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Liu HW, Gao LM, Liu GY, Tai WJ, Xie CY, Wu X. Effects of Maternal Dietary Enteromorpha prolifera Polysaccharide Iron Supplement on Mineral Elements and Iron Level of Neonatal Piglets. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:2588-2597. [PMID: 37758982 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03874-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Iron plays a key role in maternal health during pregnancy and fetal growth. Enteromorpha polysaccharide-iron (EP-Fe) as an organic iron chelate may improve the iron transmission of mother and offspring, ameliorate the poor pregnancy outcomes of sows, and alleviate the growth restriction of piglets caused by iron deficiency. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of maternal dietary supplementation with EP-Fe on reproductive performance and placental iron transmission of sows, as well as growth performance of piglets. Sixty pregnant sows at the 95th day of gestation were randomly divided into control group and EP-Fe group (EP-Fe, 139 mg kg-1). Blood samples of sows and neonatal piglets, colostrum, and tissue samples were collected on the day of delivery. The animal experiment ended at the 21st day of post-delivery. Results showed that maternal dietary EP-Fe increased colostrum iron (P < 0.05) of sows, as well as final litter weight (P < 0.05) and average daily weight of piglets (P < 0.05) during days 1-21 of lactation, as well as iron and manganese content in umbilical cord blood (P < 0.05) and hepatic iron of neonatal piglets (P < 0.01), and decreased fecal iron (P < 0.001), serum calcium (P < 0.05), phosphorus (P < 0.05), and zinc (P < 0.01) in the parturient sow. RT-qPCR results showed that Fpn1 and Zip14 in placenta, as well as TfR1 and Zip14 in duodenum of neonatal piglets, were activated by maternal EP-Fe supplement. These findings suggest that maternal dietary EP-Fe could increase iron storage of neonatal piglets via improving placental iron transport and iron secretion in colostrum, thus enhancing the growth performance of sucking piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wei Liu
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Lu-Min Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Gang-Yi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Wen-Jing Tai
- Qingdao Seawin Biotech Group Co., Ltd., Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Chun-Yan Xie
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Breeding and Biotechnology, Tianjin Livestock and Poultry Health Breeding Technology Engineering Center, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, 300381, China.
| | - Xin Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
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Mazgaj R, Lipiński P, Starzyński RR. Iron Supplementation of Pregnant Sows to Prevent Iron Deficiency Anemia in Piglets: A Procedure of Questionable Effectiveness. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4106. [PMID: 38612915 PMCID: PMC11012493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In pigs, iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a common disorder that occurs during the early postnatal period, leading to the stunted growth and increased mortality of piglets. The main cause of IDA is low iron stores in the liver of newborn piglets; these stores constitute the main source of iron needed to satisfy the erythropoietic requirements of the piglets in their first weeks of life. Insufficient iron stores in piglets are usually due to the inadequate placental iron transfer from the sow to the fetuses. Therefore, iron supplementation in pregnant sows has been implemented to enhance placental iron transfer and increase iron accumulation in the liver of the fetuses. Over the years, several oral and parenteral approaches have been attempted to supplement sows with various iron preparations, and consequently, to improve piglets' red blood cell indices. However, there is debate with regard to the effectiveness of iron supplementation in pregnant sows for preventing IDA in newborn piglets. Importantly, this procedure should be carried out with caution to avoid iron over-supplementation, which can lead to iron toxicity. This article aims to critically review and evaluate the use of iron supplementation in pregnant sows as a procedure for preventing IDA in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Mazgaj
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland;
- Laboratory of Metalloprotein Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Lipiński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland;
| | - Rafał R. Starzyński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland;
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Xiong W, Nie J, Luo J, Ma K, Cui Z, Ye H, Tan C, Yin Y. Effects of dietary iron supplementation on reproductive performance of sows and growth performance of piglets. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae096. [PMID: 38632976 PMCID: PMC11056880 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of dietary iron supplementation from different sources on the reproductive performance of sows and the growth performance of piglets. A total of 87 sows with similar farrowing time were blocked by body weight at day 85 of gestation, and assigned to one of three dietary treatments (n = 29 per treatment): basal diet, basal diet supplemented with 0.2% ferrous sulfate (FeSO4), and basal diet supplemented with 0.2% iron sucrose, respectively, with 30% iron in both FeSO4 and iron sucrose. Compared with the control (CON) group, iron sucrose supplementation reduced the rate of stillbirth and invalid of neonatal piglets (P < 0.05), and the number of mummified fetuses was 0. Moreover, it also improved the coat color of newborn piglets (P < 0.05). At the same time, the iron sucrose could also achieve 100% estrus rate of sows. Compared with the CON group, FeSO4 and iron sucrose supplementation increased