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Bader KB, Vlaisavljevich E, Maxwell AD. For Whom the Bubble Grows: Physical Principles of Bubble Nucleation and Dynamics in Histotripsy Ultrasound Therapy. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2019; 45:1056-1080. [PMID: 30922619 PMCID: PMC6524960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Histotripsy is a focused ultrasound therapy for non-invasive tissue ablation. Unlike thermally ablative forms of therapeutic ultrasound, histotripsy relies on the mechanical action of bubble clouds for tissue destruction. Although acoustic bubble activity is often characterized as chaotic, the short-duration histotripsy pulses produce a unique and consistent type of cavitation for tissue destruction. In this review, the action of histotripsy-induced bubbles is discussed. Sources of bubble nuclei are reviewed, and bubble activity over the course of single and multiple pulses is outlined. Recent innovations in terms of novel acoustic excitations, exogenous nuclei for targeted ablation and histotripsy-enhanced drug delivery and image guidance metrics are discussed. Finally, gaps in knowledge of the histotripsy process are highlighted, along with suggested means to expedite widespread clinical utilization of histotripsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth B Bader
- Department of Radiology and Committee on Medical Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
| | - Eli Vlaisavljevich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Adam D Maxwell
- Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Hersh DS, Kim AJ, Winkles JA, Eisenberg HM, Woodworth GF, Frenkel V. Emerging Applications of Therapeutic Ultrasound in Neuro-oncology: Moving Beyond Tumor Ablation. Neurosurgery 2017; 79:643-654. [PMID: 27552589 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000001399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
: Transcranial focused ultrasound (FUS) can noninvasively transmit acoustic energy with a high degree of accuracy and safety to targets and regions within the brain. Technological advances, including phased-array transducers and real-time temperature monitoring with magnetic resonance thermometry, have created new opportunities for FUS research and clinical translation. Neuro-oncology, in particular, has become a major area of interest because FUS offers a multifaceted approach to the treatment of brain tumors. FUS has the potential to generate cytotoxicity within tumor tissue, both directly via thermal ablation and indirectly through radiosensitization and sonodynamic therapy; to enhance the delivery of therapeutic agents to brain tumors by transiently opening the blood-brain barrier or improving distribution through the brain extracellular space; and to modulate the tumor microenvironment to generate an immune response. In this review, we describe each of these applications for FUS, the proposed mechanisms of action, and the preclinical and clinical studies that have set the foundation for using FUS in neuro-oncology. ABBREVIATIONS BBB, blood-brain barrierCED, convection-enhanced delivery5-Ala, 5-aminolevulinic acidFUS, focused ultrasoundGBM, glioblastoma multiformeHSP, heat shock proteinMRgFUS, magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasoundpFUS, pulsed focused ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Hersh
- *Department of Neurosurgery,‡Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center,¶Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology,‖Department of Surgery,#Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, and**Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;§Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland
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Maxwell AD, Yuldashev PV, Kreider W, Khokhlova TD, Schade GR, Hall TL, Sapozhnikov OA, Bailey MR, Khokhlova VA. A Prototype Therapy System for Transcutaneous Application of Boiling Histotripsy. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2017; 64:1542-1557. [PMID: 28809681 PMCID: PMC5871228 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2017.2739649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Boiling histotripsy (BH) is a method of focused ultrasound surgery that noninvasively applies millisecond-length pulses with high-amplitude shock fronts to generate liquefied lesions in tissue. Such a technique requires unique outputs compared to a focused ultrasound thermal therapy apparatus, particularly to achieve high in situ pressure levels through intervening tissue. This paper describes the design and characterization of a system capable of producing the necessary pressure to transcutaneously administer BH therapy through clinically relevant overlying tissue paths using pulses with duration up to 10 ms. A high-voltage electronic pulser was constructed to drive a 1-MHz focused ultrasound transducer to produce shock waves with amplitude capable of generating boiling within the pulse duration in tissue. The system output was characterized by numerical modeling with the 3-D Westervelt equation using boundary conditions established by acoustic holography measurements of the source field. Such simulations were found to be in agreement with directly measured focal waveforms. An existing derating method for nonlinear therapeutic fields was used to estimate in situ pressure levels at different tissue depths. The system was tested in ex vivo bovine liver samples to create BH lesions at depths up to 7 cm. Lesions were also created through excised porcine body wall (skin, adipose, and muscle) with 3-5 cm thickness. These results indicate that the system is capable of producing the necessary output for transcutaneous ablation with BH.
