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Ahmed AK, Zhuo J, Gullapalli RP, Jiang L, Keaser ML, Greenspan JD, Chen C, Miller TR, Melhem ER, Sansur CA, Eisenberg HM, Gandhi D. Focused Ultrasound Central Lateral Thalamotomy for the Treatment of Refractory Neuropathic Pain: Phase I Trial. Neurosurgery 2024; 94:690-699. [PMID: 37947407 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000002752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) central lateral thalamotomy (CLT) has not yet been validated for treating refractory neuropathic pain (NP). Our aim was to assess the safety and potential efficacy of MRgFUS CLT for refractory NP. METHODS In this prospective, nonrandomized, single-arm, investigator-initiated phase I trial, patients with NP for more than 6 months related to phantom limb pain, spinal cord injury, or radiculopathy/radicular injury and who had undergone at least one previous failed intervention were eligible. The main outcomes were safety profile and pain as assessed using the brief pain inventory, the pain disability index, and the numeric rating scale. Medication use and the functional connectivity of the default mode network (DMN) were also assessed. RESULTS Ten patients were enrolled, with nine achieving successful ablation. There were no serious adverse events and 12 mild/moderate severity events. The mean age was 50.9 years (SD: 12.7), and the mean symptom duration was 12.3 years (SD: 9.7). Among eight patients with a 1-year follow-up, the brief pain inventory decreased from 7.6 (SD: 1.1) to 3.8 (SD: 2.8), with a mean percent decrease of 46.3 (SD: 40.6) (paired t -test, P = .017). The mean pain disability index decreased from 43.0 (SD: 7.5) to 25.8 (SD: 16.8), with a mean percent decrease of 39.3 (SD: 41.6) ( P = .034). Numeric rating scale scores decreased from a mean of 7.2 (SD: 1.8) to 4.0 (SD: 2.8), with a mean percent decrease of 42.8 (SD: 37.8) ( P = .024). Patients with predominantly intermittent pain or with allodynia responded better than patients with continuous pain or without allodynia, respectively. Some patients decreased medication use. Resting-state functional connectivity changes were noted, from disruption of the DMN at baseline to reactivation of connectivity between DMN nodes at 3 months. CONCLUSION MRgFUS CLT is feasible and safe for refractory NP and has potential utility in reducing symptoms as measured by validated pain scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul-Kareem Ahmed
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore , Maryland , USA
| | - Jiachen Zhuo
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore , Maryland , USA
| | - Rao P Gullapalli
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore , Maryland , USA
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore , Maryland , USA
| | - Michael L Keaser
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore , Maryland , USA
- Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore , Maryland , USA
| | - Joel D Greenspan
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore , Maryland , USA
- Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore , Maryland , USA
| | - Chixiang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore , Maryland , USA
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore , Maryland , USA
| | - Timothy R Miller
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore , Maryland , USA
| | - Elias R Melhem
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore , Maryland , USA
| | - Charles A Sansur
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore , Maryland , USA
| | - Howard M Eisenberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore , Maryland , USA
| | - Dheeraj Gandhi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore , Maryland , USA
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Ahmed AK, Wilhelmy B, Oliver J, Serra R, Chen C, Gandhi D, Eisenberg HM, Labib MA, Woodworth GF. Variability in the Arterial Supply of Intracranial Meningiomas: An Anatomic Study. Neurosurgery 2023; 93:1346-1352. [PMID: 37530524 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000002608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Intracranial meningiomas are a diverse group of tumors, which vary by grade, genetic composition, location, and vasculature. Expanding the understanding of the supply of skull base (SBMs) and non-skull base meningiomas (NSBMs) will serve to further inform resection strategies. We sought to delineate the vascular supply of a series of intracranial meningiomas by tumor location. METHODS A retrospective study of intracranial meningiomas that were studied using preoperative digital subtraction angiograms before surgical resection at a tertiary referral center was performed. Patient, tumor, radiologic, and treatment data were collected, and regression models were developed. RESULTS One hundred sixty-five patients met inclusion criteria. The mean age was 57.1 years (SD: 12.6). The mean tumor diameter was 4.9 cm (SD: 1.5). One hundred twenty-six were World Health Organization Grade I, 37 Grade II, and 2 Grade III. Arterial feeders were tabulated by Al-Mefty's anatomic designations. SBMs were more likely to derive arterial supply from the anterior circulation, whereas NSBMs were supplied by external carotid branches. NSBMs were larger (5.61 cm vs 4.45 cm, P = <.001), were more often presented with seizure (20% vs 8%, P = .03), were higher grade ( P = <.001) had more frequent peritumoral brain edema (84.6% vs 66%, P = .04), and had more bilateral feeders (47.7% vs 28%, P = .01) compared with SBMs. More arterial feeders were significantly associated with lower tumor grade ( P = .023, OR = 0.59). Higher tumor grade (Grade II/III) was associated with fewer arterial feeders ( P = .017, RR = 0.74). CONCLUSION Meningioma location is associated with specific vascular supply patterns, grade, and patient outcomes. This information suggests that grade I tumors, especially larger tumors, are more likely to have diverse vascular supply patterns, including internal carotid branches. This study may inform preoperative embolization and surgical considerations, particularly for large skull base tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul-Kareem Ahmed
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore , Maryland , USA
| | - Bradley Wilhelmy
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore , Maryland , USA
| | - Jeffrey Oliver
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore , Maryland , USA
| | - Riccardo Serra
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore , Maryland , USA
| | - Chixiang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore , Maryland , USA
| | - Dheeraj Gandhi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore , Maryland , USA
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore , Maryland , USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore , Maryland , USA
| | - Howard M Eisenberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore , Maryland , USA
| | - Mohamed A Labib
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore , Maryland , USA
| | - Graeme F Woodworth
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore , Maryland , USA
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Krishna V, Fishman PS, Eisenberg HM, Kaplitt M, Baltuch G, Chang JW, Chang WC, Martinez Fernandez R, Del Alamo M, Halpern CH, Ghanouni P, Eleopra R, Cosgrove R, Guridi J, Gwinn R, Khemani P, Lozano AM, McDannold N, Fasano A, Constantinescu M, Schlesinger I, Dalvi A, Elias WJ. Trial of Globus Pallidus Focused Ultrasound Ablation in Parkinson's Disease. N Engl J Med 2023; 388:683-693. [PMID: 36812432 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2202721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unilateral focused ultrasound ablation of the internal segment of globus pallidus has reduced motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease in open-label studies. METHODS We randomly assigned, in a 3:1 ratio, patients with Parkinson's disease and dyskinesias or motor fluctuations and motor impairment in the off-medication state to undergo either focused ultrasound ablation opposite the most symptomatic side of the body or a sham procedure. The primary outcome was a response at 3 months, defined as a decrease of at least 3 points from baseline either in the score on the Movement Disorders Society-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, part III (MDS-UPDRS III), for the treated side in the off-medication state or in the score on the Unified Dyskinesia Rating Scale (UDysRS) in the on-medication state. Secondary outcomes included changes from baseline to month 3 in the scores on various parts of the MDS-UPDRS. After the 3-month blinded phase, an open-label phase lasted until 12 months. RESULTS Of 94 patients, 69 were assigned to undergo ultrasound ablation (active treatment) and 25 to undergo the sham procedure (control); 65 patients and 22 patients, respectively, completed the primary-outcome assessment. In the active-treatment group, 45 patients (69%) had a response, as compared with 7 (32%) in the control group (difference, 37 percentage points; 95% confidence interval, 15 to 60; P = 0.003). Of the patients in the active-treatment group who had a response, 19 met the MDS-UPDRS III criterion only, 8 met the UDysRS criterion only, and 18 met both criteria. Results for secondary outcomes were generally in the same direction as those for the primary outcome. Of the 39 patients in the active-treatment group who had had a response at 3 months and who were assessed at 12 months, 30 continued to have a response. Pallidotomy-related adverse events in the active-treatment group included dysarthria, gait disturbance, loss of taste, visual disturbance, and facial weakness. CONCLUSIONS Unilateral pallidal ultrasound ablation resulted in a higher percentage of patients who had improved motor function or reduced dyskinesia than a sham procedure over a period of 3 months but was associated with adverse events. Longer and larger trials are required to determine the effect and safety of this technique in persons with Parkinson's disease. (Funded by Insightec; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03319485.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhor Krishna
- From the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (V.K.); University of Maryland, Baltimore (P.S.F., H.M.E.); Cornell University (M.K.) and Columbia University (G.B.) - both in New York; Yonsei University, Seoul (J.W.C.); Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Lukang, Taiwan (W.-C.C.); Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal-HM Puerta Del Sur, Madrid (R.M.F., M.A.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (J.G.) - both in Spain; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.H.H.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (P.G.); Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (R.E.); Harvard University, Boston (R.C., N.M.); Swedish Hospital, Seattle (R.G., P.K.); University of Toronto, Toronto (A.M.L., A.F.); Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel (M.C., I.S.); Palm Beach Neuroscience Institute, Boynton Beach, FL (A.D.); and University of Virginia, Charlottesville (W.J.E.)
| | - Paul S Fishman
- From the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (V.K.); University of Maryland, Baltimore (P.S.F., H.M.E.); Cornell University (M.K.) and Columbia University (G.B.) - both in New York; Yonsei University, Seoul (J.W.C.); Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Lukang, Taiwan (W.-C.C.); Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal-HM Puerta Del Sur, Madrid (R.M.F., M.A.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (J.G.) - both in Spain; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.H.H.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (P.G.); Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (R.E.); Harvard University, Boston (R.C., N.M.); Swedish Hospital, Seattle (R.G., P.K.); University of Toronto, Toronto (A.M.L., A.F.); Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel (M.C., I.S.); Palm Beach Neuroscience Institute, Boynton Beach, FL (A.D.); and University of Virginia, Charlottesville (W.J.E.)
| | - Howard M Eisenberg
- From the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (V.K.); University of Maryland, Baltimore (P.S.F., H.M.E.); Cornell University (M.K.) and Columbia University (G.B.) - both in New York; Yonsei University, Seoul (J.W.C.); Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Lukang, Taiwan (W.-C.C.); Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal-HM Puerta Del Sur, Madrid (R.M.F., M.A.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (J.G.) - both in Spain; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.H.H.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (P.G.); Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (R.E.); Harvard University, Boston (R.C., N.M.); Swedish Hospital, Seattle (R.G., P.K.); University of Toronto, Toronto (A.M.L., A.F.); Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel (M.C., I.S.); Palm Beach Neuroscience Institute, Boynton Beach, FL (A.D.); and University of Virginia, Charlottesville (W.J.E.)
| | - Michael Kaplitt
- From the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (V.K.); University of Maryland, Baltimore (P.S.F., H.M.E.); Cornell University (M.K.) and Columbia University (G.B.) - both in New York; Yonsei University, Seoul (J.W.C.); Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Lukang, Taiwan (W.-C.C.); Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal-HM Puerta Del Sur, Madrid (R.M.F., M.A.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (J.G.) - both in Spain; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.H.H.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (P.G.); Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (R.E.); Harvard University, Boston (R.C., N.M.); Swedish Hospital, Seattle (R.G., P.K.); University of Toronto, Toronto (A.M.L., A.F.); Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel (M.C., I.S.); Palm Beach Neuroscience Institute, Boynton Beach, FL (A.D.); and University of Virginia, Charlottesville (W.J.E.)
| | - Gordon Baltuch
- From the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (V.K.); University of Maryland, Baltimore (P.S.F., H.M.E.); Cornell University (M.K.) and Columbia University (G.B.) - both in New York; Yonsei University, Seoul (J.W.C.); Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Lukang, Taiwan (W.-C.C.); Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal-HM Puerta Del Sur, Madrid (R.M.F., M.A.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (J.G.) - both in Spain; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.H.H.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (P.G.); Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (R.E.); Harvard University, Boston (R.C., N.M.); Swedish Hospital, Seattle (R.G., P.K.); University of Toronto, Toronto (A.M.L., A.F.); Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel (M.C., I.S.); Palm Beach Neuroscience Institute, Boynton Beach, FL (A.D.); and University of Virginia, Charlottesville (W.J.E.)
| | - Jin Woo Chang
- From the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (V.K.); University of Maryland, Baltimore (P.S.F., H.M.E.); Cornell University (M.K.) and Columbia University (G.B.) - both in New York; Yonsei University, Seoul (J.W.C.); Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Lukang, Taiwan (W.-C.C.); Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal-HM Puerta Del Sur, Madrid (R.M.F., M.A.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (J.G.) - both in Spain; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.H.H.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (P.G.); Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (R.E.); Harvard University, Boston (R.C., N.M.); Swedish Hospital, Seattle (R.G., P.K.); University of Toronto, Toronto (A.M.L., A.F.); Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel (M.C., I.S.); Palm Beach Neuroscience Institute, Boynton Beach, FL (A.D.); and University of Virginia, Charlottesville (W.J.E.)
| | - Wei-Chieh Chang
- From the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (V.K.); University of Maryland, Baltimore (P.S.F., H.M.E.); Cornell University (M.K.) and Columbia University (G.B.) - both in New York; Yonsei University, Seoul (J.W.C.); Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Lukang, Taiwan (W.-C.C.); Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal-HM Puerta Del Sur, Madrid (R.M.F., M.A.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (J.G.) - both in Spain; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.H.H.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (P.G.); Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (R.E.); Harvard University, Boston (R.C., N.M.); Swedish Hospital, Seattle (R.G., P.K.); University of Toronto, Toronto (A.M.L., A.F.); Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel (M.C., I.S.); Palm Beach Neuroscience Institute, Boynton Beach, FL (A.D.); and University of Virginia, Charlottesville (W.J.E.)
| | - Raul Martinez Fernandez
- From the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (V.K.); University of Maryland, Baltimore (P.S.F., H.M.E.); Cornell University (M.K.) and Columbia University (G.B.) - both in New York; Yonsei University, Seoul (J.W.C.); Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Lukang, Taiwan (W.-C.C.); Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal-HM Puerta Del Sur, Madrid (R.M.F., M.A.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (J.G.) - both in Spain; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.H.H.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (P.G.); Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (R.E.); Harvard University, Boston (R.C., N.M.); Swedish Hospital, Seattle (R.G., P.K.); University of Toronto, Toronto (A.M.L., A.F.); Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel (M.C., I.S.); Palm Beach Neuroscience Institute, Boynton Beach, FL (A.D.); and University of Virginia, Charlottesville (W.J.E.)
| | - Marta Del Alamo
- From the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (V.K.); University of Maryland, Baltimore (P.S.F., H.M.E.); Cornell University (M.K.) and Columbia University (G.B.) - both in New York; Yonsei University, Seoul (J.W.C.); Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Lukang, Taiwan (W.-C.C.); Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal-HM Puerta Del Sur, Madrid (R.M.F., M.A.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (J.G.) - both in Spain; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.H.H.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (P.G.); Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (R.E.); Harvard University, Boston (R.C., N.M.); Swedish Hospital, Seattle (R.G., P.K.); University of Toronto, Toronto (A.M.L., A.F.); Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel (M.C., I.S.); Palm Beach Neuroscience Institute, Boynton Beach, FL (A.D.); and University of Virginia, Charlottesville (W.J.E.)