the serum iron content of weaned piglets (P < 0.05). In addition, iron sucrose increased serum transferrin level of weaned piglets (P < 0.05) and the survival rate of piglets (P < 0.05). In general, both iron sucrose and FeSO4 could affect the blood iron status of weaned piglets, while iron sucrose also had a positive effect on the healthy development of newborn and weaned piglets, and was more effective than FeSO4 in improving the performance of sows and piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Xiong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Jiawei Nie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Jinxi Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Kaidi Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Zhijuan Cui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Hongxuan Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Chengquan Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125 Hunan, China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
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Deng S, Fang C, Zhuo R, Jiang Q, Song Y, Yang K, Zhang S, Hao J, Fang R. Maternal Supplementary Tapioca Polysaccharide Iron Improves the Growth Performance of Piglets by Regulating the Active Components of Colostrum and Cord Blood. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2492. [PMID: 37570300 PMCID: PMC10417719 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of maternal supplementation with TpFe (tapioca polysaccharide iron) on reproductive performance, colostrum composition, cord blood active components of sows, and growth performance of their nursing piglets. Sixty healthy Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire sows were randomly assigned to three groups at day 85 of gestation. The experimental diets included a basal diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg FeSO4·H2O (CON group), the basal diet supplemented with 50 mg/kg TpFe (TpFe50 group), and the basal diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg TpFe (TpFe100 group), as calculated by Fe content. The experiment lasted from day 85 of gestation to the end of weaning (day 21 of lactation). Results showed that maternal supplementation with 100 mg/kg TpFe improved (p < 0.05) feed intake during lactation, live births, and birth weight of the litter (alive) and increased (p < 0.05) colostrum IgM (immunoglobulin m), IgA (immunoglobulin A), as well as the IgG levels, while it decreased (p < 0.05) the urea nitrogen and somatic cell count of sows. Moreover, sows in the TpFe100 group had higher (p < 0.05) serum iron levels and IgG. Additionally, maternal supplementation with 100 mg/kg TpFe increased (p < 0.05) iron level, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px), catalase (CAT), IgG, red blood cells (RBC), and hemoglobin (Hb) of cord blood, similar with the iron content, T-AOC, GSH-px, IgG, RBC, Hb, hematocrit (HCT), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of weaned piglet blood. The diarrhea and mortality rates among the nursing piglets were decreased (p < 0.05), while the average weight at day 21 of age was increased (p < 0.05) in the TpFe100 group. Serum PRL (prolactin) levels of sows exhibited a positive correlation (p < 0.05) with live births. Suckling piglet diarrhea was positively correlated with colostrum urea nitrogen level but negatively correlated with colostrum IgM, IgG, and cord blood Hb content (p < 0.05). The mortality of suckling piglets was negatively correlated with serum iron content and IgM in colostrum, GSH-px, and IgG in cord serum of sows (p < 0.05). The average weight of weaning piglets was positively (p < 0.05) related to colostrum IgM and IgG levels, as well as cord serum RBC counts of sows on day 21. In conclusion, maternal supplementation with TpFe can improve the active components of colostrum and umbilical cord blood and improve the growth performance of suckling piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengting Deng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (S.D.); (C.F.); (R.Z.); (Q.J.); (Y.S.); (K.Y.); (S.Z.); (J.H.)
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Animal Husbandry, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Chengkun Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (S.D.); (C.F.); (R.Z.); (Q.J.); (Y.S.); (K.Y.); (S.Z.); (J.H.)
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Animal Husbandry, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Ruiwen Zhuo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (S.D.); (C.F.); (R.Z.); (Q.J.); (Y.S.); (K.Y.); (S.Z.); (J.H.)
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Animal Husbandry, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (S.D.); (C.F.); (R.Z.); (Q.J.); (Y.S.); (K.Y.); (S.Z.); (J.H.)
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Animal Husbandry, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yating Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (S.D.); (C.F.); (R.Z.); (Q.J.); (Y.S.); (K.Y.); (S.Z.); (J.H.)
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Animal Husbandry, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Kaili Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (S.D.); (C.F.); (R.Z.); (Q.J.); (Y.S.); (K.Y.); (S.Z.); (J.H.)
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Animal Husbandry, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Sha Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (S.D.); (C.F.); (R.Z.); (Q.J.); (Y.S.); (K.Y.); (S.Z.); (J.H.)
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Animal Husbandry, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Juanyi Hao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (S.D.); (C.F.); (R.Z.); (Q.J.); (Y.S.); (K.Y.); (S.Z.); (J.H.)
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Animal Husbandry, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Rejun Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (S.D.); (C.F.); (R.Z.); (Q.J.); (Y.S.); (K.Y.); (S.Z.); (J.H.)
