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Kawahara M, Kato-Negishi M, Tanaka KI. Dietary Trace Elements and the Pathogenesis of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Nutrients 2023; 15:2067. [PMID: 37432185 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Trace elements such as iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) are absorbed from food via the gastrointestinal tract, transported into the brain, and play central roles in normal brain functions. An excess of these trace elements often produces reactive oxygen species and damages the brain. Moreover, increasing evidence suggests that the dyshomeostasis of these metals is involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, prion diseases, and Lewy body diseases. The disease-related amyloidogenic proteins can regulate metal homeostasis at the synapses, and thus loss of the protective functions of these amyloidogenic proteins causes neurodegeneration. Meanwhile, metal-induced conformational changes of the amyloidogenic proteins contribute to enhancing their neurotoxicity. Moreover, excess Zn and Cu play central roles in the pathogenesis of vascular-type senile dementia. Here, we present an overview of the intake, absorption, and transport of four essential elements (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn) and one non-essential element (aluminum: Al) in food and their connections with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases based on metal-protein, and metal-metal cross-talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kawahara
- Department of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
| | - Midori Kato-Negishi
- Department of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Tanaka
- Department of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
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Kemadjou Dibacto RE, Akamba Ambamba BD, Ella FA, Biyegue Nyangono CF, Kamga Nanhah JV, Fonkoua M, Minka RS, Ngondi JL. The neuroprotective effect of Xylopia parviflora against aluminum chloride-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09896. [PMID: 35855984 PMCID: PMC9287802 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer's disease, are progressive disorders which has been linked to oxidative imbalance and associated perturbations characterised by loss of memory, cognition and cholinergic deficit. To date, cholinesterase inhibition and neuroprotection are the two major strategies in drug development. Xylopia parviflora (Annonacea family) is a spice consumed in Cameroon and has been used in traditional medicine to treat various pains. In this study, X. parviflora was evaluated on behavioural studies, ion homeostasis, cholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant activities. Rats were exposed to aluminium chloride (75 mg/kg) during 60 days, and were treated with the extract of X. parviflora (150 and 300 mg/kg BW) and two drugs references (Donepezil and Curcumin). Behavioural parameters were assessed using the Morris-Maze test and the Open Field, followed by biochemical investigations, namely, cholinesterase enzyme activity (AChE and BChE), oxidative stress (NO, MDA, GSH level, SOD and Catalase activities) and ion homeostasis (Mg2+ and Ca2+ levels). AlCl3 administration shows a decrease in learning and memory improvement during behavioural studies, significant alteration of the central cholinergic system characterised by an increase in AChE and BChE activities to 2.72 ± 0.002 mol/min/g and 5.74 ± 0.12 mol/min/g respectively, disturbance of ion homeostasis with an increase in Ca2+ level (25.68 ± 3.78 μmol/mg protein) and a decrease in Mg2+ level (15.97 ± 2.05 μmol/mg protein) and an increase in oxidative stress compared to the positive control group. Treatment with the different doses of X. parviflora increased memory and improved locomotion, improved cholinesterase activities, ion homeostasis and stabilized brain oxidative stress levels. The study suggests that X. parviflora could potentially be used for the management of some biochemical alterations associated with Alzheimer's disease. It could even be a good alternative to chemical drugs for neurotoxicity and memory enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Edwige Kemadjou Dibacto
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Cameroon.,Centre for Food and Nutrition Research, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Fils Armand Ella
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Martin Fonkoua
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Réné Samuel Minka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Judith Laure Ngondi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Cameroon
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Barchielli G, Capperucci A, Tanini D. The Role of Selenium in Pathologies: An Updated Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020251. [PMID: 35204134 PMCID: PMC8868242 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium is an essential microelement required for a number of biological functions. Selenium—and more specifically the amino acid selenocysteine—is present in at least 25 human selenoproteins involved in a wide variety of essential biological functions, ranging from the regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration to the biosynthesis of hormones. These processes also play a central role in preventing and modulating the clinical outcome of several diseases, including cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, mental disorders, cardiovascular disorders, fertility impairments, inflammation, and infections (including SARS-CoV-2). Over the past years, a number of studies focusing on the relationship between selenium and such pathologies have been reported. Generally, an adequate selenium nutritional state—and in some cases selenium supplementation—have been related to improved prognostic outcome and reduced risk of developing several diseases. On the other hand, supra-nutritional levels might have adverse effects. The results of recent studies focusing on these topics are summarized and discussed in this review, with particular emphasis on advances achieved in the last decade.
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Yakupova EI, Bobyleva LG, Shumeyko SA, Vikhlyantsev IM, Bobylev AG. Amyloids: The History of Toxicity and Functionality. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10050394. [PMID: 34062910 PMCID: PMC8147320 DOI: 10.3390/biology10050394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Proteins can perform their specific function due to their molecular structure. Partial or complete unfolding of the polypeptide chain may lead to the misfolding and aggregation of proteins in turn, resulting in the formation of different structures such as amyloid aggregates. Amyloids are rigid protein aggregates with the cross-β structure, resistant to most solvents and proteases. Because of their resistance to proteolysis, amyloid aggregates formed in the organism accumulate in tissues, promoting the development of various diseases called amyloidosis, for instance Alzheimer's diseases (AD). According to the main hypothesis, it is considered that the cause of AD is the formation and accumulation of amyloid plaques of Aβ. That is why Aβ-amyloid is the most studied representative of amyloids. Therefore, in this review, special attention is paid to the history of Aβ-amyloid toxicity. We note the main problems with anti-amyloid therapy and write about new views on amyloids that can play positive roles in the different organisms including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmira I. Yakupova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia; (L.G.B.); (S.A.S.); (I.M.V.); (A.G.B.)
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(985)687-77-27
| | - Liya G. Bobyleva
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia; (L.G.B.); (S.A.S.); (I.M.V.); (A.G.B.)
| | - Sergey A. Shumeyko
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia; (L.G.B.); (S.A.S.); (I.M.V.); (A.G.B.)
| | - Ivan M. Vikhlyantsev
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia; (L.G.B.); (S.A.S.); (I.M.V.); (A.G.B.)
| | - Alexander G. Bobylev
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia; (L.G.B.); (S.A.S.); (I.M.V.); (A.G.B.)