| | - Casey H Halpern
- From the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (V.K.); University of Maryland, Baltimore (P.S.F., H.M.E.); Cornell University (M.K.) and Columbia University (G.B.) - both in New York; Yonsei University, Seoul (J.W.C.); Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Lukang, Taiwan (W.-C.C.); Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal-HM Puerta Del Sur, Madrid (R.M.F., M.A.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (J.G.) - both in Spain; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.H.H.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (P.G.); Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (R.E.); Harvard University, Boston (R.C., N.M.); Swedish Hospital, Seattle (R.G., P.K.); University of Toronto, Toronto (A.M.L., A.F.); Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel (M.C., I.S.); Palm Beach Neuroscience Institute, Boynton Beach, FL (A.D.); and University of Virginia, Charlottesville (W.J.E.)
| | - Pejman Ghanouni
- From the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (V.K.); University of Maryland, Baltimore (P.S.F., H.M.E.); Cornell University (M.K.) and Columbia University (G.B.) - both in New York; Yonsei University, Seoul (J.W.C.); Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Lukang, Taiwan (W.-C.C.); Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal-HM Puerta Del Sur, Madrid (R.M.F., M.A.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (J.G.) - both in Spain; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.H.H.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (P.G.); Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (R.E.); Harvard University, Boston (R.C., N.M.); Swedish Hospital, Seattle (R.G., P.K.); University of Toronto, Toronto (A.M.L., A.F.); Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel (M.C., I.S.); Palm Beach Neuroscience Institute, Boynton Beach, FL (A.D.); and University of Virginia, Charlottesville (W.J.E.)
| | - Roberto Eleopra
- From the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (V.K.); University of Maryland, Baltimore (P.S.F., H.M.E.); Cornell University (M.K.) and Columbia University (G.B.) - both in New York; Yonsei University, Seoul (J.W.C.); Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Lukang, Taiwan (W.-C.C.); Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal-HM Puerta Del Sur, Madrid (R.M.F., M.A.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (J.G.) - both in Spain; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.H.H.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (P.G.); Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (R.E.); Harvard University, Boston (R.C., N.M.); Swedish Hospital, Seattle (R.G., P.K.); University of Toronto, Toronto (A.M.L., A.F.); Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel (M.C., I.S.); Palm Beach Neuroscience Institute, Boynton Beach, FL (A.D.); and University of Virginia, Charlottesville (W.J.E.)
| | - Rees Cosgrove
- From the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (V.K.); University of Maryland, Baltimore (P.S.F., H.M.E.); Cornell University (M.K.) and Columbia University (G.B.) - both in New York; Yonsei University, Seoul (J.W.C.); Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Lukang, Taiwan (W.-C.C.); Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal-HM Puerta Del Sur, Madrid (R.M.F., M.A.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (J.G.) - both in Spain; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.H.H.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (P.G.); Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (R.E.); Harvard University, Boston (R.C., N.M.); Swedish Hospital, Seattle (R.G., P.K.); University of Toronto, Toronto (A.M.L., A.F.); Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel (M.C., I.S.); Palm Beach Neuroscience Institute, Boynton Beach, FL (A.D.); and University of Virginia, Charlottesville (W.J.E.)
| | - Jorge Guridi
- From the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (V.K.); University of Maryland, Baltimore (P.S.F., H.M.E.); Cornell University (M.K.) and Columbia University (G.B.) - both in New York; Yonsei University, Seoul (J.W.C.); Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Lukang, Taiwan (W.-C.C.); Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal-HM Puerta Del Sur, Madrid (R.M.F., M.A.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (J.G.) - both in Spain; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.H.H.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (P.G.); Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (R.E.); Harvard University, Boston (R.C., N.M.); Swedish Hospital, Seattle (R.G., P.K.); University of Toronto, Toronto (A.M.L., A.F.); Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel (M.C., I.S.); Palm Beach Neuroscience Institute, Boynton Beach, FL (A.D.); and University of Virginia, Charlottesville (W.J.E.)
| | - Ryder Gwinn
- From the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (V.K.); University of Maryland, Baltimore (P.S.F., H.M.E.); Cornell University (M.K.) and Columbia University (G.B.) - both in New York; Yonsei University, Seoul (J.W.C.); Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Lukang, Taiwan (W.-C.C.); Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal-HM Puerta Del Sur, Madrid (R.M.F., M.A.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (J.G.) - both in Spain; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.H.H.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (P.G.); Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (R.E.); Harvard University, Boston (R.C., N.M.); Swedish Hospital, Seattle (R.G., P.K.); University of Toronto, Toronto (A.M.L., A.F.); Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel (M.C., I.S.); Palm Beach Neuroscience Institute, Boynton Beach, FL (A.D.); and University of Virginia, Charlottesville (W.J.E.)
| | - Pravin Khemani
- From the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (V.K.); University of Maryland, Baltimore (P.S.F., H.M.E.); Cornell University (M.K.) and Columbia University (G.B.) - both in New York; Yonsei University, Seoul (J.W.C.); Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Lukang, Taiwan (W.-C.C.); Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal-HM Puerta Del Sur, Madrid (R.M.F., M.A.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (J.G.) - both in Spain; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.H.H.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (P.G.); Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (R.E.); Harvard University, Boston (R.C., N.M.); Swedish Hospital, Seattle (R.G., P.K.); University of Toronto, Toronto (A.M.L., A.F.); Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel (M.C., I.S.); Palm Beach Neuroscience Institute, Boynton Beach, FL (A.D.); and University of Virginia, Charlottesville (W.J.E.)
| | - Andres M Lozano
- From the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (V.K.); University of Maryland, Baltimore (P.S.F., H.M.E.); Cornell University (M.K.) and Columbia University (G.B.) - both in New York; Yonsei University, Seoul (J.W.C.); Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Lukang, Taiwan (W.-C.C.); Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal-HM Puerta Del Sur, Madrid (R.M.F., M.A.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (J.G.) - both in Spain; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.H.H.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (P.G.); Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (R.E.); Harvard University, Boston (R.C., N.M.); Swedish Hospital, Seattle (R.G., P.K.); University of Toronto, Toronto (A.M.L., A.F.); Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel (M.C., I.S.); Palm Beach Neuroscience Institute, Boynton Beach, FL (A.D.); and University of Virginia, Charlottesville (W.J.E.)
| | - Nathan McDannold
- From the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (V.K.); University of Maryland, Baltimore (P.S.F., H.M.E.); Cornell University (M.K.) and Columbia University (G.B.) - both in New York; Yonsei University, Seoul (J.W.C.); Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Lukang, Taiwan (W.-C.C.); Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal-HM Puerta Del Sur, Madrid (R.M.F., M.A.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (J.G.) - both in Spain; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.H.H.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (P.G.); Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (R.E.); Harvard University, Boston (R.C., N.M.); Swedish Hospital, Seattle (R.G., P.K.); University of Toronto, Toronto (A.M.L., A.F.); Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel (M.C., I.S.); Palm Beach Neuroscience Institute, Boynton Beach, FL (A.D.); and University of Virginia, Charlottesville (W.J.E.)
| | - Alfonso Fasano
- From the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (V.K.); University of Maryland, Baltimore (P.S.F., H.M.E.); Cornell University (M.K.) and Columbia University (G.B.) - both in New York; Yonsei University, Seoul (J.W.C.); Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Lukang, Taiwan (W.-C.C.); Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal-HM Puerta Del Sur, Madrid (R.M.F., M.A.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (J.G.) - both in Spain; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.H.H.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (P.G.); Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (R.E.); Harvard University, Boston (R.C., N.M.); Swedish Hospital, Seattle (R.G., P.K.); University of Toronto, Toronto (A.M.L., A.F.); Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel (M.C., I.S.); Palm Beach Neuroscience Institute, Boynton Beach, FL (A.D.); and University of Virginia, Charlottesville (W.J.E.)
| | - Marius Constantinescu
- From the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (V.K.); University of Maryland, Baltimore (P.S.F., H.M.E.); Cornell University (M.K.) and Columbia University (G.B.) - both in New York; Yonsei University, Seoul (J.W.C.); Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Lukang, Taiwan (W.-C.C.); Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal-HM Puerta Del Sur, Madrid (R.M.F., M.A.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (J.G.) - both in Spain; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.H.H.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (P.G.); Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (R.E.); Harvard University, Boston (R.C., N.M.); Swedish Hospital, Seattle (R.G., P.K.); University of Toronto, Toronto (A.M.L., A.F.); Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel (M.C., I.S.); Palm Beach Neuroscience Institute, Boynton Beach, FL (A.D.); and University of Virginia, Charlottesville (W.J.E.)
| | - Ilana Schlesinger
- From the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (V.K.); University of Maryland, Baltimore (P.S.F., H.M.E.); Cornell University (M.K.) and Columbia University (G.B.) - both in New York; Yonsei University, Seoul (J.W.C.); Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Lukang, Taiwan (W.-C.C.); Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal-HM Puerta Del Sur, Madrid (R.M.F., M.A.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (J.G.) - both in Spain; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.H.H.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (P.G.); Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (R.E.); Harvard University, Boston (R.C., N.M.); Swedish Hospital, Seattle (R.G., P.K.); University of Toronto, Toronto (A.M.L., A.F.); Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel (M.C., I.S.); Palm Beach Neuroscience Institute, Boynton Beach, FL (A.D.); and University of Virginia, Charlottesville (W.J.E.)
| | - Arif Dalvi
- From the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (V.K.); University of Maryland, Baltimore (P.S.F., H.M.E.); Cornell University (M.K.) and Columbia University (G.B.) - both in New York; Yonsei University, Seoul (J.W.C.); Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Lukang, Taiwan (W.-C.C.); Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal-HM Puerta Del Sur, Madrid (R.M.F., M.A.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (J.G.) - both in Spain; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.H.H.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (P.G.); Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (R.E.); Harvard University, Boston (R.C., N.M.); Swedish Hospital, Seattle (R.G., P.K.); University of Toronto, Toronto (A.M.L., A.F.); Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel (M.C., I.S.); Palm Beach Neuroscience Institute, Boynton Beach, FL (A.D.); and University of Virginia, Charlottesville (W.J.E.)
| | - W Jeff Elias
- From the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (V.K.); University of Maryland, Baltimore (P.S.F., H.M.E.); Cornell University (M.K.) and Columbia University (G.B.) - both in New York; Yonsei University, Seoul (J.W.C.); Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Lukang, Taiwan (W.-C.C.); Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal-HM Puerta Del Sur, Madrid (R.M.F., M.A.), and Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (J.G.) - both in Spain; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.H.H.); Stanford University, Stanford, CA (P.G.); Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy (R.E.); Harvard University, Boston (R.C., N.M.); Swedish Hospital, Seattle (R.G., P.K.); University of Toronto, Toronto (A.M.L., A.F.); Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel (M.C., I.S.); Palm Beach Neuroscience Institute, Boynton Beach, FL (A.D.); and University of Virginia, Charlottesville (W.J.E.)