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Animal Husbandry, Changsha 410128, China
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Ma J, Liu S, Piao X, Wang C, Wang J, Lin YS, Hsu TP, Liu L. Dietary Supplementation of Ferrous Glycine Chelate Improves Growth Performance of Piglets by Enhancing Serum Immune Antioxidant Properties, Modulating Microbial Structure and Its Metabolic Function in the Early Stage. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:876965. [PMID: 35548055 PMCID: PMC9083199 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.876965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present research aimed to explore the effect of dietary ferrous glycine chelate supplementation on performance, serum immune-antioxidant parameters, fecal volatile fatty acids, and microbiota in weaned piglets. A total of 80 healthy piglets (weaned at 28 day with an initial weight of 7.43 ± 1.51 kg) were separated into two treatments with five replicates of eight pigs each following a completely randomized block design. The diet was a corn-soybean basal diet with 2,000 mg/kg ferrous glycine chelates (FGC) or not (Ctrl). The serum and fecal samples were collected on days 14 and 28 of the experiment. The results indicated that dietary FGC supplementation improved (p < 0.05) the average daily gain and average daily feed intake overall, alleviated (p < 0.05) the diarrhea rate of piglets at the early stage, enhanced (p < 0.05) the levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase on day 14 and lowered (p < 0.05) the MDA level overall. Similarly, the levels of growth hormone and serum iron were increased (p < 0.05) in the FGC group. Moreover, dietary FGC supplementation was capable of modulating the microbial community structure of piglets in the early period, increasing (p < 0.05) the abundance of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria Tezzerella, decreasing (p < 0.05) the abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria Slackia, Olsenella, and Prevotella as well as stimulating (p < 0.05) the propanoate and butanoate metabolisms. Briefly, dietary supplemented FGC ameliorates the performance and alleviated the diarrhea of piglets by enhancing antioxidant properties, improving iron transport, up-regulating the growth hormone, modulating the fecal microbiota, and increasing the metabolism function. Therefore, FGC is effective for early iron supplementation and growth of piglets and may be more effective in neonatal piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sujie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangshu Piao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangshu Piao
| | - Chunlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-sheng Lin
- Shanghai Bestar Biochemical Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Tzu-ping Hsu
- Shanghai Bestar Biochemical Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Li Liu
- Tianjin Zhongsheng Feed Co. Ltd., Tianjin, China
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Williams HE, DeRouchey JM, Woodworth JC, Dritz SS, Tokach MD, Goodband RD, Holtcamp AJ, Bortoluzzi EM, Gebhardt JT. Effects of increasing Fe dosage in newborn pigs on suckling and subsequent nursery performance and hematological and immunological criteria. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5871432. [PMID: 32663303 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 336 newborn pigs (DNA 241 × 600, initially 1.75 ± 0.05 kg bodyweight [BW]) from 28 litters were used in a 63-d study evaluating the effects of increasing injectable Fe dose on suckling and subsequent nursery pig performance and blood Fe status. GleptoForte (Ceva Animal Health, LLC, Lenexa, KS) contains gleptoferron which is an Fe macromolecule complex that is commercially used as an injectable Fe source for suckling piglets. On the day of processing (day 3 after birth), all piglets were weighed and 6 barrows and 6 gilts per litter were allotted within sex to 1 of 6 treatments in a completely randomized design. Treatments consisted of a negative control receiving no Fe injection and increasing injectable Fe to achieve either 50, 100, 150, 200 mg, or 200 mg plus a 100 mg injection on day 11 after birth. Pigs were weaned (~21 d of age) and allotted to nursery pens based on BW and corresponding treatment in a completely randomized design. During lactation, increasing injectable Fe up to 100 mg improved (quadratic; P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and day 21 BW with no further improvement thereafter. There was no evidence of differences (P > 0.10) observed between the 200 mg and 200 mg + 100 mg treatments for growth. For the nursery period, increasing Fe dosage increased (linear; P < 0.05) ADG, average daily feed intake, and day 42 BW. There was no evidence of differences (P > 0.10) between the 200 mg and 200 mg + 100 mg treatments for nursery growth. For blood criteria, significant treatment × day interactions (P = 0.001) were observed for hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct). The interactions occurred because pigs that had <150 mg of injectable Fe had decreased values to day 21 and then increased to day 63 while pigs with 150 or 200 mg of injectable Fe had increased values to day 21 then stayed relatively constant to day 63. In summary, piglet performance during lactation was maximized at 100 mg while nursery growth performance and blood Fe status were maximized with a 200 mg Fe injection at processing. Providing an additional 100 mg of Fe on day 11 of age increased Hb, and Hct values at weaning and 14 d into the nursery but did not provide a growth performance benefit in lactation or nursery. These results indicate that providing 200 mg of injectable Fe provided from GleptoForte is sufficient to optimize lactation and subsequent nursery growth performance and blood Fe status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden E Williams
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Joel M DeRouchey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Jason C Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Steven S Dritz