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Chaussy CG, Thüroff S. High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer: A Review. J Endourol 2017; 31:S30-S37. [PMID: 28355119 DOI: 10.1089/end.2016.0548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 25 years, the average life expectancy for men has increased almost 4 years, and the age of prostate cancer detection has decreased an average of 10 years with diagnosis increasingly made at early-stage disease where curative therapy is possible. These changing trends in the age and extent of malignancy at diagnosis have revealed limitations in conventional curative therapies for prostate cancer, including a significant risk of aggressive cancer recurrence, and the risk of long-term genitourinary morbidity and its detrimental impact on patient's quality of life (QOL). Greater awareness of the shortcomings in radical prostatectomy, external radiotherapy, and brachytherapy has prompted the search for alternative curative therapies that offer comparable rates of cancer control and less treatment-related morbidity to better preserve QOL. High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) possesses characteristics that make it an attractive curative therapy option. HIFU is a noninvasive approach that uses precisely delivered ultrasound energy to achieve tumor cell necrosis without radiation or surgical excision. In current urologic oncology, HIFU is used clinically in the treatment of prostate cancer and is under experimental investigation for therapeutic use in multiple malignancies. Clinical research on HIFU therapy for localized prostate cancer began in the 1990s, and there have now been ∼65,000 prostate cancer patients treated with HIFU, predominantly with the Ablatherm (EDAP TMS, Lyon, France) device. Neoadjuvant transurethral resection of the prostate has been combined with HIFU since 2000 to reduce prostate size, facilitate tissue destruction, and to minimize side effects. Advances in imaging technologies are expected to further improve the already superior efficacy and morbidity outcomes, and ongoing investigation of HIFU as a focal therapy in salvage and palliative indications is serving to expand the role of HIFU as a highly versatile noninvasive therapy for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian G Chaussy
- 1 Department of Urology, University Regensburg , Regensburg, Germany .,2 Harlaching Tumor Center, Klinikum Harlaching, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Thüroff
- 2 Harlaching Tumor Center, Klinikum Harlaching, Munich, Germany .,3 Department of Urology, Klinikum Harlaching , Munich, Germany
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Podkowa A, Miller RJ, Motl RW, Fish R, Oelze ML. Focused Ultrasound Treatment of Cervical Lymph Nodes in Rats with EAE: A Pilot Study. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2016; 42:2957-2964. [PMID: 27639434 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this pilot study, focused ultrasound (FUS) was used to produce hyperthermia in cervical lymph nodes of rats having experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) to alleviate symptoms associated with EAE. EAE was induced in dark agouti rats, and EAE scores were recorded over 21 d. At the onset of EAE symptoms, rats were treated with FUS to induce temperatures of 43-44°C for 20 min in the superficial cervical lymph nodes. An EAE remittance score was tallied for all rats, defined as the maximum EAE score observed minus the minimum EAE score observed after the maximum EAE was reached. On average, the peak remittance score for FUS-treated rats was 1.14 ± 0.48 versus 0.33 ± 0.27 for sham-treated rats. These differences were statistically significant (p = 0.037). Therefore, FUS treatment of cervical lymph nodes in rats with EAE resulted in a significant reduction in EAE score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Podkowa
- Bioacoustics Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Rita J Miller
- Bioacoustics Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Robert W Motl
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Raymond Fish
- Bioacoustics Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Michael L Oelze
- Bioacoustics Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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Tyshlek D, Aubry JF, ter Haar G, Hananel A, Foley J, Eames M, Kassell N, Simonin HH. Focused ultrasound development and clinical adoption: 2013 update on the growth of the field. J Ther Ultrasound 2014; 2:2. [PMID: 25512866 PMCID: PMC4265987 DOI: 10.1186/2050-5736-2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of therapeutic focused ultrasound, which first emerged in the 1940s, has seen significant growth, particularly over the past decade. The eventual widespread clinical adoption of this non-invasive therapeutic modality require continued progress, in a multitude of activities including technical, pre-clinical, and clinical research, regulatory approval and reimbursement, manufacturer growth, and other commercial and public sector investments into the field, all within a multi-stakeholder environment. We present here a snapshot of the field of focused ultrasound and describe how it has progressed over the past several decades. It is assessed using metrics which include quantity and breadth of academic work (presentations, publications), funding trends, manufacturer presence in the field, number of treated patients, number of indications reaching first-in-human status, and quantity and breadth of clinical indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasha Tyshlek