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Ahmed AK, Guo S, Kelm N, Clanton R, Melhem ER, Gullapalli RP, Ksendzovsky A, Eisenberg HM, Miller TR, Gandhi D. Technical Comparison of Treatment Efficiency of Magnetic Resonance-Guided Focused Ultrasound Thalamotomy and Pallidotomy in Skull Density Ratio-Matched Patient Cohorts. Front Neurol 2022; 12:808810. [PMID: 35126300 PMCID: PMC8813961 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.808810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective MR-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) is increasingly being used to treat patients with essential tremor (ET) and Parkinson's disease (PD) with thalamotomy and pallidotomy, respectively. Pallidotomy is performed off-center within the cranium compared to thalamotomy and may present challenges to therapeutic lesioning due to this location. However, the impact of target location on treatment efficiency and ability to create therapeutic lesions has not been studied. This study aimed to compare the physical efficiency of MRgFUS thalamotomy and pallidotomy. Methods Treatment characteristics were compared between patients treated with thalamotomy (n = 20) or pallidotomy (n = 20), matched by skull density ratios (SDR). Aspects of treatment efficiency were compared between these groups. Demographic and comparative statistics were conducted to assess these differences. Acoustic field simulations were performed to compare and validate the simulated temperature profile for VIM and GPi ablation. Results Lower SDR values were associated with greater energy requirement for thalamotomy (R2 = 0.197, p = 0.049) and pallidotomy (R2 = 0.342, p = 0.007). The impact of low SDR on efficiency reduction was greater for pallidotomy, approaching significance (p = 0.061). A nearly two-fold increase in energy was needed to reach 50°C in pallidotomy (10.9kJ) than in thalamotomy (5.7kJ), (p = 0.002). Despite lower energy requirement, the maximum average temperature reached was higher in thalamotomy (56.7°C) than in pallidotomy (55.0°C), (p = 0.017). Mean incident angle of acoustic beams was lesser in thalamotomy (12.7°) than in pallidotomy (18.6°), (p < 0.001). For all patients, a lesser mean incident angle correlated with a higher maximum average temperature reached (R2 = 0.124, p = 0.026), and less energy needed to reach 50°C (R2=0.134, p = 0.020). Greater skull thickness was associated with a higher maximum energy for a single sonication for thalamotomy (R2 = 0.206, p = 0.045) and pallidotomy (R2 = 0.403, p = 0.003). An acoustic and temperature field simulation validated similar findings for thalamotomy and pallidotomy in a single patient. Conclusion The centrally located VIM offers a more efficient location for therapeutic lesioning compared to GPi pallidotomy in SDR matched cohort of patients. The impact on therapeutic lesioning with lower SDR may be greater for pallidotomy patients. As newer off-center targets are investigated, these findings can inform patient selection and treatment requirements for lesion production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul-Kareem Ahmed
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Abdul-Kareem Ahmed
| | - Sijia Guo
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | | | - Elias R. Melhem
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Rao P. Gullapalli
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alexander Ksendzovsky
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Howard M. Eisenberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Timothy R. Miller
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Dheeraj Gandhi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Eisenberg HM, Krishna V, Elias WJ, Cosgrove GR, Gandhi D, Aldrich CE, Fishman PS. MR-guided focused ultrasound pallidotomy for Parkinson's disease: safety and feasibility. J Neurosurg 2020:1-7. [PMID: 33481557 DOI: 10.3171/2020.6.jns192773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stereotactic radiofrequency pallidotomy has demonstrated improvement in motor fluctuations in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), particularly levodopa (L-dopa)-induced dyskinesias. The authors aimed to determine whether or not unilateral pallidotomy with MR-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) could safely improve Unified Dyskinesia Rating Scale (UDysRS; the primary outcome measure) scores over baseline scores in patients with PD. METHODS Twenty patients with PD and L-dopa responsiveness, asymmetrical motor signs, and motor fluctuations, including dyskinesias, participated in a 1-year multicenter open-label trial of unilateral MRgFUS ablation of the globus pallidus internus. RESULTS The sonication procedure was successfully completed in all 20 enrolled patients. MRgFUS-related adverse neurological events were generally mild and transient, including visual field deficit (n = 1), dysarthria (n = 4, 2 mild and 2 moderate), cognitive disturbance (n = 1), fine motor deficit (n = 2), and facial weakness (n = 1). Although 3 adverse events (AEs) were rated as severe (transient sonication-related pain in 2, nausea/vomiting in 1), no AE fulfilled US FDA criteria for a Serious Adverse Effect. Total UDysRS, the primary outcome measure, improved 59% after treatment (baseline mean score 36.1, 95% CI 4.88; at 3 months 14.2, 95% CI 5.72, p < 0.0001), which was sustained throughout the study (at 12 months 20.5, 95% CI 7.39, 43% improvement, p < 0.0001). The severity of motor signs on the treated side (Movement Disorder Society version of the United Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale [MDS-UPDRS] part III) in the "off" medication state also significantly improved (baseline mean score 20.0, 95% CI 2.4; at 3 months 10.6, 95% CI 1.86, 44.5% improvement, p < 0.0001; at 12 months 10.4, 95% CI 2.11, 45.2% improvement, p > 0.0001). The vast majority of patients showed a clinically meaningful level of improvement on the impairment component of the UDysRS or the motor component of the UPDRS, while 1 patient showed clinically meaningful worsening on the UPDRS at month 3. CONCLUSIONS This study supports the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of MRgFUS pallidotomy in the treatment of patients with PD and motor fluctuations, including dyskinesias. These preliminary data support continued investigation, and a placebo-controlled, blinded trial is in progress.Clinical trial registration no.: NCT02263885 (clinicaltrials.gov).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vibhor Krishna
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - W Jeffrey Elias
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia; and
| | - G Rees Cosgrove
- 4Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Paul S Fishman
- 6Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Miller TR, Guo S, Melhem ER, Eisenberg HM, Zhuo J, Kelm N, Dayan M, Gullapalli RP, Gandhi D. Predicting final lesion characteristics during MR-guided focused ultrasound pallidotomy for treatment of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosurg 2020; 134:1083-1090. [PMID: 32330882 DOI: 10.3171/2020.2.jns192590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) ablation of the globus pallidus interna (GPi) is being investigated for the treatment of advanced Parkinson's disease symptoms. However, GPi lesioning presents unique challenges due to the off-midline location of the target. Furthermore, it remains uncertain whether intraprocedural MR thermometry data can predict final lesion characteristics. METHODS The authors first performed temperature simulations of GPi pallidotomy and compared the results with those of actual cases and the results of ventral intermediate nucleus (VIM) thalamotomy performed for essential tremor treatment. Next, thermometry data from 13 MRgFUS pallidotomy procedures performed at their institution were analyzed using 46°C, 48°C, 50°C, and 52°C temperature thresholds. The resulting thermal models were compared with resulting GPi lesions noted on postprocedure days 1 and 30. Finally, the treatment efficiency (energy per temperature rise) of pallidotomy was evaluated. RESULTS The authors' modeled acoustic intensity maps correctly demonstrate the elongated, ellipsoid lesions noted during GPi pallidotomy. In treated patients, the 48°C temperature threshold maps most accurately predicted postprocedure day 1 lesion size, while no correlation was found for day 30 lesions. The average energy/temperature rise of pallidotomy was higher (612 J/°C) than what had been noted for VIM thalamotomy and varied with the patients' skull density ratios (SDRs). CONCLUSIONS The authors' acoustic simulations accurately depicted the characteristics of thermal lesions encountered following MRgFUS pallidotomy. MR thermometry data can predict postprocedure day 1 GPi lesion characteristics using a 48°C threshold model. Finally, the lower treatment efficiency of pallidotomy may make GPi lesioning challenging in patients with a low SDR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sijia Guo
- Departments of1Diagnostic Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
| | | | | | - Jiachen Zhuo
- Departments of1Diagnostic Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
| | | | | | | | - Dheeraj Gandhi
- Departments of1Diagnostic Radiology & Nuclear Medicine.,2Neurosurgery, and.,3Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
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Moosa S, Martínez-Fernández R, Elias WJ, Del Alamo M, Eisenberg HM, Fishman PS. Reply to: Comment on "the role of high-intensity focused ultrasound as a symptomatic treatment for Parkinson's disease". Mov Disord 2020; 35:521-522. [PMID: 32166804 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Moosa
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Raul Martínez-Fernández
- CINAC (Centro Integral de Neurosciencias), University Hospital HM Puerta del Sur, CEU-San Pablo University, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - W Jeffrey Elias
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Marta Del Alamo
- CINAC (Centro Integral de Neurosciencias), University Hospital HM Puerta del Sur, CEU-San Pablo University, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Paul S Fishman
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Halpern CH, Santini V, Lipsman N, Lozano AM, Schwartz ML, Shah BB, Elias WJ, Cosgrove GR, Hayes MT, McDannold N, Aldrich C, Eisenberg HM, Gandhi D, Taira T, Gwinn R, Ro S, Witt J, Jung NY, Chang JW, Rosenberg J, Ghanouni P. Three-year follow-up of prospective trial of focused ultrasound thalamotomy for essential tremor. Neurology 2019; 93:e2284-e2293. [PMID: 31748250 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000008561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that transcranial magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (tcMRgFUS) thalamotomy is effective, durable, and safe for patients with medication-refractory essential tremor (ET), we assessed clinical outcomes at 3-year follow-up of a controlled multicenter prospective trial. METHODS Outcomes were based on the Clinical Rating Scale for Tremor, including hand combined tremor-motor (scale of 0-32), functional disability (scale of 0-32), and postural tremor (scale of 0-4) scores, and total scores from the Quality of Life in Essential Tremor Questionnaire (scale of 0-100). Scores at 36 months were compared with baseline and at 6 months after treatment to assess for efficacy and durability. Adverse events were also reported. RESULTS Measured scores remained improved from baseline to 36 months (all p < 0.0001). Range of improvement from baseline was 38%-50% in hand tremor, 43%-56% in disability, 50%-75% in postural tremor, and 27%-42% in quality of life. When compared to scores at 6 months, median scores increased for hand tremor (95% confidence interval [CI] 0-2, p = 0.0098) and disability (95% CI 1-4, p = 0.0001). During the third follow-up year, all previously noted adverse events remained mild or moderate, none worsened, 2 resolved, and no new adverse events occurred. CONCLUSIONS Results at 3 years after unilateral tcMRgFUS thalamotomy for ET show continued benefit, and no progressive or delayed complications. Patients may experience mild degradation in some treatment metrics by 3 years, though improvement from baseline remains significant. CLINICALTRIALSGOV IDENTIFIER NCT01827904. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class IV evidence that for patients with severe ET, unilateral tcMRgFUS thalamotomy provides durable benefit after 3 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey H Halpern
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (C.H.H.), Neurology (V.S.), and Radiology (J.R., P.G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.L., A.M.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (B.B.S., W.J.E.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Departments of Neurosurgery (G.R.C.), Neurology (M.T.H.), and Radiology (N.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.A., H.M.E.) and Radiology (D.G.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurosurgery (T.T.), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan; Departments of Neurosurgery (R.G.) and Neurology (S.R., J.W.), Swedish Hospital Seattle, WA; and Department of Neurosurgery (N.Y.J., J.W.C.), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Veronica Santini
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (C.H.H.), Neurology (V.S.), and Radiology (J.R., P.G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.L., A.M.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (B.B.S., W.J.E.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Departments of Neurosurgery (G.R.C.), Neurology (M.T.H.), and Radiology (N.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.A., H.M.E.) and Radiology (D.G.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurosurgery (T.T.), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan; Departments of Neurosurgery (R.G.) and Neurology (S.R., J.W.), Swedish Hospital Seattle, WA; and Department of Neurosurgery (N.Y.J., J.W.C.), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nir Lipsman
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (C.H.H.), Neurology (V.S.), and Radiology (J.R., P.G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.L., A.M.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (B.B.S., W.J.E.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Departments of Neurosurgery (G.R.C.), Neurology (M.T.H.), and Radiology (N.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.A., H.M.E.) and Radiology (D.G.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurosurgery (T.T.), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan; Departments of Neurosurgery (R.G.) and Neurology (S.R., J.W.), Swedish Hospital Seattle, WA; and Department of Neurosurgery (N.Y.J., J.W.C.), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Andres M Lozano
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (C.H.H.), Neurology (V.S.), and Radiology (J.R., P.G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.L., A.M.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (B.B.S., W.J.E.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Departments of Neurosurgery (G.R.C.), Neurology (M.T.H.), and Radiology (N.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.A., H.M.E.) and Radiology (D.G.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurosurgery (T.T.), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan; Departments of Neurosurgery (R.G.) and Neurology (S.R., J.W.), Swedish Hospital Seattle, WA; and Department of Neurosurgery (N.Y.J., J.W.C.), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael L Schwartz
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (C.H.H.), Neurology (V.S.), and Radiology (J.R., P.G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.L., A.M.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (B.B.S., W.J.E.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Departments of Neurosurgery (G.R.C.), Neurology (M.T.H.), and Radiology (N.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.A., H.M.E.) and Radiology (D.G.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurosurgery (T.T.), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan; Departments of Neurosurgery (R.G.) and Neurology (S.R., J.W.), Swedish Hospital Seattle, WA; and Department of Neurosurgery (N.Y.J., J.W.C.), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Binit B Shah
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (C.H.H.), Neurology (V.S.), and Radiology (J.R., P.G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.L., A.M.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (B.B.S., W.J.E.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Departments of Neurosurgery (G.R.C.), Neurology (M.T.H.), and Radiology (N.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.A., H.M.E.) and Radiology (D.G.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurosurgery (T.T.), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan; Departments of Neurosurgery (R.G.) and Neurology (S.R., J.W.), Swedish Hospital Seattle, WA; and Department of Neurosurgery (N.Y.J., J.W.C.), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - W Jeff Elias
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (C.H.H.), Neurology (V.S.), and Radiology (J.R., P.G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.L., A.M.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (B.B.S., W.J.E.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Departments of Neurosurgery (G.R.C.), Neurology (M.T.H.), and Radiology (N.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.A., H.M.E.) and Radiology (D.G.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurosurgery (T.T.), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan; Departments of Neurosurgery (R.G.) and Neurology (S.R., J.W.), Swedish Hospital Seattle, WA; and Department of Neurosurgery (N.Y.J., J.W.C.), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Garth R Cosgrove
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (C.H.H.), Neurology (V.S.), and Radiology (J.R., P.G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.L., A.M.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (B.B.S., W.J.E.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Departments of Neurosurgery (G.R.C.), Neurology (M.T.H.), and Radiology (N.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.A., H.M.E.) and Radiology (D.G.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurosurgery (T.T.), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan; Departments of Neurosurgery (R.G.) and Neurology (S.R., J.W.), Swedish Hospital Seattle, WA; and Department of Neurosurgery (N.Y.J., J.W.C.), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael T Hayes
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (C.H.H.), Neurology (V.S.), and Radiology (J.R., P.G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.L., A.M.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (B.B.S., W.J.E.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Departments of Neurosurgery (G.R.C.), Neurology (M.T.H.), and Radiology (N.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.A., H.M.E.) and Radiology (D.G.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurosurgery (T.T.), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan; Departments of Neurosurgery (R.G.) and Neurology (S.R., J.W.), Swedish Hospital Seattle, WA; and Department of Neurosurgery (N.Y.J., J.W.C.), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nathan McDannold
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (C.H.H.), Neurology (V.S.), and Radiology (J.R., P.G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.L., A.M.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (B.B.S., W.J.E.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Departments of Neurosurgery (G.R.C.), Neurology (M.T.H.), and Radiology (N.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.A., H.M.E.) and Radiology (D.G.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurosurgery (T.T.), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan; Departments of Neurosurgery (R.G.) and Neurology (S.R., J.W.), Swedish Hospital Seattle, WA; and Department of Neurosurgery (N.Y.J., J.W.C.), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Christina Aldrich
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (C.H.H.), Neurology (V.S.), and Radiology (J.R., P.G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.L., A.M.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (B.B.S., W.J.E.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Departments of Neurosurgery (G.R.C.), Neurology (M.T.H.), and Radiology (N.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.A., H.M.E.) and Radiology (D.G.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurosurgery (T.T.), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan; Departments of Neurosurgery (R.G.) and Neurology (S.R., J.W.), Swedish Hospital Seattle, WA; and Department of Neurosurgery (N.Y.J., J.W.C.), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Howard M Eisenberg
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (C.H.H.), Neurology (V.S.), and Radiology (J.R., P.G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.L., A.M.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (B.B.S., W.J.E.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Departments of Neurosurgery (G.R.C.), Neurology (M.T.H.), and Radiology (N.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.A., H.M.E.) and Radiology (D.G.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurosurgery (T.T.), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan; Departments of Neurosurgery (R.G.) and Neurology (S.R., J.W.), Swedish Hospital Seattle, WA; and Department of Neurosurgery (N.Y.J., J.W.C.), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dheeraj Gandhi
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (C.H.H.), Neurology (V.S.), and Radiology (J.R., P.G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.L., A.M.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (B.B.S., W.J.E.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Departments of Neurosurgery (G.R.C.), Neurology (M.T.H.), and Radiology (N.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.A., H.M.E.) and Radiology (D.G.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurosurgery (T.T.), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan; Departments of Neurosurgery (R.G.) and Neurology (S.R., J.W.), Swedish Hospital Seattle, WA; and Department of Neurosurgery (N.Y.J., J.W.C.), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Takaomi Taira
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (C.H.H.), Neurology (V.S.), and Radiology (J.R., P.G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.L., A.M.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (B.B.S., W.J.E.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Departments of Neurosurgery (G.R.C.), Neurology (M.T.H.), and Radiology (N.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.A., H.M.E.) and Radiology (D.G.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurosurgery (T.T.), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan; Departments of Neurosurgery (R.G.) and Neurology (S.R., J.W.), Swedish Hospital Seattle, WA; and Department of Neurosurgery (N.Y.J., J.W.C.), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ryder Gwinn
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (C.H.H.), Neurology (V.S.), and Radiology (J.R., P.G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.L., A.M.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (B.B.S., W.J.E.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Departments of Neurosurgery (G.R.C.), Neurology (M.T.H.), and Radiology (N.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.A., H.M.E.) and Radiology (D.G.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurosurgery (T.T.), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan; Departments of Neurosurgery (R.G.) and Neurology (S.R., J.W.), Swedish Hospital Seattle, WA; and Department of Neurosurgery (N.Y.J., J.W.C.), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Susie Ro
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (C.H.H.), Neurology (V.S.), and Radiology (J.R., P.G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.L., A.M.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (B.B.S., W.J.E.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Departments of Neurosurgery (G.R.C.), Neurology (M.T.H.), and Radiology (N.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.A., H.M.E.) and Radiology (D.G.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurosurgery (T.T.), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan; Departments of Neurosurgery (R.G.) and Neurology (S.R., J.W.), Swedish Hospital Seattle, WA; and Department of Neurosurgery (N.Y.J., J.W.C.), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jennifer Witt