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Gaff J, Jackaman C, Papadimitriou J, Waters S, McLean C, Price P. Immunohistochemical evidence of P2X7R, P2X4R and CaMKK2 in pyramidal neurons of frontal cortex does not align with Alzheimer's disease. Exp Mol Pathol 2021; 120:104636. [PMID: 33838119 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2021.104636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an incurable neurodegenerative condition resulting in progressive cognitive decline. Pathological features include Aβ plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, neuroinflammation and neuronal death. Purinergic receptors 7 and 4 (P2X7R and P2X4R) and calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase 2 (CaMKK2) are implicated in neuronal death. We used immunohistochemistry to investigate the distribution of these proteins in neurones from frontal cortex of donors (n = 3/group; aged 79-83 years) who died with and without AD. Neurones were identified morphologically and immunoperoxidase staining was achieved using commercial antibodies. Immunoreactive neurones were counted for each protein by 2-3 raters blinded to the diagnoses. We observed no differences in percentages of P2X7R, P2X4R or CaMKK2 positive neurones (p = 0.2-0.99), but sections from individuals with AD had marginally fewer neurones (p = 0.10). Hence P2X7R, P2X4R or CaMKK2 appear to be expressed in neurones from older donors, but expression does not associate with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Gaff
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Australia
| | - Connie Jackaman
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Australia; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Australia
| | - John Papadimitriou
- Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Australia; Pathwest Laboratories, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Shelley Waters
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Australia
| | - Catriona McLean
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Victorian Brain Bank, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patricia Price
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Australia; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Australia.
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Kawahara M, Kato-Negishi M, Tanaka KI. Amyloids: Regulators of Metal Homeostasis in the Synapse. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25061441. [PMID: 32210005 PMCID: PMC7145306 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Conformational changes in amyloidogenic proteins, such as β-amyloid protein, prion proteins, and α-synuclein, play a critical role in the pathogenesis of numerous neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, prion disease, and Lewy body disease. The disease-associated proteins possess several common characteristics, including the ability to form amyloid oligomers with β-pleated sheet structure, as well as cytotoxicity, although they differ in amino acid sequence. Interestingly, these amyloidogenic proteins all possess the ability to bind trace metals, can regulate metal homeostasis, and are co-localized at the synapse, where metals are abundantly present. In this review, we discuss the physiological roles of these amyloidogenic proteins in metal homeostasis, and we propose hypothetical models of their pathogenetic role in the neurodegenerative process as the loss of normal metal regulatory functions of amyloidogenic proteins. Notably, these amyloidogenic proteins have the capacity to form Ca2+-permeable pores in membranes, suggestive of a toxic gain of function. Therefore, we focus on their potential role in the disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis in amyloid-associated neurodegenerative diseases.
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Strac DS, Konjevod M, Perkovic MN, Tudor L, Erjavec GN, Pivac N. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its Sulphate (DHEAS) in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 17:141-157. [PMID: 32183671 DOI: 10.2174/1567205017666200317092310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurosteroids Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate (DHEAS) are involved in many important brain functions, including neuronal plasticity and survival, cognition and behavior, demonstrating preventive and therapeutic potential in different neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. OBJECTIVE The aim of the article was to provide a comprehensive overview of the literature on the involvement of DHEA and DHEAS in Alzheimer's disease. METHODS PubMed and MEDLINE databases were searched for relevant literature. The articles were selected considering their titles and abstracts. In the selected full texts, lists of references were searched manually for additional articles. RESULTS We performed a systematic review of the studies investigating the role of DHEA and DHEAS in various in vitro and animal models, as well as in patients with Alzheimer's disease, and provided a comprehensive discussion on their potential preventive and therapeutic applications. CONCLUSION Despite mixed results, the findings of various preclinical studies are generally supportive of the involvement of DHEA and DHEAS in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease, showing some promise for potential benefits of these neurosteroids in the prevention and treatment. However, so far small clinical trials brought little evidence to support their therapy in AD. Therefore, large-scale human studies are needed to elucidate the specific effects of DHEA and DHEAS and their mechanisms of action, prior to their applications in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dubravka S Strac
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marcela Konjevod
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Matea N Perkovic
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lucija Tudor
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordana N Erjavec
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nela Pivac
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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De Loof A, Schoofs L. Intraluminal Farnesol and Farnesal in the Mealworm's Alimentary Canal: An Unusual Storage Site Uncovering Hidden Eukaryote Ca 2+-Homeostasis-Dependent "Golgicrine" Activities. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:885. [PMID: 31920991 PMCID: PMC6930878 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Farnesol, the sesquiterpenoid precursor of the six presently known insect juvenile hormones (JHs) was for the first time chemically identified in 1961, not in JH synthesizing glands or whole body extracts, but in excrements of the mealworm Tenebrio molitor. This finding was thought to be irrelevant and remained unexplored. In 1970, it was reported that the fall to zero of the JH titer in both prediapausing adults and in last instar larvae of the Colorado potato beetle causes severe malfunctioning of the Golgi system in the fat body, among various other effects. This endomembrane system in the cytoplasm resides at the intersection of the secretory, lysosomal, and endocytic pathways and is required for the processing of secretory proteins. Why the Golgi needs farnesol-like endogenous sesquiterpenoids (FLS) for its proper functioning has also never been further investigated. In 1999, farnesol was found to be a natural endogenous ligand for particular types of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in mammalian cells, a finding that also remained undervalued. Only since 2014 more attention has been paid to the functional research of the "noble unknown" farnesol, in particular to its Ca2+-homeostasis-related juvenilizing and anti-apoptotic activities. Here, we introduce the term "Golgicrine activity" that addresses the secretory activity of the RER-Golgi system from its role in Ca2+-homeostasis rather than from its conventional role in mere protein secretion. Golgicrine activity attributes the so far forgotten role of farnesol-like sesquiterpenoids in proper Golgi functioning, and unites the endocrine, exocrine and enterocrine functions of these sesquiterpenoids. This out of the box view may open novel perspectives for the better understanding of particular inflammatory bowel diseases and of neurodegenerative diseases as well, because the early initiation of Alzheimer's disease may possibly result from malfunctioning of the mevalonate-farnesol-cholesterol biosynthetic pathway and thus might be a farnesol- and Ca2+-homeostasis-dependent Golgicrine issue.