- Focused Ultrasound Foundation, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Jean-Francois Aubry
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA
- Institut Langevin, CNRS UMR 7587, ESPCI ParisTech, INSERM U979, Paris 75005, France
| | - Gail ter Haar
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - Arik Hananel
- Focused Ultrasound Foundation, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA
| | - Jessica Foley
- Focused Ultrasound Foundation, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Matthew Eames
- Focused Ultrasound Foundation, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Neal Kassell
- Focused Ultrasound Foundation, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA
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Herschorn S, Elliott S, Coburn M, Wessells H, Zinman L. SIU/ICUD Consultation on Urethral Strictures: Posterior urethral stenosis after treatment of prostate cancer. Urology 2013; 83:S59-70. [PMID: 24361008 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2013.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Posterior urethral stenosis can result from radical prostatectomy in approximately 5%-10% of patients (range 1.4%-29%). Similarly, 4%-9% of men after brachytherapy and 1%-13% after external beam radiotherapy will develop stenosis. The rate will be greater after combination therapy and can exceed 40% after salvage radical prostatectomy. Although postradical prostatectomy stenoses mostly develop within 2 years, postradiotherapy stenoses take longer to appear. Many result in storage and voiding symptoms and can be associated with incontinence. The evaluation consists of a workup similar to that for lower urinary tract symptoms, with additional testing to rule out recurrent or persistent prostate cancer. Treatment is usually initiated with an endoscopic approach commonly involving dilation, visual urethrotomy with or without laser treatment, and, possibly, UroLume stent placement. Open surgical urethroplasty has been reported, as well as urinary diversion for recalcitrant stenosis. A proposed algorithm illustrating a graded approach has been provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sender Herschorn
- Division of Urology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Sean Elliott
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Michael Coburn
- Division of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Hunter Wessells
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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High-intensity focused ultrasound for prostate cancer: long-term followup and complications rate. Adv Urol 2012; 2012:960835. [PMID: 22927842 PMCID: PMC3426178 DOI: 10.1155/2012/960835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. As it is well known, High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) is a minimally invasive procedure for prostate cancer. Many investigators reported their series of patients, demonstrating the effectiveness of the treatment. The most majority of Authors, however, do not report the side effects and the complications of the procedure, which is the aim of our study. The diagnosis and management of complications is discussed, and the oncologic outcome is reported in terms of quality of life. Materials and Methods. We report our experience in 89 patients, low-, intermediate-, and high-risk patients according with D'Amico classification. All data collected along the study were analyzed, including side effects and complications of the procedure. Results. Our series demonstrates the effectiveness of the procedure, in line with larger series reported in literature by other investigators. The most important side effects are sexual function impairment and transient incontinence in a minority of cases. Minor complications are reported as well as rare cases of major complications, which can require surgical treatment.
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Current Challenges in Prostate Cancer Management and the Rationale behind Targeted Focal Therapy. Adv Urol 2012; 2012:862639. [PMID: 22649447 PMCID: PMC3357537 DOI: 10.1155/2012/862639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Among men, prostate cancer has a high prevalence, with relatively lower cancer-specific mortality risk compared to lung and colon cancer. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening has increased prostate cancer awareness since its implementation as a screening tool almost 25 years ago, but, due to the largely indolent course of this disease and the unspecific nature of the PSA test, increased incidence has largely been associated with cancers that would not go on to cause death (clinically insignificant), leading to an overdiagnosis challenge and an ensuing overtreatment consequences. The overtreatment problem is exacerbated by the high risk of side effects that current treatment techniques have, putting patients' quality of life at risk with little or no survival benefit. The goals of this paper are to evaluate the rise, prevalence, and impact of the overdiagnosis and ensuing overtreatment problems, as well as highlight potential solutions. In this effort, a review of major epidemiological and screening studies, cancer statistics from the advent of prostate-specific antigen screening to the present, and reports on patient concerns and treatment outcomes was conducted to present the dominant factors that underlie current challenges in prostate cancer treatment and illuminate potential solutions.