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (C.H.H.), Neurology (V.S.), and Radiology (J.R., P.G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.L., A.M.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (B.B.S., W.J.E.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Departments of Neurosurgery (G.R.C.), Neurology (M.T.H.), and Radiology (N.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.A., H.M.E.) and Radiology (D.G.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurosurgery (T.T.), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan; Departments of Neurosurgery (R.G.) and Neurology (S.R., J.W.), Swedish Hospital Seattle, WA; and Department of Neurosurgery (N.Y.J., J.W.C.), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Young Jung
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (C.H.H.), Neurology (V.S.), and Radiology (J.R., P.G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.L., A.M.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (B.B.S., W.J.E.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Departments of Neurosurgery (G.R.C.), Neurology (M.T.H.), and Radiology (N.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.A., H.M.E.) and Radiology (D.G.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurosurgery (T.T.), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan; Departments of Neurosurgery (R.G.) and Neurology (S.R., J.W.), Swedish Hospital Seattle, WA; and Department of Neurosurgery (N.Y.J., J.W.C.), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Chang
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (C.H.H.), Neurology (V.S.), and Radiology (J.R., P.G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.L., A.M.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (B.B.S., W.J.E.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Departments of Neurosurgery (G.R.C.), Neurology (M.T.H.), and Radiology (N.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.A., H.M.E.) and Radiology (D.G.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurosurgery (T.T.), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan; Departments of Neurosurgery (R.G.) and Neurology (S.R., J.W.), Swedish Hospital Seattle, WA; and Department of Neurosurgery (N.Y.J., J.W.C.), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jarrett Rosenberg
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (C.H.H.), Neurology (V.S.), and Radiology (J.R., P.G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.L., A.M.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (B.B.S., W.J.E.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Departments of Neurosurgery (G.R.C.), Neurology (M.T.H.), and Radiology (N.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.A., H.M.E.) and Radiology (D.G.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurosurgery (T.T.), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan; Departments of Neurosurgery (R.G.) and Neurology (S.R., J.W.), Swedish Hospital Seattle, WA; and Department of Neurosurgery (N.Y.J., J.W.C.), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Pejman Ghanouni
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (C.H.H.), Neurology (V.S.), and Radiology (J.R., P.G.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurosurgery (N.L., A.M.L., M.L.S.), University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (B.B.S., W.J.E.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Departments of Neurosurgery (G.R.C.), Neurology (M.T.H.), and Radiology (N.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Neurosurgery (C.A., H.M.E.) and Radiology (D.G.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; Department of Neurosurgery (T.T.), Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan; Departments of Neurosurgery (R.G.) and Neurology (S.R., J.W.), Swedish Hospital Seattle, WA; and Department of Neurosurgery (N.Y.J., J.W.C.), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Ahmed AK, Zhuo J, Eisenberg HM, Miller TR, Gullapalli R, Gandhi D. Skull Density Ratio and Treatment Outcomes in Essential Tremor Patients Treated With Transcranial Magnetic Resonance-Guided Focused Ultrasound Thalamotomy. Neurosurgery 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyz310_691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Eisenberg HM, Shenton ME, Pasternak O, Simard JM, Okonkwo DO, Aldrich C, He F, Jain S, Hayman EG. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pilot Study of Intravenous Glyburide in Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2019; 37:185-193. [PMID: 31354055 PMCID: PMC6921286 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-clinical studies of traumatic brain injury (TBI) show that glyburide reduces edema and hemorrhagic progression of contusions. We conducted a small Phase II, three-institution, randomized placebo-controlled trial of subjects with TBI to assess the safety and efficacy of intravenous (IV) glyburide. Twenty-eight subjects were randomized and underwent a 72-h infusion of IV glyburide or placebo, beginning within 10 h of trauma. Of the 28 subjects, 25 had Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores of 6-10, and 14 had contusions. There were no differences in adverse events (AEs) or severe adverse events (ASEs) between groups. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) percent change at 72-168 h from screening/baseline was compared between the glyburide and placebo groups. Analysis of contusions (7 per group) showed that lesion volumes (hemorrhage plus edema) increased 1036% with placebo versus 136% with glyburide (p = 0.15), and that hemorrhage volumes increased 11.6% with placebo but decreased 29.6% with glyburide (p = 0.62). Three diffusion MRI measures of edema were quantified: mean diffusivity (MD), free water (FW), and tissue MD (MDt), corresponding to overall, extracellular, and intracellular water, respectively. The percent change with time for each measure was compared in lesions (n = 14) versus uninjured white matter (n = 24) in subjects receiving placebo (n = 20) or glyburide (n = 18). For placebo, the percent change in lesions for all three measures was significantly different compared with uninjured white matter (analysis of variance [ANOVA], p < 0.02), consistent with worsening of edema in untreated contusions. In contrast, for glyburide, the percent change in lesions for all three measures was not significantly different compared with uninjured white matter. Further study of IV glyburide in contusion TBI is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard M Eisenberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Martha E Shenton
- Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Research and Development, VA Boston Healthcare System, Brockton Division, Brockton, Massachusetts
| | - Ofer Pasternak
- Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - J Marc Simard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David O Okonkwo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Christina Aldrich
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Feng He
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Sonia Jain
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Erik G Hayman
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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11
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Miller TR, Zhuo J, Eisenberg HM, Fishman PS, Melhem ER, Gullapalli R, Gandhi D. Targeting of the dentato-rubro-thalamic tract for MR-guided focused ultrasound treatment of essential tremor. Neuroradiol J 2019; 32:401-407. [PMID: 31407957 DOI: 10.1177/1971400919870180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound ablation of the thalamic ventral intermediate nucleus is a safe and effective treatment for medically refractory essential tremor. However, indirect targeting of the ventral intermediate nucleus using stereotactic coordinates from normal neuroanatomy can be inefficient. We therefore evaluated the feasibility of supplementing this method with direct targeting of the dentato-rubro-thalamic tract. METHODS We retrospectively identified four patients undergoing magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound ablation for essential tremor in which preoperative diffusion tractography imaging of the dentato-rubro-thalamic tract was fused with T2 weighted-imaging and utilized for intra-procedural targeting. The size and location of the dentato-rubro-thalamic tract and 24-hour lesion, as well as the center of the stereotactic coordinates, was evaluated. Finally, the amount of overlap between the dentato-rubro-thalamic tract and the lesion was calculated. RESULTS The 24-hour lesion size was homogeneous in the cohort (mean 31.3 mm2, range 30-32 mm2), while there was substantial variation in the dentato-rubro-thalamic tract area (mean 14.3 mm2, range 3-24 mm2). The center of the stereotactic coordinates and dentato-rubro-thalamic tract diverged by more than 1 mm in mediolateral and anterposterior directions in all patients, while the dentato-rubro-thalamic tract and lesion centers were in close proximity (mean mediolateral separation 1 mm, range 0.1-2.2 mm; mean anteroposterior separation 0.75 mm, range 0.4-1.2 mm). There was greater than 50% coverage of the dentato-rubro-thalamic tract by the lesion in all patients (mean 82.9%, range 66.7-100%). All patients experienced durable tremor relief. CONCLUSION Direct targeting of the dentato-rubro-thalamic tract using diffusion tractography imaging fused to T2 weighted-imaging may be a useful strategy for focused ultrasound treatment of essential tremor. Further investigation of the technique is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Miller
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Maryland Medical Center, USA
| | - Jiachen Zhuo
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Maryland Medical Center, USA
| | | | - Paul S Fishman
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland Medical Center, USA
| | - Elias R Melhem
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Maryland Medical Center, USA
| | - Rao Gullapalli
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Maryland Medical Center, USA
| | - Dheeraj Gandhi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Maryland Medical Center, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland Medical Center, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Maryland Medical Center, USA
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Moosa S, Martínez-Fernández R, Elias WJ, Del Alamo M, Eisenberg HM, Fishman PS. The role of high-intensity focused ultrasound as a symptomatic treatment for Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2019; 34:1243-1251. [PMID: 31291491 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MR-guided focused ultrasound is a novel, minimally invasive surgical procedure for symptomatic treatment of PD. With this technology, the ventral intermediate nucleus, STN, and internal globus pallidus have been targeted for therapeutic cerebral ablation, while also minimizing the risk of hemorrhage and infection from more invasive neurosurgical procedures. In a double-blinded, prospective, sham-controlled randomized controlled trial of MR-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy for treatment of tremor-dominant PD, 62% of treated patients demonstrated improvement in tremor scores from baseline to 3 months postoperatively, as compared to 22% in the sham group. There has been only one open-label trial of MR-guided focused ultrasound subthalamotomy for patients with PD, demonstrating improvements of 71% for rigidity, 36% for akinesia, and 77% for tremor 6 months after treatment. Among the two open-label trials of MR-guided focused ultrasound pallidotomy for patients with PD, dyskinesia and overall motor scores improved up to 52% and 45% at 6 months postoperatively. Although MR-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy is now approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for treatment of parkinsonian tremor, additional high-quality randomized controlled trials are warranted and are underway to determine the safety and efficacy of MR-guided focused ultrasound subthalamotomy and pallidotomy for treatment of the cardinal features of PD. These studies will be paramount to aid clinicians to determine the ideal ablative target for individual patients. Additional work will be required to assess the durability of MR-guided focused ultrasound lesions, ideal timing of MR-guided focused ultrasound ablation in the course of PD, and the safety of performing bilateral lesions. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Moosa
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Raul Martínez-Fernández
- CINAC (Centro Integral de Neurociencias), University Hospital HM Puerta del Sur, CEU-San Pablo University, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - W Jeffrey Elias
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Marta Del Alamo
- CINAC (Centro Integral de Neurociencias), University Hospital HM Puerta del Sur, CEU-San Pablo University, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Paul S Fishman
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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D'Souza M, Chen KS, Rosenberg J, Elias WJ, Eisenberg HM, Gwinn R, Taira T, Chang JW, Lipsman N, Krishna V, Igase K, Yamada K, Kishima H, Cosgrove R, Rumià J, Kaplitt MG, Hirabayashi H, Nandi D, Henderson JM, Butts Pauly K, Dayan M, Halpern CH, Ghanouni P. Impact of skull density ratio on efficacy and safety of magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound treatment of essential tremor. J Neurosurg 2019; 132:1392-1397. [PMID: 31026836 DOI: 10.3171/2019.2.jns183517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Skull density ratio (SDR) assesses the transparency of the skull to ultrasound. Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) thalamotomy in essential tremor (ET) patients with a lower SDR may be less effective, and the risk for complications may be increased. To address these questions, the authors analyzed clinical outcomes of MRgFUS thalamotomy based on SDRs. METHODS In 189 patients, 3 outcomes were correlated with SDRs. Efficacy was based on improvement in Clinical Rating Scale for Tremor (CRST) scores 1 year after MRgFUS. Procedural efficiency was determined by the ease of achieving a peak voxel temperature of 54°C. Safety was based on the rate of the most severe procedure-related adverse event. SDRs were categorized at thresholds of 0.45 and 0.40, selected based on published criteria. RESULTS Of 189 patients, 53 (28%) had an SDR < 0.45 and 20 (11%) had an SDR < 0.40. There was no significant difference in improvement in CRST scores between those with an SDR ≥ 0.45 (58% ± 24%), 0.40 ≤ SDR < 0.45 (i.e., SDR ≥ 0.40 but < 0.45) (63% ± 27%), and SDR < 0.40 (49% ± 28%; p = 0.0744). Target temperature was achieved more often in those with an SDR ≥ 0.45 (p < 0.001). Rates of adverse events were lower in the groups with an SDR < 0.45 (p = 0.013), with no severe adverse events in these groups. CONCLUSIONS MRgFUS treatment of ET can be effectively and safely performed in patients with an SDR < 0.45 and an SDR < 0.40, although the procedure is more efficient when SDR ≥ 0.45.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jarrett Rosenberg
- 2Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - W Jeffrey Elias
- 3Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | | | - Ryder Gwinn
- 5Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Jin Woo Chang
- 7Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nir Lipsman
- 8Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vibhor Krishna
- 9The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Keiji Igase
- 10Washoukai Sadamoto Hospital, Matsuyama City, Japan
| | | | | | - Rees Cosgrove
- 13Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kim Butts Pauly
- 2Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | | | | | - Pejman Ghanouni
- 2Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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Fishman PS, Elias WJ, Ghanouni P, Gwinn R, Lipsman N, Schwartz M, Chang JW, Taira T, Krishna V, Rezai A, Yamada K, Igase K, Cosgrove R, Kashima H, Kaplitt MG, Tierney TS, Eisenberg HM. Neurological adverse event profile of magnetic resonance imaging-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy for essential tremor. Mov Disord 2018; 33:843-847. [PMID: 29701263 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance imaging-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for treatment of essential tremor. Although this incisionless technology creates an ablative lesion, it potentially avoids serious complications of open stereotactic surgery. OBJECTIVE To determine the safety profile of magnetic resonance imaging-guided focused ultrasound unilateral thalamotomy for essential tremor, including frequency, and severity of adverse events, including serious adverse events. METHODS Analysis of safety data for magnetic resonance imaging-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy (186 patients, five studies). RESULTS Procedure-related serious adverse events were very infrequent (1.6%), without intracerebral hemorrhages or infections. Adverse events were usually transient and were commonly rated as mild (79%) and rarely severe (1%). As previously reported, abnormalities in sensation and balance were the commonest thalamotomy-related adverse events. CONCLUSION The overall safety profile of magnetic resonance imaging-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy supports its role as a new option for patients with medically refractory essential tremor. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Fishman
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - W Jeffrey Elias
- University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Pejman Ghanouni
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ryder Gwinn
- Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nir Lipsman
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jin W Chang
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Vibhor Krishna
- Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ali Rezai
- Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kazumichi Yamada
- Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto and Hokuto Hospital, Obihiro City, Japan
| | - Keiji Igase
- Washoukai Sadamoto Hospital, Matsuyama City, Japan
| | - Rees Cosgrove
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Chang JW, Park CK, Lipsman N, Schwartz ML, Ghanouni P, Henderson JM, Gwinn R, Witt J, Tierney TS, Cosgrove GR, Shah BB, Abe K, Taira T, Lozano AM, Eisenberg HM, Fishman PS, Elias WJ. A prospective trial of magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy for essential tremor: Results at the 2-year follow-up. Ann Neurol 2018; 83:107-114. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.25126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Woo Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Chang Kyu Park
- Department of Neurosurgery Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Nir Lipsman
- Department of Neurosurgery Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Michael L. Schwartz
- Department of Neurosurgery Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Pejman Ghanouni
- Department of Radiology; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford CA
| | - Jaimie M. Henderson
- Department of Neurosurgery; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford CA
| | - Ryder Gwinn
- Department of Neurosurgery Swedish Neuroscience Institute; Seattle WA
| | - Jennifer Witt
- Department of Neurosurgery Swedish Neuroscience Institute; Seattle WA
| | - Travis S. Tierney
- Department of Neurosurgery; University of Miami School of Medicine, Nicklaus Children's Hospital; Miami FL
| | - G. Rees Cosgrove
- Department of Neurosurgery; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Boston MA
| | - Binit B. Shah
- Department of Neurology; University of Virginia Health Sciences Center; Charlottesville VA
| | - Keiichi Abe
- Department of Neurosurgery; Tokyo Women's Medical University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Takaomi Taira
- Department of Neurosurgery; Tokyo Women's Medical University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Andres M. Lozano
- Department of Neurosurgery; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | | | | | - W. Jeffrey Elias
- Department of Neurosurgery; University of Virginia Health Sciences Center; Charlottesville VA
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Hersh DS, Kim AJ, Winkles JA, Eisenberg HM, Woodworth GF, Frenkel V. Emerging Applications of Therapeutic Ultrasound in Neuro-oncology: Moving Beyond Tumor Ablation. Neurosurgery 2017; 79:643-654. [PMID: 27552589 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000001399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
: Transcranial focused ultrasound (FUS) can noninvasively transmit acoustic energy with a high degree of accuracy and safety to targets and regions within the brain. Technological advances, including phased-array transducers and real-time temperature monitoring with magnetic resonance thermometry, have created new opportunities for FUS research and clinical translation. Neuro-oncology, in particular, has become a major area of interest because FUS offers a multifaceted approach to the treatment of brain tumors. FUS has the potential to generate cytotoxicity within tumor tissue, both directly via thermal ablation and indirectly through radiosensitization and sonodynamic therapy; to enhance the delivery of therapeutic agents to brain tumors by transiently opening the blood-brain barrier or improving distribution through the brain extracellular space; and to modulate the tumor microenvironment to generate an immune response. In this review, we describe each of these applications for FUS, the proposed mechanisms of action, and the preclinical and clinical studies that have set the foundation for using FUS in neuro-oncology. ABBREVIATIONS BBB, blood-brain barrierCED, convection-enhanced delivery5-Ala, 5-aminolevulinic acidFUS, focused ultrasoundGBM, glioblastoma multiformeHSP, heat shock proteinMRgFUS, magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasoundpFUS, pulsed focused ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Hersh
- *Department of Neurosurgery,‡Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center,¶Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology,‖Department of Surgery,#Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, and**Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;§Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland
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Elias WJ, Lipsman N, Ondo WG, Ghanouni P, Kim YG, Lee W, Schwartz M, Hynynen K, Lozano AM, Shah BB, Huss D, Dallapiazza RF, Gwinn R, Witt J, Ro S, Eisenberg HM, Fishman PS, Gandhi D, Halpern CH, Chuang R, Butts Pauly K, Tierney TS, Hayes MT, Cosgrove GR, Yamaguchi T, Abe K, Taira T, Chang JW. A Randomized Trial of Focused Ultrasound Thalamotomy for Essential Tremor. N Engl J Med 2016; 375:730-9. [PMID: 27557301 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1600159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 631] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uncontrolled pilot studies have suggested the efficacy of focused ultrasound thalamotomy with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guidance for the treatment of essential tremor. METHODS We enrolled patients with moderate-to-severe essential tremor that had not responded to at least two trials of medical therapy and randomly assigned them in a 3:1 ratio to undergo unilateral focused ultrasound thalamotomy or a sham procedure. The Clinical Rating Scale for Tremor and the Quality of Life in Essential Tremor Questionnaire were administered at baseline and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Tremor assessments were videotaped and rated by an independent group of neurologists who were unaware of the treatment assignments. The primary outcome was the between-group difference in the change from baseline to 3 months in hand tremor, rated on a 32-point scale (with higher scores indicating more severe tremor). After 3 months, patients in the sham-procedure group could cross over to active treatment (the open-label extension cohort). RESULTS Seventy-six patients were included in the analysis. Hand-tremor scores improved more after focused ultrasound thalamotomy (from 18.1 points at baseline to 9.6 at 3 months) than after the sham procedure (from 16.0 to 15.8 points); the between-group difference in the mean change was 8.3 points (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.9 to 10.7; P<0.001). The improvement in the thalamotomy group was maintained at 12 months (change from baseline, 7.2 points; 95% CI, 6.1 to 8.3). Secondary outcome measures assessing disability and quality of life also improved with active treatment (the blinded thalamotomy cohort)as compared with the sham procedure (P<0.001 for both comparisons). Adverse events in the thalamotomy group included gait disturbance in 36% of patients and paresthesias or numbness in 38%; these adverse events persisted at 12 months in 9% and 14% of patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS MRI-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy reduced hand tremor in patients with essential tremor. Side effects included sensory and gait disturbances. (Funded by InSightec and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01827904.).