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Karthick C, Nithiyanandan S, Essa MM, Guillemin GJ, Jayachandran SK, Anusuyadevi M. Time-dependent effect of oligomeric amyloid-β (1-42)-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration in rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurol Res 2018; 41:139-150. [PMID: 30453864 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2018.1544745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized with an abnormal deposition of insoluble amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide plaques, tangles formation and synaptic dysfunction. These result in impaired functioning of neuronal circuits and alter the behavioral response owing to activation of neurotransmitter receptors. Recently, it has been implicated that Aβ influences N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation in AD; however, the molecular mechanism underlying remains unclear. Thus, emerged specific aim to study the time-course effect of oligomeric Aβ(1-42) (oAβ1-42) on the mRNA expression of genes encoding NMDA and acetylcholine receptors in the rat model of AD. METHODS Aggregated forms of synthetic Aβ peptides were injected bilaterally into the intrahippocampal region of rat brain using stereotaxic surgery. Behavioral analysis was performed using eight-arm Radial Arm Maze task at the end of experimental period. Euthanized rat brain hippocampal tissue was used to study the mRNA expression of glutamatergic and cholinergic receptor using semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS oAβ1-42 decreased the gene expression level of α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and increased the mRNA expression of NMDA receptor 2A, and -2B subunits. In particular, oAβ1-42 aggregates increased the retention time and altered the behavioral response in rats after 15 days of injection. Further, amyloid-β1-42 are highly expressed in 15 days after postinjection in hippocampus of adult rats. CONCLUSION Acute exposure of oAβ1-42 modulated differential gene expression of glutamatergic and cholinergic receptors in hippocampus of adult rats and is duration dependent reflecting changes in hippocampal circuitry system underlying learning and memory impairments. ABBREVIATIONS AD: Alzheimer's disease, Aβ: amyloid-β; oAβ1-42: oligomeric amyloid-β 1-42 full length peptide; CAM: calmodulin; CNS: central nervous system; CR: Congo red; DG: dentate gyrus; EC: entorhinal cortex; HFIP: 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol; IBO: ibotenic acid; NMDA: N-methyl d-aspartate; NMDAR: N-methyl d-aspartate receptor; NR2A: N-methyl d-aspartate receptor 2A; NR2B: N-methyl d-aspartate receptor 2B; ACh: acetylcholine; α7-nAChR: α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor; PBS: phosphate buffered saline; RAM: Radial Arm Maze; ThT: thioflavin T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chennakesavan Karthick
- a Molecular Gerontology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry , School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University , Tiruchirappalli , India
| | - Saravanan Nithiyanandan
- a Molecular Gerontology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry , School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University , Tiruchirappalli , India
| | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- b Department of Food Science and Nutrition , College of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University , Muscat , Oman
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- c Neuroinflammation group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Deb Bailey MND Research Laboratory , Macquaire University , Sydney , Australia
| | - Swaminathan K Jayachandran
- d Molecular Cardiology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics , School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University , Tiruchirappalli , India
| | - Muthuswamy Anusuyadevi
- a Molecular Gerontology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry , School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University , Tiruchirappalli , India
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Gan SY, Wong LZ, Wong JW, Tan EL. Fucosterol exerts protection against amyloid β-induced neurotoxicity, reduces intracellular levels of amyloid β and enhances the mRNA expression of neuroglobin in amyloid β-induced SH-SY5Y cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 121:207-213. [PMID: 30300695 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that leads to progressive loss of neurons which often results in deterioration of memory and cognitive function. The development of AD is highly associated with the formation of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Amyloid β (Aβ) induces neurotoxicity and contributes to the development of AD. Recent evidences also highlighted the importance of neuroglobin (Ngb) in ameliorating AD. This study assessed the ability of fucosterol, a phytosterol found in brown alga, in protecting SH-SY5Y cells against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. Its effects on the mRNA levels of APP and Ngb as well as the intracellular Aβ levels were also determined in Aβ-induced SH-SY5Y cells. SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to fucosterol prior to Aβ treatment. The effect on apoptosis was determined using Annexin V FITC staining and mRNA expression was studied using RT-PCR. Flow cytometry confirmed the protective effects of fucosterol on SH-SY5Y cells against Aβ-induced apoptosis. Pretreatment with fucosterol increased the Ngb mRNA levels but reduced the levels of APP mRNA and intracellular Aβ in Aβ-induced SH-SY5Y cells. These observations demonstrated the protective properties of fucosterol against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity in neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook Yee Gan
- Department of Life Science, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 126 Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Li Zhe Wong
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jia Wun Wong
- BPharm, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 126 Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Eng Lai Tan
- Department of Life Science, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 126 Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Sadakane Y, Kawahara M. Implications of Metal Binding and Asparagine Deamidation for Amyloid Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082449. [PMID: 30126231 PMCID: PMC6121660 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that amyloid formation, i.e., self-assembly of proteins and the resulting conformational changes, is linked with the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, prion diseases, and Lewy body diseases. Among the factors that accelerate or inhibit oligomerization, we focus here on two non-genetic and common characteristics of many amyloidogenic proteins: metal binding and asparagine deamidation. Both reflect the aging process and occur in most amyloidogenic proteins. All of the amyloidogenic proteins, such as Alzheimer’s β-amyloid protein, prion protein, and α-synuclein, are metal-binding proteins and are involved in the regulation of metal homeostasis. It is widely accepted that these proteins are susceptible to non-enzymatic posttranslational modifications, and many asparagine residues of these proteins are deamidated. Moreover, these two factors can combine because asparagine residues can bind metals. We review the current understanding of these two common properties and their implications in the pathogenesis of these neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Sadakane
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka 513-8670, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Kawahara
- Department of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan.
