostic platform facilitating patient selection for FGFR-targeted therapeutics in the era of personalized medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Katoh
- Division of Integrative Omics and Bioinformatics, National Cancer Center, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo Ward, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Xie L, Su X, Zhang L, Yin X, Tang L, Zhang X, Xu Y, Gao Z, Liu K, Zhou M, Gao B, Shen D, Zhang L, Ji J, Gavine PR, Zhang J, Kilgour E, Zhang X, Ji Q. FGFR2 gene amplification in gastric cancer predicts sensitivity to the selective FGFR inhibitor AZD4547. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:2572-83. [PMID: 23493349 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE FGFR gene aberrations are associated with tumor growth and survival. We explored the role of FGFR2 amplification in gastric cancer and the therapeutic potential of AZD4547, a potent and selective ATP-competitive receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)1-3, in patients with FGFR2-amplified gastric cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Array-comparative genomic hybridization and FISH were used to identify FGFR2 amplification in gastric cancer patient tumor samples. The effects of FGFR2 modulation were investigated in gastric cancer cells with FGFR2 amplification and in patient-derived gastric cancer xenograft (PDGCX) models using two approaches: inhibition with AZD4547 and short hairpin RNA (shRNA) knockdown of FGFR2. RESULTS Amplification of the FGFR2 gene was identified in a subset of Chinese and Caucasian patients with gastric cancer. Gastric cancer cell lines SNU-16 and KATOIII, carrying the amplified FGFR2 gene, were extremely sensitive to AZD4547 in vitro with GI50 values of 3 and 5 nmol/L, respectively. AZD4547 effectively inhibited phosphorylation of FGFR2 and its downstream signaling molecules and induced apoptosis in SNU-16 cells. Furthermore, inhibition of FGFR2 signaling by AZD4547 resulted in significant dose-dependent tumor growth inhibition in FGFR2-amplified xenograft (SNU-16) and PDGCX models (SGC083) but not in nonamplified models. shRNA knockdown of FGFR2 similarly inhibited tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Finally, compared with monotherapy, we showed enhancement of in vivo antitumor efficacy using AZD4547 in combination with chemotherapeutic agents. CONCLUSION FGFR2 pathway activation is required for driving growth and survival of gastric cancer carrying FGFR2 gene amplification both in vitro and in vivo. Our data support therapeutic intervention with FGFR inhibitors, such as AZD4547, in patients with gastric cancer carrying FGFR2 gene amplification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xie
- Innovation Center China, AstraZeneca R&D, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ye YW, Zhang X, Zhou Y, Wu J, Zhao C, Yuan L, Wang G, Du C, Wang C, Shi Y. The correlations between the expression of FGFR4 protein and clinicopathological parameters as well as prognosis of gastric cancer patients. J Surg Oncol 2012; 106:872-9. [PMID: 22585711 DOI: 10.1002/jso.23153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) was seldom investigated in gastric cancer (GC). The purpose of the study was to elucidate the expression of FGFR4 protein in GC and related clinical significance. METHODS Ninety-four paraffin-embedded tumor specimens were obtained from Cancer Hospital, Fudan University. The expression of FGFR4 as well as p53, p21, EGFR, neu, c-myc, and PCNA were detected by immunohistochemical method. Then, correlation analysis and survival analysis were performed. RESULTS The expression rate of FGFR4 protein in GC tissues and normal stomach tissues was 93.6% and 30.8%, respectively (P = 0.000). The expression of FGFR4 was positively correlated with the expression of p21, neu and PCNA (P-value was 0.009, 0.012, and 0.018, respectively). Subgroup analysis showed that compared to low expression group, the prognosis of patients with III/IV stage and negative expression of p21 in high expression group of FGFR4 were worse (P = 0.048, 0.041, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that TNM stage was the independent prognostic factor in high expression group (HR, 11.593; 95% CI, 3.532-18.058; P = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS High expression of FGFR4 protein, accelerating the progression of advanced GC, might be associated with a poor prognosis in patients with advanced FC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Wei Ye
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bertolini F, Marighetti P, Martin-Padura I, Mancuso P, Hu-Lowe DD, Shaked Y, D'Onofrio A. Anti-VEGF and beyond: shaping a new generation of anti-angiogenic therapies for cancer. Drug Discov Today 2011; 16:1052-60. [PMID: 21875682 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The anti-angiogenic class of drugs is one of the few where representatives have gained international approval for clinical use in oncology during the past decade. Most of the biological and clinical activity of the currently available generation of anti-angiogenic drugs targets vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its related pathways. However, the clinical benefits associated with the use of these drugs have, so far, been limited. There is, therefore, an unmet need for biomarkers that can be used to identify patients who are most likely to benefit therapeutically and also to predict the best schedule and dosage for these drugs. Here, we discuss some of the emerging new combination strategies involving the approved anti-angiogenic drugs, some of the emerging targets associated with neoplastic angiogenesis and some novel agents used as a paradigm of the next generation of anti-angiogenic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bertolini
- Laboratory of Hematology-Oncology and Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20141 Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Holbrook JD, Parker JS, Gallagher KT, Halsey WS, Hughes AM, Weigman VJ, Lebowitz PF, Kumar R. Deep sequencing of gastric carcinoma reveals somatic mutations relevant to personalized medicine. J Transl Med 2011; 9:119. [PMID: 21781349 PMCID: PMC3152520 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, gastric cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related death, with the majority of the health burden borne by economically less-developed countries. METHODS Here, we report a genetic characterization of 50 gastric adenocarcinoma samples, using affymetrix SNP arrays and Illumina mRNA expression arrays as well as Illumina sequencing of the coding regions of 384 genes belonging to various pathways known to be altered in other cancers. RESULTS Genetic alterations were observed in the WNT, Hedgehog, cell cycle, DNA damage and epithelial-to-mesenchymal-transition pathways. CONCLUSIONS The data suggests targeted therapies approved or in clinical development for gastric carcinoma would be of benefit to ~22% of the patients studied. In addition, the novel mutations detected here, are likely to influence clinical response and suggest new targets for drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna D Holbrook
- Cancer Research, Oncology R&D, Glaxosmithkline R&D, Collegeville, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Chen G, Qiu H, Yu SY. FGFR2: a key molecule in the progression of gastric cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:384-388. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i4.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) is a tyrosine kinase receptor of the FGFR family and plays an important role in the progression of gastric cancer. FGFR2 expression is closely associated with pathological type, clinical stage, lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis in advanced gastric cancer. Monoclonal antibodies directed against FGFR2 can inhibit the proliferation of gastric cancer cells and, when used in combination with chemotherapy, has a synergistic effect against gastric cancer, suggesting that FGFR2 is a potential therapeutic target for advanced gastric cancer.
Collapse
|