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Affiliation(s)
- W Jeffrey Elias
- From the University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville (W.J.E., B.B.S., D.H., R.F.D.); Toronto Western Hospital (N.L., A.M.L.) and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.S., K.H.), Toronto; Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston (W.G.O.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (P.G., C.H.H., K.B.P.); Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (Y.G.K., W.L., J.W.C.); Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle (R.G., J.W., S.R., R.C.); University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (H.M.E., P.S.F., D.G.); University of Miami School of Medicine, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami (T.S.T.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (M.T.H., G.R.C.); and Shin-yurigaoka General Hospital, Kawasaki (T.Y.), and Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo (K.A., T.T.) - both in Japan
| | - Nir Lipsman
- From the University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville (W.J.E., B.B.S., D.H., R.F.D.); Toronto Western Hospital (N.L., A.M.L.) and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.S., K.H.), Toronto; Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston (W.G.O.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (P.G., C.H.H., K.B.P.); Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (Y.G.K., W.L., J.W.C.); Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle (R.G., J.W., S.R., R.C.); University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (H.M.E., P.S.F., D.G.); University of Miami School of Medicine, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami (T.S.T.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (M.T.H., G.R.C.); and Shin-yurigaoka General Hospital, Kawasaki (T.Y.), and Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo (K.A., T.T.) - both in Japan
| | - William G Ondo
- From the University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville (W.J.E., B.B.S., D.H., R.F.D.); Toronto Western Hospital (N.L., A.M.L.) and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.S., K.H.), Toronto; Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston (W.G.O.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (P.G., C.H.H., K.B.P.); Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (Y.G.K., W.L., J.W.C.); Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle (R.G., J.W., S.R., R.C.); University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (H.M.E., P.S.F., D.G.); University of Miami School of Medicine, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami (T.S.T.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (M.T.H., G.R.C.); and Shin-yurigaoka General Hospital, Kawasaki (T.Y.), and Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo (K.A., T.T.) - both in Japan
| | - Pejman Ghanouni
- From the University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville (W.J.E., B.B.S., D.H., R.F.D.); Toronto Western Hospital (N.L., A.M.L.) and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.S., K.H.), Toronto; Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston (W.G.O.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (P.G., C.H.H., K.B.P.); Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (Y.G.K., W.L., J.W.C.); Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle (R.G., J.W., S.R., R.C.); University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (H.M.E., P.S.F., D.G.); University of Miami School of Medicine, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami (T.S.T.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (M.T.H., G.R.C.); and Shin-yurigaoka General Hospital, Kawasaki (T.Y.), and Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo (K.A., T.T.) - both in Japan
| | - Young G Kim
- From the University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville (W.J.E., B.B.S., D.H., R.F.D.); Toronto Western Hospital (N.L., A.M.L.) and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.S., K.H.), Toronto; Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston (W.G.O.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (P.G., C.H.H., K.B.P.); Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (Y.G.K., W.L., J.W.C.); Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle (R.G., J.W., S.R., R.C.); University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (H.M.E., P.S.F., D.G.); University of Miami School of Medicine, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami (T.S.T.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (M.T.H., G.R.C.); and Shin-yurigaoka General Hospital, Kawasaki (T.Y.), and Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo (K.A., T.T.) - both in Japan
| | - Wonhee Lee
- From the University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville (W.J.E., B.B.S., D.H., R.F.D.); Toronto Western Hospital (N.L., A.M.L.) and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.S., K.H.), Toronto; Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston (W.G.O.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (P.G., C.H.H., K.B.P.); Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (Y.G.K., W.L., J.W.C.); Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle (R.G., J.W., S.R., R.C.); University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (H.M.E., P.S.F., D.G.); University of Miami School of Medicine, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami (T.S.T.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (M.T.H., G.R.C.); and Shin-yurigaoka General Hospital, Kawasaki (T.Y.), and Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo (K.A., T.T.) - both in Japan
| | - Michael Schwartz
- From the University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville (W.J.E., B.B.S., D.H., R.F.D.); Toronto Western Hospital (N.L., A.M.L.) and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.S., K.H.), Toronto; Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston (W.G.O.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (P.G., C.H.H., K.B.P.); Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (Y.G.K., W.L., J.W.C.); Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle (R.G., J.W., S.R., R.C.); University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (H.M.E., P.S.F., D.G.); University of Miami School of Medicine, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami (T.S.T.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (M.T.H., G.R.C.); and Shin-yurigaoka General Hospital, Kawasaki (T.Y.), and Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo (K.A., T.T.) - both in Japan
| | - Kullervo Hynynen
- From the University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville (W.J.E., B.B.S., D.H., R.F.D.); Toronto Western Hospital (N.L., A.M.L.) and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.S., K.H.), Toronto; Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston (W.G.O.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (P.G., C.H.H., K.B.P.); Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (Y.G.K., W.L., J.W.C.); Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle (R.G., J.W., S.R., R.C.); University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (H.M.E., P.S.F., D.G.); University of Miami School of Medicine, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami (T.S.T.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (M.T.H., G.R.C.); and Shin-yurigaoka General Hospital, Kawasaki (T.Y.), and Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo (K.A., T.T.) - both in Japan
| | - Andres M Lozano
- From the University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville (W.J.E., B.B.S., D.H., R.F.D.); Toronto Western Hospital (N.L., A.M.L.) and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.S., K.H.), Toronto; Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston (W.G.O.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (P.G., C.H.H., K.B.P.); Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (Y.G.K., W.L., J.W.C.); Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle (R.G., J.W., S.R., R.C.); University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (H.M.E., P.S.F., D.G.); University of Miami School of Medicine, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami (T.S.T.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (M.T.H., G.R.C.); and Shin-yurigaoka General Hospital, Kawasaki (T.Y.), and Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo (K.A., T.T.) - both in Japan
| | - Binit B Shah
- From the University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville (W.J.E., B.B.S., D.H., R.F.D.); Toronto Western Hospital (N.L., A.M.L.) and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.S., K.H.), Toronto; Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston (W.G.O.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (P.G., C.H.H., K.B.P.); Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (Y.G.K., W.L., J.W.C.); Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle (R.G., J.W., S.R., R.C.); University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (H.M.E., P.S.F., D.G.); University of Miami School of Medicine, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami (T.S.T.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (M.T.H., G.R.C.); and Shin-yurigaoka General Hospital, Kawasaki (T.Y.), and Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo (K.A., T.T.) - both in Japan
| | - Diane Huss
- From the University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville (W.J.E., B.B.S., D.H., R.F.D.); Toronto Western Hospital (N.L., A.M.L.) and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.S., K.H.), Toronto; Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston (W.G.O.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (P.G., C.H.H., K.B.P.); Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (Y.G.K., W.L., J.W.C.); Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle (R.G., J.W., S.R., R.C.); University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (H.M.E., P.S.F., D.G.); University of Miami School of Medicine, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami (T.S.T.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (M.T.H., G.R.C.); and Shin-yurigaoka General Hospital, Kawasaki (T.Y.), and Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo (K.A., T.T.) - both in Japan
| | - Robert F Dallapiazza
- From the University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville (W.J.E., B.B.S., D.H., R.F.D.); Toronto Western Hospital (N.L., A.M.L.) and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.S., K.H.), Toronto; Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston (W.G.O.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (P.G., C.H.H., K.B.P.); Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (Y.G.K., W.L., J.W.C.); Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle (R.G., J.W., S.R., R.C.); University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (H.M.E., P.S.F., D.G.); University of Miami School of Medicine, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami (T.S.T.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (M.T.H., G.R.C.); and Shin-yurigaoka General Hospital, Kawasaki (T.Y.), and Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo (K.A., T.T.) - both in Japan
| | - Ryder Gwinn
- From the University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville (W.J.E., B.B.S., D.H., R.F.D.); Toronto Western Hospital (N.L., A.M.L.) and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.S., K.H.), Toronto; Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston (W.G.O.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (P.G., C.H.H., K.B.P.); Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (Y.G.K., W.L., J.W.C.); Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle (R.G., J.W., S.R., R.C.); University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (H.M.E., P.S.F., D.G.); University of Miami School of Medicine, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami (T.S.T.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (M.T.H., G.R.C.); and Shin-yurigaoka General Hospital, Kawasaki (T.Y.), and Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo (K.A., T.T.) - both in Japan
| | - Jennifer Witt
- From the University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville (W.J.E., B.B.S., D.H., R.F.D.); Toronto Western Hospital (N.L., A.M.L.) and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.S., K.H.), Toronto; Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston (W.G.O.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (P.G., C.H.H., K.B.P.); Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (Y.G.K., W.L., J.W.C.); Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle (R.G., J.W., S.R., R.C.); University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (H.M.E., P.S.F., D.G.); University of Miami School of Medicine, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami (T.S.T.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (M.T.H., G.R.C.); and Shin-yurigaoka General Hospital, Kawasaki (T.Y.), and Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo (K.A., T.T.) - both in Japan
| | - Susie Ro
- From the University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville (W.J.E., B.B.S., D.H., R.F.D.); Toronto Western Hospital (N.L., A.M.L.) and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.S., K.H.), Toronto; Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston (W.G.O.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (P.G., C.H.H., K.B.P.); Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (Y.G.K., W.L., J.W.C.); Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle (R.G., J.W., S.R., R.C.); University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (H.M.E., P.S.F., D.G.); University of Miami School of Medicine, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami (T.S.T.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (M.T.H., G.R.C.); and Shin-yurigaoka General Hospital, Kawasaki (T.Y.), and Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo (K.A., T.T.) - both in Japan
| | - Howard M Eisenberg
- From the University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville (W.J.E., B.B.S., D.H., R.F.D.); Toronto Western Hospital (N.L., A.M.L.) and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.S., K.H.), Toronto; Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston (W.G.O.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (P.G., C.H.H., K.B.P.); Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (Y.G.K., W.L., J.W.C.); Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle (R.G., J.W., S.R., R.C.); University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (H.M.E., P.S.F., D.G.); University of Miami School of Medicine, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami (T.S.T.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (M.T.H., G.R.C.); and Shin-yurigaoka General Hospital, Kawasaki (T.Y.), and Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo (K.A., T.T.) - both in Japan
| | - Paul S Fishman
- From the University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville (W.J.E., B.B.S., D.H., R.F.D.); Toronto Western Hospital (N.L., A.M.L.) and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.S., K.H.), Toronto; Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston (W.G.O.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (P.G., C.H.H., K.B.P.); Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (Y.G.K., W.L., J.W.C.); Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle (R.G., J.W., S.R., R.C.); University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (H.M.E., P.S.F., D.G.); University of Miami School of Medicine, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami (T.S.T.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (M.T.H., G.R.C.); and Shin-yurigaoka General Hospital, Kawasaki (T.Y.), and Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo (K.A., T.T.) - both in Japan
| | - Dheeraj Gandhi
- From the University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville (W.J.E., B.B.S., D.H., R.F.D.); Toronto Western Hospital (N.L., A.M.L.) and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.S., K.H.), Toronto; Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston (W.G.O.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (P.G., C.H.H., K.B.P.); Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (Y.G.K., W.L., J.W.C.); Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle (R.G., J.W., S.R., R.C.); University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (H.M.E., P.S.F., D.G.); University of Miami School of Medicine, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami (T.S.T.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (M.T.H., G.R.C.); and Shin-yurigaoka General Hospital, Kawasaki (T.Y.), and Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo (K.A., T.T.) - both in Japan
| | - Casey H Halpern
- From the University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville (W.J.E., B.B.S., D.H., R.F.D.); Toronto Western Hospital (N.L., A.M.L.) and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.S., K.H.), Toronto; Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston (W.G.O.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (P.G., C.H.H., K.B.P.); Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (Y.G.K., W.L., J.W.C.); Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle (R.G., J.W., S.R., R.C.); University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (H.M.E., P.S.F., D.G.); University of Miami School of Medicine, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami (T.S.T.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (M.T.H., G.R.C.); and Shin-yurigaoka General Hospital, Kawasaki (T.Y.), and Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo (K.A., T.T.) - both in Japan
| | - Rosalind Chuang
- From the University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville (W.J.E., B.B.S., D.H., R.F.D.); Toronto Western Hospital (N.L., A.M.L.) and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.S., K.H.), Toronto; Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston (W.G.O.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (P.G., C.H.H., K.B.P.); Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (Y.G.K., W.L., J.W.C.); Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle (R.G., J.W., S.R., R.C.); University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (H.M.E., P.S.F., D.G.); University of Miami School of Medicine, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami (T.S.T.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (M.T.H., G.R.C.); and Shin-yurigaoka General Hospital, Kawasaki (T.Y.), and Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo (K.A., T.T.) - both in Japan
| | - Kim Butts Pauly