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Choi H, Yoon T, Na S. Length-Dependent Manifestation of Vibration Modes Regulates a Specific Intermediate Morphology of Aβ17-42 in Different Environments. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:1643-1654. [PMID: 29575445 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Various cytotoxic mechanisms for neurodegenerative disease are induced by specific conformations of Aβ intermediates. The efforts to understand the diverse intermediate forms of amyloid oligomers have been focused on understanding the aggregation mechanism of specific morphologies for Aβ intermediates. However, these are still not easy tasks to be accomplished because the diverse conformations of Aβ intermediates can be altered during the aggregation process, even though the same Aβ monomers are present. Thus, efforts to reveal the conformational change mechanism could be a fundamental process to understand the formation of diverse Aβ intermediate conformations. Here, we evaluate the conformational characteristics of Aβ17-42 fibrillar oligomers in different environments according to the length. We observed that Aβ fibrillar oligomers optimize their inherent hydrogen bonds and configurational entropy to stabilize their structure according to the simulation time and their length increase. In addition, we revealed the role of the expressed vibration mode shape in the fibrillar oligomers' elongation and deformation processes. Our results suggest that limitations in amyloid oligomer growth and transformations of their morphologies can be regulated and controlled by modifying the vibration features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsung Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyoung Yoon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungsoo Na
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
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Foroutanpay B, Kumar J, Kang S, Danaei N, Westaway D, Sim V, Kar S. The Effects of N-terminal Mutations on β-amyloid Peptide Aggregation and Toxicity. Neuroscience 2018; 379:177-188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Kawahara M, Tanaka KI, Kato-Negishi M. Zinc, Carnosine, and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Nutrients 2018; 10:E147. [PMID: 29382141 PMCID: PMC5852723 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is abundantly present in the brain, and accumulates in the synaptic vesicles. Synaptic Zn is released with neuronal excitation, and plays essential roles in learning and memory. Increasing evidence suggests that the disruption of Zn homeostasis is involved in various neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, a vascular type of dementia, and prion diseases. Our and other numerous studies suggest that carnosine (β-alanyl histidine) is protective against these neurodegenerative diseases. Carnosine is an endogenous dipeptide abundantly present in the skeletal muscles and in the brain, and has numerous beneficial effects such as antioxidant, metal chelating, anti-crosslinking, and anti-glycation activities. The complex of carnosine and Zn, termed polaprezinc, is widely used for Zn supplementation therapy and for the treatment of ulcers. Here, we review the link between Zn and these neurodegenerative diseases, and focus on the neuroprotective effects of carnosine. We also discuss the carnosine level in various foodstuffs and beneficial effects of dietary supplementation of carnosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kawahara
- Department of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan.
| | - Ken-Ichiro Tanaka
- Department of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan.
| | - Midori Kato-Negishi
- Department of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan.
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15
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Sciacca MFM, Monaco I, La Rosa C, Milardi D. The active role of Ca2+ ions in Aβ-mediated membrane damage. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:3629-3631. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc01132j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Calcium ions inhibits Aβ induced membrane poration by small-sized oligomers but significantly foster fiber-dependent membrane disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele F. M. Sciacca
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
- Sede Secondaria di Catania
- Catania
- Italy
| | - Irene Monaco
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
- Sede Secondaria di Catania
- Catania
- Italy
| | - Carmelo La Rosa
- Università degli Studi di Catania
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- 95125 Catania
- Italy
| | - Danilo Milardi
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
- Sede Secondaria di Catania
- Catania
- Italy
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Mizuno D, Kawahara M. Link Between Metal Homeostasis and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Crosstalk of Metals and Amyloidogenic Proteins at the Synapse. Metallomics 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-56463-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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17
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Szutowicz A, Bielarczyk H, Zyśk M, Dyś A, Ronowska A, Gul-Hinc S, Klimaszewska-Łata J. Early and Late Pathomechanisms in Alzheimer's Disease: From Zinc to Amyloid-β Neurotoxicity. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:891-904. [PMID: 28039593 PMCID: PMC5357490 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2154-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
There are several systemic and intracerebral pathologic conditions, which limit provision and utilization of energy precursor metabolites in neuronal cells. Energy deficits cause excessive depolarization of neuronal cells triggering glutamate-zinc evoked excitotoxic cascade. The intracellular zinc excess hits several intraneuronal targets yielding collapse of energy balance and impairment functional and structural impairments cholinergic neurons. Disturbances in metabolism of acetyl-CoA, which is a direct precursor for energy, acetylcholine, N-acetyl-L-aspartate and acetylated proteins synthesis, play an important role in these pathomechanisms. Disruption of brain homeostasis activates slow accumulation of amyloid-β 1-42 , which extra and intracellular oligomeric deposits disrupt diverse transporting and signaling processes in all membrane structures of the cell. Both neurotoxic signals may combine aggravating detrimental effects on neuronal cell. Different neuroglial and neuronal cell types may display differential susceptibility to similar pathogenic insults depending on specific features of their energy and functional parameters. This review, basing on findings gained from cellular and animal models of Alzheimer's disease, discusses putative energy/acetyl-CoA dependent mechanism in early and late stages of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Szutowicz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Ul. Dębinki 7, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Hanna Bielarczyk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Ul. Dębinki 7, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marlena Zyśk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Ul. Dębinki 7, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Dyś
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Ul. Dębinki 7, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Ronowska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Ul. Dębinki 7, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Sylwia Gul-Hinc
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Ul. Dębinki 7, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Joanna Klimaszewska-Łata
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Ul. Dębinki 7, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
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Kepp KP. Alzheimer's disease due to loss of function: A new synthesis of the available data. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 143:36-60. [PMID: 27327400 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a highly complex disease involving a broad range of clinical, cellular, and biochemical manifestations that are currently not understood in combination. This has led to many views of AD, e.g. the amyloid, tau, presenilin, oxidative stress, and metal hypotheses. The amyloid hypothesis has dominated the field with its assumption that buildup of pathogenic β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide causes disease. This paradigm has been criticized, yet most data suggest that Aβ plays a key role in the disease. Here, a new loss-of-function hypothesis is synthesized that accounts for the anomalies of the amyloid hypothesis, e.g. the curious pathogenicity of the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio, the loss of Aβ caused by presenilin mutation, the mixed phenotypes of APP mutations, the poor clinical-biochemical correlations for genetic variant carriers, and the failure of Aβ reducing drugs. The amyloid-loss view accounts for recent findings on the structure and chemical features of Aβ variants and their coupling to human patient data. The lost normal function of APP/Aβ is argued to be metal transport across neuronal membranes, a view with no apparent anomalies and substantially more explanatory power than the gain-of-function amyloid hypothesis. In the loss-of-function scenario, the central event of Aβ aggregation is interpreted as a loss of soluble, functional monomer Aβ rather than toxic overload of oligomers. Accordingly, new research models and treatment strategies should focus on remediation of the functional amyloid balance, rather than strict containment of Aβ, which, for reasons rationalized in this review, has failed clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper P Kepp