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Wang X, Leung AW, Luo J, Xu C. TEM observation of ultrasound-induced mitophagy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells in the presence of curcumin. Exp Ther Med 2011; 3:146-148. [PMID: 22969860 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2011.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to observe the initiation of mitophagy in tumor cells after ultrasound treatment in the presence of curcumin under transmission electron microscopy. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE2 cells were incubated with 10 μM curcumin and then exposed to ultrasound for 8 sec at an intensity of 0.46 W/cm(2). Severely swollen mitochondria, disrupted mitochondria and mitophagy were noted in the CNE2 cells after ultrasound treatment in the presence of curcumin. Our findings demonstrated that ultrasound treatment in the presence of curcumin significantly initiated mitophagy in CNE2 cells, which suggests that mitophagy serves as an important event in the process of cell death of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinna Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an
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Cui H, Yang X. Real-time monitoring of high-intensity focused ultrasound ablations with photoacoustic technique: Anin vitrostudy. Med Phys 2011; 38:5345-50. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3638126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Chen X, Novák P, Benson DG, Webber JS, Hennings L, Shafirstein G, Corry PM, Griffin RJ, Moros EG. An alternating focused ultrasound system for thermal therapy studies in small animals. Med Phys 2011; 38:1877-87. [PMID: 21626921 DOI: 10.1118/1.3553405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop an alternating focused ultrasound system (AFUS) for preclinical studies of thermal and acoustic responses of tumors in small animal models. This work was motivated by the need of noninvasively creating relatively small spheroidal thermal lesions in small targets (e.g., a murine tumor) without damaging the surrounding tissues. METHODS The AFUS consists of two lead zirconate titanate (PZT-4) spherically curved ultrasound transducers with focal zones crossing each other at a 90 degrees angle. The transducers were independently powered following a programed alternating firing scheme. Before the device design and construction, an acoustic and biothermal model was developed to simulate the ultrasound pressure field and the resulting temperature and thermal dose distributions. A shape factor, sphericity, to quantify the roundness of the lesions was calculated based on the 240 equivalent minutes at 43 degrees C thermal dose contours. A prototype of the AFUS was constructed with two identical transducers of an operating frequency of 2.25 MHz, 38 mm in diameter, and F-number equal to 1.33. To evaluate the performance of the AFUS experimentally, a series of heating in polyacrylamide phantoms, ex vivo porcine liver tissues, and in implanted mouse tumors fibrosarcoma (FSaII) in vivo was conducted. In these experimental cases, the sphericity was calculated and compared based on the visible lesion (a marked change in coloration). RESULTS As shown in the simulations, the lesions induced in polyacrylamide phantoms, ex vivo porcine liver tissues, and in vivo mouse tumors, the sphericities of the lesions yielded by AFUS heating were approximately 50% higher than those of single focused ultrasound heating as long as moderate intensities were used and the duty cycle pulses were distributed equally among the transducers. CONCLUSIONS The AFUS is a device capable of noninvasively creating spheroidal thermal lesions in small targets such as murine tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Number 771, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA.
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Robotic High-intensity Focused Ultrasound for Prostate Cancer: What Have We Learned in 15 Years of Clinical Use? Curr Urol Rep 2011; 12:180-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11934-011-0184-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wang X, Xia X, Leung AW, Xiang J, Jiang Y, Wang P, Xu J, Yu H, Bai D, Xu C. Ultrasound induces cellular destruction of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells in the presence of curcumin. ULTRASONICS 2011; 51:165-170. [PMID: 20728195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Curcumin, a natural pigment from the traditional Chinese herb, has shown promise as an efficient enhancer of ultrasound. The present study aims to investigate ultrasound-induced cellular destruction of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells in the presence of curcumin in vitro. METHODS Nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line CNE2 cells were incubated by 10μm curcumin and then were treated by ultrasound for 8s at the intensity of 0.46W/cm(2). Cytotoxicity was evaluated using MTT assay and light microscopy. Mitochondrial damage was analyzed using a confocal laser scanning microcopy with Rhodamine 123 and ultrastructural changes were observed using a transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS MTT assay showed that cytotoxicity induced by ultrasound treatment alone and curcumin treatment alone was 18.16±2.37% and 24.93±8.30%, respectively. The cytotoxicity induced by the combined treatment of ultrasound and curcumin significantly increased up to 86.67±7.78%. TEM showed that microvillin disappearance, membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, swollen mitochondria, and mitochondrial myelin-like body were observed in the cells treated by ultrasound and curcumin together. The significant collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was markedly observed in the CNE2 cells after the combined treatment of curcumin and ultrasound. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrated that ultrasound sonication in the presence of curcumin significantly killed the CNE2 cells and induced ultrastructural damage and the dysfunction of mitochondria, suggesting that ultrasound treatment remarkably induced cellular destruction of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells in the presence of curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinna Wang
- Department of Photodynamic and Sondynamic Therapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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