- From the University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville (W.J.E., B.B.S., D.H., R.F.D.); Toronto Western Hospital (N.L., A.M.L.) and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.S., K.H.), Toronto; Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston (W.G.O.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (P.G., C.H.H., K.B.P.); Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (Y.G.K., W.L., J.W.C.); Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle (R.G., J.W., S.R., R.C.); University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (H.M.E., P.S.F., D.G.); University of Miami School of Medicine, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami (T.S.T.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (M.T.H., G.R.C.); and Shin-yurigaoka General Hospital, Kawasaki (T.Y.), and Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo (K.A., T.T.) - both in Japan
| | - Travis S Tierney
- From the University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville (W.J.E., B.B.S., D.H., R.F.D.); Toronto Western Hospital (N.L., A.M.L.) and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.S., K.H.), Toronto; Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston (W.G.O.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (P.G., C.H.H., K.B.P.); Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (Y.G.K., W.L., J.W.C.); Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle (R.G., J.W., S.R., R.C.); University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (H.M.E., P.S.F., D.G.); University of Miami School of Medicine, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami (T.S.T.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (M.T.H., G.R.C.); and Shin-yurigaoka General Hospital, Kawasaki (T.Y.), and Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo (K.A., T.T.) - both in Japan
| | - Michael T Hayes
- From the University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville (W.J.E., B.B.S., D.H., R.F.D.); Toronto Western Hospital (N.L., A.M.L.) and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.S., K.H.), Toronto; Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston (W.G.O.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (P.G., C.H.H., K.B.P.); Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (Y.G.K., W.L., J.W.C.); Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle (R.G., J.W., S.R., R.C.); University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (H.M.E., P.S.F., D.G.); University of Miami School of Medicine, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami (T.S.T.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (M.T.H., G.R.C.); and Shin-yurigaoka General Hospital, Kawasaki (T.Y.), and Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo (K.A., T.T.) - both in Japan
| | - G Rees Cosgrove
- From the University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville (W.J.E., B.B.S., D.H., R.F.D.); Toronto Western Hospital (N.L., A.M.L.) and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.S., K.H.), Toronto; Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston (W.G.O.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (P.G., C.H.H., K.B.P.); Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (Y.G.K., W.L., J.W.C.); Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle (R.G., J.W., S.R., R.C.); University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (H.M.E., P.S.F., D.G.); University of Miami School of Medicine, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami (T.S.T.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (M.T.H., G.R.C.); and Shin-yurigaoka General Hospital, Kawasaki (T.Y.), and Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo (K.A., T.T.) - both in Japan
| | - Toshio Yamaguchi
- From the University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville (W.J.E., B.B.S., D.H., R.F.D.); Toronto Western Hospital (N.L., A.M.L.) and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.S., K.H.), Toronto; Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston (W.G.O.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (P.G., C.H.H., K.B.P.); Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (Y.G.K., W.L., J.W.C.); Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle (R.G., J.W., S.R., R.C.); University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (H.M.E., P.S.F., D.G.); University of Miami School of Medicine, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami (T.S.T.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (M.T.H., G.R.C.); and Shin-yurigaoka General Hospital, Kawasaki (T.Y.), and Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo (K.A., T.T.) - both in Japan
| | - Keiichi Abe
- From the University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville (W.J.E., B.B.S., D.H., R.F.D.); Toronto Western Hospital (N.L., A.M.L.) and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.S., K.H.), Toronto; Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston (W.G.O.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (P.G., C.H.H., K.B.P.); Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (Y.G.K., W.L., J.W.C.); Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle (R.G., J.W., S.R., R.C.); University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (H.M.E., P.S.F., D.G.); University of Miami School of Medicine, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami (T.S.T.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (M.T.H., G.R.C.); and Shin-yurigaoka General Hospital, Kawasaki (T.Y.), and Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo (K.A., T.T.) - both in Japan
| | - Takaomi Taira
- From the University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville (W.J.E., B.B.S., D.H., R.F.D.); Toronto Western Hospital (N.L., A.M.L.) and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.S., K.H.), Toronto; Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston (W.G.O.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (P.G., C.H.H., K.B.P.); Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (Y.G.K., W.L., J.W.C.); Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle (R.G., J.W., S.R., R.C.); University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (H.M.E., P.S.F., D.G.); University of Miami School of Medicine, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami (T.S.T.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (M.T.H., G.R.C.); and Shin-yurigaoka General Hospital, Kawasaki (T.Y.), and Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo (K.A., T.T.) - both in Japan
| | - Jin W Chang
- From the University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville (W.J.E., B.B.S., D.H., R.F.D.); Toronto Western Hospital (N.L., A.M.L.) and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.S., K.H.), Toronto; Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston (W.G.O.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (P.G., C.H.H., K.B.P.); Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (Y.G.K., W.L., J.W.C.); Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle (R.G., J.W., S.R., R.C.); University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (H.M.E., P.S.F., D.G.); University of Miami School of Medicine, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami (T.S.T.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (M.T.H., G.R.C.); and Shin-yurigaoka General Hospital, Kawasaki (T.Y.), and Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo (K.A., T.T.) - both in Japan
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Balan IS, Saladino AJ, Aarabi B, Castellani RJ, Wade C, Stein DM, Eisenberg HM, Chen HH, Fiskum G. Cellular alterations in human traumatic brain injury: changes in mitochondrial morphology reflect regional levels of injury severity. J Neurotrauma 2013; 30:367-81. [PMID: 23131111 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2012.2339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction may be central to the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and often can be recognized cytologically by changes in mitochondrial ultrastructure. This study is the first to broadly characterize and quantify mitochondrial morphologic alterations in surgically resected human TBI tissues from three contiguous cortical injury zones. These zones were designated as injury center (Near), periphery (Far), and Penumbra. Tissues from 22 patients with TBI with varying degrees of damage and time intervals from TBI to surgical tissue collection within the first week post-injury were rapidly fixed in the surgical suite and processed for electron microscopy. A large number of mitochondrial structural patterns were identified and divided into four survival categories: normal, normal reactive, reactive degenerating, and end-stage degenerating profiles. A tissue sample acquired at 38 hours post-injury was selected for detailed mitochondrial quantification, because it best exhibited the wide variation in cellular and mitochondrial changes consistently noted in all the other cases. The distribution of mitochondrial morphologic phenotypes varied significantly between the three injury zones and when compared with control cortical tissue obtained from an epilepsy lobectomy. This study is unique in its comparative quantification of the mitochondrial ultrastructural alterations at progressive distances from the center of injury in surviving TBI patients and in relation to control human cortex. These quantitative observations may be useful in guiding the translation of mitochondrial-based neuroprotective interventions to clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina S Balan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Eisenberg HM, Liu CY, Sagher O. Epilepsy surgery. Neurosurg Focus 2013; 34:1. [PMID: 23724844 DOI: 10.3171/2013.4.focus13138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Howard M Eisenberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Aarabi B, Simard JM, Kufera JA, Alexander M, Zacherl KM, Mirvis SE, Shanmuganathan K, Schwartzbauer G, Maulucci CM, Slavin J, Ali K, Massetti J, Eisenberg HM. Intramedullary lesion expansion on magnetic resonance imaging in patients with motor complete cervical spinal cord injury. J Neurosurg Spine 2012; 17:243-50. [PMID: 22794535 PMCID: PMC3534760 DOI: 10.3171/2012.6.spine12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECT The authors performed a study to determine if lesion expansion occurs in humans during the early hours after spinal cord injury (SCI), as has been established in rodent models of SCI, and to identify factors that might predict lesion expansion. METHODS The authors studied 42 patients with acute cervical SCI and admission American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale Grades A (35 patients) and B (7 patients) in whom 2 consecutive MRI scans were obtained 3-134 hours after trauma. They recorded demographic data, clinical information, Injury Severity Score (ISS), admission MRI-documented spinal canal and cord characteristics, and management strategies. RESULTS The characteristics of the cohort were as follows: male/female ratio 37:5; mean age, 34.6 years; and cause of injury, motor vehicle collision, falls, and sport injuries in 40 of 42 cases. The first MRI study was performed 6.8 ±2.7 hours (mean ± SD) after injury, and the second was performed 54.5 ± 32.3 hours after injury. The rostrocaudal intramedullary length of the lesion on the first MRI scan was 59.2 ± 16.1 mm, whereas its length on the second was 88.5 ± 31.9 mm. The principal factors associated with lesion length on the first MRI study were the time between injury and imaging (p = 0.05) and the time to decompression (p = 0.03). The lesion's rate of rostrocaudal intramedullary expansion in the interval between the first and second MRI was 0.9 ± 0.8 mm/hour. The principal factors associated with the rate of expansion were the maximum spinal cord compression (p = 0.03) and the mechanism of injury (p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Spinal cord injury in humans is characterized by lesion expansion during the hours following trauma. Lesion expansion has a positive relationship with spinal cord compression and may be mitigated by early surgical decompression. Lesion expansion may be a novel surrogate measure by which to assess therapeutic effects in surgical or drug trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bizhan Aarabi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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22
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Alkondon M, Pereira EFR, Eisenberg HM, Kajii Y, Schwarcz R, Albuquerque EX. Age dependency of inhibition of alpha7 nicotinic receptors and tonically active N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors by endogenously produced kynurenic acid in the brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 337:572-82. [PMID: 21270133 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.177386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In the mouse hippocampus normal levels of kynurenic acid (KYNA), a neuroactive metabolite synthesized in astrocytes primarily by kynurenine aminotransferase II (KAT II)-catalyzed transamination of L-kynurenine, maintain a degree of tonic inhibition of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). The present in vitro study was designed to test the hypothesis that α7 nAChR activity decreases when endogenous production of KYNA increases. Incubation (2-7 h) of rat hippocampal slices with kynurenine (200 μM) resulted in continuous de novo synthesis of KYNA. Kynurenine conversion to KYNA was significantly decreased by the KAT II inhibitor (S)-(-)-9-(4-aminopiperazine-1-yl)-8-fluoro-3-methyl-6-oxo-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-4H-1-oxa-3a-azaphenalene-5carboxylic acid (BFF122) (100 μM) and was more effective in slices from postweaned than preweaned rats. Incubation of slices from postweaned rats with kynurenine inhibited α7 nAChRs and extrasynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) on CA1 stratum radiatum interneurons. These effects were attenuated by BFF122 and mimicked by exogenously applied KYNA (200 μM). Exposure of human cerebral cortical slices to kynurenine also inhibited α7 nAChRs. The α7 nAChR sensitivity to KYNA is age-dependent, because neither endogenously produced nor exogenously applied KYNA inhibited α7 nAChRs in slices from preweaned rats. In these slices, kynurenine-derived KYNA also failed to inhibit extrasynaptic NMDARs, which could, however, be inhibited by exogenously applied KYNA. In slices from preweaned and postweaned rats, glutamatergic synaptic currents were not affected by endogenously produced KYNA, but were inhibited by exogenously applied KYNA. These results suggest that in the mature brain α7 nAChRs and extrasynaptic NMDARs are in close apposition to KYNA release sites and, thereby, readily accessible to inhibition by endogenously produced KYNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manickavasagom Alkondon
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 S. Pine St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Ewing-Cobbs L, Prasad M, Fletcher JM, Levin HS, Miner ME, Eisenberg HM. Attention After Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: A Multidimensional Assessment. Child Neuropsychol 2010. [DOI: 10.1076/chin.4.1.35.3194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Levin HS, Fletcher JM, Kufera JA, Harward H, Lilly MA, Mendelsohn D, Bruce D, Eisenberg HM. Dimensions of cognition measured by the tower of London and other cognitive tasks in head‐injured children and adolescents. Dev Neuropsychol 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/87565649609540638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Aarabi B, Hesdorffer DC, Simard JM, Ahn ES, Aresco C, Eisenberg HM, McCunn M, Scalea T. Comparative study of decompressive craniectomy after mass lesion evacuation in severe head injury. Neurosurgery 2009; 64:927-39; discussion 939-40. [PMID: 19287327 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000341907.30831.d2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to evaluate outcome after decompressive craniectomy (DC) in the setting of mass evacuation with or without intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring. METHODS Over a 48-month period (March 2000 to March 2004), 54 of 967 consecutive head injury patients underwent DC for evacuation of a mass lesion. DC was performed without ICP monitoring in 27 patients who required urgent decompression (group A) and in 27 patients who did not require urgent surgery and who had their ICP monitored for 1 to 14 days before surgery (group B). RESULTS In group A, the mean Glasgow Coma Scale score was 6.0; 80% had computed tomographic evidence of a shift greater than 5 mm; and 25 patients underwent DC immediately after resuscitation. In group B, the mean Glasgow Coma Scale score was 7.3; 40% had computed tomographic evidence of shift; and 75% underwent DC 24 hours or longer after presentation. Overall, 22 patients died (12 in group A and 10 in group B), 11 remained vegetative or severely disabled (3 in group A and 8 in group B), and 19 had good recovery (11 in group A and 8 in group B). Two patients were lost to follow-up. In 18 group B patients with ICP greater than 20 mm Hg before mass evacuation, ICP dropped an average of 13 mm Hg (P < 0.001). A mass lesion greater than 50 mL (odds ratio [OR], 2.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-7.89) and evidence of low attenuation on computed tomography before (OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.1-10.3) or after (OR, 2.92; 95% CI, 1.02-8.34) DC were predictors of death. A good outcome occurred in 42% of patients with and in 63% of patients without delayed traumatic injury (OR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.1-1.1). Outcome was favorable in 78.6% of patients who had no ICP monitoring before DC versus 47.1% of patients with ICP monitoring (OR, 0.2; 95% CI, 0.1-1.2). CONCLUSION In this study, mortality after DC for mass lesion was greater than expected, and outcome did not differ between patients with or without ICP monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bizhan Aarabi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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26
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Aarabi B, Hesdorffer DC, Ahn ES, Aresco C, Scalea TM, Eisenberg HM. Outcome following decompressive craniectomy for malignant swelling due to severe head injury. J Neurosurg 2006; 104:469-79. [PMID: 16619648 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2006.104.4.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Object
The aim of this study was to assess outcome following decompressive craniectomy for malignant brain swelling due to closed traumatic brain injury (TBI).