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Chemistry, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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19
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Lin H, Arispe NJ. Single-cell screening of cytosolic [Ca(2+)] reveals cell-selective action by the Alzheimer's Aβ peptide ion channel. Cell Stress Chaperones 2015; 20:333-42. [PMID: 25366568 PMCID: PMC4326387 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-014-0551-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Interaction of the Alzheimer's Aβ peptides with the plasma membrane of cells in culture results in chronic increases in cytosolic [Ca(2+)]. Such increases can cause a variety of secondary effects leading to impaired cell growth or cell degeneration. In this investigation, we made a comprehensive study of the changes in cytosolic [Ca(2+)] in single PC12 cells and human neurons stressed by continuous exposure to a medium containing Aβ42 for several days. The differential timing and magnitude of the Aβ42-induced increase in [Ca(2+)] reveal subpopulations of cells with differential sensitivity to Aβ42. These results suggest that the effect produced by Aβ on the level of cytosolic [Ca(2+)] depends on the type of cell being monitored. Moreover, the results obtained of using potent inhibitors of Aβ cation channels such as Zn(2+) and the small peptide NA7 add further proof to the suggestion that the long-term increases in cytosolic [Ca(2+)] in cells stressed by continuous exposure to Aβ is the result of Aβ ion channel activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hopi Lin
- />Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, and Institute for Molecular Medicine, Uniformed Services University School of Medicine, USUHS, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | - Nelson J. Arispe
- />Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, and Institute for Molecular Medicine, Uniformed Services University School of Medicine, USUHS, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
- />Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd., Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
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Kam TI, Gwon Y, Jung YK. Amyloid beta receptors responsible for neurotoxicity and cellular defects in Alzheimer's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:4803-13. [PMID: 25151011 PMCID: PMC11113744 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1706-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease. Although a major cause of AD is the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide that induces neuronal loss and cognitive impairments, our understanding of its neurotoxic mechanisms is limited. Recent studies have identified putative Aβ-binding receptors that mediate Aβ neurotoxicity in cells and models of AD. Once Aβ interacts with a receptor, a toxic signal is transduced into neurons, resulting in cellular defects including endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. In addition, Aβ can also be internalized into neurons through unidentified Aβ receptors and induces malfunction of subcellular organelles, which explains some part of Aβ neurotoxicity. Understanding the neurotoxic signaling initiated by Aβ-receptor binding and cellular defects provide insight into new therapeutic windows for AD. In the present review, we summarize the findings on Aβ-binding receptors and the neurotoxicity of oligomeric Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-In Kam
- Global Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-747 Korea
| | - Youngdae Gwon
- Global Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-747 Korea
| | - Yong-Keun Jung
- Global Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-747 Korea
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21
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Salem AM, Ahmed HH, Atta HM, Ghazy MA, Aglan HA. Potential of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in management of Alzheimer's disease in female rats. Cell Biol Int 2014; 38:1367-83. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Salem
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science; Ain Shams University; Cairo Egypt
| | - Hanaa H. Ahmed
- Hormones Department; National Research Centre; Cairo Egypt
| | - Hazem M. Atta
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine; Cairo University, Kasralainy; Cairo Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Ghazy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science; Ain Shams University; Cairo Egypt
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22
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Overk CR, Cartier A, Shaked G, Rockenstein E, Ubhi K, Spencer B, Price DL, Patrick C, Desplats P, Masliah E. Hippocampal neuronal cells that accumulate α-synuclein fragments are more vulnerable to Aβ oligomer toxicity via mGluR5--implications for dementia with Lewy bodies. Mol Neurodegener 2014; 9:18. [PMID: 24885390 PMCID: PMC4041038 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-9-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) abnormal interactions between α-synuclein (α-syn) and beta amyloid (Aβ) result in selective degeneration of neurons in the neocortex, limbic system and striatum. However, factors rendering these neurons selectively vulnerable have not been fully investigated. The metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) has been shown to be up regulated in DLB and might play a role as a mediator of the neurotoxic effects of Aβ and α-syn in vulnerable neuronal populations. In this context, the main objective of the present study was to investigate the role of mGluR5 as a mediator of the neurotoxic effects of α-syn and Aβ in the hippocampus. RESULTS We generated double transgenic mice over-expressing amyloid precursor protein (APP) and α-syn under the mThy1 cassette and investigated the relationship between α-syn cleavage, Aβ, mGluR5 and neurodegeneration in the hippocampus. We found that compared to the single tg mice, the α-syn/APP tg mice displayed greater accumulation of α-syn and mGluR5 in the CA3 region of the hippocampus compared to the CA1 and other regions. This was accompanied by loss of CA3 (but not CA1) neurons in the single and α-syn/APP tg mice and greater loss of MAP 2 and synaptophysin in the CA3 in the α-syn/APP tg. mGluR5 gene transfer using a lentiviral vector into the hippocampus CA1 region resulted in greater α-syn accumulation and neurodegeneration in the single and α-syn/APP tg mice. In contrast, silencing mGluR5 with a lenti-shRNA protected neurons in the CA3 region of tg mice. In vitro, greater toxicity was observed in primary hippocampal neuronal cultures treated with Aβ oligomers and over-expressing α-syn; this effect was attenuated by down-regulating mGluR5 with an shRNA lentiviral vector. In α-syn-expressing neuronal cells lines, Aβ oligomers promoted increased intracellular calcium levels, calpain activation and α-syn cleavage resulting in caspase-3-dependent cell death. Treatment with pharmacological mGluR5 inhibitors such as 2-Methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine (MPEP) and 3-((2-Methyl-4-thiazolyl)ethynyl)pyridine (MTEP) attenuated the toxic effects of Aβ in α-syn-expressing neuronal cells. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results support the possibility that vulnerability of hippocampal neurons to α-syn and Aβ might be mediated via mGluR5. Moreover, therapeutical interventions targeting mGluR5 might have a role in DLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassia R Overk
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anna Cartier
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gideon Shaked
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Edward Rockenstein
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kiren Ubhi
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brian Spencer
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Christina Patrick
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paula Desplats