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Michael D Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Robert D Goodband
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | | | - Eduarda M Bortoluzzi
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Jordan T Gebhardt
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
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Mazgaj R, Szudzik M, Lipiński P, Jończy A, Smuda E, Kamyczek M, Cieślak B, Swinkels D, Lenartowicz M, Starzyński RR. Effect of Oral Supplementation of Healthy Pregnant Sows with Sucrosomial Ferric Pyrophosphate on Maternal Iron Status and Hepatic Iron Stores in Newborn Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10071113. [PMID: 32610535 PMCID: PMC7401508 DOI: 10.3390/ani10071113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In most mammals, including humans, the need for iron increases rapidly in the last period of pregnancy. Therefore, in compliance with World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations, iron supplementation has become a standard procedure even in healthy pregnant women although it carries the risk of iron toxicity and dysregulation of systemic iron homeostasis. Due to physiological and genomic similarities between swine and humans, pigs constitute an useful animal model in nutritional studies during pregnancy. Here, healthy pregnant sows were supplemented with sucrosomial ferric pyrophosphate (SFP), a new non-heme iron formulation, to study its effect on their iron metabolism and that of their progeny. In particular, we aimed at verifying whether supplementation of pregnant sows with SFP will increase the level of low hepatic iron stores in newborn piglets. Results of our study show that SFP does not significantly alter neither systemic iron homeostasis in pregnant sows, nor hepatic iron stores in newborn piglets, which can be used during neonatal period for the maintenance of hematological status. We hypothesize that supplemental iron given orally to pregnant sows is poorly transferred across the placenta. Abstract Background: The similarities between swine and humans in physiological and genomic patterns, as well as significant correlation in size and anatomy, make pigs an useful animal model in nutritional studies during pregnancy. In humans and pigs iron needs exponentially increase during the last trimester of pregnancy, mainly due to increased red blood cell mass. Insufficient iron supply during gestation may be responsible for the occurrence of maternal iron deficiency anemia and decreased iron status in neonates. On the other hand, preventive iron supplementation of non-anemic mothers may be of potential risk due to iron toxicity. Several different regimens of iron supplementation have been applied during pregnancy. The majority of oral iron supplementations routinely applied to pregnant sows provide inorganic, non-heme iron compounds, which exhibit low bioavailability and intestinal side effects. The aim of this study was to check, using pig as an animal model, the effect of sucrosomial ferric pyrophosphate (SFP), a new non-heme iron formulation on maternal and neonate iron and hematological status, placental transport and pregnancy outcome; Methods: Fifteen non-anemic pregnant sows were recruited to the experiment at day 80 of pregnancy and randomized into the non-supplemented group (control; n = 5) and two groups receiving oral iron supplementation—sows given sucrosomial ferric pyrophosphate, 60 mg Fe/day (SFP; n = 5) (SiderAL®, Pisa, Italy) and sows given ferrous sulfate 60 mg Fe/day (Gambit, Kutno, Poland) (FeSO4; n = 5) up to delivery (around day 117). Biological samples were collected from maternal and piglet blood, placenta and piglet tissues. In addition, data on pregnancy outcome were recorded.; Results: Results of our study show that both iron supplements do not alter neither systemic iron homeostasis in pregnant sows nor their hematological status at the end of pregnancy. Moreover, we did not detect any changes of iron content in the milk and colostrum of iron supplemented sows in comparison to controls. Neonatal iron status of piglets from iron supplemented sows was not improved compared with the progeny of control females. No statistically significant differences were found in average piglets weight and number of piglets per litter between animals from experimental groups. The placental expression of iron transporters varied depending on the iron supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Mazgaj
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, PAS, 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (R.M.); (M.S.); (A.J.); (E.S.)
| | - Mateusz Szudzik
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, PAS, 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (R.M.); (M.S.); (A.J.); (E.S.)
| | - Paweł Lipiński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, PAS, 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (R.M.); (M.S.); (A.J.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence: (P.L.); (R.R.S.); Tel.: +48-227367046 (P.L.); +48-227367054 (R.R.S.)
| | - Aneta Jończy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, PAS, 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (R.M.); (M.S.); (A.J.); (E.S.)
| | - Ewa Smuda
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, PAS, 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (R.M.); (M.S.); (A.J.); (E.S.)
| | - Marian Kamyczek
- Pig Hybridization Centre, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Pawłowice 64-122, Poland;
| | | | - Dorine Swinkels
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (TLM 830), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
- Hepcidin Analysis, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Małgorzata Lenartowicz
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionism, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Rafał R. Starzyński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, PAS, 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (R.M.); (M.S.); (A.J.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence: (P.L.); (R.R.S.); Tel.: +48-227367046 (P.L.); +48-227367054 (R.R.S.)
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