Methods
During a 48-month period (March 2000–March 2004), 50 of 967 consecutive patients with closed TBI experienced diffuse brain swelling and underwent decompressive craniectomy, without removal of clots or contusion, to control intracranial pressure (ICP) or to reverse dangerous brain shifts. Diffuse injury was demonstrated in 44 patients, an evacuated mass lesion in four in whom decompressive craniectomy had been performed as a separate procedure, and a nonevacuated mass lesion in two. Decompressive craniectomy was performed urgently in 10 patients before ICP monitoring; in 40 patients the procedure was performed after ICP had become unresponsive to conventional medical management as outlined in the American Association of Neurological Surgeons guidelines. Survivors were followed up for at least 3 months posttreatment to determine their Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score.
Decompressive craniectomy lowered ICP to less than 20 mm Hg in 85% of patients. In the 40 patients who had undergone ICP monitoring before decompression, ICP decreased from a mean of 23.9 to 14.4 mm Hg (p < 0.001). Fourteen of 50 patients died, and 16 either remained in a vegetative state (seven patients) or were severely disabled (nine patients). Twenty patients had a good outcome (GOS Score 4–5). Among 30-day survivors, good outcome occurred in 17, 67, and 67% of patients with postresuscitation Glasgow Coma Scale scores of 3 to 5, 6 to 8, and 9 to 15, respectively (p < 0.05). Outcome was unaffected by abnormal pupillary response to light, timing of decompressive craniectomy, brain shift as demonstrated on computerized tomography scanning, and patient age, possibly because of the small number of patients in each of the subsets. Complications included hydrocephalus (five patients), hemorrhagic swelling ipsilateral to the craniectomy site (eight patients), and subdural hygroma (25 patients).
Conclusions
Decompressive craniectomy was associated with a better-than-expected functional outcome in patients with medically uncontrollable ICP and/or brain herniation, compared with outcomes in other control cohorts reported on in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bizhan Aarabi
- Department of Neurosurgery and R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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Santos MD, Alkondon M, Pereira EFR, Aracava Y, Eisenberg HM, Maelicke A, Albuquerque EX. The nicotinic allosteric potentiating ligand galantamine facilitates synaptic transmission in the mammalian central nervous system. Mol Pharmacol 2002; 61:1222-34. [PMID: 11961141 DOI: 10.1124/mol.61.5.1222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the patch-clamp technique was used to determine the effects of galantamine, a cholinesterase inhibitor and a nicotinic allosteric potentiating ligand (APL) used for treatment of Alzheimer's disease, on synaptic transmission in brain slices. In rat hippocampal and human cerebral cortical slices, 1 microM galantamine, acting as a nicotinic APL, increased gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release triggered by 10 microM acetylcholine (ACh). Likewise, 1 microM galantamine, acting as an APL on presynaptically located nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) that are tonically active, potentiated glutamatergic or GABA-ergic transmission between Schaffer collaterals and CA1 neurons in rat hippocampal slices. The cholinesterase inhibitors rivastigmine, donepezil, and metrifonate, which are devoid of nicotinic APL action, did not affect synaptic transmission. Exogenous application of ACh indicated that high and low levels of nAChR activation in the Schaffer collaterals inhibit and facilitate, respectively, glutamate release onto CA1 neurons. The finding then that the nAChR antagonists methyllycaconitine and dihydro-beta-erythroidine facilitated glutamatergic transmission between Schaffer collaterals and CA1 neurons indicated that in a single hippocampal slice, the inhibitory action of strongly, tonically activated nAChRs in some glutamatergic fibers prevails over the facilitatory action of weakly, tonically activated nAChRs in other glutamatergic fibers synapsing onto a given neuron. Galantamine is known to sensitize nAChRs to activation by low, but not high agonist concentrations. Therefore, at 1 microM, galantamine is likely to increase facilitation of synaptic transmission by weakly, tonically activated nAChRs just enough to override inhibition by strongly, tonically activated nAChRs. In conclusion, the nicotinic APL action can be an important determinant of the therapeutic effectiveness of galantamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máriton D Santos
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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Petit JH, Hudes RS, Chen TT, Eisenberg HM, Simard JM, Chin LS. Reduced-dose radiosurgery for vestibular schwannomas. Neurosurgery 2001; 49:1299-306; discussion 1306-7. [PMID: 11846928 DOI: 10.1097/00006123-200112000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2001] [Accepted: 07/20/2001] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate tumor control and complications associated with low-dose radiosurgery for vestibular schwannomas. METHODS Between December 1993 and January 2000, 47 patients with vestibular schwannomas were treated at our center with gamma knife radiosurgery. The marginal tumor doses ranged from 7.5 to 14.0 Gy (median, 12.0 Gy) for patients treated after microsurgery and from 10.0 to 15.0 Gy (median, 12.0 Gy) for patients in whom radiosurgery was the primary treatment. The median maximum tumor diameter was 18 mm (range, 3-50 mm). Evaluation included audiometry, neurological examination, and serial imaging tests. A survey was conducted at the time of analysis. RESULTS Follow-up data were available for 45 patients and ranged from 1 to 7 years (median, 3.6 yr). In 43 patients (96%), tumor control (no radiographic progression or surgical resection) was observed. All 33 previously untreated patients had tumor control. Transient facial weakness, experienced in two patients (4%), had resolved completely within 6 months. No patient developed trigeminal neuropathy. Hearing was diminished from baseline in 12% of patients with useful hearing (Gardner-Robertson Class III). However, all patients with pretreatment hearing Gardner-Robertson Class I or II maintained testable hearing (Class I to III) at the most recent examination. CONCLUSION Low-dose radiosurgery in this series provided comparable local control and decreased incidences of complications in relation to other reports. Additional follow-up will allow more definitive conclusions to be reached regarding the ultimate rates of tumor control and hearing preservation. Nevertheless, the current dose used for vestibular schwannomas at the University of Maryland Medical Center is 12.0 Gy to the tumor periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Petit
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21201-1595, USA.
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Albuquerque EX, Pereira EF, Mike A, Eisenberg HM, Maelicke A, Alkondon M. Neuronal nicotinic receptors in synaptic functions in humans and rats: physiological and clinical relevance. Behav Brain Res 2000; 113:131-41. [PMID: 10942040 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-4328(00)00208-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The present report describes the participation of nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) in controlling the excitability of local neuronal circuitries in the rat hippocampus and in the human cerebral cortex. The patch-clamp technique was used to record responses triggered by the non-selective agonist ACh and the alpha7-nAChR-selective agonist choline in interneurons of human cerebral cortical and rat hippocampal slices. Evidence is provided that functional alpha7- and alpha4beta2-like nAChRs are present on somatodendritic and/or preterminal/terminal regions of interneurons in the CA1 field of the rat hippocampus and in the human cerebral cortex and that activation of the different nAChR subtypes present in the preterminal/terminal areas of the interneurons triggers the tetrodotoxin-sensitive release of GABA. Modulation by nAChRs of GABAergic transmission, which can result either in inhibition or disinhibition of pyramidal neurons, depends both on the receptor subtype present in the interneurons and on the agonist acting upon these receptors. Not only do alpha7 nAChRs desensitize faster than alpha4beta2 nAChRs, but also alpha7 nAChR desensitization induced by ACh lasts longer than that induced by choline. These mechanisms, which appear to be retained across species, might explain the involvement of nAChRs in cognitive functions and in such neurological disorders as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- E X Albuquerque
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201, USA.
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Bergey
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287-7881, USA.
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Alkondon M, Pereira EF, Eisenberg HM, Albuquerque EX. Nicotinic receptor activation in human cerebral cortical interneurons: a mechanism for inhibition and disinhibition of neuronal networks. J Neurosci 2000; 20:66-75. [PMID: 10627582 PMCID: PMC6774099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic control of the activity of human cerebral cortical circuits has long been thought to be accounted for by the interaction of acetylcholine (ACh) with muscarinic receptors. Here we report the discovery of functional nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) in interneurons of the human cerebral cortex and discuss the physiological and clinical implications of these findings. The whole-cell mode of the patch-clamp technique was used to record responses triggered by U-tube application of the nonselective agonist ACh and of the alpha7-nAChR-selective agonist choline to interneurons visualized by means of infrared-assisted videomicroscopy in slices of the human cerebral cortex. Choline induced rapidly desensitizing whole-cell currents that, being sensitive to blockade by methyllycaconitine (MLA; 50 nM), were most likely subserved by an alpha7-like nAChR. In contrast, ACh evoked slowly decaying whole-cell currents that, being sensitive to blockade by dihydro-beta-erythroidine (DHbetaE; 10 microM), were most likely subserved by an alpha4beta2-like nAChR. Application of ACh (but not choline) to the slices also triggered GABAergic postsynaptic currents (PSCs). Evidence is provided that ACh-evoked PSCs are the result of activation of alpha4beta2-like nAChRs present in preterminal axon segments and/or in presynaptic terminals of interneurons. Thus, nAChRs can relay inhibitory and/or disinhibitory signals to pyramidal neurons and thereby modulate the activity of neuronal circuits in the human cerebral cortex. These mechanisms, which appear to be retained across species, can account for the involvement of nAChRs in cognitive functions and in certain neuropathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alkondon
- Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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Alkondon M, Pereira EF, Eisenberg HM, Albuquerque EX. Choline and selective antagonists identify two subtypes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that modulate GABA release from CA1 interneurons in rat hippocampal slices. J Neurosci 1999; 19:2693-705. [PMID: 10087082 PMCID: PMC6786070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal nicotinic receptors (nAChR) are known to control transmitter release in the CNS. Thus, this study was aimed at exploring the diversity and localization of nAChRs present in CA1 interneurons in rat hippocampal slices. The use of a U-tube as the agonist delivery system was critical for the reliable detection of nicotinic responses induced by brief exposure of the neurons to ACh or to the alpha7 nAChR-selective agonist choline. The present study demonstrated that CA1 interneurons, in addition to expressing functional alpha7 nAChRs, also express functional alpha4beta2-like nAChRs and that activation of both receptors facilitates an action potential-dependent release of GABA. Depending on the experimental condition, one of the following nicotinic responses was recorded from the interneurons by means of the patch-clamp technique: a nicotinic whole-cell current, depolarization accompanied by action potentials, or GABA-mediated postsynaptic currents (PSCs). Responses mediated by alpha7 nAChRs were short-lasting, whereas those mediated by alpha4beta2 nAChRs were long-lasting. Thus, phasic or tonic inhibition of CA1 interneurons may be achieved by selective activation of alpha7 or alpha4beta2 nAChRs, respectively. It can also be suggested that synaptic levels of choline generated by hydrolysis of ACh in vivo may be sufficient to control the activity of the alpha7 nAChRs. The finding that methyllycaconitine and dihydro-beta-erythroidine (antagonists of alpha7 and alpha4beta2 nAChRs, respectively) increased the frequency and amplitude of GABAergic PSCs suggests that there is an intrinsic cholinergic activity that sustains a basal level of nAChR activity in these interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alkondon
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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Franaszczuk PJ, Bergey GK, Durka PJ, Eisenberg HM. Time-frequency analysis using the matching pursuit algorithm applied to seizures originating from the mesial temporal lobe. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1998; 106:513-21. [PMID: 9741751 DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4694(98)00024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The ability to analyze patterns of recorded seizure activity is important in the localization and classification of seizures. Ictal evolution is typically a dynamic process with signals composed of multiple frequencies; this can limit or complicate methods of analysis. The recently-developed matching pursuit algorithm permits continuous time-frequency analyses, making it particularly appealing for application to these signals. The studies here represent the initial applications of this method to intracranial ictal recordings. METHODS Mesial temporal onset partial seizures were recorded from 9 patients. The data were analyzed by the matching pursuit algorithm were continuous digitized single channel recordings from the depth electrode contact nearest the region of seizure onset. Tine frequency energy distributions were plotted for each seizure and correlated with the intracranial EEG recordings. RESULTS Periods of seizure initiation, transitional rhythmic bursting activity, organized rhythmic bursting activity and intermittent bursting activity were identified. During periods of organized rhythmic bursting activity, all mesial temporal onset seizures analyzed had a maximum predominant frequency of 5.3-8.4 Hz with a monotonic decline in frequency over a period of less than 60 s. The matching pursuit method allowed for time-frequency decomposition of entire seizures. CONCLUSIONS The matching pursuit method is a valuable tool for time-frequency analyses of dynamic seizure activity. It is well suited for application to the non-stationary activity that typically characterizes seizure evolution. Time-frequency patterns of seizures originating from different brain regions can be compared using the matching pursuit method.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Franaszczuk
- Maryland Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Medical Center, Baltimore 21201, USA.