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Kawahara M, Mizuno D, Koyama H, Konoha K, Ohkawara S, Sadakane Y. Disruption of zinc homeostasis and the pathogenesis of senile dementia. Metallomics 2014; 6:209-19. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00257h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Ghosh D, LeVault KR, Brewer GJ. Dual-energy precursor and nuclear erythroid-related factor 2 activator treatment additively improve redox glutathione levels and neuron survival in aging and Alzheimer mouse neurons upstream of reactive oxygen species. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 35:179-90. [PMID: 23954169 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether glutathione (GSH) loss or increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) are more important to neuron loss, aging, and Alzheimer's disease (AD), we stressed or boosted GSH levels in neurons isolated from aging 3xTg-AD neurons compared with those from age-matched nontransgenic (non-Tg) neurons. Here, using titrating with buthionine sulfoximine, an inhibitor of γ-glutamyl cysteine synthetase (GCL), we observed that GSH depletion increased neuronal death of 3xTg-AD cultured neurons at increasing rates across the age span, whereas non-Tg neurons were resistant to GSH depletion until old age. Remarkably, the rate of neuron loss with ROS did not increase in old age and was the same for both genotypes, which indicates that cognitive deficits in the AD model were not caused by ROS. Therefore, we targeted for neuroprotection activation of the redox sensitive transcription factor, nuclear erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2) by 18 alpha glycyrrhetinic acid to stimulate GSH synthesis through GCL. This balanced stimulation of a number of redox enzymes restored the lower levels of Nrf2 and GCL seen in 3xTg-AD neurons compared with those of non-Tg neurons and promoted translocation of Nrf2 to the nucleus. By combining the Nrf2 activator together with the NADH precursor, nicotinamide, we increased neuron survival against amyloid beta stress in an additive manner. These stress tests and neuroprotective treatments suggest that the redox environment is more important for neuron survival than ROS. The dual neuroprotective treatment with nicotinamide and an Nrf2 inducer indicates that these age-related and AD-related changes are reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debolina Ghosh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
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25
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Simon F, Varela D, Cabello-Verrugio C. Oxidative stress-modulated TRPM ion channels in cell dysfunction and pathological conditions in humans. Cell Signal 2013; 25:1614-24. [PMID: 23602937 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential melastatin (TRPM) protein family is an extensive group of ion channels expressed in several types of mammalian cells. Many studies have shown that these channels are crucial for performing several physiological functions. Additionally, a large body of evidence indicates that these channels are also involved in numerous human diseases, known as channelopathies. A characteristic event frequently observed during pathological states is the raising in intracellular oxidative agents over reducing molecules, shifting the redox balance and inducing oxidative stress. In particular, three members of the TRPM subfamily, TRPM2, TRPM4 and TRPM7, share the remarkable feature that their activities are modulated by oxidative stress. Because of the increase in oxidative stress, these TRPM channels function aberrantly, promoting the onset and development of diseases. Increases, absences, or modifications in the function of these redox-modulated TRPM channels are associated with cell dysfunction and human pathologies. Therefore, the effect of oxidative stress on ion channels becomes an essential part of the pathogenic mechanism. Thus, oxidative stress-modulated ion channels are more susceptible to generating pathological states than oxidant-independent channels. This review examines the most relevant findings regarding the participation of the oxidative stress-modulated TRPM ion channels, TRPM2, TRPM4, and TRPM7, in human diseases. In addition, the potential roles of these channels as therapeutic tools and targets for drug design are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Simon
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Avenida Republica 239, 8370146, Santiago, Chile.
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Death by a thousand cuts in Alzheimer's disease: hypoxia--the prodrome. Neurotox Res 2013; 24:216-43. [PMID: 23400634 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-013-9379-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of clinical consequences may be associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) including systemic hypertension, cardiovascular disease, pulmonary hypertension, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, glucose intolerance, impotence, gastroesophageal reflux, and obesity, to name a few. Despite this, 82 % of men and 93 % of women with OSA remain undiagnosed. OSA affects many body systems, and induces major alterations in metabolic, autonomic, and cerebral functions. Typically, OSA is characterized by recurrent chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), hypercapnia, hypoventilation, sleep fragmentation, peripheral and central inflammation, cerebral hypoperfusion, and cerebral glucose hypometabolism. Upregulation of oxidative stress in OSA plays an important pathogenic role in the milieu of hypoxia-induced cerebral and cardiovascular dysfunctions. Strong evidence underscores that cerebral amyloidogenesis and tau phosphorylation--two cardinal features of Alzheimer's disease (AD), are triggered by hypoxia. Mice subjected to hypoxic conditions unambiguously demonstrated upregulation in cerebral amyloid plaque formation and tau phosphorylation, as well as memory deficit. Hypoxia triggers neuronal degeneration and axonal dysfunction in both cortex and brainstem. Consequently, neurocognitive impairment in apneic/hypoxic patients is attributable to a complex interplay between CIH and stimulation of several pathological trajectories. The framework presented here helps delineate the emergence and progression of cognitive decline, and may yield insight into AD neuropathogenesis. The global impact of CIH should provide a strong rationale for treating OSA and snoring clinically, in order to ameliorate neurocognitive impairment in aged/AD patients.
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Gellerich FN, Gizatullina Z, Gainutdinov T, Muth K, Seppet E, Orynbayeva Z, Vielhaber S. The control of brain mitochondrial energization by cytosolic calcium: the mitochondrial gas pedal. IUBMB Life 2013; 65:180-90. [PMID: 23401251 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on problems of the intracellular regulation of mitochondrial function in the brain via the (i) supply of mitochondria with ADP by means of ADP shuttles and channels and (ii) the Ca(2+) control of mitochondrial substrate supply. The permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane for adenine nucleotides is low. Therefore rate dependent concentration gradients exist between the mitochondrial intermembrane space and the cytosol. The existence of dynamic ADP gradients is an important precondition for the functioning of ADP shuttles, for example CrP-shuttle. Cr at mM concentrations instead of ADP diffuses from the cytosol through the porin pores into the intermembrane space. The CrP-shuttle isoenzymes work in different directions which requires different metabolite concentrations mainly caused by dynamic ADP compartmentation. The ADP shuttle mechanisms alone cannot explain the load dependent changes in mitochondrial energization, and a complete model of mitochondrial regulation have to account the Ca(2+) -dependent substrate supply too. According to the old paradigmatic view, Ca(2+) (cyt) taken up by the mitochondrial Ca(2+) uniporter activates dehydrogenases within the matrix. However, recently it was found that Ca(2+) (cyt) at low nM concentrations exclusively activates the state 3 respiration via aralar, the mitochondrial glutamate/aspartate carrier. At higher Ca(2+) (cyt) (> 500 nM), brain mitochondria take up Ca(2+) for activation of substrate oxidation rates. Since brain mitochondrial pyruvate oxidation is only slightly influenced by Ca(2+) (cyt) , it was proposed that the cytosolic formation of pyruvate from its precursors is tightly controlled by the Ca(2+) dependent malate/aspartate shuttle. At low (50-100 nM) Ca(2+) (cyt) the pyruvate formation is suppressed, providing a substrate limitation control in neurons. This so called "gas pedal" mechanism explains why the energy metabolism of neurons in the nucleus suprachiasmaticus could be down-regulated at night but activated at day as a basis for the circadian changes in Ca(2+) (cyt) . It also could explain the energetic disadvantages caused by altered Ca(2+) (cyt) at mitochondrial diseases and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Norbert Gellerich
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Department of Behavioral Neurology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany.