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Chin LS, Singh SK, Eisenberg HM. Cell and molecular biology for neurosurgeons (or everything you wanted to know about molecular biology but were afraid to download). Neurosurg Focus 1997; 3:e1. [PMID: 15104413 DOI: 10.3171/foc.1997.3.3.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We are fortunate to be physicians at a time when the molecular pathogenesis of disease is being unraveled. Beginning with the discovery of the structure of DNA to the Human Genome Project, molecular biology over the past 45 years has revolutionized medicine. Neurosurgery has a strong scientific tradition, but to remain active participants in this new era of medicine, we must understand the science of pathology at the molecular level, applying our unique perspective to its advancement. We will review most of the current techniques used today by cell and molecular biologists. Interwoven with these descriptions will be a brief discussion of pertinent molecular and cell biology concepts, a full review being beyond the scope of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Chin
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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Albuquerque EX, Alkondon M, Pereira EF, Castro NG, Schrattenholz A, Barbosa CT, Bonfante-Cabarcas R, Aracava Y, Eisenberg HM, Maelicke A. Properties of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: pharmacological characterization and modulation of synaptic function. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997; 280:1117-36. [PMID: 9067295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E X Albuquerque
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201, USA
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Abstract
Board certification and accreditation of training programs began as measures of quality in the United States. Both functions were done initially by the American Board of Neurological Surgery (ABNS). In 1954, certification of trainees and accreditation of programs became separate functions in order to eliminate potential conflicts of interest. Currently, the ABNS certifies trainees who have completed neurological surgery training in an accredited program whose curriculum includes operative and nonoperative experience, have the endorsement of the training program director, and have passed the written in-training examinations and a final oral examination. Accreditation of training programs is a separate function administered by the Residency Review Committee (RRC) of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. Individual programs are reviewed on a periodic basis for quality of the curriculum, facilities, faculty, and patient volume. The ABNS and the RRC are separate groups, both comprised of neurosurgeons with a strong commitment to the educational process.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Hoff
- Section of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, USA
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Eisenberg HM, Bergey G. EPILEPSY. Neurosurg Focus 1996. [DOI: 10.3171/foc.1996.1.5.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Holloway KL, Barnes T, Choi S, Bullock R, Marshall LF, Eisenberg HM, Jane JA, Ward JD, Young HF, Marmarou A. Ventriculostomy infections: the effect of monitoring duration and catheter exchange in 584 patients. J Neurosurg 1996; 85:419-24. [PMID: 8751626 DOI: 10.3171/jns.1996.85.3.0419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The investigators undertook a retrospective analysis of ventriculostomy infections to evaluate their relationship to monitoring duration and prophylactic catheter exchange. In 1984, the results of an epidemiological study of ventriculostomy-related infection were published. One of the conclusions of the paper was that the incidence of ventriculostomy-related infections rose after 5 days of monitoring. This led to the recommendation that catheters be prophylactically changed at 5-day intervals if prolonged monitoring was required. A recent randomized prospective study on central venous catheters showed no reduction in infection with prophylactic catheter exchanges. This has led the authors to reexamine their experience with ventriculostomy infections. Data on 584 severely head injured patients with ventriculostomies were prospectively collected in two data banks, The Traumatic Coma Data Bank and The Medical College of Virginia Neurocore Data Bank. These data were retrospectively analyzed for factors associated with ventriculostomy related infections. It was found that there is a relationship of ventriculitis to monitoring duration but it is not simple or linear. There is a rising risk of infection over the first 10 days, but infection then becomes very unlikely despite a population that continues to be at risk. Patients in whom catheters were replaced prior to 5 days did not have a lower infection rate than those whose catheters were exchanged at more than 5-day intervals. Based on these data, it is recommended that ventriculostomy catheters for intracranial pressure monitoring be removed as quickly as possible, and in circumstances in which prolonged monitoring is required, there appears to be no benefit from catheter exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Holloway
- Division of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, USA
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39
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Westlund KN, Lu Y, Kadekaro M, Harmann P, Terrell ML, Pizzo DP, Hulsebosch CE, Eisenberg HM, Perez-Polo JR. NGF-producing transfected 3T3 cells: behavioral and histological assessment of transplants in nigral lesioned rats. J Neurosci Res 1995; 41:367-73. [PMID: 7563229 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490410309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The rodent fibroblast clonal cell line, 3T3, was retrovirally transfected with the rat nerve growth factor (NGF) gene and selected for NGF synthesis. This study tested the hypothesis that transplanted 3T3 cells, transfected to secrete nerve growth factor (3T3NGF+), change motor behavioral indices created by striatal denervation in a dose-dependent fashion. 3T3NGF+ cells were transplanted into the lateral ventricle of rats following ipsilateral lesions of the substantia nigra pars compacta by stereotaxic injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (10 micrograms), an established lesion model. Control groups included vehicle injections and transplanted untransfected cells. The extent of the lesions was measured by determining rotational behavior before and two weeks after transplantation. Immediately prior to transplantation, cells were incubated with the fluorescent dye marker, Dil. To assess cell viability, whole brains were cryosectioned and examined for Dil-labeled 3T3 cells using fluorescent microscopy. The number of Dil-labeled profiles in five animals per group were counted in at least five noncontiguous sections per animal. From these data a statistically derived estimate of viable, transplanted 3T3 cells was obtained. The number of surviving transplanted cells correlated with the behavioral changes measured. The 3T3NGF+ transplants reduced rotational behavior, while control 3T3 transplants exacerbated rotational behavior. Thus, while NGF delivery was found to be beneficial, it was apparent that naive 3T3 had detrimental effects. These results underscore the importance of making dose-response measurements when attempting transplant-based modifications of CNS behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Westlund
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
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Cantrell DT, Levin HS, Capruso DX, Eisenberg HM. Reversible amnesia associated with a left temporal hematoma in a case of right temporal complex partial seizures. Epilepsia 1994; 35:1321-7. [PMID: 7988527 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1994.tb01805.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We report the case of a 44-year-old woman with complex partial seizures (CPS) of right frontotemporal origin who developed generalized amnesia after undergoing intracranial electrode implantation complicated by left hippocampal hemorrhage. Serial memory testing disclosed recovery from the amnesic disorder, while repeated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed resolution of her left hippocampal hemorrhage in a 2-month period. A second intracarotid amytal procedure confirmed the capability of her left temporal region to support memory. Consequently, a right orbitofrontotemporal lobectomy was performed without complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Cantrell
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-9036
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Goldstein FC, Levin HS, Presley RM, Searcy J, Colohan AR, Eisenberg HM, Jann B, Bertolino-Kusnerik L. Neurobehavioural consequences of closed head injury in older adults. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994; 57:961-6. [PMID: 8057121 PMCID: PMC1073082 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.57.8.961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the neurobehavioural effects of closed head injury (CHI) in adults aged 50 years and older. Twenty two mild to moderate CHI patients who were within seven months of the injury were administered measures of language, memory, attention, and executive functioning. Compared with demographically similar normal controls, the patients exhibited significantly poorer functioning on the cognitive domains. Naming and word fluency under timed conditions, verbal and visual memory, and the ability to infer similarities were especially vulnerable. These initial findings indicate that CHI in older adults produces considerable cognitive deficits in the early stages of recovery. Future research should characterise long term outcome and the potential links between head injury and the development of progressive dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Goldstein
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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42
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Ingram F, Levin HS, Guinto FC, Eisenberg HM. Case report of a massive congenital left hemisphere lesion: Support for the crowding hypothesis? Dev Neuropsychol 1994. [DOI: 10.1080/87565649409540594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Levin HS, Culhane KA, Fletcher JM, Mendelsohn DB, Lilly MA, Harward H, Chapman SB, Bruce DA, Bertolino-Kusnerik L, Eisenberg HM. Dissociation between delayed alternation and memory after pediatric head injury: relationship to MRI findings. J Child Neurol 1994; 9:81-9. [PMID: 8151091 DOI: 10.1177/088307389400900121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the usefulness of a delayed alternation task in characterizing the cognitive sequelae of closed head injury in children and adolescents. Verbal learning and memory (California Verbal Learning Test) were also studied for comparison. Sixty-two closed head injury patients (mean age, 9.6 years), who were studied after an average postinjury interval of 20 months, were divided according to both their lowest postresuscitation Glasgow Coma Scale score (3 to 8 versus 9 to 15) and age range (5 to 7 years versus 8 to 16 years) at the time of testing. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed to evaluate the relationship of focal brain lesions to cognitive and memory performance. Fifty-six neurologically normal children (mean age, 9.9 years) were tested on the same measures. The results disclosed no relationship between delayed alternation performance and severity of injury. In contrast, verbal memory was impaired in the severely-injured patients, relative to both controls and less severely-injured patients. Frontal lobe (but not extrafrontal) lesion size incremented the Glasgow Coma Scale score in predicting verbal memory, but there was no relationship between focal brain lesions and delayed alternation performance. In contrast to the tendency for more efficient delayed alternation performance in the 5- to 7-year-old subjects than in the 8- to 16-year-old subjects, verbal memory significantly improved with age in the closed head injury and control groups. Notwithstanding our essentially negative findings for delayed alternation, it is possible that this task may be useful for assessing frontal lobe injury in younger children or infants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Levin
- Division of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-0473
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Levin HS, Culhane KA, Mendelsohn D, Lilly MA, Bruce D, Fletcher JM, Chapman SB, Harward H, Eisenberg HM. Cognition in relation to magnetic resonance imaging in head-injured children and adolescents. Arch Neurol 1993; 50:897-905. [PMID: 8363443 DOI: 10.1001/archneur.1993.00540090008004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the relationship between cognitive sequelae and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings following closed head injury of varying severity in the pediatric age range, 76 head-injured children and adolescents were studied at least 3 months after trauma and compared with 57 normal controls. Problem solving, planning, verbal and design fluency, memory, and response modulation were assessed. Significant effects of injury were obtained on all of the cognitive measures. Cognitive impairment was more consistently present on the various outcome measures in children who were 6 to 10 years old at the time of the study than in the older children and adolescents. Magnetic resonance imaging disclosed areas of abnormal signal in the frontal lobes of 42 patients, whereas focal lesions restricted to the extrafrontal region were found in 15 children. Regression analyses disclosed that taking into account the size of frontal lobe lesion enhanced the relationship between cognitive performance and the severity of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Levin
- Division of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
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Levin HS, Mattson AJ, Levander M, Lindquist CE, Simard JM, Guinto FC, Lilly MA, Eisenberg HM. Effects of transcallosal surgery on interhemispheric transfer of information. Surg Neurol 1993; 40:65-74. [PMID: 8322184 DOI: 10.1016/0090-3019(93)90174-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The effects of transcallosal surgery on interhemispheric transfer of information were investigated in five patients who underwent partial section of the corpus callosum for evacuation of a brain tumor. In comparison with normal controls, postoperative findings indicated subtle motor and/or sensory manifestations of hemispheric disconnection which tended to resolve overtime. However, in no case were the disconnection effects disabling in the performance of daily activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Levin
- Division of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-0473
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Clifton GL, Kreutzer JS, Choi SC, Devany CW, Eisenberg HM, Foulkes MA, Jane JA, Marmarou A, Marshall LF. Relationship between Glasgow Outcome Scale and neuropsychological measures after brain injury. Neurosurgery 1993; 33:34-8; discussion 38-9. [PMID: 8355845 DOI: 10.1227/00006123-199307000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to further our understanding of the relationship between performance on neuropsychological tests and functional status after head injury and to provide information on the relative usefulness of neuropsychological tests as outcome measures in clinical trials of brain injury. We sought to select the fewest number of 19 neuropsychological tests administered to 110 patients that, in combination, were most closely related to outcome (as measured by the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) and to the remaining neuropsychological measures. The relationship of memory and intellectual deficits to functional status was also considered. To address these questions, we analyzed 19 neuropsychological measures and GOS scores of 110 severely brain injured patients from the Traumatic Coma Data Bank. Of 19 neuropsychological measures compared with GOS at 3 and 6 months, four tests (Controlled Oral Word Association, Grooved Pegboard, Trailmaking Part B, and Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Delayed Recall) provided the closest relationship to GOS and to the remaining 15 tests. Similar analyses were performed on 30 moderately injured patients to test the generality of our findings across different levels of patient severity. The same four tests were found to be highly predictive of GOS. Grooved Pegboard, a test of fine motor coordination, accounted for 80% of the variation in GOS. Fifteen percent of 116 patients with severe brain injury could not complete a neuropsychological battery and 39% were excluded because of previous brain injury or known substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Clifton
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas-Houston Health Sciences Center
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47
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Rogers RL, Basile LF, Papanicolaou AC, Bourbon TW, Eisenberg HM. Visual evoked magnetic fields reveal activity in the superior temporal sulcus. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1993; 86:344-7. [PMID: 7685268 DOI: 10.1016/0013-4694(93)90047-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Evoked magnetic fields to randomized infrequent omissions of visual stimuli resulted in a magnetic field pattern over the right hemisphere consistent with a dipolar source and led to localization of this source within the superior temporal sulcus. Previous investigations using implanted microelectrodes, ablation/lesion procedures in monkeys and observations of behavioral anomalies following injury in humans have already indicated the importance of the inferior portions of the temporal lobe in visual processing. However, until now, no method was available to study noninvasively the role of temporal cortex during visual processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Rogers
- Magnetoencephalography Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77550
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48
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Ruff RM, Marshall LF, Crouch J, Klauber MR, Levin HS, Barth J, Kreutzer J, Blunt BA, Foulkes MA, Eisenberg HM. Predictors of outcome following severe head trauma: follow-up data from the Traumatic Coma Data Bank. Brain Inj 1993; 7:101-11. [PMID: 8453409 DOI: 10.3109/02699059309008164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Outcome as a function of employment status or return to school was evaluated in severely head-injured patients. A priori we selected the most salient demographic, physiological, neuropsychological and psychosocial outcome predictors with the aim of identifying which of there variables captured at baseline or 6 months would best predict employability at 6 or 12 months. Based on the patients evaluated at 6 months, 18% of former workers had returned to gainful employment and 62% of former students had returned to school. For those not back to work or school at 6 months, 31% of the former workers and 66% of the former students had returned by 12 months. Age, length of coma, speed for both attending and motor movements, spatial integration, and intact vocabulary were all significantly related to returning to work or school. The three most potent predictors for returning to work or school were intactness of the patient's verbal intellectual power, speed of information processing and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Ruff
- Rehabilitation Unit, St Mary's Hospital and Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
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49
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Rogers RL, Basile LF, Papanicolaou AC, Eisenberg HM. Magnetoencephalography reveals two distinct sources associated with late positive evoked potentials during visual oddball task. Cereb Cortex 1993; 3:163-9. [PMID: 8490321 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/3.2.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The present investigation was undertaken in order to utilize magnetoencephalography to locate generator sources, modeled as equivalent current point dipoles, that account for the well-established late positive electrical potentials commonly measured along the midline (Cz, Pz, Fz, and Oz) in response to rare or task-relevant stimuli and their simultaneously recorded magnetic field components. Two simultaneous but spatially distinct sources were present in all six subjects. One source in which the magnetic flux exited and reentered the brain over the right hemisphere was localized in deep structures under the temporal cortex in the vicinity of the right hippocampal formation. The other occurred in the vicinity of the primary visual cortex in the occipital area with magnetic flux entering and exiting over the posterior aspects of the subjects' heads. These data correspond to depth and surface electrode studies that have demonstrated multiple generator sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Rogers
- Magnetoencephalography Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
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50
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Simard JM, Song Y, Tewari K, Dunn S, Werrbach-Perez K, Perez-Polo JR, Eisenberg HM. Ionic channel currents in cultured neurons from human cortex. J Neurosci Res 1993; 34:170-8. [PMID: 7680726 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490340204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ionic channels in human cortical neurons have not been studied extensively. HCN-1 and HCN-1A cells, which recently were established as continuous cultures from human cortical tissue, have been shown by histochemical and immunochemical methods to exhibit a neuronal phenotype, but expression of functional ionic channels was not demonstrated. For the present study, HCN-1 and HCN-1A cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium with 15% fetal calf serum, in some cases supplemented with 10 ng/ml nerve growth factor, 10 microM forskolin, and 1 mM dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate to promote differentiation. Cells or membrane patches were voltage clamped using conventional patch clamp techniques. In HCN-1A cells, we identified a tetrodotoxin-sensitive Na+ current, two types of Ca2+ channel current, including L-type current and a second type that in some respects resembled N-type current, and four types of K+ current, including a delayed outward rectifier that showed voltage-dependent inactivation, two types of noninactivating Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels with slope conductances of 146 and 23 pS (K+i/K+o 145 mM/5 mM), and less frequently, a noninactivating, intermediate conductance channel that was not sensitive to internal Ca2+. When HCN-1A cells were examined after 3 days of exposure to differentiating agents, pronounced morphological changes were evident but no differences in ionic currents were apparent. HCN-1 cells also exhibited K+ and Ca2+ channel currents, but Na+ currents were not detected in these cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Simard
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77550
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