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NR2B-Containing NMDA Receptors Expression and Their Relationship to Apoptosis in Hippocampus of Alzheimer’s Disease-Like Rats. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:1420-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0726-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cystamine-tacrine dimer: a new multi-target-directed ligand as potential therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's disease treatment. Neuropharmacology 2011; 62:997-1003. [PMID: 22032870 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, clinically characterized by loss of memory and progressive deficits in different cognitive domains. An emerging disease-modifying approach to face the multifactorial nature of AD may be represented by the development of Multi-Target Directed Ligands (MTDLs), i.e., single compounds which may simultaneously modulate different targets involved in the neurodegenerative AD cascade. The structure of tacrine, an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor (AChEI), has been widely used as scaffold to provide new MTDLs. In particular, its homodimer bis(7)tacrine represents an interesting lead compound to design novel MTDLs. Thus, in the search of new rationally designed MTDLs against AD, we replaced the heptamethylene linker of bis(7)tacrine with the structure of cystamine, leading to cystamine-tacrine dimer. In this study we demonstrated that the cystamine-tacrine dimer is endowed with a lower toxicity in comparison to bis(7)tacrine, it is able to inhibit AChE, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), self- and AChE-induced beta-amyloid aggregation in the same range of the reference compound and exerts a neuroprotective action on SH-SY5Y cell line against H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative injury. The investigation of the mechanism of neuroprotection showed that the cystamine-tacrine dimer acts by activating kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and Akt/protein kinase B (PKB) pathways. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder'.
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Kennelly SP, Abdullah L, Paris D, Parish J, Mathura V, Mullan M, Crawford F, Lawlor BA, Kenny RA. Demonstration of safety in Alzheimer's patients for intervention with an anti-hypertensive drug Nilvadipine: results from a 6-week open label study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2011; 26:1038-45. [PMID: 21905098 DOI: 10.1002/gps.2638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nilvadipine may lower rates of conversion from mild-cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease (AD), in hypertensive patients. However, it remains to be determined whether treatment with nilvadipine is safe in AD patients, given the higher incidence of orthostatic hypotension (OH) in this population, who may be more likely to suffer from symptoms associated with the further exaggeration of a drop in BP. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the safety and tolerability of nilvadipine in AD patients. METHODS AD patients in the intervention group (n = 56) received nilvadipine 8 mg daily over 6-weeks, compared to the control group (n = 30) who received no intervention. Differences in systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, before and after intervention, was assessed using automated sphygmomanometer readings and ambulatory BP monitors (ABP), and change in OH using a finometer. Reporting of adverse events was monitored throughout the study. RESULTS There was a significant reduction in the SBP of treated patients compared to non-treated patients but no significant change in DBP. Individuals with higher initial blood pressure (BP) had greater reduction in BP but individuals with normal BP did not experience much change in their BP. While OH was present in 84% of the patients, there was no further drop in BP recorded on active stand studies. There were no significant differences in adverse event reporting between groups. CONCLUSION Nilvadipine was well tolerated by patients with AD. This study supports further investigation of its efficacy as a potential treatment for AD.
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Farooqi AA, Javeed MK, Javed Z, Riaz AM, Mukhtar S, Minhaj S, Abbas S, Bhatti S. TRPM channels: same ballpark, different players, and different rules in immunogenetics. Immunogenetics 2011; 63:773-87. [PMID: 21932052 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-011-0570-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels belong to a large family of cation channels and are the "border guards" predominantly localized to the plasma membrane. Research over the years has considerably and highly developed the knowledge of expression and functional aspects of the TRPM channels. A closer look at the channel dynamics has dismantled undeniable substantiation for multifaceted roles for TRPM channel-mediated extracellular Ca(2+) influx in several physiological and pathophysiological functions. Given the wealth of literature unfolding the multiple roles of TRP channels in physiology in a very extensive range of different mammalian tissues, this review confines itself to the literature describing the multiple roles of TRPM channels in diabetes, smooth muscle cell regulation, immunological responses, and emerging aspects of cancer. We also focus on differential activities of TRPM channels after post-transcriptional and post-translational processing and their exquisite roles at various cellular and molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammad Ahmad Farooqi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
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Liaw CC, Liao WY, Chen CS, Jao SC, Wu YC, Shen CN, Wu SH. The Calcium-Chelating Capability of Tetrahydrofuranic Moieties Modulates the Cytotoxicity of Annonaceous Acetogenins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201100717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Liaw CC, Liao WY, Chen CS, Jao SC, Wu YC, Shen CN, Wu SH. The calcium-chelating capability of tetrahydrofuranic moieties modulates the cytotoxicity of annonaceous acetogenins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:7885-91. [PMID: 21744442 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201100717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chuang Liaw
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, 70 Lienhai Road, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
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Kawahara M, Ohtsuka I, Yokoyama S, Kato-Negishi M, Sadakane Y. Membrane Incorporation, Channel Formation, and Disruption of Calcium Homeostasis by Alzheimer's β-Amyloid Protein. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 2011:304583. [PMID: 21547225 PMCID: PMC3087492 DOI: 10.4061/2011/304583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligomerization, conformational changes, and the consequent neurodegeneration of Alzheimer's β-amyloid protein (AβP) play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Mounting evidence suggests that oligomeric AβPs cause the disruption of calcium homeostasis, eventually leading to neuronal death. We have demonstrated that oligomeric AβPs directly incorporate into neuronal membranes, form cation-sensitive ion channels (“amyloid channels”), and cause the disruption of calcium homeostasis via the amyloid channels. Other disease-related amyloidogenic proteins, such as prion protein in prion diseases or α-synuclein in dementia with Lewy bodies, exhibit similarities in the incorporation into membranes and the formation of calcium-permeable channels. Here, based on our experimental results and those of numerous other studies, we review the current understanding of the direct binding of AβP into membrane surfaces and the formation of calcium-permeable channels. The implication of composition of membrane lipids and the possible development of new drugs by influencing membrane properties and attenuating amyloid channels for the treatment and prevention of AD is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kawahara
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, 1714-1 Yoshino-cho, Nobeoka-shi, Miyazaki 882-8508, Japan
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Kawahara M, Koyama H, Nagata T, Sadakane Y. Zinc, copper, and carnosine attenuate neurotoxicity of prion fragment PrP106-126. Metallomics 2011; 3:726-34. [PMID: 21442127 DOI: 10.1039/c1mt00015b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases are progressive neurodegenerative diseases that are associated with the conversion of normal cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) to abnormal pathogenic prion protein (PrP(SC)) by conformational changes. Prion protein is a metal-binding protein that is suggested to be involved in metal homeostasis. We investigated here the effects of trace elements on the conformational changes and neurotoxicity of synthetic prion peptide (PrP106-126). PrP106-126 exhibited the formation of β-sheet structures and enhanced neurotoxicity during the aging process. The co-existence of Zn(2+) or Cu(2+) during aging inhibited β-sheet formation by PrP106-126 and attenuated its neurotoxicity on primary cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Although PrP106-126 formed amyloid-like fibrils as observed by atomic force microscopy, the height of the fibers was decreased in the presence of Zn(2+) or Cu(2+). Carnosine (β-alanyl histidine) significantly inhibited both the β-sheet formation and the neurotoxicity of PrP106-126. Our results suggested that Zn(2+) and Cu(2+) might be involved in the pathogenesis of prion diseases. It is also possible that carnosine might become a candidate for therapeutic treatments for prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kawahara
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, 1714-1 Yoshino-cho, Nobeoka-shi, Miyazaki. Japan.
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Crestini A, Piscopo P, Iazeolla M, Albani D, Rivabene R, Forloni G, Confaloni A. Rosuvastatin and Thapsigargin Modulate γ-Secretase Gene Expression and APP Processing in a Human Neuroglioma Model. J Mol Neurosci 2010; 43:461-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-010-9465-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Bergin D, Liu P. Agmatine protects against β-amyloid25-35-induced memory impairments in the rat. Neuroscience 2010; 169:794-811. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chen TJ, Hung HS, Wang DC, Chen SS. The Protective Effect of Rho-Associated Kinase Inhibitor on Aluminum-Induced Neurotoxicity in Rat Cortical Neurons. Toxicol Sci 2010; 116:264-72. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Supnet C, Bezprozvanny I. The dysregulation of intracellular calcium in Alzheimer disease. Cell Calcium 2010; 47:183-9. [PMID: 20080301 PMCID: PMC2834825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2009.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide and is at present, incurable. The accumulation of toxic amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide aggregates in AD brain are thought to trigger the extensive synaptic loss and neurodegeneration linked to cognitive decline, an idea that underlies the 'amyloid hypothesis' of AD etiology in both the familal (FAD) and sporadic forms of the disease. Mutations causing FAD also result in the dysregulation of neuronal calcium (Ca2+) handling and may contribute to AD pathogenesis, an idea termed the 'calcium hypothesis' of AD. In particular, Ca2+ dysregulation by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in AD mouse models results in augmented cytosolic Ca2+ levels which can trigger signalling cascades that are detrimental to neuronal function and health. However, there is growing evidence to suggest that not all forms of Ca2+ dysregulation in AD neurons are harmful and some of them instead may be compensatory. These changes may help modulate neuronal excitability and slow AD pathology, especially in the early stages of the disease. Clearly, a better understanding of how dysregulation of neuronal Ca2+ handling contributes to neurodegeneration and neuroprotection in AD is needed as Ca2+ signalling modulators are targets of great interest as potential AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene Supnet
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX
| | - Ilya Bezprozvanny
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX
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Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus induces extracellular Ca2+ influx, leading to apoptosis in avian cells. J Virol 2010; 84:3068-78. [PMID: 20053741 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01923-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we show that the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus (AIV) (A/crow/Kyoto/53/04 and A/chicken/Egypt/CL6/07) induced apoptosis in duck embryonic fibroblasts (DEF). In contrast, apoptosis was reduced among cells infected with low-pathogenic AIVs (A/duck/HK/342/78 [H5N2], A/duck/HK/820/80 [H5N3], A/wigeon/Osaka/1/01 [H7N7], and A/turkey/Wisconsin/1/66 [H9N2]). Thus, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis induced by H5N1-AIV infection. Caspase-dependent and -independent pathways contributed to the cytopathic effects. We further showed that, in the induction of apoptosis, the hemagglutinin of H5N1-AIV played a major role and its cleavage sequence was not critical. We also observed outer membrane permeabilization and loss of the transmembrane potential of the mitochondria of infected DEF, indicating that mitochondrial dysfunction was caused by the H5N1-AIV infection. We then analyzed Ca(2+) dynamics in the infected cells and demonstrated an increase in the concentration of Ca(2+) in the cytosol ([Ca(2+)](i)) and mitochondria ([Ca(2+)](m)) after H5N1-AIV infection. Regardless, gene expression important for regulating Ca(2+) efflux from the endoplasmic reticulum did not significantly change after H5N1-AIV infection. These results suggest that extracellular Ca(2+) may enter H5N1-AIV-infected cells. Indeed, EGTA, which chelates extracellular free Ca(2+), significantly reduced the [Ca(2+)](i), [Ca(2+)](m), and apoptosis induced by H5N1-AIV infection. In conclusion, we identified a novel mechanism for influenza A virus-mediated cell death, which involved the acceleration of extracellular Ca(2+) influx, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. These findings may be useful for understanding the pathogenesis of H5N1-AIV in avian species as well as the impact of Ca(2+) homeostasis on influenza A virus infection.
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